life span ch 6
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
1/28
CHAPTER 6
PERCEPTION
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
2/28
Learning Objectives
What are the views ofconstructivists and
nativists on the
nature/nurture issue as
it relates to sensation
and perception?
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
3/28
Nature and Nurture
Constructivists (Nurture) Perception is constructed through learning
Declines due to environmental influences
E.g., disease, loud noise etc. Nativists (Nature)
Perception does not require interpretation
Declines are universal, due to aging
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.exploratorium.edu/imagery/stills/Refractive_mixing.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.psywww.com/resource/bytopic/sens.html&h=482&w=731&sz=43&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=fLOnaPoS1rr2cM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=141&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSensation%2Band%2BPerception%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGIH,GGIH:2006-50,GGIH:en -
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
4/28
Learning Objectives
How are perceptual abilities of infants assessed? What are infants visual capabilities? What sorts of things do infants prefer to look at?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aoa.org/images/Infants-Vision.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aoa.org/x4738.xml&h=158&w=200&sz=15&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=EFtRegyplAHYiM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DInfants%2Bvision%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGIH,GGIH:2006-50,GGIH:en -
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
5/28
Methods of Studying Infant Perception
Habituation:Discrimination Learning Learning to be
bored
Preferential looking Duration of looking at
one of a pair
Evoked Potentials:recorded as child looks
Operant Conditioning Positive
reinforcementof onestimulus in a pair
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
6/28
Vision
Present at birth Detect changes in
brightness
Visually track movingobjects
By 4 months can discriminatecolors
Visual acuity at about 8 inches Visual accommodation: 6 to 12
mo
Color vision mature at 2 to 3mo
Prefer contour, contrast, andmovement
Prefer complex over simplepatterns
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.makezine.com/b5ea79e2a654765e681403c4.large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2006/03/17.html&h=374&w=498&sz=51&hl=en&start=19&tbnid=1ErguajngQocHM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBaby%2Bmobile%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGIH,GGIH:2006-50,GGIH:en%26sa%3DN -
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
7/28
Researchers must devise special ways to assess infants perceptual abilities. Here, an experimenterand camera record how much time the infant looks at each stimulus. The visual preference test waspioneered by Robert Fantz in the early 1960s.
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
8/28
In a series of studies, Cassia, Turati, and Simion (2004) showed that newborns prefer an upright face
over an upside-down one (A) and prefer a top-heavy configuration over a bottom-heavy one (B), butdo not show a preference for an upright face when paired with a top-heavy configuration.
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
9/28
Vision 2
Depth perception Newborns appear to have size constancy
The visual cliff: Gibson & Walk (1960)
A crawler (7 mo) will not cross the cliff Can perceive the cliff by 2 months Fear of drop-off requires crawling
Infants as Intuitive Theorists: able to makesense of the world
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
10/28 An infant on the edge of a visual cliff, being lured to cross the deep side.
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
11/28
Learning Objectives
What are the auditorycapabilities of infants?
What do researchers knowabout infants abilities to
perceive speech?
What are the taste and smellcapabilities of infants?
To what extent are infants
sensitive to touch,
temperature, and pain?
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
12/28
Hearing and Speech
Humans can hear well before birth Newborns discriminate sounds that differ in loudness,
duration, direction, and pitch
Two- to 3-month olds distinguish phonemes Eimas (1985) Ba & Pa studies Newborns prefer female/mothers voice Lose sensitivity to sounds not needed for home
language
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
13/28
Taste and Smell
Newborns can distinguishbetween sweet, bitter, and sourtastes
Show a clear preference for
sweet Facial expressions reflect taste
Cry and turn away fromunpleasant smells
Breast-fed babies recognizemothers smell
Mothers can identify theirnewborns by smell
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
14/28
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
15/28
Learning Objectives
To what extent can infantsintegrate their sensoryexperiences?
What is an example of cross-modal perception?
What role do early experiencesplay in development ofperceptions?
What factors contribute tonormal visual perception?
What changes occur inattention throughoutchildhood?
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
16/28
Integrating Sensory Information
Senses interrelated within the first month Cross-modal perception: previously seen
objects identified by touch alone
Nature: Very early perceptual abilities Nurture: Sensory system requires stimulationto develop normally
First 3-4 months=Critical/Sensitive period
Infant cataracts result in blindness Delayed understanding after cochlear
implants
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
17/28
The Development of Attention
From infancy on: Attention span increases
More able to
concentrate on a task Attention becomes more
selective
Able to ignore
distractions More systematic
perceptual searches in
order to achieve goals &
solve problems
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
18/28
Learning Objectives
How can hearing loss be minimized acrossthe lifespan, beginning with adolescence?
What changes occur in visual capabilities and
visual perception during adulthood? What changes occur in auditory capabilitiesand speech perception occur duringadulthood?
What changes occur in taste and smell, andin sensitivity to touch, temperature, and painduring adulthood?
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
19/28
The Adult
Sensory and perceptualcapacities decline May begin in early
adulthood
Noticeable in 40s; Typical
by age 65 Gradual and minor in
normal adults
Compensation gradually
increases
Sensory threshold: point atwhich the least amount of a
stimulus can be detected
Increases with age
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
20/28
Sensory/Perceptual Problems
Sensory thresholds rise withage Vision By age 70: 9/10 wear corrective
lenses 1 in 4 will have cataracts
Pupil less responsive to light
Dim lighting isproblematic
Dark and glare adaptationdifficult
Presbyopia: Middle age glasses Thickening lens = poor near
vision
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
21/28
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
22/28
Other Visual Problems
Glaucoma: increasedeye-fluid pressure
Damages optic
nerve..
Cataracts:
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
23/28
Other Visual Problems
Loss of PeripheralVision (Tunnel Vision)
Retinitis Pigmentosa(RP)
Deterioration of
light-sensitive cells
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
24/28
Attention and Visual Search
Selective attentiondeclines
More easily distracted
from task
Attend to irrelevant
cues
Novel, complex tasks moredifficult
Familiar and well-
practiced skills remain
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
25/28
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
26/28
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
27/28
Speech Perception
Dependent on hearingabilities
Also cognitive processes Attention, memory
Listening conditionsimportant
Background noise
problematic
Novel and complex tasksproblematic
Familiar conditions allow
use of contextual cues
-
8/14/2019 Life Span CH 6
28/28
Other Senses in Older Adults
Over 70: Taste and smellthresholds increase
Many are not affected at all:
Mostly men
Affected by disease andmedications
Loss of enjoyment of food may
cause malnutrition in older
adults Less sensitive to touch and
temperature
Less sensitive to mild but notsevere pain