1

LIFE: FROM SIMPLE TO MORE COMPLEX / HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Heart attack

Disruption = Imbalance in homeostasis.

LIFE PROCESSES : NUTRITION TRANSPORT EXCRETION

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

DigestiveSystem

CirculatorySystem

Excretory System

Muscle cell Cardiac cell

Kidney cell

Organelle

Paralysis

Disruption

StrokeKidney stone

Food vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane

2

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEMPurpose: To_____________________ ___ into a ____________ form

End products are used for Energy, Growth, Repair & Regulation

CarbohydratesProteins

Lipids

1

6

4

3

2

5

7

*a

*c *d

*b

*

• Accessory OrgansFood does not pass through

Lined with villi

End products: monosaccharides amino acids

glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Absorbed into blood

Absorbed into lacteal

3

Structure Function MalfunctionsMouth Teeth begin digestion

Salivary Glands Produce Contains the enzyme salivary amylase which begins chemical digestion of starch

Esophagus “connecting “ tubeBack up of stomach acid

Stomach •Some mechanical digestion.•Hydrochloric acid kills germs.•Proteases begin the digestion of

Erosion of the mucous lining

Liver Makes Which emulsifies (breaks down) fat

Gall Bladder bile until it is needed.Bile enters the small intestine through the bile duct.

Hardened particles, block the bile duct

Pancreas Produces enzymes:•Protease: digest protein•Lipases: digest lipids•Amylases: digest carbohydratesSecreted in to the Small Intestine

Small Intestine Intestinal secretions mix with pancreatic enzymes and bile to complete digestion.

Lined with villi.This is where the end products of digestions are absorbed into the blood

Chronic, long-term inflammation. Nutrients are not absorbed efficiently.

Large Intestine No digestion occurs.Major roles:•Absorb•Bacteria living here produce

Increased peristalsis. Lose too much water

Too much water reabsorbed, hardened feces

AppendixRectumAnus

Inflammation due to infection

4

Lipidsby

LIPASES

ProteinsBy

PROTEASES

CarbohydratesBy

AMYLASES

End Products

ToBe Used For

Mouth

Stomach

Small Intestine

CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ENZYMES

5

Blood Pressure: Pressure of the blood against the walls of the __________________ Results from two forces.1. Pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood _________________ ______2. Forces of the arteries as they resist the blood flow _________________

Measure with a ______________________________

Heart sounds:

Lub: ___________________________________________ (between Atria & Ventricles)

Dub: ___________________________________________ (as blood exits the heart)

If the valves are damaged, there is leakage. This produces abnormal sounds. This is called a__________________ _______________

THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERED PUMPLOCATED IN THE THORACIC CAVITY

ATRIA:Collecting chambers

VENTRICLES:Pumping chambers

Pulse: _________________________________________________________________________________

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Purpose: _________________________________________________________________

Right sideContains “blue”

or__________________bloodcontains COs

Returning from body cells,

Left sideContains “red”

or__________________bloodcontains Os

Sending blood to body cells,

6

Path of Blood Flow

__________________CIRCULATION

Blood flow to the lungs to pick up

oxygen

________________________CIRCULATION

Blood flow to all body cells• Oxygen diffuses in to the cells• In exchange, CO2 enters the

blood to be removed

Control of the Heart:•Pacemaker (Sino trial node) in the wall of the ___________________________•Controls heart contraction by electric impulses. Current produced can be recorded: Electrocardiogram (EKG)

•____________________________: irregular rhythm of the heat (too fast or too slow)

•_________________________________________: highly irregular beat

7

body cellslymph vessel

Artery Capillaries Vein

All body cells are in contact with capillaries

All cells are surrounded by and

bathed in

____________________________

__ __ __

Acts as a “middleman” for exchange of materials

Drains off ICFCirculates into the lymph system

BLOOD VESSELS

8

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLymph is a fluid that bathes all cells of the body.

Lymph consists mainly of fluid that escapes from the blood through the walls of the capillaries

Lymph returns this fluid to the _____________ ___________

Bead like enlargementsContain special white blood cells:

LYMPHOCYTES protect the body from infection

Bacteria and other foreign particles are filtered out and removed from the

blood at these nodes

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

______________________ Build up of fatty deposits (cholesterol) and cell debris on the inner walls of arteries

__________________________________ Name of the pain that occurs when the muscular wall of the heart becomes temporarily short of oxygen Due to coronary artery disease or high blood pressure

___________________________________ Most common type of heart attack; caused by a thrombosis or blockage, of one of the coronary arteries. This cuts off the blood supply to one region of the heart muscle. The main symptom is usually crushing pain in the center of your chest This is also known as a myocardial infarction

