the roman emperors from 27 b.c. to 518 a.d. · the title of "augustus", thus creating the...
TRANSCRIPT
B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
AUGUSTUS16 Jan 27 BC
AUGUSTUS
CAESAR
Other title: e.g. Filius Augustorum
Who? = Who he was
Start = Start of reign
End = End of reign
= British connection
Emperors who did not issue coinage
(Mainly usurpers)
B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
Who?: Octavian, Great-nephew & adoptee of Julius Caesar.Start: After the defeat of Mark Anthony, the Senate granted Octavian the title of "Augustus", thus creating the first Emperor of Rome.
JULIO-CLAUDIANS
THE ROMAN EMPERORSfrom 27 B.C. to 518 A.D.
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2A.D.A.D.
A.D.13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
Birth of Christ
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
19 Aug
TIBERIUS
Varus loses
the Legionary standards
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
End: Died of illness at Nola, in Campania and buried at the mausoleum of Augustus.
Who?: Step-son and named heir of Augustus.Start: Succeeded Augustus.
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
TIBERIUS
Sejanus Crucifiction
executed
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
TIBERIUS16 Mar
CALIGULA24 Jan
CLAUDIUS
Conquest
of Britain
by Claudius
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
End: Natural death but may have been "helped" by being smothered with a cushion by Macro, commander of Praetorians.
Who?: Proper name Caius Caesar. He was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina Senior and thus the nephew of Tiberius.Start: Succeeded Tiberius, who had named him his heir. Who?: Uncle of Caligula.
Start: Found behind a curtain by Praetorian Guard and proclaimed Emperor.
End: Assassinated at the Palatine Games.
Conquered Britain, 44 A.D.
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
13 Oct
NERO
Rebellion
of Boudicca
in Britain
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
Who?: Mother was the sister of Caligula and wife of Claudius; thus he was the step-son of Claudius.Start: He was adopted by Claudius and so was his heir.
End: Poisoned possibly by Agrippina, his wife and niece.
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
9 Jun
Julius VindexMar May
GALBA8 Jun 15 Jan
CLODIUS MACER
OTHO15 Jan 17 April
17 April
VITELLIUS2 Jan 20 Dec
VESPASIAN1 July
TITUS1 July
DOMITIAN1 July
Defeat of
Great Fire Zealots
of Rome at Masada
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
Who?: Governor in Spain.Start: He declared himself Emperor with the support of army and the Senate.
Who?: Governor of Africa.Start: revolted against Galba.
Who?: Friend of Nero & supporter of Galba.Start: Conspired against Galba because of his adoption of Piso as his heir, rather than himself.
Who?: Friend of Emperors from Tiberius & held several important posts.Start: Given command of Legions in Germany by Galba, his troops proclaimed him Emperor.
Who?: Commander of forces invading Britain under Claudius. Appointed by Nero to crush Jewish revolt. Start: Proclaimed Emperor by his troops.
Who?: Elder son of Vespasian.Start: Made Caesar on accession of father. Became Augustus on Vespasian's death.
Who?: Governor in Gaul.Start: Rebelled against Nero.End: Defeated by Galba.
CIVIL WARS
THE FLAVIANS
End: Abandoned by the Praetorians, he committed suicide.
End: Killed in the Forum by Otho's men.
End: Executed by Galba.
End: Under pressure from Vitellius, he committed suicide.
End: Defeated by troops loyal to Vespasian, he was murdered and thrown in Tiber.
Who?: Younger son of Vespasian.Start: Made Caesar on accession of father. Became Augustus on Titus's death.
Commander in the Conquest of Britain, 44 A.D.
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Antoninius SaturnininusJan
23 Jun 24 Jun
24 Jun 13 Sept
DOMITIAN14 Sept
Eruption
of
Vesuvius
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
End: Died naturally at Cutillae.
End: Died naturally at Reate.
