lte tutorial

1

3G Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

Farooq Khan

Samsung Telecom R&D CenterRichardson, Texas

September 25, 2006

2

LTE

• LTE is Evolution path for GSM/UMTS systems • GSM is the dominant wireless cellular standard with over 2 Billion subscribers

Worldwide– 82% of the global mobile market

UMTSUMTSHSPAHSPA LTELTEGSMGSM

2005/2007 2010 and beyond

2Mb/s 100Mb/s14Mb/sKb/s

3

Tutorial Outline (1/2)

• Overview of LTE System Requirements• Uplink multiple Access

– Orthogonal vs. Non-orthogonal multiple access– Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) – DFT-Spread OFDM– Spectral shaping for DFT-Spread OFDM– Uplink frame structure and parameters

• Downlink Multiple Access– OFDM overview– OFDM vs. WCDMA– Frequency diversity and frequency-selective multi-user scheduling– Downlink frame structure and parameters

• Link Adaptation and Hybrid ARQ– Frequency-domain link adaptation in OFDMA/SC-FDMA– Channel frequency-selectivity based link adaptation– Synchronous vs. Asynchronous and Non-adaptive vs. Adaptive Hybrid ARQ– Chase combining vs. Incremental Redundancy (IR)

• Inter-cell interference mitigation techniques– Fractional frequency reuse– Fractional loading– Interference suppression/cancellation

4

Tutorial Outline (2/2)• Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

– Single-Frequency Network (SFN) operation– Layered QoS (Quality of Service)– Broadcast/Unicast Multiplexing– Broadcast/Unicast Superposition and Interference cancellation– E-MBMS frame structure

• MIMO Techniques– MIMO capacity and Rank Adaptation– Multi code word (MCW) MIMO– Switching between Single-user and Multi-user MIMO– Transmit diversity and beamforming– MIMO for broadcast

• Flexible bandwidth support– UE capabilities– Synchronization and cell search

• LTE Architecture– Network architecture– Protocols architecture

• LTE Standard Development Schedule

5

LTE System Requirements

• Downlink peak data rate of 100Mb/s in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz) and an uplink peak data rate of 50Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz).

• Spectrum efficiency, 2-4X Release 6 HSPA• Scalable bandwidth support, [1.25] [1.6] 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz• Possibility for a radio-access network latency below 10 ms.• Increase "cell edge bitrate" whilst maintaining same site locations as

deployed today.• System should be optimized for low mobile speed but also support

high mobile speed • Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-3GPP

specified systems • Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the

PS domain (e.g. VoIP) • Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum should not be precluded

Source: 3GPP TR 25.913

6

Uplink Multiple Access

7

Uplink Multiple Access

• Design of an efficient multiple access and multiplexing scheme more challenging on the uplink due to many-to-one nature of the uplink transmissions.

• Two major approaches– Non-orthogonal Access

• E.g. WCDMA

– Orthogonal Access• E.g. OFDMA, TDMA, SC-FDMA etc.

• Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)– Important aspect for the uplink due to limited UE transmit power

8

Conventional CDMA

F. Khan, “A Time-Orthogonal CDMA High Speed Uplink Data Transmission scheme for 3G and Beyond,” IEEE Communication Magazine, February 2005.F. Khan, “Performance of Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access for Beyond 3G/4G Systems,” VTC 2006-Fall conference.

• It is advantageous to schedule good users in a TDM fashion and weak users in a CDMA fashion in order to maximize the system capacity

• TDMA approach suffers from link budget limitation due to limited UE transmit power i.e. a single user transmitting in a TDM fashion over a large bandwidth such as 5, 10, 20MHz may not be able to efficiently use the whole bandwidth due to its transmit power limitation.

]//[)1()1(

1log0

2 HzsbNPKPf

PKCCDMA

Where f is ratio between other-cell and own-cell signal and is fraction of the own-user signal considered as interference. For the special case where f=0 and =0, the above equation simplifies to:

For large K, i.e.

]//[)1(

1log0

2 HzsbNPK

PKCCDMA

]//[44.1)(log2 HzsbeCCDMA

K

9

Orthogonal vs. Non-orthogonal Access (1/3)

Where is the fraction of bandwidth allocated to user i. For the case where the bandwidth is equally divided among the K users transmitting simultaneously, the above formula can be simplified as below:

]//[1log0

21

HzsbNfP

PC

i

K

iiOFDMA

]//[1log0

2 HzsbNfKP

KPCOFDMA

We note that gains of orthogonal access over non-orthogonal access for larger SNR user case increase as the number of users increase.

the performance of high SNR user is dominated by intra-cell (or inter-user) interference and an orthogonal access benefits by eliminating the intra-cell interference.

However, the performance of a weak user is dominated by the inter-cell interference and the background noise and eliminating intra-cell interference by using orthogonal access only provides small advantage.

It should be noted that performance of a non-orthogonal scheme for larger SNR case (SNR=10.0dB) degrades as the number of users increase. This is explained by the fact that increasing number of users also result in increased intra-cell interference.

10


11


Other-cell to own-cell signal level ratio (f)

(COFDMA- CCDMA)/ CCDMA [%]

Single user SNR=0.0dB

Single user SNR=10.0dB

0.0 151.59 342.65

0.2 83.19 103.02

0.5 51.97 58.41

0.8 38.20 41.47

1.0 32.53 34.85

• Note that this performance represents the potential gains that an orthogonal scheme provides by eliminating multiple-access interference (MAI) on the uplink.

• Orthogonal MA scheme such as OFDMA and SC-FDMA provides potential additional gains in frequency selective channels over non-orthogonal WCDMA using RAKE.

12

DFT-Spread OFDM (SC-FDMA)

IFFTN

FFTM

Data Data

Pilots

FFTN

IFFTM

Data

FDE

Data

Pilots

EqualizedData

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

Modulation symbols are FFT-pre-coded before mapping to the input of FFT

At the receiver, frequency-domain equalization is performed after the FFT operation.

DFT-Spread OFDM is a relatively low PAPR waveform.Approximately 3dB lower PAPR than OFDMA

DFT-Spread OFDM suffers from approximately 1dB link performance loss for higher order modulations (e.g. 16-QAM) relative to OFDMA in a frequency-selective channel.