Lymph also absorbs ___________________________ from the intestines

and transports them to the blood

9

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

1. Liquid Portion: Plasma ->

______________ _______ ->

TRANSPORT

Carries ____________________, _______________ enzymes, antibodies, hormones, vitamins and certain ionsThe fluid that surrounds each cell. Acts as a “middleman” between blood and cells so that substances can pass through the cell membrane

2. Red Blood Cells

_____________ :Blood contains too few red cells or insufficient

hemoglobinResults in fatigue

Contain _______________

TRANSPORTS _______________ in the form of

Oxyhemoglobin

3. White Blood Cells

___________Uncontrolled increase in number of WBC’s.They are nonfunctional.

**Number of WBC’s ** Increase with an infection

IMMUNITY

A. Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy

B. Lymphocytes: Produce Antibodies

ALLERGY: __________________________________

4. Platelets

_____________ blood does not clot normally. Missing normal clotting factors

Vitamin ___ is also required for normal clotting

BLOOD CLOT FORMATIONWhen platelets come in contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel, they become sticky. They then release proteins known as clotting factors that initiate a complex series of reactions resulting in the production of fibers. Blood cells tangle in these fibers, resulting in a clot

10

BLOOD TYPESDetermined by marker proteins on the Red Blood Cells

Blood Type Marker(Antigen)

Antibody Can receive blood from

A AB B

AB A & BO none

If the

“ wro

ng ty

pe” o

f bloo

d is g

iven d

uring

a tra

nsfu

sion,

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

11

EXCRETIONPurpose:_________________________________________________

STRUCTURE PROCESS WASTES EXITS BY

1. LUNGS AerobicRespiration

ab

2. SKINPerspiration

Note: primary function is in temperature regulation

abc

3. LIVER 1. Breaks down amino acids to produce nitrogenous waste: ammonia.

This is converted to the less toxic form

ALSO2. Breaks down old red blood cells3. Detoxification4. Makes bile5. Stores glycogen

a Urea travels in the blood to the

___________ to be filtered out

4. KIDNEY 1. Removes ___________ and other wastes from the blood.

2. Controls _______________ of most of the constituents of body fluids

A

• • •

____________

Build up of uric

acid in joints;

painful!

12

1. Remove __________________________________ from the blood

2. Regulates the __________________________ of body fluids

The human kidney:

The most important work is done by the functional unit: The nephron

The process of ___________________occurs here.

Water, salts, urea, glucose & amino acids diffuse from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

Artificial kidney machineIs used to filter the blood

Detected by increased levels of glucose in the urine

Sometimes substances crystallize out of the urine

Glomerulus:

The process of _________________occurs here.

“good stuff” is reabsorbed back in to the blood

•_________________ by osmosis _________________ by active transport salts

Amino acids

13

The Human SkeletonCARTILAGE•Cushions•Embryo, tips of bones, nose, ear, trachea, between ribs

1. _____________________(support)2. Stores _______________________3. Makes blood cells4. Leverage/ anchorage for movement. allows for locomotion

BONES_____________ hardened collagen fibers

Dynamic tissue: constantly ______________ and ___________

New bone is produced in cells called ______________________

During middle age, bone replacement becomes less efficient.The bones become less dense and brittle.

Break easilyExercise and eat calcium rich foods

beginning in your teens!

14

The Muscles of the Human Body

Smooth Muscle: lines organs and blood vessels (___________________). Spindle shaped sheets of cells ________________________. (used for peristalsis)

Cardiac Muscle: found in heart, striated (_________________________). Inherent ability to contract.

Skeletal Muscle: held to bones by _____________________.*Work in pairs. (Bend and straighten)Muscles can only ______________

F __ __ __ __ __

E __ __ __ __ __ __ __

I.

II.

III.

15

SPRAIN

____________________Common form of arthritis that usually affects older people. Pain, stiffness, inflammation and deformity of the joints.

_____________________

_____________________More serious immune response.

TENDONITIS

Ligament Cartilage

Muscle Tendon

Joints: location at which two or more bones make contact

16

The purpose of RESPIRATION is to: _________________________________________________________

Humans are AEROBES, and must provide oxygen to the cells

HUMAN ADAPTATIONS:1. Hemoglobin: respiratory pigment carries ___________________________ as oxyhemoglobin

2. Carbon Dioxide is carried as the _______________________ __________ (HCO3)

3. Control of Breathing Rate: When high levels of CO2 in the blood are detected by the respiratory center in the brain; breathing rate increases.

