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List of Roman emperors - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors[17/04/2019 2:43:54 PM]

List of Roman emperors

Emperor Augustus served as thefirst Roman emperor. His Principateended republican rule in Rome andbegan Pax Romana.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire dating from the granting of thetitle of Augustus to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus by the Roman Senate in 27 BC.Augustus maintained a façade of Republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but callinghimself princeps senatus (first man of the council)[1] and princeps civitatis (first citizenof the state). The title of Augustus was conferred on his successors to the imperialposition. The style of government instituted by Augustus is called the Principate andcontinued until reforms by Diocletian. The modern word 'emperor' derives from the titleimperator, which was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phaseof the empire, the title was generally used only by the princeps. For example, Augustus'official name was Imperator Caesar Augustus.

The territory under command of the emperor had developed under the period of the RomanRepublic as it invaded and occupied most of Europe and portions of northern Africa andwestern Asia. Under the republic, regions of the empire were ruled by provincialgovernors answerable to and authorised by the Senate and People of Rome. During therepublic, the chief magistrates of Rome were two consuls elected each year; consulscontinued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that ofthe emperor, and the election was controlled by the emperor.

In the late 3rd century, after the Crisis of the Third Century , Diocletian formalised andembellished the recent manner of imperial rule, establishing the so-called Dominate period of the Roman Empire. This wascharacterised by the explicit increase of authority in the person of the Emperor, and the use of the style Dominus Noster ("OurLord"). The rise of powerful Barbarian tribes along the borders of the empire and the challenge they posed to defense of far-flungborders and unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration geographically of the Empire in 286 with a co-Augustus. In 330, Constantine the Great established a second capital in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . For mostof the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognised senior emperor, with the division usually based in geographicterms. This division was consistently in place after the death of Theodosius I in 395, which historians have dated as the divisionbetween the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire .[2] However, formally the Empire remained a single polity,with separate co-emperors in the separate courts. The fall of the Western Roman Empire , and so the end of a separate list ofemperors below, is dated either from the de facto date of 476 when Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic Heruliansled by Odoacer or the de jure date of 480, on the death of Julius Nepos , when Eastern Emperor Zeno ended recognition of aseparate Western court. In the period that followed, the Empire is usually treated by historians as the Byzantine Empire governedby the Byzantine Emperors , although this designation is not used universally, and continues to be a subject of specialist debatetoday.[3]

The line of emperors continued until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos during the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when theremaining territories were captured by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II .[4]

Contents [hide]

1 Legitimacy1.1 Emperors after 395

2 The Principate2.1 27 BC–68 AD: Julio-Claudian dynasty2.2 68–96: Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty2.3 96–192: Nerva–Antonine dynasty2.4 193–235: Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty2.5 235–285: Gordian dynasty and Crisis of the Third Century

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3 The Dominate3.1 284–364: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty3.2 364–392: Valentinian dynasty

4 Western Emperors4.1 392–455: Theodosian dynasty4.2 455–476: Last emperors of the Western Empire

5 Eastern Emperors5.1 379–457: Theodosian dynasty5.2 457–518: Leonid dynasty5.3 518–602: Justinian dynasty5.4 610–695: Heraclian dynasty5.5 695–717: Twenty Years' Anarchy5.6 717–802: Isaurian dynasty5.7 802–813: Nikephorian dynasty5.8 820–867: Amorian dynasty5.9 867–1056: Macedonian dynasty5.10 1059–1081: Doukid dynasty5.11 1081–1185: Komnenid dynasty5.12 1185–1204: Angelid dynasty5.13 1204–1261: Laskarid dynasty5.14 1261–1453: Palaiologan dynasty

6 See also7 Notes8 References

8.1 Citations8.2 Sources

9 External links

Legitimacy [edit]This article is about legitimate Roman emperors. For other individuals claiming the title of Emperor, see List ofRoman usurpers.

The emperors listed in this article are those generally agreed to have been 'legitimate' emperors, and who appear in published regnallists.[5][6][7] The word 'legitimate' is used by most authors, but usually without clear definition, perhaps not surprisingly, since theemperorship was itself rather vaguely defined legally. In Augustus' original formulation, the princeps was selected by either theSenate or "the people" of Rome, but quite quickly the legions became an acknowledged stand-in for "the people." A person couldbe proclaimed as emperor by their troops or by "the mob" in the street, but in theory needed to be confirmed by the Senate. Thecoercion that frequently resulted was implied in this formulation. Furthermore, a sitting emperor was empowered to name asuccessor and take him on as apprentice in government and in that case the Senate had no role to play, although it sometimes didwhen a successor lacked the power to inhibit bids by rival claimants. By the medieval (or Byzantine) period, the very definition ofthe Senate became vague as well, adding to the complication.[8]

Lists of legitimate emperors are therefore partly influenced by the subjective views of those compiling them, and also partly byhistorical convention. Many of the 'legitimate' emperors listed here acceded to the position by usurpation, and many 'illegitimate'claimants had a legitimate claim to the position. Historically[by whom?], the following criteria have been used to derive emperorlists:

Any individual who undisputedly ruled the whole Empire, at some point, is a 'legitimate emperor'(1).Any individual who was nominated as heir or co-emperor by a legitimate emperor (1), and who succeeded to rule in his ownright, is a legitimate emperor (2).Where there were multiple claimants, and none were legitimate heirs, the claimant accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor isthe legitimate emperor (3), at least during the Principate .

So for instance, Aurelian , though acceding to the throne by usurpation, was the sole and undisputed monarch between 270 and 275,and thus was a legitimate emperor. Gallienus, though not in control of the whole Empire, and plagued by other claimants, was thelegitimate heir of (the legitimate emperor) Valerian . Claudius Gothicus , though acceding illegally, and not in control of the whole

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus



Empire, was the only claimant accepted by the Senate, and thus, for his reign, was the legitimate emperor. Equally, during the Yearof the Four Emperors, all claimants, though not undisputed, were at some point accepted by the Senate and are thus included;conversely, during the Year of the Five Emperors neither Pescennius Niger nor Clodius Albinus were accepted by the Senate, andare thus not included. There are a few examples where individuals were made co-emperor, but never wielded power in their ownright (typically the child of an emperor); these emperors are legitimate, but are not included in regnal lists, and in this article arelisted together with the senior emperor.

Emperors after 395 [edit]

After 395, the list of emperors in the East is based on the same general criteria, with the exception that the emperor only had to bein undisputed control of the Eastern part of the empire, or be the legitimate heir of the Eastern emperor.