13

Distributed FDMA

IFFTN=8

FFTM=4

a1

a2

a3

a4

b1

0

b2

0

b3

0

b4

0

a1

a2

a3

a4

a1

a2

a3

a4

a1, a2, a3, a4M=4

a1, a2, a3, a4, a1, a2, a3, a4

S/P

P/S

Input signalrepeated N/M (=2)

times

time-domain signal

• Also referred to as IFDMA (Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access)*:– Time-domain implementation

• In the frequency-domain implementation, the FFT coded data is mapped to equally spaced subcarriers:

– FFT and IFFT operations “cancel” each other– N/M repetitions at the output of IFFT (IFDMA principle)

• Distributed FDMA provides frequency-diversity. However, the performance is poor with realistic channel estimation.

• Limited flexibility from resource allocation perspective.

*U. Sorger, I. De Broeck and M. Schnell,”Interleaved FDMA – A New Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Scheme,” Proc. of ICC'98, Atlanta, Georgia, June 1998, pp. 1013-1017.

14

Localized FDMA

IFFTN=8

FFTM=4

a1

a2

a3

a4

b1

b2

b3

b4

0

0

0

0

a1

?

a2

?

a3

?

a4

?

a1, a2, a3, a4M=4

a1, ?, a2, ?, a3, ?, a4 , ?

S/P

P/S

• The FFT coded modulation symbols are mapped to contiguous subcarriers– FFT and IFFT operations do not “completely” cancel each other– The input data is embedded (every (N/M)th symbol) in the stream at the output of

IFFT• Greater flexibility in resource allocation• Allows using channel sensitive scheduling• Localized FDMA is preferred for LTE by most companies.

15

DFT-Spread OFDM PAPR

DFT-Spread OFDM provides approximately 3dB lower PAPR at 0.1% point relative to an OFDM system.

Potential for larger coverage

16

Spectral Shaping (1/3)

• The PAPR of a DFT-spread OFDM system can be further reduced by spectral shaping of the FFT-pre-coded data before mapping to the IFFT input

• However, spectral shaping results in reduced spectral efficiency because of the spectral shaping filter transition band.

– Examples of spectrum shaping filters are Raised Cosine Nyquist filter, Gaussian, Hamming and Hann filters etc.

• Spectral shaping can further increase the system coverage because the cell edge users are power limited (not bandwidth limited).

IFFTN

FFTM

Data

FFTN

IFFTM

Data

FDE

Data

Pilots

EqualizedData

TRANSMITTERRECEIVER

SpectralShaping

17


• The roll-off factor, for a raised cosine Nyquist filter determines the excess bandwidth.

• With M samples input to the spectrum shaping filter, the number of samples at the output of the filter is M(1+ a). For example, if M=64 and a=0.25, the number of samples at the output of the filter would be 64(1+0.25)=80.

• Therefore, 80 subcarriers would be required to map these samples at the input of the IFFT.

– This represents 25% excess bandwidth.

Mapping tosubcarriers

FFTM

Data M samplesM(1+)samples IFFT

N

0

0

0

0

N-M(1+)zeros

RF

18


Bandwidth Efficiency

[bits/subcarrier]

Modulation RRC Roll-off 0.1%PAPR

[dB]

2 QPSK 0.0 5.7

1.6 QPSK 0.25 4.8

1.285 QPSK 5/9=0.5566 3.5

1 QPSK 1.0 1.8

1 /2-BPSK 0.0 4.5

0.8 /2-BPSK 0.25 2.8

0.64 /2-BPSK 5/9=0.5566 1.0

0.5 /2-BPSK 1.0 1.2

/2-BPSK is a low-PAPR modulation scheme

However, when spectral shaping is employed in DFT-Spread OFDM, QPSK always outperform /2-BPSK in terms of PAPR for a given spectral efficiency.

19

Uplink Structure

• Subcarrier spacing, Long Block (LB)=15KHz, short Block (SB)=30KHz

• SB is used for pilot or reference signal transmission

• Uplink TTI (Transmission time Interval) consists of two subframes (1.0ms)

LB(15KHz)

CP

SB30

KHz

CP

LB(15KHz)

CP

LB(15KHz)

CP

LB(15KHz)

CP

LB(15KHz)

CP

SB30

KHz

CP

LB(15KHz)

CP

66.6us 33.3us

Subframe=0.5ms

Ba

nd

wid

th

Frame=10ms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Subframe=0.5ms TTI=1ms

20

Uplink Parameters

*1: {(x1/y1) n1, (x2/y2) n2} means (x1/y1) for n1 reference signal or data blocks and (x2/y2) for n2 reference signal or data blocks

*2: FFT size = samples

Source 3GPP TR 25.814

Spectrum Allocation

(MHz)

Sub-frame duration

(ms)

Long block size (s/#of occupied

subcarriers /samples*2)

Short block size (s/#of occupied

subcarriers /samples)

CP duration (s/samples *1)

20 0.5 66.67/1200/2048 33.33/600/1024 (4.13/127) 7,

(4.39/135) 1*

15 0.5 66.67/900/1536 33.33/450/768 (4.12/95) 7,

(4.47/103) 1*

10 0.5 66.67/600/1024 33.33/300/512 (4.1/63) 7,

(4.62/71) 1*

5 0.5 66.67/300/512 33.33/150/256 (4.04/31) 7,

(5.08/39) 1*

2.5 0.5

66.67/150/256 33.33/75/128 (3.91/15) 7,

(5.99/23) 1*

1.25 0.5 66.67/75/128 33.33/38/64 (3.65/7) 7,

(7.81/15) 1*1

21

Downlink Multiple Access

22

OFDM (1/2)

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) promise higher spectral efficiency by providing orthogonality between overlapping subcarriers.

• A guard interval or cyclic prefix is added to combat the multipath delay spread.

…

S u b -c a r r ie rsF F T

T im e

S y m b o ls

5 M H z B a n d w id th

G u a rd I n te rv a ls

…

F r e q u en c y


23

OFDM (2/2)

• OFDM requires a single IFFT operation at the transmitter and a single FFT operation at the receiver.