Who?: Governor of Upper Germany.Start: Revolted.End: Put down shortly after by, Lappius Maximus, Governor of Lower Germany.
Commander in the Conquest of Britain, 44 A.D.
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
NERVA18 Sept 27 Jan 25 Jan
TRAJAN25 Jan
28 Jan
DOMITIAN18 Sept
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Who?: Lawyer & Consul.Start: Proclaimed by senate.
Who?: Appointed Governor of Upper Germany by Nerva and adopted by him as his heir.Start: Succeeded on Nerva's death.
THE ADOPTIVE EMPERORS
End: Murdered in the Imperial Palace as a result of a plot by his wife, chamberlain and the Praetorian Prefect.
End: Died of apoplexy.
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
7 Aug
HADRIAN11 Aug
Hadrian's
Wall
begun
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
End: Died at Selinus, Asia Minor, after a stroke.
Who?: Placed under guardianship of Trajan & adopted as his heir.Start: Succeeded on Trajan's death.
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
AELIUS
Bar-Kochba
revolt
by Jews
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
Who?: Adopted by Hadrian as his heir.Start: Given title of Caesar in 136.
Who?: Senator & Consul, he was adopted by Hadrian as heir and given title of Caesar.Start: Succeeded as Augustus on the death of Hadrian.
Who?: Favourite of Hadrian; adopted by Antoninus Pius and made Caesar in 139.Start: Succeeded as Augustus at death of Antoninus Pius.
138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
10 July
1 Jan
ANTONINUS PIUS ANTONINUS PIUS25 Feb 10 July
MARCUS AURELIUS MARCUS AURELIUS
138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
End: Died of illness at Baiae.
THE ANTONINES
End: Died of TB.
153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167
ANTONINUS PIUS7 Mar
MARCUS AURELIUS7 Mar 161
LUCIUS VERUS7 Mar 161
COMMODUS
153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167
End: Died of illness at Lorium.
Who?: Son of Aelius Caesar; adopted by Antoninus Pius.Start: Made co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius on the death of Antoninus Pius.
Who?: Son of Marcus Aurelius.Start: Given title of Caesar in 166 at the age of 5. Made Augustus in 177.
168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
17 Mar
Jan/Feb
Avidius Cassius
168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
End: Died of stroke at Altinum.
Who?: Governor of Syria.Start: Proclaimed emperor due to false rumour that Marcus Aurelius was dead.End: Killed by soldiers loyal to Marcus Aurelius.
End: Died of a stroke.
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197
COMMODUS31 Dec
PERTINAX1 Jan 28 Mar
DIDIUS JULIANUS28 Mar 2 Jun 1 Jun
PESCENNIUS NIGERApr Mar
CLODIUS ALBINUSApr 19 Feb
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS9 Apr
CARACALLA
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197
End: His Chamberlain, Praetorian commander and favourite concubine, Marcia, plotted to kill him. After poison failed, he was strangled at the Vectilian Villa, Rome, by Narcissus, an althlete.
Who?: Prefect of Rome.Start: Throne offered by murderers of Commodus.
Who?: Wealthy Senator.Start: Bought throne at auction.
Who?: Governor of Syria.Start: Proclaimed by his troops.
Who?: Governor of Britain.Start: Offered title of Caesar by Septimius Severus.
Who?: Governor of Upper Pannonia.Start: Acclaimed as emperor by his troops at Carnuntum.
End: Murdered by mutinous guards on the Palatine.
End: Deposed & beheaded in Rome.
End: Defeated by Severus at Issus. Fled to Antioch but caught & beheaded.
Who?: Son of Septimius Severus.Start: Made Caesar in 195;elevated to Augustus, Jan 198.
Who?: Son of Septimius Severus.Start: Made Caesar in 198; elevated to Augustus, 209.
Clodius Albinus, Governor of Britain.
198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS4 Feb
CARACALLAJan
GETA GETAJan Feb 212
Dec 211
198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
THE SEVERANS
End: Defeated in a battle at Lugdunum & committed suicide, his body throne in Rhone.