The situation in the West is more complex. Throughout the final years of the Western Empire (395–480) the Eastern emperor wasconsidered the senior emperor, and a Western emperor was only legitimate if recognized as such by the Eastern emperor.Furthermore, after 455 the Western emperor ceased to be a relevant figure and there was sometimes no claimant at all. For the sakeof historical completeness, all Western Emperors after 455 are included in this list, even if they were not recognized by the EasternEmpire;[9] some of these technically illegitimate emperors are included in regnal lists, while others are not. For instance, RomulusAugustulus was technically a usurper who ruled only the Italian peninsula and was never legally recognized. However, he wastraditionally considered the "last Roman Emperor" by 18th and 19th century western scholars and his overthrow by Odoacer usedas the marking point between historical epochs, and as such he is usually included in regnal lists. However, modern scholarship hasconfirmed that Romulus Augustulus' predecessor, Julius Nepos continued to rule as emperor in the other Western holdings and as afigurehead for Odoacer's rule in Italy until Nepos' death in 480. Since the question of what constitutes an emperor can beambiguous, and dating the "fall of the Western Empire" arbitrary, this list includes details of both figures.

The Principate [edit]Main article: Principate

27 BC–68 AD: Julio-Claudian dynasty [edit]Main article: Julio-Claudian dynasty

Portrait Name Birth Succession ReignTime inoffice

Death

AugustusIMPERATOR

CAESAR DIVI

FILIVS

AVGVSTVS

September 23,63 BC,Rome , Italia

Great-nephew andadopted son of JuliusCaesar; became defacto emperor as aresult of the 'firstsettlement' betweenhimself and theRoman Senate .

January 16, 27BC – August19, 14 AD

40 years, 7months and3 days

August 19, 14 AD(aged 75)Natural causes

TiberiusTIBERIVS

CAESAR DIVI

AVGVSTI FILIVS

AVGVSTVS

November 16,42 BC, Rome

Natural son of LiviaDrusilla, Augustus'third wife, by aprevious marriage;stepbrother and thirdhusband of Julia theElder, daughter ofAugustus; adoptedby Augustus as hisson and heir.

September 18,14 AD –March 16, 37AD


March 16, 37 AD(aged 77)Probably naturalcauses, possiblyassassinated byCaligula orpraetorian prefectNaevius SutoriusMacro

CaligulaCAIVS IVLIVS August 31, 12

Great-nephew andadoptive grandson ofTiberius; natural son

March 18, 37 3 years, 10

January 24, 41 AD(aged 28)Assassinated in a

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CAESAR

AVGVSTVS

CERMANICVS

AD, Antium,Italia

of Germanicus ;great-grandson ofAugustus.

AD – January24, 41 AD

months and6 days

conspiracyinvolving senatorsand PraetorianGuards.

ClaudiusTIBERIVS

CLAVDIVS

CAESAR

AVGVSTVS

CERMANICVS

August 1, 10BC,Lugdunum ,GalliaLugdunensis

Uncle of Caligula;brother ofGermanicus; nephewof Tiberius; great-nephew and step-grandson ofAugustus;proclaimed emperorby the PraetorianGuard.

January 25/26,41 AD –October 13, 54AD

13 years, 8months and18/19 days

October 13, 54AD (aged 63)Probably poisonedby his wifeAgrippina theYounger, infavour of her sonNero, possiblynatural causes.

NeroNERO CLAVDIVS

CAESAR

AVGVSTVS

CERMANICVS

December 15,37 AD,Antium, Italia

Great-nephew,stepson, son-in-lawand adopted son ofClaudius; nephew ofCaligula; great-great-nephew ofTiberius; grandsonof Germanicus;great-great-grandsonof Augustus

October 13, 54AD – June 9,68 AD


June 9, 68 AD(aged 30)Committedsuicide after beingdeclared a publicenemy by theSenate.

68–96: Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty [edit]Main articles: Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty


Death

GalbaIMPERATOR

SERVIVS GALBA

CAESAR

AVGVSTVS

December 24,3 BC, NearTerrancilium ,Italia

Seized power afterNero's suicide, withsupport of theSpanish legions

June 8, 68 AD– January 15,69 AD

7 monthsand 7 days

January 15, 69AD (aged 72)Murdered byPraetorian Guardin coup led byOtho

OthoIMPERATOR

MARCVS SALVIVS

OTHO CAESAR

AVGUSTVS

April 28, 32AD,Ferentinum ,Italia

Appointed byPraetorian Guard

January 15, 69AD – April16, 69 AD

3 monthsand 1 day(91 days)

April 16, 69 AD(aged 36)Committedsuicide afterlosing Battle ofBedriacum toVitellius

VitelliusIMPERATOR

AVLVS VITELLIVS

CERMANICVS

September 24,15 AD, Rome

Seized power withsupport of GermanLegions (inopposition to

April 17, 69AD –December 20,69 AD

8 monthsand 3 days

December 20, 69AD (aged 54)Murdered byVespasian's troops

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AVGVSTVS Galba/Otho)

VespasianIMPERATOR

TITVS FLAVIVS

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVGVSTVS

November 17,9 AD,Falacrine ,Italia

Seized power withthe support of theeastern Legions (inopposition toMarcillinus)

December 21,69 AD – June24, 79 AD


June 24, 79 AD(aged 69)Natural causes

TitusIMPERATOR

TITVS FLAVIVS

CAESAR

VESPASIANVS

AVGVSTVS

December 30,39 AD, Rome

Son of Vespasian

June 24, 79AD –September 13,81 AD


September 13, 81AD (aged 41)Natural causes(fever)

DomitianIMPERATOR

TITVS FLAVIVS

CAESAR

DOMITIANVS

AVGVSTVS

CERMANICVS

October 24, 51AD, Rome

Son of Vespasian

September 14,81 AD –September 18,96 AD

15 yearsand 4 days

September 18, 96AD (aged 44)Assassinated bycourt officials

96–192: Nerva–Antonine dynasty [edit]

Note: all dates AD hereafter.

