Chapter 9 section 2

The Holy Roman

Emperor

Otto I

• helped the pope defeat the roman nobles• He appointed bishops to top government jobs• German emperors’ problems involved with the conflicts with other Popes over the appointment of church officials• In 962 he was appointed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Gregory

Conflict between Popes and Emperors

•Pope Gregory VII was determined to make the church independent of secular rulers• He banned the practice of lay investiture•It made Emperor Henry IV angry from his ban•Henry was excommunicated in 1076•They faced revolts , and were forced to make peace with the pope

Concordat of Worms•The investiture conflict was ended by the concordat of worms•In it, they agreed the church had sole power to elect and invest our bishops with spiritual authority

The struggle for Italy

Frederick Barbarbossa

•Emperor called Barbarbossa or “Red Beard”•He fought to bring many cities under his control in Italy•He even arranged a marriage between his son and the heiress to Sicily and southern Italy•Thus more German emperors are in Italian affairs

Fredrick II

•Child of Henry and Constance, raised in Italy•Arrogant leader•Pursued his dreams in Italy; however he failed to conquer cities in Italy effects of German and Italy•German nobles in turn grew more independent

Chapter 9 Sec. 3Charlotte Oglesby

Period 4

The Crusades (The causes) When the Byzantine Emperor Alexius 1 asked

pope urban the second for Christian knights to help him fight.

Also was the council of Clermont in 1905,urban figured out bishops, nobles to action.

Last but not least when they had violence invading their land and settling fires they went mad.

(The Effects) They left a bad legacy of religious things

behind them, and they used their religious fury against the Jews and it was bad in the entire community.

They also lost the holy land but they had good effects on life in Europe.

(The Schisms) The pope had mixed motives and he would

hope to increase his power in Europe. He also wanted to heal the schisms

between Roman and Byzantines churches, he hoped that the crusades would set knights to fight Muslims instead of each other.

Economic expansion (Trade) They introduced fabrics, spices, and

perfumes from the Middle East to Europe. They built large fleets to carry crusades to

the holy lands, and later they used the fleet to carry on trade with the Middle East.

they had sugar, cotton, and rice and they borrowed it from Arabic and it showed good trade.

The Money Economy They allowed peasants to pay rents in

money rather than pay in grains or labor That was to help the nobles who needed

money more than others.

The Effects The monarchs were the crusades help to

increase the power of feudal monarchs. The rulers had new rights to collect taxes

in order to help the crusades; the also included the French King added greatly to their prestige.

(The Church) The crusades brought papal power to its

greatest height, the period then enhanced prestige and were short lived however.

The popes was also involved in bitter clashes with feudal monarchs, they didn’t end the split between the Roman and Byzantines churches.

The Reconquista in Spain Ferdinand and Isabella got married in 1469, and

they tried to impose unity on their people and they joined forces with townspeople.

And Isabella brought religious as well as political unity to Spain.

Then the religious toleration was a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose.

Christians and Jews and Muslims lived a relative and peaceful life.

Section 4Learning, Literature, and

the Arts Expert

Medieval Universities People where in need of

a better education, so schools were built around the great cathedrals.

These schools evolved into the first universities in Salerno and Bolognain, Italy. Then Paris and Oxford came next

Universities held very few comforts for students

Classes where held in rented rooms or in choir lofts of churches

Women weren’t allowed in universities.

Many women of this time were not well educated, the exception was Christine de Pizan.

She earned a living as a writer.

“New” Learning

Muslim scholars translated the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers and they set off the revolution of learning.

Philosophy posed a challenge for Christian scholars, they wondered how they could fit the logic of Aristotle into their beliefs.

They used Scholasticism to do so.

A scholastic, Thomas Aquinas believed that faith and reason lived in harmony

Medieval Literature

People wrote in vernacular languages, everyday languages

An epic is a long narrative poem, there are many famous ones such as the Song of Roland and the Poem of the Cid

Other famous works are Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

Architecture and Art Builders built churches with no windows, in

fear of the roof falling in. Soon they started to build Gothic Grace

style of churches, these were beautiful types of churches.

They then began to build sculptures and stained glass windows to decorate the Gothic Grace Churches.

In the 1300’s and 1400’s people began to apply the Gothic style and illumination to paintings and books

Section 5The Time of Crisis

The Black Death The Black Death began in the autumn of 1347. Trade ships

packed with grain left the Black Sea port and set sail. During their journey sailors started dying off and getting sickly ill. When the ship hit Messina the townspeople also started catching it.

Within months, it was uncontrollably spreading all through Italy. Crops failed, famine began then soon came starvation.

In the early 1300s, the plague spread and killed about 35 million people there. The disease moved from Asia to the Middle East. When the plague reached it highest point in Cairo it killed about 7,000 people a day.

Filled with fear of the epidemic, these limitations ignited fiery revolts. The plague had spread both death and social disorder. Western Europe wouldn’t completely pull through from its effects for more than 100 yrs.

Upheaval in the Church The late Middle Ages brang spiritual

catastrophe, scandal, and separation to the Roman Catholic Church. Many priests and monks passed during the plague.

The Church wasn’t able to offer the well-built control needed in this time. In 1309, Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon on the border of southern France, which stayed there for about 70 years under French command and this period is referred to as the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. Not till 1417 did a Church council at Constance end the disaster.

In England, John Wycliffe, went after the corruption of the Church. He believed the Bible not the church, was the foundation of all the Christian truth. Later he was prosecuted along with Jan Hus in 1415.

Hundred Years’ War

Overtopping famine, epidemic and economic decrease came a lengthy, destructive war. Between 1337 and 1453, England and France battled a chain of conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War.

Once the warfare began economic rivalry and a growing sense of pride made it difficult for either side to surrender. In the beginning the English won a series of victories. They owed their achievements to the longbow made by English archers.

Joan of Arc led Charles VII army against the English. She led them to numerous wins and laid down the path for future victories. Soon later she was burned at the stake for said to have something to do with witchcraft.

The war set France and England on different paths. Feudal society was shifting.

Looking Ahead In the 1400s, seeing the Europe improved from the Black

Death, other adjustments took place. The population increased and production grew. Which later on led to inclined trade.

The mending of the late middle Ages placed the stage for additional changes throughout the Renaissance, Reformation, and Age of Exploration.

It would take a more major role on the global stage.

The EndBy: Giahna Heller,

Glorinett Calderon, Shirley Wright, Jess Schaffer, Charlotte Oglesby