• In contrast, DFT-Spread OFDM requires two FFT/IFFT operations at the transmitter and two FFT/IFFT operations at the receiver.

IFFT

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

P/SS/PMod.

SymbolsAddCP

RF

S/P FFTRemoveCP

Receive P/SMod.

Symbols

QAMMod.

Coded bits

QAMDemod.

to decoder

24

OFDM vs. WCDMA (1/2)

The peak data rate achievable with WCDMA will be limited to 1b/s/Hz when the unicast signal is received with large number of multi-path components.

where (P/N0) is the SINR when all the power is received on a single-path and there is no interference from the other cells. f represents the ratio between other-cell and own-cell signal.

In OFDM, there is no multi-path interference due to use of a cyclic prefix and 1-tap equalization of OFDM subcarriers. Therefore, the only sources of SINR degradation in an OFDM system are the other-cell interference and the background noise. The SINR in an OFDM system can therefore be expressed as:

Where Ts is the OFDM symbol duration and GI is the cyclic prefix duration.

]//[11

1log 2 Hzsbf

CWCDMA

]//[1

1log 2 HzsbfGIT

TC

s

sOFDMA

f K=2 K=4 K>>1

0.0 122% 180% 237%

1.0 21% 36% 51%

2.0 9% 18% 27%

25

OFDM vs. WCDMA (2/2)• OFDM provides greater capacity

advantage for the cases when the other-cell interference (f) is relatively small.

– users closer to the base station with good channel quality benefits more from OFDM (performance dominated by the multi-path interference).

• For weak users at the cell edge (f relatively larger), the performance is dominated by interference from neighbouring cell rather than the own-cell-interference. Therefore, OFDM provides little advantage for the weak users in the cell.

f K=2 K=4 K>>1

0.0 23% 40% 55%

1.0 10% 19% 28%

2.0 4% 11% 17%

26

OFDM vs. WCDMA w/ advanced receiver

• OFDM outperforms WCDMA with both RAKE and with MMSE receiver.• However, the performance difference between OFDM and WCDMA with MMSE

is relatively smaller. – Performance of WCDMA improves significantly using an MMSE receiver compared to

a RAKE receiver.

Performance of WCDMA vs. OFDM Unicast:Mixed Ped A and B at 50:50, 3km/h, Proportional Fair scheduler

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Number of users per sector

Sect

or

Thro

ughput

[Mbps]

OFDM

WCDMA(RAKE)

WCDMA(MMSE)

27

Frequency-diversity and scheduling

• In case of frequency-selective multi-user scheduling, a contiguous set of subcarriers potentially experiencing an upfade is allocated for transmission to a user.

– generally beneficial for low mobility users for which the channel quality can be tracked.

• in case of frequency-diversity transmission, the allocated subcarriers are preferably uniformly distributed over the whole spectrum

– Generally used for high mobility users for which channel quality can not be tracked

– Also beneficial for control signalling and delay-sensitive services

Distributed subcarrier Allocationfor Frequency diversity

f1

f2

f3

f4

f5

f6

f7

f8

f9

f10

f11

f12

f13

f14

f15

f16

f

Contiguous subcarrier Allocation forFrequency-Selective Multi-user scheduling

f1

f2

f3

f4

f5

f6

f7

f8

f9

f10

f11

f12

f13

f14

f15

f16

f

28

Frequency-selective multi-user scheduling

• The overall signal quality can be improved if user 1 is scheduled at the edge resource blocks where user1’s signal quality is better and user2 in the middle resource blocks where user2’s signal quality is better.

• Frequency-selective multi-user scheduling enabled by OFDM transmission can provide additional performance benefit over WCDMA system.

FrequencyOFDM Subcarriers

FlatFading

User1SignalPower

User2

FrequencySelectiveFading

RB#1

RB#2

RB#3

RB#4

RB#5

RB#6

RB#7

RB#8

RB#9

RB#10

RB#11

RB#12

29

OFDM w/ Frequency-selective scheduling

• Frequency-selective multi-user scheduling provides additional throughput gain on top of multi-user diversity using time-domain scheduling.

• The channel quality feedback overhead is larger for a system employing frequency-selective multi-user scheduling.

Frequency Scheduling Gain in OFDMA with Contiguous Structure:Channel Model: Ped B

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Number of users per sector

Sect

or T

hro

ughput

[Mbps]

# of sub-bands: 1

# of sub-bands: 8

30

Downlink Frame Structure

The downlink TTI consists of two 0.5ms subframes (1ms)

A 10ms frame consists of 20 subframes (10 TTIs)

A subframe contains 7(6) OFDM symbols with short (long) cyclic prefix (CP).

Pilot or reference signals are transmitted in the 2 OFDM symbols every 6th subcarrier per antenna.

Pilot for multiple transmit antennas are frequency-multiplexed (FDM).

Subframe=0.5ms

P1

D

D

P2

D

D

P1

D

D

P2

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

P2

D

D

P1

D

D

P2

D

D

P1

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

Fre

qu

en

cy

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

P1 Pilot for ANT1 P2 Pilot for ANT2

D Data or Control Symbols

Frame=10ms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Subframe=0.5ms TTI=1ms

31

Downlink Parameters

Transmission BW 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Sub-frame duration 0.5 ms

Sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz

Sampling frequency 1.92 MHz (1/2 3.84 MHz)

3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz (2 3.84 MHz)

15.36 MHz (4 3.84 MHz)

23.04 MHz (6 3.84 MHz)

30.72 MHz (8 3.84 MHz)

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

Number of occupied sub-carriers†, ††

76 151 301 601 901 1201

Number of OFDM symbols per sub frame

(Short/Long CP)

7/6

Short (4.69/9) 6,

(5.21/10) 1*

(4.69/18) 6,

(5.21/20) 1

(4.69/36) 6,

(5.21/40) 1

(4.69/72) 6,

(5.21/80) 1

(4.69/108) 6,

(5.21/120) 1

(4.69/144) 6,

(5.21/160) 1

CP length (μs/samples)

Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64) (16.67/128) (16.67/256) (16.67/384) (16.67/512)

†Includes DC sub-carrier which contains no data

†† This is the assumption for the baseline proposal. Somewhat more carriers may be possible to occupy in case of the wider bandwidth

*: {(x1/y1) n1, (x2/y2) n2} means (x1/y1) for n1 OFDM symbols and (x2/y2) for n2 OFDM symbols


32

Link Adaptation and Hybrid ARQ

33

Link Adaptation and Hybrid ARQ

• Link adaptation is used to adapt the modulation and coding to the instantaneous channel conditions reported by the UE.