Main article: Nerva–Antonine dynasty


Death

NervaIMPERATOR

MARCVS

COCCEIVS

NERVA CAESAR

AVGVSTVS

November 8,30, Narni ,Italia

Appointed by theSenate

September 18,96 – January27, 98

1 year, 4months and9 days

January 27, 98(aged 67)Natural causes

TrajanIMPERATOR

CAESAR NERVA

TRAIANVS DIVI

NERVAE FILIVS

AVGVSTVS

September18, 53,Italica ,HispaniaBaetica

Adopted son andheir of Nerva

January 28, 98– August 7,117


August 7, 117(aged 63)Natural causes

HadrianIMPERATOR

CAESAR

PVBLIVS AELIVS

TRAIANVS

HADRIANVS

January 24,76, Italica ,HispaniaBaetica (orRome )

Adopted son andheir of Trajan

August 11,117 – July 10,138


July 10, 138 (aged62)Natural causes

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AVGVSTVS

AntoninusPiusIMPERATOR

CAESAR TITVS

AELIVS

HADRIANVS

ANTONINVS

AVGVSTVS PIVS

September19, 86, NearLanuvium ,Italia

Adopted son andheir of Hadrian

July 10, 138 –March 7, 161


March 7, 161(aged 74)Natural causes

Lucius VerusIMPERATOR

CAESAR LVCIVS

AVRELIVS

VERVS

AVGVSTVS

December15, 130,Rome

Adopted son andheir of AntoninusPius and son-in-lawof Marcus Aurelius;Co-emperor withMarcus Aureliusuntil his death

March 7, 161– ? March 169

8 years

March 169 (aged39)Natural causes(Plague )

MarcusAureliusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

ANTONINVS

AVGVSTVS

April 26,121, Rome

Adopted son, son-in-law and heir ofAntoninus Pius; Co-emperor with LuciusVerus until 169

March 7, 161– March 17,180

19 years and10 days

March 17, 180(aged 58)Natural causes

CommodusIMPERATOR

CAESAR LUCIVS

AELIVS

AVRELIVS

COMMODVS

AVGVSTVS

August 31,161,Lanuvium ,Italia

Natural son ofMarcus Aurelius;joint emperor from177

March 17, 180– December31, 192

3 years asjointemperor,12 as soleemperor

December 31, 192(aged 31)

Assassinated inpalace, strangledin his bath

193–235: Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty [edit]Main articles: Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty


Death

PertinaxIMPERATOR

CAESAR PVBLIVS

HELVIVS

PERTINAX

AVGVSTVS

August 1, 126,Alba, Italia

Proclaimed emperorby Praetorian Guard

January 1,193 – March28, 193

2 monthsand 27 days(86 days)

March 28, 193(aged 66)Murdered byPraetorianGuard

Didius JulianusIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS 133 or 137,Won auction held bythe Praetorian Guard

March 28, 2 monthsJune 1, 193(aged 56 or 60)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanuviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_-_MET_-_L.2007.26.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aureliushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aureliushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanuviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severan_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up,_Apulum.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertinaxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_(CN)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Julianus



DIDIVS SEVERVS

IVLIANVS

AVGVSTVS

Milan, Italia for the position ofemperor

193 – June 1,193

and 4 days(65 days)

Executed onorders of theSenate

SeptimiusSeverusIMPERATOR

CAESAR LVCIVS

SEPTIMIVS

SEVERVS

EVSEBES

PERTINAX

AVGVSTVS

April 11, 145,Leptis Magna ,Libya

Seized power withsupport ofPannonianlegions[a]

April 9, 193– February 4,211


February 4, 211(aged 65)Natural causes

CaracallaIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

AVRELIVS

ANTONINVS

AVGVSTVS

April 4, 188,Lugdunum ,GalliaLugdunensis

Son of SeptimiusSeverus; co-emperorwith Severus from198; with Severusand Geta from 209until February 211;co-emperor withGeta until December211

February 4,211 – April8, 217

13 years asjointemperor10 monthswith Geta6 years assole emperor

April 8, 217(aged 29)Murdered by asoldier as partof a conspiracyinvolvingMacrinus

GetaIMPERATOR

CAESAR PVBLIVS

SEPTIMIVS CETA

AVGVSTUS

March 7, 189,Rome

Son of SeptimiusSeverus; co-emperorwith Severus andCaracalla from 209until February 211;co-emperor withCaracalla untilDecember 211

February 4,211 –December26, 211

2 years asjointemperor10 monthswithCaracalla

December 19,211 (aged 22)Murdered onthe orders ofCaracalla

MacrinusIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

OPELLIVS

SEVERVS

MACRINVS

AVGVSTVS

withDiadumenian

IMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

OPELLIVS

ANTONINVS

DIADVMENIANVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 165,Caesarea ,Mauretania

Praetorian Prefect toCaracalla, probablyconspired to haveCaracalla murderedand proclaimedhimself emperorafter Caracalla'sdeath; made his sonDiadumenian (bornon 14 September208) co-emperor inMay 218

April 11, 217– June 8, 218

1 year, 1month and28 days

June 8, 218(aged 53)Both executedin favour ofElagabalus

ElagabalusIMPERATOR

Grandnephew ofSeptimius Severus,first cousin once

March 11, 222

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Didius_Julianus_(cropped)_-_Residenz_Museum_-_Munich.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caracalla03_pushkin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Getahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrinushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadumenianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iol_Caesareahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus



CAESAR MARCVS

AVRELIVS

ANTONINVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 204,Emesa , Syria

removed and allegedillegitimate son ofCaracalla;proclaimed emperorby Syrian legions

June 8, 218 –March 11,222


(aged 18)Murdered byPraetorianGuard

SeverusAlexanderIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

AVRELIVS

SEVERVS

ALEXANDER

AVGVSTVS

c. 208, ArcaCaesarea,Syria

Grandnephew ofSeptimius Severus,cousin and adoptiveheir of Elagabalus

March 13,222 – March18, 235

13 years and5 days

March 18, 235(aged 27)Murdered bythe army

235–285: Gordian dynasty and Crisis of the Third Century [edit]Main article: Crisis of the Third Century


Death

MaximinusThraxIMPERATOR

CAESAR GAIVS

IVLIVS VERVS

MAXIMINVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 173,Thrace orMoesia

Proclaimedemperor byGerman legionsafter the murderof SeverusAlexander

March 20, 235 – June238

3 years, 3months

June 238 (aged 65)Assassinated byPraetorian Guard

Gordian IIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

ANTONIVS

CORDIANVS

SEMPRONIANVS

ROMANVS

AFRICANVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 159,Phrygia ?

Proclaimedemperor, whilstPro-consul inAfrica, during arevolt againstMaximinus.Ruled jointlywith his sonGordian II, andin opposition toMaximinus.Technically ausurper, butretrospectivelylegitimised bythe accession ofGordian III

March 22, 238 –April 12, 238

21 days

April 238 (aged 79)Committed suicideupon hearing of thedeath of Gordian II.