Septimius Severus, died at York, 211 A.D.
213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227
ELAGABALUS16 May 6 March 11 Mar
SEVERUS ALEXANDER6 March
13 March
L. Seius Sallustius
Seleucus
Uranius
Gellius Maximus
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
CARACALLA8 April
GETA
MACRINUS11 Apr Jun/July
DIADUMENIAN11 Apr Jun/July
213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227
End: Died of illness at York.
End: Murdered on the orders of Caracalla.
End: Murdered on the orders of Macrinus, the Praetorian prefect, travelling between Edessa and Carrhae.
Who?: Praetorian Prefect under Caracalla.Start: A party to Caracalla's murder; proclaimed by troops.
Who?: Son of Macrinus.Start: Made Caesar on accession of father and Augustus in 218.
Who?: Grandson of Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus.Start: Conspiracy by Julia Maesa in favour of her grandson, caused a revolt of Syrian army who proclaimed him Emperor. Who?: Cousin of Elagabalus and
adopted by him.Start: Accession acknowledged by Praetorians and Senate.
Who?: Father of Orbiana, who married S. Alexander.Start: May have been made Caesar.End: Alexander's mother, Mamaea, was jealous of Orbiana & had her thrown out & her father executed.
End: Murdered with his mother, Julia Soaemias, at the praetorian camp; their bodies beheaded, dragged through the streets of Rome and thrown in Tiber.
End: Conspiracy by Julia Maesa in favour of her grandson, Elagabalus, caused revolt of Syrian army led to his capture and execution.
End: Executed at same time as his father.
228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242
22 March
MAXIMINUS I22 March 24 June Apr 238
MAXIMUS22 March 24 June Apr 238
GORDIAN IJan 238 22 March 12 Apr Jan 238
GORDIAN IIJan 238 22 March 12 Apr Jan 238
BALBINUSFeb 238 22 Apr 29 july May 238
Taurinus PUPIENUSFeb 238 22 Apr 29 july May 238
GORDIAN IIIMar 238 May 29 july
Quartinus
Sabinianus
228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242
End: Revolt by troops loyal to Maximinus led to murder his at Vicus Britannicus (Bretzenheim) along with his mother, Julia Mamea.
Who?: Soldier & former Governor of Mesopatamia; in charge of levies on the Rhine at time of acclamation.Start: Proclaimed by troops who revolted against Severus Alexander.
Who?: Son of Maximinus I.Start: Made Caesar on father's accession.
Who?: Proconsul in Africa.Start: When revolt broke out, he accepted emperorship with reluctance.
Who?: Son of Gordian I.Start: Joint ruler with his father.
Who?: Elderly SenatorsStart: After the deaths of the Gordiani, the Senate elected two of their number, Balbinus and Pupienus as joint-rulers.
Who?: Grandson of Gordian I.Start: made Caesar by Balbinus & Pupienus.
Who?: Praetorian Prefect under Gordian III.Start: Brought about murder of Gordian.
Who?: Son of Philip I.Start: Made Caesar on father's accession and Augustus in 247.
Start: Plotted against Maximinus, backed by Syrian Osrhoenian archers.End: Plot suppressed.
Who?: Governor of Africa.Start: Had himself proclaimed emperor at Carthage.End: Suppressed by Governor of Mauretania.
End: While advancing on Rome to depose Pupienus & Balbinus, his troops mutinied and he was executed.
End: Killed at the same time as his father.
End: Committed suicide when son was killed.
End: Did battle with Capellianus, governor of Numidia who was loyal to Maximinus and was killed.
End: Dragged from palace and murdered by Praetorians.