• Hybrid ARQ operates on top of link adaptation to recover from errors in MCS selection.

– MCS selection errors occur due to CQI (channel quality indication) errors

– CQI errors are a result of channel quality measurement inaccuracy, feedback delay and interference fluctuations etc.

34

Frequency-domain link adaptation (1/2)

• In frequency-domain link adaptation (LA), different modulations can be used for coded bits mapped to different OFDM subcarriers experiencing different channel quality.

• In DFT-Spread OFDM, frequency-domain link adaptation does not apply because a given modulation symbol is spread over the whole transmitted bandwidth.


FlatFading

SignalPower Frequency Selective

Fading

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

QPSK

QPSK

QPSK

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

35

Frequency-domain link adaptation (2/2)

• LTE system does not employ frequency-domain link adaptation:– A common modulation is selected for all the coded symbols transmitted.


Transport block (L2 PDU)

CRC attachment

Channel coding

HARQ functionalityincluding adaptive

coding rate

Physical channel segmentation

(resource block mapping)

Adaptive modulation(common modulation is selected)

To assigned resource blocks

Number of assigned resource blocks

36

Channel selectivity based LA (1/2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 810

-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

EbNo(dB)

FE

R

QAM16, 1/3, Flat

QPSK, 2/3, FlatQAM16, 1/3, TU-6-path

QPSK, 2/3, TU-6-path

• Modulation switching to next higher level of modulation happens at a relatively low coding rate when the OFDM transmission experience frequency-selective fading.

• On the other hand, the switching to next higher level of modulation happens at a relatively higher coding rate when the OFDM transmission experiences a “flat-fading”.

37

Channel selectivity based LA (2/2)

• In a flat-fading channel QPSK can be used for as high coding rate as 5/6 before switching to 16-QAM.

• In a frequency-selective channel such a GSM Typical Urban (TU) channel, switching from QPSK to 16-QAM happens at around ½ coding rate.

• Possible different modulation switching points are required for frequency-selective multi-user scheduling mode and frequency diversity mode.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 810

-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

EbNo(dB)

FE

R

QAM16, 3/8, Flat

QPSK, 3/4, Flat

QAM16, 3/8, TU-6-path


0 2 4 6 8 10 1210

-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

EbNo(dB)F

ER

QAM16, 5/12, Flat

QPSK, 5/6, FlatQAM16, 5/12, TU-6-path


38

Hybrid ARQ

SP1Packet

PChannelCoding

SubpacketGenerator

SP2 SP3 SP4

RECEIVER

NACK

TRANSMITTER

SP1

NACK

SP2

ACK

SP3

SP1, SP2Combine and

Decode

SP1 Decode

SP1, SP2, SP3Combine and

Decode

39

Sync. Vs. Async. Hybrid ARQ

• Asynchronous Hybrid ARQ allows to schedule retransmissions at favorable channel and resource conditions at the expense of additional control overhead.

• LTE system employs an asynchronous Hybrid ARQ on the downlink and a synchronous scheme in the uplink.

1SP1

2 3 45

SP26 7 8

9SP2

10 11 1213

SP414 15 16

CTRL

NACK

NACK

NACK

ACK

1SP1

2 3 4 5 67

SP28 9 10

11SP3

1213

14 1516

SP4

CTRL

CTRL

CTRL

CTRL

NACK

NACK

NACK

Synchronous

Asynchronous

40

Chase Vs. IR Hybrid ARQ

• In chase combining, a copy of the original transmission is retransmitted on a NACK response:

– Retransmissions provide SNR and diversity gain• In Incremental Redundancy (IR), the retransmissions potentially contain

redundant coded bits– Retransmissions also provide additional coding gain

• IR leads to better performance at the expense of additional complexity due to buffering

1SP1

2 3 4 5 67

SP28 9 10

11SP3

12 13 14 1516

SP4

Incremental Redundancy

1SP1

2 3 4 5 67

SP18 9 10

11SP1

12 13 14 1516

SP1

Chase Combining

41

Adaptive Vs. Non-Adaptive Hybrid ARQ

• In non-adaptive Hybrid ARQ, the modulation, coding and resources allocated for retransmissions is the same as the original transmission.

• An adaptive Hybrid ARQ scheme allows to adapt the modulation, coding and resources allocated for retransmissions based on channel conditions and/or other criteria.

1SP1

2 3 4 5 67

SP28 9 10

11SP3

12 13 14 1516

SP4

Adaptive

1SP1

2 3 4 5 67

SP18 9 10

11SP1

12 13 14 1516

SP1

Non-adaptive

16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM

16-QAM 16-QAM QPSK QPSK

42

Low overhead Async. Hybrid ARQ

• Control information is only transmitted if one or more of the subpacket timing, modulation, coding, transmission duration or resource information needs to be changed.

1SP1

2 3 45X

6 7 89Y

10 1112

SP213 14 15

16SP3

CTRL

CTRL

SP1 SP1, X SP1, X, Y SP1, SP2SP1,

SP2, SP3

DiscardX and Y

Success

TX

RX

NACK

NACK

NACK

NACK

ACK

43

Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques

44

Fractional Frequency Reuse

In the inner cell region, a universal frequency reuse (reuse of 1) is employed.

For the cell-edge users, a reuse > 1 is used.

A higher power spectral density (PSD) is used on the subcarriers allocated to the cell-edge users.- cell-edge users are generally power limited

A lower power spectral density is used on the subcarriers allocated to the users closer to the base station experiencing good channel conditions.- good users are generally bandwidth-limited (not power limited).