Gordian IIIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

ANTONIVS

CORDIANVSc. 192, ?

Proclaimedemperor,alongside fatherGordian I, inopposition to

March 22, 238 –April 12, 238

21 days

April 238 (aged 46)Killed during theBattle of Carthage ,fighting a pro-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_severus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thraxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thraxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gordian_I_Musei_Capitolini_MC475.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)



SEMPRONIANVS

ROMANVS

AFRICANVS

AVGVSTVS

Maximinus byact of theSenate.

Maximinus army

PupienusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

CLODIVS

PVPIENVS

MAXIMVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 178, ?

Proclaimedjoint emperorwith Balbinusby the Senate inopposition toMaximinus;later co-emperor withBalbinus.

April 22, 238 – July29, 238

3 monthsand 7days

July 29, 238 (aged 68or 73)Assassinated by thePraetorian Guard

BalbinusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

DECIMVS

CAELIVS

CALVINVS

BALBINVS PIVS

AVGVSTVS

?

Proclaimedjoint emperorwith Pupienusby the Senateafter death ofGordian I andII, in oppositionto Maximinus;later co-emperor withPupienus andGordian III

April 22, 238 – July29, 238

3 monthsand 7days

July 29, 238 (aged60)Assassinated byPraetorian Guard

Gordian IIIIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

ANTONIVS

CORDIANVS

PIVS AVGVSTVS

January 20,225, Rome

Proclaimedemperor bysupporters ofGordian I andII, then by theSenate; jointemperor withPupienus andBalbinus untilJuly 238;grandson andnephew ofGordian I andII, respectively

April 22, 238 –February 11, 244

5 years, 9monthsand 20days

February 11, 244(aged 19)Unknown; possiblymurdered on ordersof Philip I

Philip theArabIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS IVLIVS

PHILIPPVS

AVGVSTVS

withc. 204,Shahba ,

PraetorianPrefect toGordian III,took powerafter his death;

February 244 –September/October 5 years

September/October249 (aged 45)Killed in the Battle of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busto_maschile,_230_dc,_collez._albani.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balbinus_Hermitage.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)



Philip II

IMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS IVLIVS

SEVERVS

PHILLIPVS

AVGVSTVS

Syriamade his sonPhilip II (born237) co-emperor insummer 247

249Verona by Decius,Philip II murdered bythe Praetorian Guard

DeciusIMPERATOR

CAESAR CAIVS

MESSIVS

QVINTVS

TRAIANVS

DECIVS

AVGVSTVS

with

HerenniusEtruscus

IMPERATOR

CAESAR

QVINTVS

HERENNIVS

ETRVSCVS

MESSIVS

DECIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 201,Budalia ,PannoniaInferior

Governor underPhilip the Arab;proclaimedemperor byDanubianlegions thendefeating andkilling Philip inthe Battle ofVerona; madehis sonHerenniusEtruscus (born227) co-emperor inearly 251

September/ October249 – June 251

2 years

June 251 (aged 50)Both killed in theBattle of Abrittusfighting against theGoths

HostilianIMPERATOR

CAESAR CAIVS

VALENS

HOSTILIANVS

MESSIVS

QVINTVS

AVGVSTVS

SirmiumSon of Decius,accepted as heirby the Senate

June 251 – late 2514–5months

September/October251 (aged 21)Natural causes(plague )

TrebonianusGallusIMPERATOR

CAESAR GAIVS

VIBIVS AFINIVS

TREBONIANVS

GALLVS

AVGVSTVS

with

Volusianus

206, Italia

Governor ofMoesiaSuperior,proclaimedemperor byDanubianlegions afterDecius's death(and inopposition to

June 251 – August253

2 years

August 253 (aged 47)Assassinated by theirown troops, in favourof Aemilian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_emperor_Philippus_Arabus_-_Hermitage_Museum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Inferiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Inferiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus_03.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostilianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilian



IMPERATOR

CAESAR GAIVS

VIBIVS

VOLVSIANVS

AVGVSTVS

Hostilian);made his sonVolusianus co-emperor in late251.

AemilianIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AEMILIVS

AEMILIANVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 207 or 213Africa

Governor ofMoesiaSuperior,proclaimedemperor byDanubianlegions afterdefeating theGoths ;accepted asemperor afterdeath of Gallus

August 253 –October 253

2 months

September/October253 (aged 40 or 46)Assassinated by hisown troops, in favourof Valerian

ValerianIMPERATOR

CAESAR

PVBLIVS

LICINIVS

VALERIANVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 195

Governor ofNoricum andRaetia ,proclaimedemperor byRhine legionsafter death ofGallus;accepted asemperor afterdeath ofAemilian

October 253 – 260 7 years

After 260 (aged atleast 65)Captured in Battle ofEdessa againstPersians , died incaptivity

GallienusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

PVBLIVS

LICINIVS

EGNATIVS

GALLIENVS

AVGVSTVS

with

Saloninus

IMPERATOR

CAESAR

CORNELIVS

LICINIVS

SALONINVS

VALERIANVS

PIVS FELIX

INVICTVS

AVGVSTVS

218

Son ofValerian, madeco-emperor in253; his sonSaloninus (bornc. 242) is verybriefly co-emperor in c.July 260 beforeassassination byPostumus .

October 253 –September 268

15 years

September 268 (aged50)Murdered at Aquileiaby his owncommanders.

Claudius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aemilian1.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Valerian-RIC_0034_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallienus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloninushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_II



GothicusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

VALERIVS

CLAVDIVS

AVGVSTVS

May 10, 210,Sirmium

Victoriousgeneral atBattle ofNaissus, seizedpower afterGallienus'sdeath

September 268 –January 270

1 year, 4months

January 270 (aged60)Natural causes(plague )

QuintillusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

CLAVDIVS

QVINTILLVS

AVGVSTVS

c.210,Sirmium

Brother ofClaudius II,seized powerafter his death

January 270 –September(?) 270

Unknown270 (aged around 60)Unclear; possiblysuicide or murder

AurelianIMPERATOR

CAESAR LVCIVS

DOMITIVS

AVRELIANVS

AVGVSTVS

September 9,214/215,Sirmium

Proclaimedemperor byDanubianlegions afterClaudius II'sdeath, inopposition toQuintillus

September(?) 270 –September 275

5 years

September 275 (aged60-61)Assassinated byPraetorian Guard

TacitusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

CLAVDIVS

TACITVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 200,InteramnaNahars, Italia

Elected by theSenate toreplaceAurelian, aftera shortinterregnum

September 25, 275 –June 276

9 months

June 276 (aged 76)Natural causes(possiblyassassinated)

FlorianusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

ANNIVS

FLORIANVS

AVGVSTVS

?

