Lumber one of the World’s oldest construction material

Terminology

Wood has been the main construction material for centuries, terms used:

Lumber - wood that has been sawed and

milled to size Wood - unprocessed fibrous material

of a tree Timber - large size lumber

Wood Classification

Softwood - evergreen, conifer

Hardwood - broadleaf, deciduous

SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD

Softwoods

Cedars Douglas Fir Firs Hemlock Cypress

Larch Pines Redwood Spruce

Hardwood

Birch Beech Cherry Hickory Mahogany

Chestnut Oak Maple Teak Walnut

Lumber Sizes

Nominal size– used for call out– not actual size– example: 2 x 4

Surfaced or Actual size– used for dimensioning in details– actual size– example: 1 1/2” x 3 1/2”

Lumber Sizes (Actual vs Nominal)

Details are always drawn using actual sizes

Dimensional Lumber vs. Veneer

– Dimensional lumber size always nominal callout– Veneers lumber always use actual size on callout

Nominal vs Surfaced Size Lumber

Nominal2x2

2x4

2x6

2x8

2x10

2x12

4x4

4x6

4x8

Surfaced1 1/2 x 1 1/2

1 1/2 x 3 1/2

1 1/2x 5 1/2

1 1/2 x 7 1/4

1 1/2 x 9 1/4

1 1/2 x 11 1/4

3 1/2 x 3 1/2

3 1/2 x 5 1/2

3 1/2 x 7 1/4

Nominal vs. Surfaced Size Lumber

Nominal6x6

6x8

6x10

6x12

6x14

Surfaced5 1/2 x 5 1/2

5 1/2 x 7 1/4

5 1/2 x 9 1/4

5 1/2 x 11 1/4

5 1/2 x 13 1/4

Dressed Abbreviations for Lumber

S1S Surfaced one side

S2S Surfaced two sides

S4S Surfaced four sides

S1S1E Surfaced one side, one edge

S1S2E Surfaced one side, two edges

S1E Surfaced one edge

Species Selection

Species selection determines characteristics of wood– wood color– grain (open and closed)– hardness or durability

Ultimately determines usage Region of growth determines availability

Grade (Set by Am. Lumber Stds) Sets a standard of lumber quality and values between mills Harmonize natural differences Grade Numbers: (best)Select,1,2,3,Utility(worst)

Certification Marks and Examples

Weyerhaeuser Company Timber Structures Simpson Forest Products Western Wood Products Boise Cascade Trus Joist MacMillan

Moisture Content

Moisture grade stamp mark given at the time of surfacing.– S-DRY--moisture content not exceeding

19 percent.– MC 15--moisture content not exceeding

15 percent.– S-GRN--moisture content exceeded

19 percent.

Division of Lumber Grade & Sizes

Board Lumber (up to 1 1/2” Thick)– appearance grade, sheathing, forms, & select

Dimensional Lumber (up to 4 1/2” Thick)– framing, joist, planks

Timbers (5” or thicker)– beams, stringers, post, timbers

Common Defects

Preservative Treatment

Used to improve the durability and longevity of wood

Primary Reasons for treatment– unsafe moisture water content causing decay– prevent insect damage and termite infestation

Preservative Treatment Wood members

which come in contact with concrete, masonry or earth should be of a treated wood

Preservative Treatment Techniques

Wood is treated by impregnating with toxic chemicals at elevated pressures & temperatures– creosote solutions– oil-borne preservatives– water-borne preservatives– water-repellent preservatives

Lamination Structurally glued lumber

– assembly of wood laminations, dimensional lumber

– grain parallel to length– bonded with adhesive– variety of shapes/sizes– callout is actual size– layers commonly 1-2” thick, with

the common being 1 1/2”

Plywood

Thin veneers glued together perpendicular to one another– odd number of veneers - 3,5,7,9– very strong– used for sheathing, flooring– interior or exterior(X) glues– A,B,C,D surface quality– 4’ x 8’ sheets, Thickness 1/16” thru 1 1/4”

Plywood Grading Stamp APA--trademark=American Plywood Association Span Rating--32/16 or 48/24

– 1st # = max spacing for roof structure– 2nd #=max spacing for subfloor structure

Thickness--15/32” Mill number Exposure Rating--(3)

– Exterior– Exposure 1– Exposure 2

Plywood or Box Beam

Lumber and plywood used together Can be nailed or laminated depending on

the design of the engineer

Engineered Lumber Products Comply: both plywood and OSB

– plywood outside & center veneer Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL):

– MICRO-LAM, GANG-LAM, STRUCLAM Parallel Strand Lumber Wood I-beam: TJI MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard OSB - Oriented Strand Board Particleboard

More Project Information Do not worry about adding your title block

to sheet A-1, A-2, etc. We will be doing that towards the end of the semester. All drawings are to be full scale.

Drawings will be submitted on a ‘B’ size print until the full set is due at the end of the semester at which time a full plotted D-size set will be turned in for a grade.

Assignment:

Sheet A-3 Elevations Develop all four elevations of your hotel Be sure and use proper material symbols

and notes Add necessary dimensions or datum Use your own design – there are no

restrictions on the elevations – have fun (but don’t let the elevations suck-up all your time

A-DWG3--Beam Types (Layout)

BLT-UP

GLU-LAM BOX

SOLID

Required:

1--Dimension/notes for each beam

2--Title each beam specific type as shown

3--Use symbols for materials

4--Use different line thicknesses to show contrast

5--Text Ref: Figure 5.11 Glu-lam, page 94, Figure 5.2 Solid, page 90, 3-2x10s built-up beam , 12” high w/ 2x4s and 3/4” plywood box beam

6--Each detail, Scale 3” = 1’ - 0”