4. STRUCTURES To bring oxygen in to the lungs

Diaphragm contracts, moves down, chest expands.Pressure is lowered -> vacuum is created.Air rushes in and fills the lungs

Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreasesPressure increases -> air rushes out

5. STRUCTURES to bring oxygen in to blood to be transported to body cells.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

This is the functional unit of the lungsOxygen (which has been inhaled) will dissolve

on the surface, and then diffuse in to the blood.

In exchange, CO2 exits the blood to be exhaled

17

MALFUNCTIONS of the HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1 •Inflammation of the lungs; alveoli fill with fluid•Usually caused by bacterial or vital infection•Often a final complication of a debilitating disorder

•Typical symptoms include: cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing

2 •Enlargement and Degeneration of Alveoli

•Results in loss of elasticity and lung capacity•Generally caused by smoking and pollution

•Constriction of bronchial tubes / bronchioles•Usually caused by an allergic response, or environmental trigger or exercise

4 •An inflammation of the membrane of bronchial tubes caused by infection or other irritants such as cigarette smoke

5 •An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in lung tissue•Primary lung cancer originates in the lungs, while metastatic lung cancer spreads to the lungs from another organ

18

19

LIFE: FROM SIMPLE TO MORE COMPLEX / HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Heart attack

Disruption = Imbalance in homeostasis.

LIFE PROCESSES : NUTRITION TRANSPORT EXCRETION

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

DigestiveSystem

CirculatorySystem

Excretory System

Muscle cell Cardiac cell

Kidney cell

Organelle

Paralysis

Disruption

StrokeKidney stone

Food vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane

Let’s get started!

20

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEMPurpose: To_____________________ ___ into a ____________ form

End products are used for Energy, Growth, Repair & Regulation

CarbohydratesProteins

Lipids

1

6

4

3

2

5

7

*a

*c *d

*b

*

• Accessory OrgansFood does not pass through

Lined with villi

End products: monosaccharides amino acids

glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Absorbed into blood

Absorbed into lacteal

MOUTHSalivary glands

ESOPHAGUS

Liver

Gall bladder

STOMACH

Pancreas

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGEINTESTINE

Appendix

Rectumanus

Break down food useable

21

22

Structure Function MalfunctionsMouth Teeth begin digestion

Salivary Glands Produce Contains the enzyme salivary amylase which begins chemical digestion of starch

Esophagus “connecting “ tubeBack up of stomach acid

Sthttp://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo13.htmlomach

•Some mechanical digestion.•Hydrochloric acid kills germs.•Proteases begin the digestion of

Erosion of the mucous lining

Liver Makes Which emulsifies (breaks down) fat

Gall Bladder bile until it is needed.Bile enters the small intestine through the bile duct.

Hardened particles, block the bile duct

Pancreas Produces enzymes:•Protease: digest protein•Lipases: digest lipids•Amylases: digest carbohydratesSecreted in to the Small Intestine

Small Intestine Intestinal secretions mix with pancreatic enzymes and bile to complete digestion.

Lined with villi.This is where the end products of digestions are absorbed into the blood

Chronic, long-term inflammation. Nutrients are not absorbed efficiently.

Large Intestine No digestion occurs.Major roles:•Absorb•Bacteria living here produce

Increased peristalsis. Lose too much water

Too much water reabsorbed, hardened feces

AppendixRectumAnus

Inflammation due to infection

(mechanical)saliva

Food moves through by PERISTALSIS

Gastric Reflux

Ulcer

Caused by H. pyloriBile

Stores Gall Stones

Crohn’s DiseaseALL DIGESTION IS COMPLETE

waterVITAMINS

Diarrhea

Constipation

Short term storageElimination (Egestion)

Appendicitis

PROTEINS

23

Lipidsby

LIPASES

ProteinsBy

PROTEASES

CarbohydratesBy

AMYLASES

End Products

ToBe Used For

Mouth

Stomach

Small Intestine

CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ENZYMES

Begins digestion of starch

Begins digestion of proteins

Complete digestion of FATS

Complete digestion of PROTEINS

Complete digestion of STARCH

Glycerol &3 Fatty Acids

AMINO ACIDS

MONO-SACCHARIDES

Energy, synthesis, growth and repair

24

Blood Pressure: Pressure of the blood against the walls of the __________________ Results from two forces.1. Pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood _________________ ______2. Forces of the arteries as they resist the blood flow _________________

Measure with a ______________________________

Heart sounds:

Lub: ___________________________________________ (between Atria & Ventricles)

Dub: ___________________________________________ (as blood exits the heart)

If the valves are damaged, there is leakage. This produces abnormal sounds. This is called a__________________ _______________

THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERED PUMPLOCATED IN THE THORACIC CAVITY

ATRIA:Collecting chambers

VENTRICLES:Pumping chambers

Pulse: _________________________________________________________________________________

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Purpose: _________________________________________________________________

Right sideContains “blue”

or__________________bloodcontains COs

Returning from body cells,

Left sideContains “red”

or__________________bloodcontains Os

Sending blood to body cells,

Deoxygenated

To transport materials throughout the body

Blood is actually never blue, instead it is a darker shade of red

Oxygenated

Closing of A-V valvesClosing of semi-lunar valves

# of contractions of the heart per minute

arteriesHypertension = high blood pressure

systole

Diastole120/80

sphygmomanometer

Heart Murmur

25

Path of Blood Flow

__________________CIRCULATION

Blood flow to the lungs to pick up

oxygen

________________________CIRCULATION

Blood flow to all body cells• Oxygen diffuses in to the

cells• In exchange, CO2 enters

the blood to be removed

Control of the Heart:•Pacemaker (Sino trial node) in the wall of the ___________________________•Controls heart contraction by electric impulses. Current produced can be recorded: Electrocardiogram (EKG)

•____________________________: irregular rhythm of the heat (too fast or too slow)

•_________________________________________: highly irregular beat

Systemic

1a

1b

2

3

4

Pulmonary5

67

8

9

Right Atrium

ArrhythmiaVentricular Fibrillation

body cellslymph vessel

Artery Capillaries Vein

All body cells are in contact with capillaries

All cells are surrounded by and

bathed in

____________________________

__ __ __

Acts as a “middleman” for exchange of materials

Drains off ICFCirculates into the lymph system

BLOOD VESSELS

INTERCELLULARFLUID

I C F

Thick walled Muscular

Carries oxygenated

blood AWAY from the heart

THINONE CELL THICKEasy for substances to diffuse through the walls during exchange•Food and O2 in•CO2 out

CONTAINS VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOWTransports

Deoxygenated Blood Back to

heart

THIN

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLymph is a fluid that bathes all cells of the body.

Lymph consists mainly of fluid that escapes from the blood through the walls of the capillaries

Lymph returns this fluid to the _____________ ___________

Bead like enlargementsContain special white blood cells:

LYMPHOCYTES protect the body from infection

Bacteria and other foreign particles are filtered out and removed from the

blood at these nodes

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

______________________ Build up of fatty deposits (cholesterol) and cell debris on the inner walls of arteries

__________________________________ Name of the pain that occurs when the muscular wall of the heart becomes temporarily short of oxygen Due to coronary artery disease or high blood pressure

___________________________________ Most common type of heart attack; caused by a thrombosis or blockage, of one of the coronary arteries. This cuts off the blood supply to one region of the heart muscle. The main symptom is usually crushing pain in the center of your chest This is also known as a myocardial infarction

Lymph also absorbs ___________________________ from the intestines

and transports them to the blood

Atherosclerosis

Coronary Thrombosis

Angina Pectoris

Circulatory System

Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

1. Liquid Portion: Plasma ->

______________ _______ ->

Carries ____________________, _______________ enzymes, antibodies, hormones, vitamins and certain ionsThe fluid that surrounds each cell. Acts as a “middleman” between blood and cells so that substances can pass through the cell membrane

2. Red Blood Cells

_____________ :Blood contains too few red cells or insufficient

hemoglobinResults in fatigue

Contain _______________

TRANSPORTS _______________ in the form of

Oxyhemoglobin3. White Blood Cells

___________Uncontrolled increase in number of WBC’s.They are nonfunctional.

**Number of WBC’s ** Increase with an infection

A. Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy

B. Lymphocytes: Produce Antibodies

ALLERGY: __________________________________

4. Platelets

_____________ blood does not clot normally. Missing normal clotting factors

Vitamin ___ is also required for normal clotting

BLOOD CLOT FORMATIONWhen platelets come in contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel, they become sticky. They then release proteins known as clotting factors that initiate a complex series of reactions resulting in the production of fibers. Blood cells tangle in these fibers, resulting in a clot

NUTRIENTS WASTES

INTERCELLULAR FLUID

HEMOGLOBIN

OXYGEN ANEMIA

LEUKEMIA

EXCESSIVE REACTION

HEMOPHILIA

K

PLASMA

TRANSPORT

IMMUNITY

29

BLOOD TYPESDetermined by marker proteins on the Red Blood Cells

Blood Type Marker(Antigen)