243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257
TREBONIANUS GALLUS
VOLUSIANJune August
AEMILIANAug Oct
PACATIAN
JOTAPIAN VALERIAN I
GALLIENUS
SILBANNACUS VALERIAN II
SPONSIANUS SALONINUS
L. Priscus
Julius Valens Licinianus
URANIUS ANTONINUS
MareadesFeb
PHILIP I (THE ARAB)Feb Sept/Oct
PHILIP IIFeb Sept/Oct
TRAJAN DECIUSSept/Oct June
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS
HOSTILIAN
243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257
Who?: Senator & former governor.Start: Sent by Philip I to be Governor of Moesia & Pannonia, but proclaimed Emperor by his troops. Defeated Philip near Verona.
Who?: Elder son of Trajan Decius.Start: Made Caesar in 250 & Augustus in 251.
Who?: Elder son of Gallienus.Start: Made Caesar at his father's elevation.
Usurper in Syria
Who?: Governor of Moesia.Start: Proclaimed by his troops; defeated Gallus.
Who?: Censor under Gallus.Start: Gallus ordered him to come to his aid but Gallus was killed before Valerian could get there. Proclaimed Emperor by his troops.
Who?: Son of Valerian I.Start: Made co-emperor at father's accession.
Who?: Younger son of Trajan Decius.Start: Treb. Gallus raised him to Augustus on deaths of father & brother.
THE BARRACKS EMPERORS
End: Due to treachery of his Praetorian Prefect, Philip the Arab, he was murdered, Mesopotamia.
End: Father & son defeated and killed in battle with Goths at Abrittus.
End: Died of plague.
End: Leading army against the rebellion of Trajan Decius and killed in battle near Verona.
End: Probably killed in battle with his father.
Who?: Appointed commander of Rhine legions by Valerian.Start: Rebelled against Gallienus.
End: Murdered by his own men after advancing to meet Valerian, at Spoleto.
Who?: Younger son of Gallienus.Start: Raised to Caesar after death of Valerian II.
Who?: Held high command in the army.Start: Chosen by army after death of Decius.
Who?: Son of Trebonianus Gallus.Start: Caesar, then Augustus on death of Hostilian.
End: Murdered by his own soldiers at Interamna.
End: Murdered along with his father.
Start: Usurper in Upper Moesia.End: Murdered by own soldiers.
Start: Usurper in Syria.End: Murdered by own soldiers.
No record apart from one coin.
No record apart from coin(s).
End: Died.
258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
Ingenuus Piso Aureolus Celsus Aureolus Censorinus Domitianus
REGALIANUS Memor Saturninus Urbanus
Valens Septimius
Ballista
Mussius Aemilianus VABALATHUS
June
March
CLAUDIUS IISep Aug
Macrianus Sr QUINTILLUS
MACRIANUS Jr
QUIETUS AURELIANAugust
GALLIC EMPIRE
DOMITIANUS
POSTUMUS FelicissimusAutumn
LAELIANUS
MARIUS
VICTORINUS
TETRICUS I
TETRICUS II
258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
Who?: Governor of Upper Pannonia.Start: seized power after Valerian's capture.
Governor of Upper Germany, rebelled at Mainz but was defeated by Postumus
Who?: Blacksmith who became an officer in Postumus's army.Start: seized power after the fall of Postumus.
Who?: Miltitary man under Postumus.Start: Took power after the death of Marius.
Usurper known by only one two coins
Who?: General under Valerian & Gallienus.Start: Took power after the death of Gallienus, in which he may have had a hand.
Who?: Younger brother of Claudius.Start: Proclaimed by his troops after death of Claudius.
Who?: Ruler of Palmyra.Start: Became joint ruler with his mother, Zenobia, after death of Odenathus.End: Defeated by Aurelian and taken captive to Rome.
Who?: Cavalry commander.Start: Proclaimed by troops.
End: Put to death by Postumus after seige of Cologne.
End: Captured by Persians and died in captivity.
End: Murdered at seige of Milan.
End: Killed after propositioning the wife of one of his officials.
End: Died of plague.