Fractional frequency reuse may have negative impact on frequency-selective multi-user scheduling.

f1

f1

f1

f2

f4

f3

Low PSD

High PSD

RB1

RB2

RB3

RB4

RB6

RB7

RB8

RB9

RB11

RB12

RB5

RB10

f1 f2 f3 f4

Power

Total OFDM Bandwidth

45

Cell-edge Performance We assume a pathloss exponent of =3.76 and an

interference-limited scenario therefore ignoring the effect of background thermal noise.

A reuse of 3 can provide approximately 2X improvement (1.07 vs. 0.51 b/s/Hz) in cell-edge performance relative to the case of universal frequency reuse.

These gains apply to channels targeted for the cell-edge such as broadcast and paging channels.

For data traffic, generally the improvement in cell-edge performance via inter-cell interference coordination results in decrease in overall system throughput.

57

1

6

4

3

2

13

14

15

12

11

10

9

8

19

18

17

16

dBRRR

Rreuse 7.3424.0

136232

1

1362321

dBRR

Rreuse 22.9368.8

3

13623

1

3

136233

]//[07.1368.81log3

11log

3

1

]//[51.00.4241log1log

2323

2121

HzsbC

HzsbC

reuseresue

reusereuse

46

Fractional Loading (1/2)

In the fractional loading approach, each cell operates at a duty cycle smaller than 100% on a given time-frequency resource.

The average capacity in a fractional loading approach can be approximated as:

Where ci is the capacity in a time-frequency resource with i number of transmissions among the neighbouring cells.

0.5ms 0.5ms 0.5ms

0 1 2 1 0 0

To

tal B

andwidth

Cell-A Cell-B Cell-C

RB#1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

]//[1log

]//[

2

33221100

Hzsbc

HzsbcpcpcpcpC

ii

average

47

Fractional Loading (2/2)Fractional loading approach can provide around 55%

(0.87 vs. 0.56 b/s/Hz) improvement in cell-edge performance relative to reuse of 1 (universal reuse).

In addition, under an ideal frequency reuse of 3, performance can be further improved by approximately 20% (1.07 vs. 0.87 b/s/Hz) relative to fractional loading. However, it should be noted that a frequency reuse approach might be challenging to implement in practice due to required frequency planning etc.

i indicates the SINR experienced with i number of transmissions among the neighbouring cells and are approximated as:

dBRR

R

R

dBRR

R

R

dBRR

R

dB

26.347.0

3

136232

1

3

136232

49.089.0

3

136231

1

3

13623

22.9368.8

3

13623

1

3

13623

0.0

3

2

1

0

48

Interference Suppression/Cancellation

With multiple receive antennas, the mobile station can potentially suppress neighbouring sector/cell interferers.

With 2-Rx and non-MIMO (rank1) transmission, a single dominant interferer can be suppressed by using interference rejection combining (IRC).

With rank2 MIMO transmission (2 streams), the dominant interferer for a given MIMO stream is the other MIMO stream(s) and hence the receiver degree of freedom is used to suppress the other streams.

Therefore, in a MIMO transmission, IRC is not likely to provide any gains.

3-sector-BS

1

MS

2

3

In inter-cell interference cancellation (IIC), the interferer signal is decoded and then cancelled.

IIC can provide significant gains (up to 3dB SINR gain) in cell-edge performance improvement.

However, IIC has some practical limitation due to the need of decoding control information along with data transmissions from the interfering cells.

49

Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

50

Single-Frequency Network (SFN)

A single-frequency network (SFN) operation can be realized for broadcast traffic transmitted using OFDM from multiple synchronized cells (with timing errors within the cyclic prefix length).

When the same information content is transmitted using identical modulation, coding and time-frequency resources, the signal is “RF” combined and there is no interference apart from the background noise.

The pilot for SFN operation is also transmitted using identical pilot sequence and time-frequency resources.

In the presence of SFN operation, the broadcast SINR can be very high particularly for smaller cells deployments.

At 90% coverage point, SFN provides SINR of 11, 21 and 28dB for cell site-to-site distance of 2, 1 and 0.5Km respectively.

3

1

2

7

17

18 10

19

8

9

4

5

6

11

14

16

13

12

15

51

SFN vs. WCDMA for Broadcast

We observe that the achievable capacity for broadcast in a WCDMA system is limited to 1b/s/Hz when the broadcast signal is received from large number of base stations (K>>1).

In case of OFDM, the signals received from multiple synchronized base stations are orthogonal as long as the relative delays of the received signals are within the OFDM symbol cyclic prefix length.

Where Ts is the OFDM symbol duration and GI is the cyclic prefix duration.

The Single Frequency Network (SFN) gains are larger in smaller cells where strong signals are received from multiple cells by the cell edge users.

]//[)1(

1log0

2 HzsbNPK

KPCWCDMA

]//[1log0

2 HzsbN

KP

GIT

TC

s

sOFDMA

Broadcast Geometry, KP/N0

[dB]

Capacity gain of OFDM over WCDMA [(COFDM-CWCDMA)/CWCDMA*100]

0.0dB 49%

7.0dB 152%

10.0dB 215%

52

Layered QoS via Hierarchical Modulation

The layered QoS concept based on hierarchical modulation is already in use in DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) and MediaFLO systems.

A high priority stream is embedded within a low priority stream. The users with good signal reception quality receive both streams while the users with poor channel conditions only receive the high priority stream.

The good channel quality users can have an enhanced video reception quality due to higher data rates reception of the same content.

Weak users decodesignal as QPSK

'00'

Good users decodesignal as 16-QAM

'0010'

10

01 00

11

53

Broadcast/Unicast Multiplexing

Frequency multiplexing of broadcast/unicast provides the flexibility to adaptively allocate power between broadcast and unicast traffic.

In an interference-limited scenario, unicast power can be reduced without affecting unicast throughput while increasing the broadcast power which results in linear increase in SINR in an SFN scenario.

