life span chapter 5
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
3-5 Years-of-Age
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
3-5 Years-of-AgePowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier,
Butchered by Professor Carney
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
3-5 Years-of-AgePowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier,
Butchered by Professor Carney
3-5 Years-of-Age
3-5 Years-of-Age
Intimate MomentIntimate Moment
• Did the parents handle the situation well?
• What could they have done differently?
• Did the parents handle the situation well?
• What could they have done differently?
How Does a Young Child’s Body and Brain Grow and Change?
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 4
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
• Early childhood 3-5 yrs.– Growth rate slows
• About 2 ½” per year• 5-7 lbs.
• Early childhood 3-5 yrs.– Growth rate slows
• About 2 ½” per year• 5-7 lbs.
3-5 Years-of-Age
Approximate HeightApproximate Height
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 6
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development• Girls
– Slightly smaller & lighter– More fatty tissue
• Boys– More muscle tissue – Heads still large for bodies– Body fat slow, steady decline– Body slims & trunks lengthen– Increasingly aware of their bodies
• Girls – Slightly smaller & lighter– More fatty tissue
• Boys– More muscle tissue – Heads still large for bodies– Body fat slow, steady decline– Body slims & trunks lengthen– Increasingly aware of their bodies
3-5 Years-of-Age
• Most important factors to height differences:– 1. Ethnic origin (heredity)
• African-American’s taller than white children
– 2. Nutrition (environment)
• Most important factors to height differences:– 1. Ethnic origin (heredity)
• African-American’s taller than white children
– 2. Nutrition (environment)
Variations in GrowthVariations in Growth
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 8
Variations in GrowthVariations in Growth• Growth patterns vary
– Due to heredity mostly
– Environment
• Environmental– Urban
• Middle class
• 1st born children
– Taller than• Rural
• Lower class
• Later-born children
• Growth patterns vary – Due to heredity mostly
– Environment
• Environmental– Urban
• Middle class
• 1st born children
– Taller than• Rural
• Lower class
• Later-born children
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 9
Brain and Nervous System Development
Brain and Nervous System Development
• Cognitive abilities improve– Brain maturation– Opportunities for experience?
• Plan actions
• Attend to stimuli more effectively
• Increased language development
• Brain material doubles in a year– Some areas
• Cognitive abilities improve– Brain maturation– Opportunities for experience?
• Plan actions
• Attend to stimuli more effectively
• Increased language development
• Brain material doubles in a year– Some areas
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 10
Brain and Nervous System Development
Brain and Nervous System Development
• Prefrontal Cortex– Evolutionary
advanced • 3-6 extensive
development– Attention – Working memory
• Pruning
• Prefrontal Cortex– Evolutionary
advanced • 3-6 extensive
development– Attention – Working memory
• Pruning
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 11
NeuronsNeurons
• Dendrites increase– Number
– Size
• Myelination continues– Relates to
improvement of abilities
• Hand-eye coordination
– Complete age 4
• Dendrites increase– Number
– Size
• Myelination continues– Relates to
improvement of abilities
• Hand-eye coordination
– Complete age 4
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 12
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 13
Gross Motor SkillsGross Motor Skills• 3 years
– Hopping, jumping, & running back & forth– Like to show off skills
• 4 years of age– More adventurous– Increased abilities on steps
• Age 5– Even more adventuresome
– Run hard– Enjoy races with each other & parents
• 3 years– Hopping, jumping, & running back & forth– Like to show off skills
• 4 years of age– More adventurous– Increased abilities on steps
• Age 5– Even more adventuresome
– Run hard– Enjoy races with each other & parents
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 14
Fine Motor SkillsFine Motor Skills
• Age 3: – Can pick up tiny objects
• Clumsy
– Build high towers
• Age 4:– Much more precise
• Age 5:– Hand, arm, & body all move together
• Age 3: – Can pick up tiny objects
• Clumsy
– Build high towers
• Age 4:– Much more precise
• Age 5:– Hand, arm, & body all move together
3-5 Years-of-Age
Motor SkillsMotor Skills
• Recall your favorite early childhood activities.• Did you prefer gross motor oriented activities
or fine motor oriented activities? • How did you spend most of your time? • Do you remember any activity that you wanted
to be able to participate in, but you were not physically coordinated enough to do?
