limb anatomy azami phd. definitions anatomy- from greek “to cut open” – study of the structure...
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Limb Anatomy
Azami PHD
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Definitions
• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either
regionally or systematically
• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems
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History of Anatomy
• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC
• Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)
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Hippocrates (~370 BC)
• Greek physician who studied anatomy
• “Father of Anatomy”• Hippocratic oath taken
by doctors at graduation
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Galen
• 2nd Century AD
• Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers
• Also performed vivisection on animals
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Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )
• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
• Cadavers were no longer used
• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )
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16th Century Contributions
• Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers
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17th and 18th centuries• Few dissections were allowed
• Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them
• Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection
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19th Century • Began studying
developmental anatomy• England became the center
of anatomical research• Anatomy Act of 1832
provided adequate supply of corpses
• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)
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Modern Anatomy
• CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI
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Anatomy definition
• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.
• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.
• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)
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Gross Anatomy
• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system
• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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Organ systems - 1
• Integument (skin)• Skeleton• Muscles• Nervous system– Central (brain and spinal cord)– Peripheral (the peripheral nerves)
• Endocrine (glands)
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Organ systems - 2
• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes)• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive (male/female)
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Anatomical terminology
• This generally relates to:– Names of the organ systems or regions– Names of body organs or their parts– Anatomical planes– Anatomical locations
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Anatomical planes
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Anatomical Planes• Saggital – divides the body into right and left
parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Anatomical planes - 1
• Median or mid-saggital plane
• Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.
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Anatomical planes - 2
• Saggital:Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts
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Saggital plane
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Anatomical planes - 3
• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Coronal Plane
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Anatomical planes - 4
• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Horizontal Plane
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Body Planes
2
1
3
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Anatomical positions - 1
• 1. Cranial toward the head • 2. Caudal - toward the feet• 3. Medial - toward the middle• 4. Lateral - toward/from the side• 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb• 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes• 7. Superior - above• 8. Inferior - below
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Anatomical positions - 2
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Anatomical movements - 1
• 1. External rotation• 2. Internal rotation• 3. Supination• 4. Pronation• 5. Eversion• 6. Inversion• 7. Adduction• 8. Abduction
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Anatomical movements - 2Flexion/Extension
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Other anatomical terms
• Volar(relating to the palm of hand)• Plantar (the sole of the foot)• Superficial (towards the surface)• Deep (towards the centre)
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MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
Extension• Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones
Hyperextension• Excessive extension of the parts at a
joint beyond anatomical position.
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Movements
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MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body
Abduction• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body
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Prone• Lying face down
Pronation
Supine• Lying face up
Supination
Movements
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Retraction• Moving a part backward
Protraction• Moving a part forward
Movements
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Movements
Rotation• Turning on a single axis
Circumduction• Tri-planar, circular motion at
the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the midline
External rotation• Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the midline
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MovementsLateral Flexion• Side-bending left or
right
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Visualising Anatoomy
• Cadaver• Atlas• Models• Plastination• 3D Model
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Visualising the living subject
• There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject:– Surface anatomy– Medical imaging– Using scopes– Surgery
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Radiological terminology -1
• Imaging techniques:– X-ray– computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan – Ultrasound scans (Sonography)– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Radiological terminology - 2
• X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of x-rays by various tissues.
– Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE)
Like: bone, teeth, metal implants
– Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK)
Like: air, fat
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Radiological terminology - 3
• Plain film– X-ray without the use of artificial contrast.
• Contrast film– X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been
introduced into a cavity, space or vessel.• Examples:
– Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart)– Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs)– Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract)– Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)
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QUIZ
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1. Hip __________________________2. Hip __________________________3. Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________
4. Wrist _________________________ (a) __________________________ (b) __________________________
5. Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________
6. Forearm (a) ___________________ Forearm (b) ___________________
7. Shoulder ______________________8. Shoulder ______________________9. Jaw __________________________10. Shoulder ______________________
1. Hip _Abduction_________________2. Hip _Adduction_________________3. Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Extension________________
4. Wrist _Extension________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion____________________
5. Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ Ankle ______________
6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________
7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________9. Jaw _Protraction________________10. Shoulder _Rotation______________
Range of Motion
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End