Unicast(alpha*P)

0.5ms

Unicast(alpha*P)

Unicast(alpha*P)

Broadcast(P)

Unicast(alpha*P)

Unicast(alpha*P)

Unicast(alpha*P)

Broadcast(P)

Wasted Power(1-alpha)*P

Wasted Power(1-alpha)*P

Ptotal

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

0.5ms

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Broadcast, (1-0.75*alpha)*P, 1/4th of the subcarriers

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Unicast(0.75*

alpha*P)

Frequency-Multiplexing

Time-Multiplexing

Ptotal

Punicast

54

Broadcast/Unicast Multiplexing

LTE supports FDM/TDM transmission of unicast and broadcast/multicast traffic within the same RF carrier.

TDM multiplexing of different MBMS streams (broadcast channels) is supported to minimize the broadcast reception time at the UE.

A UE listening to a particular channel only needs to turn on its receiver during the TTIs transmitting that channel resulting in battery power savings.

Unicast Unicast

Unicast

BroadcastCH 2

Unicast

Unicast Unicast

TTI=1ms

BroadcastCH 1

Unicast

BroadcastCH 4

Unicast

BroadcastCH 3

Frequency

55

Broadcast/Unicast Superposition (1/4)In the Unicast/MBMS superposition approach,

the same time-frequency resources are used for simultaneous transmission of Unicast and MBMS traffic.

The proposed approach superimposes the broadcast signal over the unicast traffic and cancels the broadcast signal before unicast demodulation and decoding.

In a single frequency network (SFN) based MBMS transmission, interference from all the cells in a broadcast zone is cancelled in a single-step by cancellation of the composite received MBMS signal.

The composite received signal is reconstructed for cancellation purpose by using the composite channel estimates based on MBMS reference signal.

The broadcast signal uses excess unicast power available in interference limited situation for SFN operation therefore converting the unused power into useful capacity.

Unicast/MBMS superposition approach also applies to MIMO cases.

Ucast

TDM of MBMS and Unicast

Ucast Ucast Bcast Ucast Ucast Ucast Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

Ucast

Bcast

TIME

FR

EQ

UE

NC

Y

TIME

FR

EQ

UE

NC

Y

FDM of MBMS and Unicast

Ucast

Superposition of MBMS and Unicast

Ucast Ucast Ucast Ucast Ucast Ucast Ucast

TIME

FR

EQ

UE

NC

YBcast Bcast Bcast Bcast Bcast Bcast Bcast Bcast

56

Broadcast/Unicast Superposition (2/4)

57

1

6

4

3

2

57

1

6

4

3

2

+ =57

1

6

4

3

2

57

1

6

4

3

2

Broadcast(Same content in cells within

a broadcast zone)

Unicast(different contentin different cells)

Broadcast/Unicast

Superposition

57

1

6

4

3

2

57

1

6

4

3

2

- =57

1

6

4

3

2

57

1

6

4

3

2

Decode andCancel

BroadcastUnicast Signal

Broadcast/UnicastSuperimposed Received

Signal

Superposition at BS

Interference Cancellation at MS

57


The MBMS signal is transmitted over the unicast resources without affecting unicast performance while allowing for additional “free” capacity for MBMS.

The unused unicast power is converted to useful capacity for broadcast.

An additional 1.28 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency, can be provided for the cell when MBMS signal is superimposed on unicast resources. This meets and exceeds the LTE MBMS spectral efficiency requirement of 1.0 b/s/Hz without requiring an additional separate resources for MBMS. This can be seen as MBMS traffic is carried for “free” meeting the LTE target.

Free MBMSCapacity

UnusedNode-BPower

Unicast

SFNMBMS

Unicast Unicast

CancelledMBMSsignal

TotalNode-BPower

58


Additional unicast traffic can be transmitted in parallel with MBMS on resources reserved for MBMS. A significant unicast capacity advantage can be obtained.

2X system throughput improvement for unicast is achieved while at the same time slightly improving the MBMS throughout.

The gains from the Unicast/MBMS superposition approach are dependent upon the fraction of the resources allocated for unicast and MBMS.

If a given network only carriers either unicast or MBMS but not both, then there are no improvements possible because unicast and MBMS cannot be superimposed.

Full UnicastCapacity

SFNMBMS

SFNMBMS

Unicast Unicast

CancelledMBMSsignal

Small reductionin MBMScapacity

TotalNode-BPower

Unicast

15.2Mb/s 27.4Mb/s

MBMS10MHz 10MHz

30.4Mb/s (1.52b/s/Hz) [Unicast]

30.8Mb/s (1.54b/s/Hz) [MBMS]

20MHz

Orthogonal (TDM/FDM) Multiplexing

Unicast/MBMS Superposition and Cancellation

59

MIMO Techniques

60

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

A MIMO system promises linear increase in capacity with the number of antennas.

Ant1

TRANSMITTER

Data Stream 1

Data Stream 2

Data Stream 3

Data Stream 4

Ant2

Ant3

Ant4

Ant1

Ant2

Ant3

Ant4

SpatialProcessing

RECEIVER

Data Stream 1

Data Stream 2

Data Stream 3

Data Stream 4

61

MIMO Capacity at Low SNR

The capacity of an MxM MIMO channel can be written as:

Where SNR is the received signal-to-noise ratio at each receive antenna.

At low SNR, an MxM system yields a power gain of M relative to a single-receive antenna case because the receive antennas can coherently combine their received signals to get a power boost.

]//[detlog *2 HzsbHH

M

SNRIEC MMIMO

]//[1log1

22 Hzsb

M

SNREC

M

iiMIMO

min21

HzsbeSNRM

HzsbehEM

SNR

HzsbeHHTrEM

SNR

eEM

SNRC

jiji

M

iiMIMO

//log

//log

//log

log

2

2,

2

'

2*

12

2

exx 22 log.1log

Source: “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication” by D. Tse and P. Viswanath

62

MIMO Capacity at High SNR

For the high SNR case where we can use the approximation, the MIMO capacity formula can be expressed as:

the full M degree of freedom is attained. It can be noted that maximum capacity is achieved when all the singular values are equal.

M

ii

M

ii

M

iiMIMO

HzsbEM

SNRM

HzsbM

SNRE

HzsbM

SNREC

1

222

1

222

1

22

]//[loglog

]//[loglog

]//[log

xx 22 log1log

22log iE

Source: “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication” by D. Tse and P. Viswanath

63

MIMO Rank Adaptation

The number of MIMO streams transmitted to a user are adapted based on user channel quality (CQI) and channel matrix profile.