Brother ofTacitus, electedby the army inthe west toreplace him

June 276 –September? 276

3 months

September? 276(aged ?)Assassinated by hisown troops, in favourof Probus

ProbusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

PROBVS

AVGVSTVS

232,Sirmium

Governor of theeasternprovinces,proclaimedemperor byDanubianlegions inopposition toFlorian

September? 276 –September/ October282

6 years

September/ October282 (aged 50)Assassinated by hisown troops, in favourof Carus

CarusIMPERATOR

c. 230,

PraetorianPrefect toProbus; seizedpower either Late July/August 283

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_25_Giu_2011_(cropped).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naissushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naissushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Quintillus_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintillushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AURELIANUS_RIC_V_15_(Rome)_and_182_(Siscia)-765588_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmpereurTacite.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Florianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus



CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

CARVS

AVGVSTVS

Narbo ,GalliaNarbonensis

before or afterProbus wasmurdered;made his sonCarinus co-emperor inearly 283

September/ October282 – late July/ earlyAugust 283

10–11months

(aged 61)Probably naturalcauses (Possiblykilled by lightning)

CarinusCAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

CARINVS

AVGVSTVS

?

Son of Carus,ruled shortlywith him (fromearly 283) asco-emperor andthen in his ownright with hisbrotherNumerian

Late July/earlyAugust 283 – 285

2 years

285 (aged ?)Probably died inbattle againstDiocletian

NumerianIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

AVRELIVS

NVMERIVS

NVMERIANVS

AVGVSTVS

?

Son of Carus,succeeded himjointly with hisbrother Carinus

Late July/earlyAugust 283 – 284?

1 year284 (aged ?)Unclear; possiblyassassinated

The Dominate [edit]Main article: Dominate

284–364: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty [edit]Main articles: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

Note: To maintain control and improve administration, various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing itbetween individuals were tried after 285. The "Tetrarchy" proclaimed by Diocletian in 293 split the empire into two halves each tobe ruled separately by two emperors, a senior "Augustus", and a junior "Caesar".


Death

DiocletianIMPERATOR

CAESAR CAIVS

AVRELIVS

VALERIVS

DIOCLETIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST andWEST)

then, after 286

(EAST)

c. December 22,244, Salona

Proclaimedemperor by armyafter death ofNumerian , and inopposition toCarinus ; adoptedMaximian assenior co-emperorin 286

November 20,284 – May 1,305

20 years,5 monthsand 11days

3 December 311(aged 67)Abdicated; diedof natural causesin Aspalatos

Maximian310 (aged 60)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoninianus_of_Carus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_(cropped).JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Numerianus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_(284-305_d.C.)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(city)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian



IMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

AVRELIVS

VALERIVS

MAXIMIANVS

HERCVLIVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

c. 250, nearSirmium ,Pannonia

Adopted as seniorco-emperor('Augustus') in thewest by Diocletianin 286

April 1, 286 –May 1, 305

19 yearsand 1month

Abdicated withDiocletian; twicetried to regainthrone with, andthen fromMaxentius;captured byConstantine I andcommittedsuicide at hisbehest

GaleriusIMPERATOR

CAESAR GAIVS

GALERIVS

VALERIVS

MAXIMIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST)

c. 250, FelixRomuliana,Moesia Superior

Adopted as juniorco-emperor('Caesar') and heirby Diocletian in293. Also son-in-law of Diocletian.

May 1, 305 –May 311

6 years311 (aged 61)Natural causes

ConstantiusChlorusIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

FLAVIVS

VALERIVS

CONSTANTIVS

HERCVLIVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

March 31, c. 250,Dardania ,Moesia

Adopted as juniorco-emperor('Caesar') and heirby Maximian in293

May 1, 305 –July 25, 306

1 year, 2monthsand 24days

306 (aged 56)Natural causes

ValeriusSeverusIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VALERIVS

SEVERVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

?

Adopted as juniorco-emperor('Caesar') and heirby ConstantiusChlorus in 305;succeeded asAugustus in 306;opposed byMaxentius andConstantine I

Summer 306 –March/ April307

1 year

September 16,307 (aged ?)Captured byMaxentius andforced to commitsuicide (ormurdered)

Constantine theGreatIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VALERIVS

AVRELIVS

CONSTANTINVS

AVGVSTVS

February 27, c.272, Naissus ,Moesia Superior

Son of ConstantiusI Chlorus,proclaimedemperor by hisfather's troops;accepted as Caesar(west) by Galeriusin 306; promotedto Augustus (west)in 307 by

July 25, 306 –May 22, 337


May 22, 337(aged 65)Natural causes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_Maximien_Hercule1.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeriushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamzigradhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamzigradhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Const.chlorus01_pushkin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEVERUS_II_RIC_VI_76b-2590375_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superior



(WEST)

then, after 324

(EAST andWEST)

Maximian afterdeath of SeverusII; refusedrelegation toCaesar in 309

MaxentiusIMPERATOR

CAESAR MARCVS

AVRELIVS

VALERIVS

MAXENTIVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

c. 278

Son of Maximian,seized power in306 after death ofConstantius IChlorus, inopposition toSeverus andConstantine I;made Caesar(west) byMaximian in 307after the death ofSeverus

October 28,306 – October28, 312

6 years

October 28, 312(aged 34)Died at the Battleof the MilvianBridge, againstConstantine I

Licinius IIMPERATOR

CAESAR CAIVS

VALERIVS

LICINIANVS

LICINIVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST)

with

Valerius Valens

AVRELIVS

VALERIVS

VALENS

and

Martinian

SEXTVS MARCIVS

MARTININANVS

c. 250, FelixRomuliana,Moesia Superior

Son-in-law ofConstantiusChlorus, appointedAugustus in thewest by Galerius in308, in oppositionto Maxentius;became Augustusin the east in 311after the death ofGalerius (sharedwith MaximinusII); defeatedMaximinus II incivil war tobecome soleeastern Augustusin 313; appointedValerius Valens in317, and Martinianin 324 as westernAugustus, inopposition toConstantine, bothbeing executedwithin weeks.

