life span project
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Infants:Birth to One YearGroup 5:
Rosa, Brian and Jacqui
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Psychosocial Development
Crying is the major waybabies communicate stress.
Infants depend on parentsup until year 1 forphysiologic and psychologicneeds.
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Psychosocial Development
Central crisis of this stage according toErikson is trust vs. mistrust.
Parents can enhance sense of trust by: Being sensitive to the infants needs
Responding consistently to an infants needs
Providing a predictable environment in which
routines are established.
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Psychological Development
Examples Of SocialDevelopment In Infancy
Newborn- showsdispleasure by cryingand satisfaction with softvoices.
4 months- Babbles,laugh. More response toverbal play.
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Psychological Development
More Examples Of Social Development InInfancy 6 months- Starts to imitate sounds.
9 months- Complies withsimple verbal commands.Waves bye.
12 months- Demonstrates
emotions and clings tomother in unfamiliarsituations
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Physical Development
A neonates basic task isadjustment to the environment.
Adjusting requires breathing,sleeping, sucking, eating, swallowing, digesting, andeliminating.
Extremely vulnerable
First 3 months of life have been referred to as the fourth
trimester
Ethnicity needs to be considered when determiningwhat is normal.
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Physical Development
Weight
At birth, babies weigh 6 to 8.5 lbs.
Just after birth they lose 10 -15% of weight
because of fluid loss but regain that in abouta week.
By 5 months, infants reach twice their birthweight, and by 12 months, three times theirbirth weight.
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Copyright 2010. www.heightweightchart.org
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Physical Development
Length
Average length of an American newborn inthe USA is about 50 cm or 20 in.
Female babies tend to be smaller than malebabies.
By 6 months, babies gain another 5.5 inchesand by 12 months they add another 3 inches.
The rate of increase is usually determined bynutrition and the size of the baby at birth.
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Physical Development
Head & Chest Circumference
An infants head should bemeasured at every visit to
the primary care provideruntil the child is 2 yearsold.
At about 9-10 months the head and chestcircumference are about the same and at 1year the chest circumference is larger.
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Normocephaly
Normal headcircumference
At birth is generallyaround 14 inches.
The chestcircumference is
usually an inch lessthan the headcircumference.
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Physical DevelopmentHead Molding
Molding of the head occurs due to fontanels andsutures in the skull.
Heads of newborns are misshapen due to the molding
occurring during vaginal deliveries. Within a week, a newborns head regains symmetry.The larger anterior fontanel can increase in size forseveral months after birth.
Closure of the anterior fontanel occurs between 9-18
months. The posterior fontanel closes between 2 and3 months after birth. Ethnicity needs to be considered when determining
what is normal.
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Physical DevelopmentVision
Newborn can follow large moving objects andcan blink in response to light.
Pupils respond slowly and therefore theycannot focus on close objects
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Physical DevelopmentVision
At 1 month they can focus or gaze on objectsand follow moving ones.
At 2 month they recognize social smiles. At 4 months,
They recognize a parents smile
Has almost complete color vision.
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Physical DevelopmentVision
At 5 months, the infant reaches for objects.
At 6 months the infantcan follow an object inall directions
At 12 months, they can recognize change inlevel such as the edge of a bed.
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Physical DevelopmentSmell and Taste
Smell and taste are functional right after birth.
Prefer sweet tastes
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Physical DevelopmentTouch
Developed at birth.
Has poor regulation ofbody temperature.
Responds positivelywhen touched, held, and
cuddled.
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Reflexes
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Risks: Failure to Thrive,SIDS, SBS
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Apgar Scoring System
Assessment done within 60 seconds of birth
Again 5 minutes after birth
A numeric indicator of physiologic capacitiesto adapt to extrauterine life
Maximum score of 10
Under 7 suggests difficulty Under 4 indicates critical
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Denver Developmental Screening Test
(DDST-II) Standardized to screen children (birth to 6
years)
Estimate the abilities of the child compared toaverage child of same age
Four main areas to assess:
Personal-Social
Fine-Motor adaptive
Language
Gross Motor
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Sex Development
Ability to experience sexual response ispresent before birth
When babies find their fingersand toes, they find theirgenitals
Believed toexperience somepleasure, but notconsidered sexualexperience