• Can you recall a time of triumph, when you accomplished a particular feat for the first time?
• Recall your favorite early childhood activities.• Did you prefer gross motor oriented activities
or fine motor oriented activities? • How did you spend most of your time? • Do you remember any activity that you wanted
to be able to participate in, but you were not physically coordinated enough to do?
• Can you recall a time of triumph, when you accomplished a particular feat for the first time?
3-5 Years-of-Age
NutritionNutrition• Energy needs
– Calorie needs increase with age
– Needs vary by age, sex, & size Preschooler
Up to 1,800 calories per day.
• Diets worsen as children age– Why?
• Today’s meals exceed dietary needs• Eating influenced by?
• Energy needs – Calorie needs increase with age
– Needs vary by age, sex, & size Preschooler
Up to 1,800 calories per day.
• Diets worsen as children age– Why?
• Today’s meals exceed dietary needs• Eating influenced by?
What Are Some Aspects of Young Children’s Health?
8
3-5 Years-of-Age
NutritionNutrition• Malnutrition Low-Income Families
– Most common: • Iron deficiency anemia
– Causes chronic fatigue
– Less• Fresh fruits• Vegetables• Education
– More processed foods• Linked to cognitive deficits, physical growth• Can improve with use of U.S. food programs• Linked to behavioral, conduct problems
• Malnutrition Low-Income Families– Most common:
• Iron deficiency anemia – Causes chronic fatigue
– Less• Fresh fruits• Vegetables• Education
– More processed foods• Linked to cognitive deficits, physical growth• Can improve with use of U.S. food programs• Linked to behavioral, conduct problems
What Are Some Aspects of Young Children’s Health?
3-5 Years-of-Age
Piaget’s Cognitive StagesPiaget’s Cognitive Stages
3-5 Years-of-Age
3-5 Years-of-Age
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
• Not yet capable of operations
• What is an operation?
• Operations definition: – Internalized set of actions highly organized &
conform to principles of logic. • Do mentally what was done physically before.
– Ex: Math problems in head
» Not yet capable
• Not yet capable of operations
• What is an operation?
• Operations definition: – Internalized set of actions highly organized &
conform to principles of logic. • Do mentally what was done physically before.
– Ex: Math problems in head
» Not yet capable
Three Views of Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood
3-5 Years-of-Age
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
3-5 Years-of-Age
• Preoperational stage– Ages 2 - 7
– Stable concepts formed
– Mental reasoning, magical beliefs emerge
– Contains 2 substages:
– 1. Symbolic Function
– 2. Intuitive Thought
• Preoperational stage– Ages 2 - 7
– Stable concepts formed
– Mental reasoning, magical beliefs emerge
– Contains 2 substages:
– 1. Symbolic Function
– 2. Intuitive Thought
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
3-5 Years-of-Age
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
• 1. Symbolic Function Stage, Age 2 – 4– Creates mental images of objects
• Store for later use– Disneyland
– Imaginative drawings– Mentally represent object not present
• Ex: Scribbles represent people– Awareness of what scribble represents even over
time.
• 1. Symbolic Function Stage, Age 2 – 4– Creates mental images of objects
• Store for later use– Disneyland
– Imaginative drawings– Mentally represent object not present
• Ex: Scribbles represent people– Awareness of what scribble represents even over
time.
Three Views of Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood
3-5 Years-of-Age
4 year old4 year old
3-5 Years-of-Age
• 1. Symbolic Function Stage Cont.– Thoughts limited beliefs:
• Egocentrism:–Inability to see things from another
person's point of view.»What happens if parents divorce
at this stage?
• 1. Symbolic Function Stage Cont.– Thoughts limited beliefs:
• Egocentrism:–Inability to see things from another
person's point of view.»What happens if parents divorce
at this stage?
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
3-5 Years-of-Age
• Symbolic Function Stage Cont.– Animistic Thinking
• Imagining that inanimate objects have life & mental processes.
– Child trips over coffee table, what will they say?
• Symbolic Function Stage Cont.– Animistic Thinking
• Imagining that inanimate objects have life & mental processes.
– Child trips over coffee table, what will they say?