Antibody Can receive blood from

A AB B

AB A & BO none

If the

“ wro

ng ty

pe” o

f bloo

d is g

iven d

uring

a tra

nsfu

sion,

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

___

Anti-B A/o

Anti-A B/o

- A/B/oAnti-A & B o

Hemoly

sis

30

EXCRETIONPurpose:_________________________________________________

STRUCTURE PROCESS WASTES EXITS BY

1. LUNGS AerobicRespiration

ab

2. SKINPerspiration

Note: primary function is in temperature regulation

abc

3. LIVER 1. Breaks down amino acids to produce nitrogenous waste: ammonia.

This is converted to the less toxic form

ALSO2. Breaks down old red blood cells3. Detoxification4. Makes bile5. Stores glycogen

a Urea travels in the blood to the

___________ to be filtered out

4. KIDNEY 1. Removes ___________ and other wastes from the blood.

2. Controls _______________ of most of the constituents of body fluids

A

• • •

____________

Build up of uric

acid in joints;

painful!

Removal of harmful metabolic wastes

CO2H2O

Diffusion out of blood into lungs, then exhaled

99% waterSaltsUrea

Gout Urea

Kidney

Urea

Concentration

Urine

WaterSaltsUrea

31

1. Remove __________________________________ from the blood

2. Regulates the __________________________ of body fluids

The human kidney:

The most important work is done by the functional unit: The nephron

The process of ___________________occurs here.

Water, salts, urea, glucose & amino acids diffuse from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

Artificial kidney machineIs used to filter the blood

Detected by increased levels of glucose in the urine

Sometimes substances crystallize out of the urine

Glomerulus:

The process of _________________occurs here.

“good stuff” is reabsorbed back in to the blood

•_________________ by osmosis _________________ by active transport salts

Amino acids

Metabolic wasteConcentration

Mass of capillaries

Bowmans CapsuleFiltration

Loop of Henle

Reabsorption

water

Ureter bladder

glucose

Dialysis Kidney Stones Diabetes

32

The Human SkeletonCARTILAGE•Cushions•Embryo, tips of bones, nose, ear, trachea, between ribs

1. _____________________(support)2. Stores _______________________3. Makes blood cells4. Leverage/ anchorage for movement. allows for locomotion

BONES_____________ hardened collagen fibers

Dynamic tissue: constantly ______________ and ___________

New bone is produced in cells called ______________________

During middle age, bone replacement becomes less efficient.The bones become less dense and brittle.

Break easilyExercise and eat calcium rich foods

beginning in your teens!

33

The Muscles of the Human Body

Smooth Muscle: lines organs and blood vessels (___________________). Spindle shaped sheets of cells ________________________. (used for peristalsis)

Cardiac Muscle: found in heart, striated (_________________________). Inherent ability to contract.

Skeletal Muscle: held to bones by _____________________.*Work in pairs. (Bend and straighten)Muscles can only ______________

F __ __ __ __ __

E __ __ __ __ __ __ __

I.

II.

III.

34

SPRAIN

____________________Common form of arthritis that usually affects older people. Pain, stiffness, inflammation and deformity of the joints.

_____________________

_____________________More serious immune response.

TENDONITIS

Ligament Cartilage

Muscle Tendon

Joints: location at which two or more bones make contact

35

The purpose of RESPIRATION is to: _________________________________________________________

Humans are AEROBES, and must provide oxygen to the cells

HUMAN ADAPTATIONS:1. Hemoglobin: respiratory pigment carries ___________________________ as oxyhemoglobin

2. Carbon Dioxide is carried as the _______________________ __________ (HCO3)

3. Control of Breathing Rate: When high levels of CO2 in the blood are detected by the respiratory center in the brain; breathing rate increases.

4. STRUCTURES To bring oxygen in to the lungs

Diaphragm contracts, moves down, chest expands.Pressure is lowered -> vacuum is created.Air rushes in and fills the lungs

Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreasesPressure increases -> air rushes out

5. STRUCTURES to bring oxygen in to blood to be transported to body cells.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

This is the functional unit of the lungsOxygen (which has been inhaled) will dissolve

on the surface, and then diffuse in to the blood.

In exchange, CO2 exits the blood to be exhaled

36

MALFUNCTIONS of the HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1 •Inflammation of the lungs; alveoli fill with fluid•Usually caused by bacterial or vital infection•Often a final complication of a debilitating disorder

•Typical symptoms include: cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing

2 •Enlargement and Degeneration of Alveoli

•Results in loss of elasticity and lung capacity•Generally caused by smoking and pollution

•Constriction of bronchial tubes / bronchioles•Usually caused by an allergic response, or environmental trigger or exercise

4 •An inflammation of the membrane of bronchial tubes caused by infection or other irritants such as cigarette smoke

5 •An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in lung tissue•Primary lung cancer originates in the lungs, while metastatic lung cancer spreads to the lungs from another organ