Who?: Tetricus I was Governor of Aquitania.Start: Succeeded to the throne through the influence of Victoria, mother of Victorinus, with his son, Tetricus II as Caesar.
End: Assassinated after refusing to allow his troops to loot Mainz after the rebellion of Laelianus.
End: Strangled after a private quarrel or killed by his soldiers with a sword of his own manufacture, after a reign of 3/4 days.
Who?: Macrianus senior was General under Valerian.Start: His sons Macrianus & Quietus were proclaimed joint Emperors after the capture of Valerian.
End: Defeated and killed by Aureolus, one of Gallienus' generals.
End: Beseiged at Emesa by Odenathus, King of Palmyra; captured and killed.
273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
Firmus
Faustinus DIOCLETIAN East20 November
TACITUS MAXIMIANUS WestNov/Dec July 276 1 April
FLORIANUSJuly Sept
PROBUSJuly Sept
CARUSSep Jul/Aug
NUMERIANNov
CARINUSJul/Aug
AURELIANSep/Oct
JULIAN of Pannonia
BONOSUS
Procolus AMANDUS
SATURNINUS Aelianus
TETRICUS I
TETRICUS II
273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
End: Beaten in battle with Aurelian's army but both allowed to retire with honour.
Who?: Elderly Senator.Start: Nominated by Senate.
Who?: Half-brother of Tacitus.Start: Approved by Senate.
Who?: Generals of Probus.Start: Proclaimed emperors at Cologne.End: Defeated by Probus. Bonosus committed suicide; Procolus executed.
Who?: General of Probus.Start: Proclaimed by soldiers at Alexandria.End: Murdered soon after.
Who?: Praetorian Prefect.Start: Proclaimed by army.
Who?: Younger son of Carus.Start: Made Caesar on father's accession.
Usurper; leader of bandits called Bagaudae.Only one coin known.
Who?: Commander of Numerian's bodyguard.Start: Possibly involved in the death of Numerian; proclaimed by army.
Who?: Colleague of Diocletian.Start: Chosen by Diocletian as co-emperor.
Who?: General of Maximianus.Start: Sent to clear English Channel of Saxon pirates. When caught keeping their loot, proclaimed himself emperor.
Who?: From Northern Italy.Start: Rebelled against Carinus.
End: Killed by mutinous soldiers at Sirmium.
End: Murdered by Praetorian guard at Coenofrurium.
Who?: Elder son of Carus.Start: Made Caesar on father's accession.
End: Deserted by his troops, he committed suicide.
End: Struck by lightning.
End: Discovered murdered in his litter.
End: Murdered by his own officers for molesting their wives.
End: Murdered at Tyana, Cappadocia.
End: Murdered by his own soldiers.
Who?: Leading general under Aurelian.Start: Proclaimed by his troops after death of Tacitus.
Emperor of Britain and part of Gaul
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302
GALERIUS East1 March
CONSTANTIUS I West1 March
DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS
Aurelius Achilleus
BRITISH EMPIRE
CARAUSIUS
ALLECTUS
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302
Who?: Praetorian commander under Maximianus.Start: Appointed Caesar under Maximianus and Augustus on his abdication.
Who?: Soldier.Start: Appointed Caesar under Diocletian and Augustus on his abdication.
Who?: Usurper in Alexandria.End: Beseiged and defeated by Diocletian.
Who?: Friend of Galerius.Start: Replaced Constantius as Caesar at the abdication of Diocletian & Maximianus.
Who?: Brother-in-law of Galerius.Start: Replaced Galerius as Caesar at the abdication of Diocletian & Maximianus.
End: Defeated and slain.
Who?: Finance minister under Carausius.Start: Murdered Carausius.
End: Murdered by Allectus.
End: Defeated and killed by the forces of Constantius at a battle in North Hants.
Emperor of Britain
Invaded Britain to remove Alectus;Died at York.
Same?