November 11,308 –September 18,324

15 years,10 monthsand 7 days

325 (aged 61/62)Defeated in civilwar againstConstantine I in324 and captured;executed on theorders ofConstantine thenext year

Maximinus IIIMPERATOR Nephew of

Galerius, adoptedJuly/August 313(aged 42)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maxentius02_pushkin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Licinius.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Valenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Martinianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Romulianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Romulianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_II



CAESAR CAIVS

CALERIVS

VALERIVS

MAXIMINVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST)

November 20, c.270, DaciaAureliana

as Caesar and hisheir in 305;succeeded asAugustus (sharedwith Licinius I) in311

May 1, 311 –July/August313

2 years

Defeated in civilwar againstLicinius;probablycommittedsuicide thereafter

Constantine IIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

CLAVDIVS

CONSTANTINVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

316, Arelate ,GalliaNarbonensis

Son of ConstantineI; appointed Caesarin 317, succeededas joint Augustuswith his brothersConstantius II andConstans I

May 22, 337 –340

3 years

340 (aged 24)Died in battleagainst ConstansI

Constantius IIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IVLIVS

CONSTANTIVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST)

then, after 356

(EAST andWEST)

August 7, 317,Sirmium ,Pannonia

Son of ConstantineI; succeeded asjoint Augustuswith his brothersConstantine II andConstans I; soleemperor from 350

May 22, 337 –November 3,361


361 (aged 44)Natural causes

Constans IIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IVLIVS

CONSTANS

AVGVSTVS

(MIDDLE)

then, after 340

(WEST)

c. 323

Son of ConstantineI; succeeded asjoint Augustuswith his brothersConstantine II andConstantius II

May 22, 337 –350

13 years

350 (aged 27)Assassinated onthe orders of theusurperMagnentius

VetranioIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VETRANIO

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

?, Moesia

General ofConstans,proclaimed CaesaragainstMagnentius andtemporarilyaccepted asAugustus of thewest byConstantius II.

March 1, 350– December25, 350

9 monthsand 24days

c. 356 (aged ?)As a privatecitizen, afterabdication.

JulianIMPERATOR Cousin of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daza01_pushkin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Aurelianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Aurelianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constance_II_Colosseo_Rome_Italy.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnentiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Vetranio_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetraniohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)



CAESAR FLAVIVS

CLAVDIVS

IVLIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

then, after 361

(EAST andWEST)

331/332,Constantinople ,Thracia

Constantius II;made Caesar of thewest in 355;proclaimedAugustus by histroops in 360; soleemperor after thedeath ofConstantius

February 360– June 26, 363

3 years

June 26, 363(aged 31/32)Mortallywounded in battle

JovianIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IOVIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST andWEST)

331,Singidunum ,Moesia

General of Julian'sarmy; proclaimedemperor by thetroops on Julian'sdeath

June 26, 363 –February 17,364

7 monthsand 22days

February 17, 364(aged 33)Natural causes(suffocated onfumes)

364–392: Valentinian dynasty [edit]Main article: Valentinian dynasty


Death

Valentinian IIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VALENTINIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST andWEST)

then

(WEST)

321,Cibalae ,Pannonia

Elected to replaceJovian by the army

February 26,364 –November 17,375


November 17,375 (aged 54)Natural causes

ValensIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IVLIVS VALENS

AVGVSTVS

(EAST)

328,Cibalae ,Pannonia

Brother ofValentinian I ,appointed co-augustus(for the east) by him

March 28, 364– August 9,378


August 9, 378(aged 50)Killed in Battleof Adrianopleagainst theGoths

GratianIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

GRATIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

April18/May 23,359,Sirmium ,Pannonia

Son of Valentinian I ,appointed juniorAugustus by him in367, became seniorAugustus (for thewest) afterValentinian's death.

August 4, 367– August 25,383

16 yearsand 21 days

August 25, 383(aged 24)Murdered byrebellious armyfaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuliano_l%27Apostata,_IV_secolo,_Museo_archeologico_nazionale,_Atene.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jovian1.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singidunumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valentiniano_I_(emperador).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibalaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovian_(Emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibalaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gratianus_Minor.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I



Valentinian IIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VALENTINIANVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

371, Milan,Italia

Son of Valentinian I ,proclaimed emperorby Pannonian armyafter Valentinian'sdeath; accepted as co-Augustus for the westby Gratian

November 17,375 – May 15,392


May 15, 392(aged 21)Unclear;possiblymurdered orcommittedsuicide


Death

MagnusMaximus

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

MAGNVS

MAXIMVS

AVGVSTVS

(WEST)

with

Victor

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

VICTOR

AVGVSTVS

c. 335,Hispania

Usurper in the West;legitimized along withhis son Victor byTheodosius I asemperors of Britanniaand Gaul .

383/384 –August 28,388

4/5 years

August 28, 388(aged 53)Executed byTheodosius I inAquileia after theBattle of the Save ;Victor killed byArbogast

Western Emperors [edit]Main article: Western Roman Empire

392–455: Theodosian dynasty [edit]Main article: Theodosian dynasty

Note: Theodosius I was the last person to rule both halves of the Roman Empire, dividing the administrationbetween his sons Arcadius and Honorius on his death.


Death

Theodosius IIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

THEODOSIVS

AVGVSTVS

January 11,347, Cauca ,Hispania

Son-in-law ofValentinian I,appointed asAugustus for theeast by Gratianafter the death ofValens ; becamesole senior Augustusafter death ofValentinian II(Eastern Emperorsince 379)

May 15, 392 –January 17,395


January 17, 395(aged 48)Natural causes

Son of Theodosius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_detail.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magno_M%C3%A1ximo_(emperador).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Victorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Savehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbogast_(general)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosian_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_I_profile.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca,_Segoviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I



HonoriusIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

HONORIVS

AVGVSTVS

September 9,384

I; appointed asjunior Augustus forthe west byTheodosius onJanuary 23, 393(after the death ofValentinian II );became seniorAugustus for thewest after hisfather's death

January 17,395 – August15, 423


August 15, 423(aged 38)Natural causes

Constantine III

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

CLAVDIVS

CONSTANTINVS

AVGVSTVS

with

Constans II

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

CONSTANS

AVGVSTVS

?

Usurper whodeclared himselfemperor in the westin 407, recognizedas co-emperor byHonorius in 409.Elevated his sonConstans II to co-emperor in 409, whowas not recognizedby Honorius.