A Rank1 transmission is advantageous for weak users experiencing low SINR and also for high SINR users with a rank deficient MIMO channel.

The users provide the rank feedback to the base station on a slow basis (on the order of 100ms)

Mobile StationBS

Pilot (ANT1)

CQI + channel rank indication

Data

Calculate CQI andchannel rank

Pilot (ANT2)

Select transmissionrank and schedule user

on the selectedantenna (s)

64

MIMO Pre-coding

A precoding is used to create a set of virtual antennas from physical antennas.

With precoding, the full base station power (for all the antennas) can always be used irrespective of the number of virtual antennas used for transmission.

Precoding with a reasonably large codebook size can also provide beamforming gains at the expense of additional signaling overhead.

LTE employs unitary-precoding for single-user MIMO. For multi-user MIMO, both unitary and non-unitary precoding approaches are under study.

P1

ANT1

P2

2

)( 21 SS

ANT22

)( 21 SS

ANT12

)( 21 SS

ANT22

)( 21 jSjS

1S

2S

1S

2S

VA1

VA1

VA2

VA2

jj

PP11

2

1,

11

11

2

121

inv(P1)

inv(P2)

2

)( 21 SS

2

)( 21 SS

2

)( 21 SS

2

)( 21 jSjS

1S

2S

1S

2S

11

11

2

1

j

j

1

1

2

1

j

jPinvPinv

1

1

2

1)(,

11

11

2

1)( 21

65

Single-user vs. Multi-user MIMO

In single-user MIMO, all the virtual antennas (or MIMO layers) on a given time-frequency resource are allocated to the same user.

In multi-user MIMO, the virtual antennas (or MIMO layers) on a given time-frequency resource can be shared by multiple users.

Single-user MIMO increases user peak data rate while multi-user MIMO increases system throughput.

LTE supports both single-user and multi-user MIMO.

FrequencySingle-User MIMO

S2

S1VA1

VA2 S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

FrequencyMulti-User MIMO

S2

S1VA1

VA2 S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

S2

S1

User-A User-B

User-A

User-B

66

SCW vs. MCW MIMO

LTE employs multi-codeword (MCW) single-user MIMO approach. MCW allows for per antenna rate control (PARC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC).

MCW approach provides better performance relative to single codeword (SCW) at the expense of additional signaling overhead.

InformationTurbo/LDPCcoding

Modulation(QPSK, 16-QAM etc.)

AttachCRC

ANT1

ANT2

Demux

DemuxInformation

Turbo/LDPCcoding

Turbo/LDPCcoding



AttachCRC

AttachCRC

ANT1

ANT2

S1

S2

S1

S1

SCW

MCW

67

SIC Receiver for Single-user MIMO

For MCW single-user MIMO, a successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver can be used.

Decodestream 1

Interferencecancellation

MMSE

Decodestream 2


MMSE

Decodestream 3


MMSE

Decodestream 4

MRC

ReceivedSignal

68

Multi-user MIMO (1/2)

In multi-user MIMO, the virtual antennas (or MIMO layers) on a given time-frequency resource are shared by multiple users.

Multi-user MIMO exploits multi-user diversity in the spatial domain.

Multi-user MIMO provides reasonable performance with a simple LMMSE receiver.

The channel quality indication (CQI) overhead for MU-MIMO is lower relative to single-user MIMO.

The multi-user MIMO does not increase the user peak data rate.


FlatFading

User-1SignalPower

User-2 FrequencySelective Fading

RB1(User-2)

RB1(User-1)

ANT1

ANT2

ANT1

ANT2RB2

(User-2)

RB2(User-1)

RB3(User-1)

RB3(User-2)

RB4(User-2)

RB4(User-2)

RB5(User-2)

RB5(User-2)

RB6(User-1)

RB6(User-1)

RB7(User-1)

RB7(User-1)

RB8(User-1)

RB8(User-1)

User-1 User-2

69

Multi-user MIMO (2/2)

In multi-user MIMO, the user feedback the best virtual antenna CQI and the antenna selection indication (1-bit for a 2x2 MIMO system).

RECEIVERTRANSMITTER

Pilot (ANT1)

CQI + 1-bit ANT indication

Data

Select the greater ofCQI1 and CQI2

CQI=max(CQI1, CQI2)

Calculate CQI1 andCQI2 assuming LMSSE

Pilot (ANT2)

Select MCS based onCQI and schedule useron the selected antenna

70

Single-user/Multi-user MIMO Switching

Both static and dynamic switching approaches between single-user and multi-user MIMO are proposed for the LTE.

In the dynamic approach, the scheduler dynamically selects a mode of transmission that maximizes capacity at a given time.

In general, multi-user MIMO outperforms single-user MIMO at higher loads. At light systems load, single-user MIMO outperforms multi-user MIMO

1B11

2 3 45

B216 7 8

9A12

10 11 1213

A2114 15 16

A1 failureB2 success

Stream-1

RX-A A1 successA2 success

NACK

1A11

2 3 45

B126 7 8

9B22

10 11 1213

A1314 15 16

Stream-2

B1 failureB1 successB2 failure

A1 failureRX-B

NACK

NACK

ACK

(1,1

)

ACK

ACK

(1,0

)

71

Transmit Diversity Schemes

Both rank1 and rank2 transmit diversity schemes have been proposed for LTE.

Rank1 transmit diversity schemes include cyclic delay diversity (CDD), frequency-switched transmit diversity (FSTD), time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD)

Rank2 based transmit diversity scheme is based on space frequency block code (SFBC)

Rank2 transmit diversity provides small link performance gain of over rank1 transmit diversity schemes for the 2Tx-2Rx case depending upon the coding rate etc.

Rank1 transmit diversity schemes such as CDD and FSTD scale easily with the number of transmit antennas. Rank1 schemes also has the advantage in inter-cell interference suppression and joint operation with spatial multiplexing.

Transmit diversity scheme(s) for LTE is still an open issue.