303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317
1 May
1 May
MAXIMIANUS MAX.1 May April Nov July
1 May May
1 May 25 July 306
Filius Augustorum
MAXIMINUS II East1 May 1 May 30 Apr (died July)
SEVERUS II West1 May Aug 16 Sep
MAXENTIUS West28 Oct 28 Oct
Filius Augustorum
CONSTANTINE I25 July
LICINIUS I West11 Nov
Eugenius VALENS
LICINIUS II1 March
ALEXANDER CRISPUS
CONSTANTINE II1 March
Conference
of Carnuntum
303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317
Usurper in N. Africa
Who?: Friend of Galerius.Start: Chosen to replace Severus at the Conference of Carnuntum.
Who?: Son of Maximianus.Start: Declared himself emperor.
Who?: Son of Constantius I.Start: Proclaimed emperor at his death at York.
Start: (2) Invited by his son Maxentius
End: Died at York from illness.
End: (1) Abdicated. End: (2) Forced to abdicate at the Conference of Carnuntum.
End: Abdicated.
Who?: General of Licinius.Start: chosen as co-emperor by him.
Who?: Son of Licinius I.Start: Made Caesar as part of treaty with Constantine.
Who?: Sons of Constantine I.Start: Made Caesars as part of treaty with Licinius.
Start: (3) Announced Constantine was dead and proclaimed himself Emperor.End: (3) Beseiged by Constantine and put to death (or suicide).
End: Drowned at battle of Milvian Bridge.
End: Defeated at battle with Licinius; escaped dressed as slave.
End: Died of illness.
End: Marched against Maxentius but troops deserted him.
End: Put to death due to peace terms with Constantine.
318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332
CONSTANTINE I
CONSTANS
LICINIUS II East
WestMay
CONSTANTINE II West CONSTANTINE II
CONSTANTIUS II East CONSTANTIUS II
MARTINIANabdicated 19 Dec 324, executed 325
Constantinople
founded
318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332
Who?: General of Licinius.Start: Chosen as co-emperor.End: Defeated by Constantine.
Who?: Son of Constantine I.Start: given rank of Caesar 324; Augustus 337.
Who: Son of Constantine I.Start: Made Caesar 333, Augustus 337.
End: Defeated by Constantine; abdicated Dec 324, executed 325.
End: Executed for supposed adultery with his step-mother, on orders of Constantine.
333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347
CONSTANTINE I22 May
CONSTANS (Italy)9 September
DELMATIUS (Greece)
HANNIBALLIANUS (Rex) (Armenia)
CONSTANTINE II
CONSTANTIUS II9 September
333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347
Who?: Nephews of Constantine I.
End: Died of illness.
End: Killed in ambush by his brother Constans at Aquileia.
End: Both killed after Constantine's death.
Who?: Commander of the Illyrian army.Start: Persuaded by Constantia, sister of Constantius to proclaim himself emperor.
Who?: Nephew of Constantine I.Start: Seized power in Rome.
Who?: General under Constans, of barbarian origin.Start: Rebelled against Constans & Constantius II.
Constans visited Britain in 343.
348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362
MAGNETIUS11 Aug
DECENTIUS18 Aug
VETRANIO Silvanus
NEPOTIAN
CONSTANTIUS GALLUSMarch
JULIAN II6 Nov 26 June
3 November
348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362
Who?: Cousin of Constantius II.Start: Made Caesar in 351.
Who?: Half-brother of Gallus & nephew of Constantine I.Start: Made Caesar in 355. His troops revolted in 360 & proclaimed him Augustus.
Who?: High ranking officer under Julian & Jovian.Start: Proclaimed emperor on Jovian's death.
Who?: Captain of Guard under Julian.Start: proclaimed by army.
Who: Brother of Valentinian I.Start: Given government of Eastern Provinces.
End: Fled Magnetius but was overtaken & killed at the fortress of Helene in the Pyrenees. End: Because of his oppressive rule,
Constantius recalled him from Antioch & had him executed on the way.