407/409 -August orSeptember411

2 years

August orSeptember 411(aged ?)Executed byConstantius III

Constantius IIIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

CONSTANTIVS

AVGVSTVS

?, Naissus ,MoesiaSuperior

Married toTheodosius I 'sdaughter GallaPlacidia, elevated toco-Augustus for thewest by Honorius

February 8,421 –September 2,421

6 monthsand 25days

September 2, 421(aged ?)Natural causes

Joannes

IMPERATOR

CAESAR

IOHANNES

AVGVSTVS

?

A senior civilservant underHonorius ,proclaimed emperorby Castinus ; notrecognized by theEastern Empire

August 27,423 – May425

2 years

June or July 425(aged ?)Defeated in battleby Theodosius IIand ValentinianIII, captured andexecuted

Valentinian IIIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

PLACIDIVS

VALENTINIANVS

AVGVSTVS

July 2, 419,Ravenna ,Italia

Son of ConstantiusIII, appointedCaesar for the westby Theodosius IIafter the death ofHonorius , inopposition to theregime of Joannes ;became Augustusfor the west after thedefeat of Joannes

October 23,424 – March16, 455


March 16, 455(aged 35)Assassinated,possibly at thebehest of PetroniusMaximus

455–476: Last emperors of the Western Empire [edit]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consular_diptych_Probus_406_(cropped).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_III_Solidus_Lyon_RIC_1507_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consular_diptych_Constantius_III_(cropped).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_Placidiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_Placidiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Solidus_Ravenna_RIC_1901_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castinushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valentinian_III_Solidus_425_691788_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=14




Death

PetroniusMaximusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS ANICIVS

PETRONIVS

MAXIMVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 396

Son-in-law ofTheodosius II,proclaimed himselfemperor with thesupport of the army,after the death ofValentinian III . Notrecognized by theEastern Empire. Heappointed his sonPalladius as caesar.

March 17, 455– May 31, 455

2 monthsand 14 days

May 31, 455 (aged58/59)Murdered,probably stoned todeath by theRoman mob

AvitusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

MARCVS

MAECILIVS

FLAVIVS

EPARCHIVS

AVITVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 385

Magister militumunder PetroniusMaximus, proclaimedemperor by theVisigoth kingTheoderic II afterPetronius's death. Notrecognized by theEastern Empire.

July 9, 455 –October 17,456

1 year, 3months and8 days

after 17 October456 (aged 71)Deposed by hisMagister militum,Ricimer ; becamebishop ofPlacentia ;murdered at somepoint afterwards

MajorianIMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS IVLIVS

VALERIVS

MAIORIANVS

AVGVSTVS

November420

Proclaimed emperorby his troops.Recognized by theEastern Empire at thebehest of Ricimer .

April 457 –August 2, 461

4 years

August 7, 461(aged 40)Deposed andbeheaded on theorders of Ricimer .

Libius SeverusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS LIBIVS

SEVERVS

SERPENTIVS

AVGVSTVS

?, Lucania ,Italia

Appointed emperorby Ricimer . Notrecognized by theEastern Empire.

November 461– August 465

4 years

August 465 (aged45)Probably poisonedby Ricimer

AnthemiusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

PROCOPIVS

ANTHEMIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 420

Son-in-law ofMarcian, appointedemperor by Leo I,with the consent ofRicimer .

April 12, 467 –July 11, 472


July 11, 472 (aged52)Executed byRicimer orGundobad(Ricimer'snephew).

OlybriusIMPERATOR

CAESAR ANICIVS

OLYBRIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 420

Son-in-law ofValentinian III ;appointed emperor byRicimer . Notrecognized by theEastern Empire.

July 11, 472 –November 2,472

3 monthsand 22 days

November 2, 472(aged 41)Natural causes

GlyceriusIMPERATOR

Appointed emperorby Gundobad

after 480 (aged ?)Deposed by Julius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Petronius_Maximus-RIC_2201_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_(Caesar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoderic_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impero_d'occidente,_maggioriano,_solido_in_oro_(arles),_457-461.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libius_Severus_solidus_612158_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemius.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundobadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tremissis_Olybrius_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olybriushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceriushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundobadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nepos



CAESAR

FLAVIVS

GLYCERIVS

AVGVSTVS

?(Ricimer 'ssuccessor). Notrecognized by theEastern Empire.

March 473 –June 474

1 yearNepos, becameBishop of Salona ,time and manner ofdeath unknown

Julius NeposIMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS IVLIVS

NEPOS

AVGVSTVS

c. 430

Nephew-in-law of theeastern emperor Leo I(and nephew ofMarcellinus )appointed emperor inopposition toGlycerius

June 474 –August 28, 475(in Italy); –spring 480 (inGaul andDalmatia)

1 year/6years

480 (aged 50)Deposed in Italyby Orestes , ruledin balance ofWestern Empireuntil assassinationin 480. Maintainedas figurehead inItaly by Odoacerto his death in 480.

RomulusAugustulusIMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS

ROMVLVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 460 [b]

Appointed by hisfather, Orestes .Listed as an emperorby historicalconvention. His rulenever extendedbeyond portions ofthe Italian peninsula.Not recognized byEastern EmperorZeno .

October 31,475 –September 4,476 (in Italy)

10 monthsand 4 days

Unknown.Deposed byOdoacer , whothen ruled in thename of JuliusNepos until thelatter's death in480, whichformally ended theseparate WesternEmpire; mostlikely lived out hislife in obscurity ona private villa.

Note: The classical Roman Empire is usually said to have ended with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus,with its continuation in the East referred to by modern scholars as the Byzantine Empire.

See also: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Eastern Emperors [edit]Main article: List of Byzantine emperors

379–457: Theodosian dynasty [edit]

Note: Theodosius I was the last person to rule both halves of the Roman Empire, dividing the administrationbetween his sons Arcadius and Honorius on his death.