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
3-5 Years-of-Age
Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage
• 2. Substage: Intuitive Thought – @ 4 - 7 yrs. of age
– Primitive reasoning
• Can’t answer “what if” questions.
– Have many questions• “What makes you grow?”
• 2. Substage: Intuitive Thought – @ 4 - 7 yrs. of age
– Primitive reasoning
• Can’t answer “what if” questions.
– Have many questions• “What makes you grow?”
Three Views of Cognitive Changes in Early Childhood
3-5 Years-of-Age
• Limits in preoperational thought
• Do not understand at this stage: – Centration:
• Salient: Focusing attention on 1 characteristic to exclusion of others
– Conservation:• Realizes altering object’s substance does
not change it quantitatively
• Limits in preoperational thought
• Do not understand at this stage: – Centration:
• Salient: Focusing attention on 1 characteristic to exclusion of others
– Conservation:• Realizes altering object’s substance does
not change it quantitatively
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage Intuitive Thought Cont.
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage Intuitive Thought Cont.
3-5 Years-of-Age
• 2 ways preschool child’s attention deficient:– 1. Salient vs. relevant dimensions
• Salient means– Attention to what stands out
• Flashy clown presents directions– Remembers clown
– Forget instructions
» By 6 or 7
» Pay attention to directions
• 2 ways preschool child’s attention deficient:– 1. Salient vs. relevant dimensions
• Salient means– Attention to what stands out
• Flashy clown presents directions– Remembers clown
– Forget instructions
» By 6 or 7
» Pay attention to directions
Information ProcessingInformation Processing
3-5 Years-of-Age
Information-Processing ApproachInformation-Processing Approach
• 2. Planfulness – Preschool
• 2 pictures are they the same?
• Look quickly, make a decision without examining details
– 6-7• Compare one detail at a time
• 2. Planfulness – Preschool
• 2 pictures are they the same?
• Look quickly, make a decision without examining details
– 6-7• Compare one detail at a time
3-5 Years-of-Age
School ReadinessSchool Readiness
• Longer attention spans linked to school readiness.
• Longer attention spans linked to school readiness.
3-5 Years-of-Age 34
MemoryMemory
• Short-term memory– Retain information for @ 30 sec.
– Rehearsal • (repeating information )• Keeps information in short-term memory
longer • Older children better able to rehearse
– Memory becomes more accurate
• Short-term memory– Retain information for @ 30 sec.
– Rehearsal • (repeating information )• Keeps information in short-term memory
longer • Older children better able to rehearse
– Memory becomes more accurate
3-5 Years-of-Age 35
Factors Influencing Accuracy of Memory
Factors Influencing Accuracy of Memory
• Susceptible to misleading or incorrect post-event information
• Individual differences in suggestibility• Interviewing techniques can produce
distortions – Suggestible
• Small details • Central aspects of event
– Interviewing kids about child abuse?
• Susceptible to misleading or incorrect post-event information
• Individual differences in suggestibility• Interviewing techniques can produce
distortions – Suggestible
• Small details • Central aspects of event
– Interviewing kids about child abuse?
3-5 Years-of-Age
Theory of Mind Theory of Mind
3-5 Years-of-Age 37
Theory of MindTheory of Mind
• Theory of Mind – Awareness of one’s own mental processes &
the mental processes of others
• Children’s theory of mind changes as they develop
• Theory of Mind – Awareness of one’s own mental processes &
the mental processes of others
• Children’s theory of mind changes as they develop
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 39
Theory of Mind: Beyond age 5
Theory of Mind: Beyond age 5
• Not until middle & late childhood – Move from understanding that beliefs
can be false • to
– Realizing same event can be open to multiple interpretations
• Not until middle & late childhood – Move from understanding that beliefs
can be false • to
– Realizing same event can be open to multiple interpretations
3-5 Years-of-Age
Star Wars according to a 3 year-oldStar Wars according to a 3 year-old
3-5 Years-of-Age
3 year-old asked about monsters3 year-old asked about monsters
3-5 Years-of-Age04/11/23 42
Language DevelopmentLanguage Development
• Between 2 & 3– Transition from
• Simple sentences that express a single proposition
– to • Saying complex sentences
• Between 2 & 3– Transition from
• Simple sentences that express a single proposition
– to • Saying complex sentences