Nephew of Constantine I.Seized power in Rome.
End: Abdicated in front of Constantius & retired.
End: After 28 days was killed by soldiers of Magnetius.
Who?: Brother of Magnetius.Start: Given rank of Caesar in 351.
End: Deserted by soldiers & committed suicide.
End: On hearing of his brother's death, he took his own life.
363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377
VALENTINIAN I WestFeb
GRATIAN West
VALENTINIAN IINovember
Marcellus
VALENS East28 March
Firmus
26 June
JOVIANJune 16 Feb
PROCOPIUSSept 27 May
363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377
High ranking officer under Julian & Jovian.
Who?: Kinsman & General of Julian II.Start: Rebelled against Valens at Constantinople.
End: Died of fever.
End: Killed in battle against Persians.
End: Suffocated due to brazier in his bed-chamber.
WEST
EAST
Who?: Son of Valentinian I.Start: Made Augustus at the age of 7.
End: So incensed while giving audience to barbarians, he had an apoplectic fit and died.
End: Defeated by Valens & put to death.
Who? Son of Valentinian I.Start: Made Augustus on the death of his father.
378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392
MAGNUS MAXIMUS28 July
FLAVIUS VICTOR
GRATIAN15 may
VALENTINIAN II25 August EUGENIUS
HONORIUS
9 August
THEODOSIUS I THEODOSIUS I19 January
ARCADIUS ARCADIUS
378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392
Who?: Commander in Britain.
Who?: "Master of Offices".Start: Placed on throne by Arbogastes.
Who?: Younger on of Theodosius I.Start: Made Augustus at the age of 9.
So incensed while giving audience to barbarians, he had an apoplectic fit and died.
End: Defeated by Visigoths &
End: Deserted by troops, fled but was killed near Lugdunum.
End: Defeated at Battle of Poetovio & executed at Aquileia.
End: Taken prisoner & executed by Arbogastes, general of Theodosius.
Who?: Son of Theodosius I.Start: Raised to Augustus by his father.
Who: Son of Magnus Maximus.
Magnus Maximus, army commander in Britain.
393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407
GRATIAN
EUGENIUS6 September
HONORIUS
THEODOSIUS I17 January
ARCADIUS
THEODOSIUS IIJan
393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407
Who?: Son of Arcadius.Start: Made Augustus at the age of 9 months.
Who?: A common soldier in Britain.
Who?: Son of Constantine III.Start: Raised Augustus by his father before invading Spain.
Who?: A man of obscure origin.Start: Proclaimed Emperor in Spain by Gerontius, one time general of Honorius.
Who?: Prefect of Rome.Start: (1) Alaric, leader of the Visagoths, forced the Senate to make him Augustus.
End: Strangled, probably on the orders of his general, Arbogastes. End: Defeated by
Theodosius & put to death.
End: Died of dropsy.
Constantine III, proclaimed by legions in Britain.
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CONSTANTINE III CONSTANTIUS III
CONSTANS
MAXIMUS
PRISCUS ATTALUS PRISCUS ATTALUS
JOVINUS
SEBASTIANUS
1 May
Legions Jutish and
withdraw Anglo-Saxon
from landings in
Britain Britain
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Start: (2) Proclaimed Emperor by Ataulf, Alaric's successor.End: (2) Deposed & delivered to Honorius who banished him.
End: Died of old age.
End: Defeated by forces of Honorius & sent to Italy for execution.
End: Beseiged in Vienne by Gerontius and put to death.
Who?: Foremost General; married Galla Placidia, half-sister of Honorius.Start: Raised to Augustus by Honorius.
End: Pardoned on death of Gerontius.
End: (1)Deposed for incompetence.
Who?: Principal secretary to Honorius.Start: Assumed purple on his death.
Who?: Gaulish noble.Start: Proclaimed by Kings of Burgundians & Alani.