Death

Theodosius IIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

THEODOSIVS

AVGVSTVS

January 11, 347,Cauca ,Hispania

Son-in-law ofValentinian I,appointed asAugustus for the eastby Gratian after thedeath of Valens ;became sole seniorAugustus after death

January 19,379 – January17, 395

16 yearsand 16days

January 17,395 (aged 48)Natural causes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_(obverse).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Neposhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julius_Nepos_Tremissis.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Neposhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_(magister_militum)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceriushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_(5th_century_general)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomulusAugustus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_(5th_century_general)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Neposhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Neposhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_I_profile.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca,_Segoviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens



of Valentinian II

ArcadiusIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

ARCADIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 377, Hispania

Son of Theodosius I ;appointed as juniorAugustus for the eastby Theodosius inJanuary 383; becamesenior Augustus forthe east after hisfather's death

January 17,395 – May 1,408

13 yearsMay 1, 408(aged 31)Natural causes

Theodosius IIIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

THEODOSIVS

IVNIOR

AVGVSTVS

April 10, 401,Constantinople

Son of Arcadius ;appointed as juniorAugustus for the eastby Arcadius in 402;became seniorAugustus for the eastafter his father's death

January 402 –July 28, 450

48 years

July 28, 450(aged 49)Injuriessuffered duringa huntingaccident

PulcheriaIMPERATRIX

AELIA

PVLCHERIA

AVGVSTA

January 19, 398,Constantinople

Daughter of Arcadiusand sister ofTheodosius II ;reigned as co-empresswith the youngerTheodosius II throughhis reign from 414onwards, sole ruler ofthe empire upon hisdeath as Augusta andImperatrix

July 28, 450 –July, 453

3 years

July, 453 (aged55)Causeunknown

MarcianIMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

MARCIANVS

AVGVSTVS

396, Thrace orIllyria

Nominated assuccessor (andhusband) byPulcheria , ruledalongside her 450-453and later alone

November 25,450 – January25, 457

7 yearsJanuary 457(aged 65)Gout

457–518: Leonid dynasty [edit]See also: House of Leo


Death

Leo I theThracian(Λέων Αʹ ὁΘρᾷξ)IMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS

VALERIVS LEO

AVGVSTVS

c. 400, Dacia Chosen by the army7 February457 – 18January 474

17 years18 January 474(aged 73)Dysentery

Leo II(Λέων Βʹ)IMPERATOR c. 467,

Grandson of Leo I18 January –17 November 9 months

17 November 474(aged 7)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum.PNGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulcheria.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulcheriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcian.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulcheriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Leohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Aurelianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)



CAESAR

FLAVIVS LEO

AVGVSTVS

Constantinople474

Cause unknown,possibly poisoned

Zeno(Ζήνων)IMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS ZENO

AVGVSTVS

c. 425, IsauriaNamed co-emperorby his son Leo II on9 February 474.

17 November474 – 9 April491

17 years

9 April 491 (aged66)Dysentery orepilepsy

Basiliscus(Βασιλίσκος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS

BASILISCVS

AVGVSTVS

with

Marcus

IMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS

MARCVS

AVGVSTVS

?

Seized throne fromZeno, Basiliscusappointed his sonMarcus co-emperorat some point in 475.

9 January 475– August 476

1 year, 7months

476/477

Starved to deathin Limnae (inCappadocia ) byZeno

Anastasius IDicorus(Ἀναστάσιος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR

FLAVIVS

ANASTASIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 430,Dyrrhachium

Son-in-law of Leo I11 April 491– 9 July 518

27 years9 July 518 (aged87)Natural causes

518–602: Justinian dynasty [edit]See also: Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty


Death

Justin I (ΦλάβιοςἸουστῖνοςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IVSTINVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 450 atBederiana(JustinianaPrima),Dardania

Elected by armyJuly 518 – 1August 527

9 years1 August 527(aged 77)Natural causes

Justinian I (Φλάβιος Πέτρος

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_(474)-coin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeno.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basiliscus.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadociahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anastasius_I_(emperor).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&action=edit&section=18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JustinI.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniana_Primahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniana_Primahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I



ΣαββάτιοςἸουστινιανόςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

PETRVS

SABBATIVS

IVSTINIANVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 482 atTauresium(Taor),Dardania

Nephew of Justin I

1 August 527– 13/14November565

38 years

13/14November 565(aged 83)Natural causes

Theodora (Θεοδώρα)THEODORA

AVGVSTA

c. 500,Cyprus

Wife of Justinian I, insome sources describedas his co-regent.Theodora had her owncourt and imperialseal,[10] participated instate councils andJustinian described heras "partner in mydeliberations".[11]

9 August 527– 28 June 548

21 years28 June 548(aged 48)Cancer

Justin II (ΦλάβιοςἸουστῖνος ὁνεώτεροςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

IVSTINVS IVNIOR

AVGVSTVS

c. 520 Nephew of Justinian I14 November565 – 5October 578

13 years

5 October 578(aged 58)Natural causes,after insanity

Tiberius IIConstantine

(Φλάβιος ΤιβέριοςΚωνσταντῖνοςΑὔγουστος)

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

TIBERIVS

CONSTANTINVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 535Adopted son of JustinII, regent from 574

5 October578 – 14August 582

3 years, 10months

14 August 582(aged 62)Natural causes

Maurice(ΦλάβιοςΜαυρίκιοςΤιβέριοςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

MAURICVS

TIBERIVS

AVGVSTVS

with

539 atArabissus ,Cappadocia

Son-in-law of TiberiusII, appointed his sonTheodosius (born inAugust 4 583/585) co-emperor in 590

14 August582 – 22November602

20 years

27 November602 (aged 63)Executed,Theodosiusexecuted a fewdays later bysupporters of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauresiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodora_mosaic_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna)_v2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justin_II.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiberius_II.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Maurice.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabissushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia



Theodosius

(Θεοδόσιος)

IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

THEODOSIVS

AVGVSTVS

Phocas


Death

Phocas(Φλάβιος ΦωκᾶςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

PHOCAS

AVGVSTVS

? Seized throne23 November602 –4 October 610

8 years5 October 610Executed

610–695: Heraclian dynasty [edit]See also: Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty


Death

Heraclius(ΦλάβιοςἩράκλειοςΑὔγουστος)IMPERATOR

CAESAR FLAVIVS

HERACLIVS

AVGVSTVS

c. 575,Cappadocia

Revolt5 October610 – 11February 641

30 years11 February, 641(aged 65 or 66)Natural causes

Constantine III(Κωνσταντῖνος Γʹ)

Formally: "Heraclius

New Constantine"

(Ἡράκλειος νέος

Κωνσταντῖνος)

HERACLIVS

NOVVS

CONSTANTINVS

3 May 612,Constantinople

Son of Heraclius11 February –24/26 May641

3 months24/26 May 641(aged 28)Tuberculosis

Heraklonas(Ἡρακλωνᾶς)

Formally:

"Constantine

Heraclius"

(Κωνσταντῖνος

Ἡράκλειος)

CONSTANTINVS

HERACLIVS

3 May 626,Constantinople

Son of Heraclius

11 February641 –September641

7 monthsunknown, butprobably before642

Constans IISon of Constantine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phocas_(emperor).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

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