S1

ANT1

S2

S1.e1

S2.e2

ANT2

S1

ANT1

NULL

NULL

S2

ANT2

S1

ANT1

-S2*

S2

S1*

ANT2

CDD FSTD SFBC

Frequency

72

MIMO for Broadcast

For broadcast traffic, only open-loop MIMO schemes such as open-loop transmit diversity scheme or an open-loop spatial multiplexing approach can be considered.

Any form of additional transmit diversity is not expected to bring any significant benefit because SFN-based broadcast already enjoys from frequency-diversity due to delayed signals received from multiple cells.

Spatial multiplexing MIMO approach is attractive for

broadcast due to very high SINR experienced and the fact that received signals from multiple cells see increasing decorrelations in an SFN environment.

Broadcast/MulticastController

Broadcast/MulticastContentServer

Coding andModulation

DMUXANT1

ANT2

S1

S2


DMUXANT1

ANT2

S1

S2


DMUXANT1

ANT2

S1

S2BS3

BS1

BS2

Same BroadcastMulticast

Information

Receiver

ANT1

ANT2

73

Flexible Bandwidth Support

74

UE capabilities

• LTE supports bandwidths of [1.25] [1.6] 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz

• Two bandwidth capabilities for the UEs are defined; 10MHz and 20Mz

• 10MHz capable UE supports all the bandwidths up to 10MHz.

• 20MHz capable UE supports all the bandwidths including 20MHz.

• Case of interest, 10MHz capability UEs connecting to a 15/20MHz Node-B

20MHz UE (1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz)

10MHz UE (1.25, 1.6, 2.5,5 and 10MHz)

20MHz

10MHz

75

Synchronization Channel

The SCH in the center of the 20 MHz band is used in initial cell search for all the UEs and in neighbor cell search for 20 MHz capability UEs.

The SCHs in the center of the left/right 10 MHz band are used in neighbor cell search for 10 MHz capability UEs.

For bandwidths 1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5.0 and 10MHz bandwidth, a single 1.25MHz SCH is transmitted at the center frequency.

Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical SCH structures are being considered for LTE.

SCH SCHSCH

RF carrierCenter of the

left useful bandCenter of the

right useful band

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz1.25 MHz

20 MHz BW

76

Broadcast Channel

The BCH is defined for 1.25 MHz and centered in the middle of the overall transmission bandwidth.

BCH

10-MHz bandwidth

20-MHz bandwidth

5-MHz bandwidth

1.25-MHz bandwidth

2.5-MHz bandwidth


77

Cell Search

Cell site with 20-MHz transmission bandwidth

SCH

Center carrier frequency

Step 1:Cell search using synchronization channeldetect center 1.25 spectrum of entire 20-MHz spectrum

Example: 10-MHz UE in 20-MHz cell site, SCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz and BCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz

Step 2:BCH reception

BCH

BCHreception

Initiate data transmission using assigned spectrumStep 3:

UE shifts to the center carrier frequency assigned by the system and initiates data transmission


78

Random Access Channel

• LTE supports both a non-synchronized random access and a synchronized random access.• The non-synchronized access is used when the UE is not time synchronized. The non-synchronized access

allows the Node B to estimate, and, if needed, adjust the UE transmission timing to within a fraction of the cyclic prefix.

• The synchronized random access procedure may be used when the UE uplink is time synchronized by the Node B. The purpose of the synchronized random access is to request resources for uplink data transmission. One of the objectives of using synchronized random access procedure is to reduce the overall latency.


0.5 ms subframeTRA-REP (10 ms radio frame)

TRA

Data transmissionB

WR

A

(Scheduled) Data transmission(Scheduled) Data transmission

Random- access preambleRandom- access preamble

Guard timeGuard time

Can be used for other random- access channels or data transmission.

79

LTE Architecture

80

LTE Architecture

eNBs provide the evolved UTRA U-plane and C-plane protocol terminations towards the UE

The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs communicate with each other using X2 interface for support of handover etc.

The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core). The S1 interface support a many-to-many relation between aGWs and eNBs.


eNB eNB

eNB

MME/UPE MME/UPE

S1

X2

X2

X2

EPC

E-UTRAN

81

LTE Protocol Architecture

eNBs provide the U-plane (RLC/MAC/PHY) and C-plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE.

The eNBs interface to the aGW via S1

internet

eNB

RB Control

Connection Mobility Cont.

eNBMeasurement

Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Allocation

(Scheduler)

RRC

PHY

aGW Control Plane

aGW User Plane

User Plane

MM Entity

SAE Bearer Control

S1

MAC PDCP

Inter Cell RRM

Radio Admission

Control

RLC


eNB E-UTRA Node-B aGW Access Gateway RRM Radio Resource Management RB Radio Bearer RRC Radio Resource Control RLC Radio Link Control MAC Medium Access Control PHY Physical Layer SAE System Architecture Evolution MME Mobility Management Entity PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

82

User-Plane Protocol Stack

The RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in eNB on the network side) perform functions such as scheduling, ARQ and Hybrid ARQ etc.

PDCP sublayer (terminated in aGW on the network side) performs functions such as header compression, integrity protection and ciphering etc.


eNB

PHY

UE

PHY

MAC

RLC

MAC

aGW

PDCPPDCP

RLC

83

Control-Plane Protocol Stack

The RLC and MAC sublayers perform the same functions as for the U-plane.

RRC performs broadcast, paging, RRC connection management; RB control, mobility and UE measurement reporting and control functions etc.

PDCP sublayer performs integrity protection and ciphering functions.

NAS (Non-Access Stratum) handles functions such as SAE bearer management; authentication, idle mode mobility handling, paging origination, security control for the signalling between aGW-UE.


eNB

PHY

UE

PHY

MAC

RLC

MAC

aGW

RLC

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP

84

LTE Standard Development Schedule

LTE Study Item LTE Work ItemKick-off

LTE WorkshopNov. 2004

Dec. 2004 Sep. 2006 Sep. 2007

Jun. 2006 Jun. 2007

The LTE standard expected to be ready by September 2007.

A 3-month delay introduced in study item/work item completion.

85

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

lte tutorial

Technology

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