Who?: Brother of Jovinus.
End: Captured by Ataulf the Visigoth & executed.
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JOHANNES
VALENTINIAN III23 October
August
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Who?: Son of Constantius III:Start: proclaimed after the death of Johannes.
End: Died of old age.
End: Captured at Ravenna, mutilated, exhibited in circus on an ass and executed.
End: Died of natural causes?
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VALENTINIAN III
THEODOSIUS IIJuly
MARCIAN25 August
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Who?: Senator.Start: Chosen by Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II.
End: Died at Constantinople after hunting accident.
Who?: Prominent Senator.Start: Plotted against Valentinian II and had himself proclaimed emperor.
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12 April
VALENTINIAN IIIMarch
PETRONIUS MAXIMUS17 Mar
AVITUS10 July 17 Oct
MAJORIAN
SEVERUS III19 November
LEO I
MARCIAN
Vandals
sack
Rome
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Who?: Military man.Start: Proclaimed after the death of Marcian.
Who?: Prominent Senator.Start: installed by the Suevian army commander, Ricimer.
Who?: Senator.Start: Installed by the Suevian army commander, Ricimer.
End: Assassinated following plot by Senator Petronius Maximus.
End: Natural death.
End: Defeated by Suevian army commander, Ricimer and given bishopric of Placentia but died after.
End: Deposed, tortured & executed by Ricimer.
End: Threatened by Vandal king Gaiseric and attacked & killed by mob while fleeing.
Who?: Patrician.Start: Chosen by Eastern Emperor, Leo I.
End: Died, possibly a victim of Ricimer.
Who?: Nobleman of Gaul & commander of troops there.Start: Persuaded by Visigoth king Theodoric II to claim throne.
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ANTHEMIUS11 July
OLYBRIUS2 Nov
GLYCERIUSMar 24 June
JULIUS NEPOSJune 28 Aug
ROMULUS AUGUSTUSOct 4 Sept
3 Febuary
LEO II
ZENO9 February
BASILICUS9 Jan
MARCUS
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Who?: Son of Zeno, grandson of Leo I.Start: Made Augustus in Oct 473 due to his grandfather's illness.
Who?: Issaurian chieftain, father of Leo II.Start: Crowned co-emperor by his son after Leo I's death.
Who?: Brother of Verina, wife of Leo I.Start: Conspired with her against Zeno.
Who?: Son of Basilicus.
Who?: Senator.Start: Chosen by Ricimer.
Who?: "Count of the Domestics".Start: Proclaimed by Gundobad, Master of Soldiers.
Start: Chosen by Zeno.
Who?: Infant son of Orestes.Start: Proclaimed emperor by him.
END OF THEWESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
End: Beseiged by Ricimer in Rome, sought refuge in church disguised as a beggar, recognised & beheaded.
End: died of dropsy.
End: Deposed by Julius Nepos & forcibly consecrated Bishop of Salona.
End: Overthrown by Orestes, Master of Soldiers. Died in exile 5 years later.
End: Orestes was killed & his son deposed by Odoacer, leader of the German mercenaries. Augustulus was allowed to retire to Campania with a pension.
End: Deposed by Zeno & beheaded.
End: Beheaded with father & mother.
Start: The Issaurian general, Illus, rebelled against Zeno & set up Marcian, son of Anthemius, as rival emperor. Soon after, he deposed him & put the patrician, Leontius, in his place.
End: A sickly child he died nine months after Leo I's death.
End: Died of illness.
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ZENO9 April
Marcian ANASTASIUS I11 April
LEONTIUS
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Who?: Silentiary (usher) in Zeno's palace.Start: Chosen by Ariadne, Zeno's widow.
End: Died of epilepsy.
End: After a four year seige, Illus & Leontius were captured & beheaded.
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Anastasius I dies of very old age, on 9th July 518 A.D.
ANASTASIUS I
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The Eastern Roman Empireis now called by HistoriansTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE