life cycle analysis (lca) of 2 fcev with the
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Amgad Elgowainy, Jarod Kelly, Qiang Dai, Pingping Sun and Xinyu Liu
Systems Assessment CenterEnergy Systems DivisionArgonne National Laboratory
The GREET Introduction WorkshopArgonne National Laboratory, October 15, 2019
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of BEV and H2 FCEV with the GREET® Model
GREET LCA of power sector covers fuel cycle and construction of power plants
2
Fuel
Material
Diesel,
Electricity
Steel, Iron, Al, Co, Si,Glass, Plastic,Concrete, …
ProductionMining
Fuel Cycle
Power Plant Construction
Cycle
Energy
Emissions
Evaluating PEVs on a WTW basis
3
FUEL CYCLE
Fuel economy Air emissionsoAutonomie oEPA MOVES
LDV and MHDVs
Well-to-Wheels (WTW) Analysis
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 200 400 600
Driving Cycles
Provide FE for various driving
cycles
Idle for MHDVs
Composite FE for
ICEV, BEV BEV/ICEV FE ratio
Electricity generation pathways in GREET
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1. Coal: Steam Boiler and IGCCCoal mining & cleaningCoal transportationPower generation
2. Natural Gas: Steam Boiler, Gas Turbine, and NGCCNG recovery & processingNG transportationPower generation
4. Oil: Steam BoilerOil recovery & transportationRefiningResidual fuel oil transportationPower generation
3. Nuclear: light water reactorUranium miningYellowcake conversionEnrichmentFuel rod fabrication Power generation
5. Biomass: Steam BoilerBiomass farming & harvestingBiomass transportationPower generation
7. Wind Turbine
6. Hydro-Power
8. Solar PV and CSP
9. GeothermalRen
ewab
les
GREET models electricity generation mix at national, state and utility region levels
5
Recently added:• CCS• CHP
Data and methodsThermal efficienciesEIA’s electric generating unit-level performance data (EIA Form 923 and 860 data)
GHG emission factorsCH4 and N2O emissions are estimated by multiplying the fuel specific heat input in mmBtu by
appropriate EFs from Table C-2 of EPA’s Final Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule (EPA, 2009)
CO2 emissions calculated from fuel carbon intensity and fuel consumption
e-grid and EPA models for criteria air pollutants
EIA and USGS for water consumption
Electricity generation mixesRegional and national
EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook
6
Impact of electricity mix (2019): WTW GHG emissions of light-duty BEVs
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2019 U.S. electricity generation mix 483 g_CO2e/kWhe at the plug
MRO Mix NPCC Mix U.S. MixNatural gas 10.3% 42.0% 33.5%Coal 47.7% 2.7% 29.0%Nuclear power 10.6% 32.6% 20.3%
2019 electricity generation mix:
Unit: g_CO2e/mileUnit: grams g_CO2e/kWh
Water consumption by electricity generation and cooling technologies
NG Combine Cycle (21%)
Other Combustion(46%)*
Nuclear (20%)
Thermoelectricity makes up 87% of U.S. total power generation (for 2015)Cooling Technology Shares for Thermoelectricity:
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Low/high band: sensitivity to uncertainties associated with fuel pathway parameters
9
WTW water consumption for various fuels, including electricity for BEVs
(DOE EERE June 23 2017, Record 17005)
https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/17005_water_consumption_ldv_fuels.pdf
Battery recycling: closed-loop model is neededModeling Framework of Argonne’s EverBatt Battery Recycling Model
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• Benchmark recycling against virgin production to provide a holistic picture of the benefits and trade-offs of battery recycling.
• EverBatt produces results for energy, emissions, water, and costs of battery recycling and remanufacturing
• EverBatt relies on GREET for energy and environmental modeling and BatPac for cost modeling
Comparison of 1kg virgin NMC111 powder against that from recycled materialsEverBatt quantifies cost and energy/environmental impacts of battery recycling
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105%
89% 91%96%
13%
88%
103%
55%
91%
33%
48%
10%14% 15%
1%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Cost Energy use Water use GHG emissions SOx emissions
Virgin Pyro Hydro Direct
EverBatt results assuming 10,000 t/yr recycling plant in the U.S. Recycling processes are generic in nature and do not reflect specific companies.
GREET 2019 was expanded with plug-in battery electric MHDVs fuel economy on various duty cycles is key for WTW analysis
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Class Type Weighting Factors (%) BEV FE (MPDGE) FE Ratio
ARB Cycle 55 MPH Cycle 65 MPH Cycle Composite BEV/ICEV
8 Long-haul combination 5 9 86 10.7 172%
Short-haul combination 19 17 64 11.2 193%
Refuse 90 10 0 17.6 379%
6 Medium heavy-duty vocational 92 8 0 28.9 413%
4 Light heavy-duty vocational 92 8 0 42.0 488%
2 Pick-up Trucks and Vans 54 29 17 55.1 385%
5.2
18.2
7.9
15.7
6.7
13.6
5.4
17.9
4.6
17.6
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV
ARBTransient
55 MPH 65 MPH Compositew/o idle
Composite w/idle
Ref
use
Truc
k Fu
el
Con
sum
ptio
n (D
GE/
mile
)
Non-idle ICEV
Non-idle BEV
IdleMPDGE
WTW GHG emissions of battery electric MHDVs (2019 U.S. Mix)
For BEVs, the fuel consumption, and thus GHG emissions, increase with increasing weight class For vocational vehicles, shifting to BEV from ICEV can reduce WTW
GHG emissions by 49-63%13
880
410
1461
537
1796
781
2699
1280
21632017 2026 2106
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV
Class 2 Pick-upTruck and Van
Class 4 Light-HeavyDuty
Class 6 Medium-Heavy Duty
Class 8 Refuse Class 8 Short-haul Class 8 Long-haul
WTW
GH
G E
mis
sion
s(g
/mile
)
WTP Vehicle Operation
WTW GHG emissions of battery electric MHDVs (2030 U.S. Mix)
For Class 8 long-haul, the WTW GHG emissions for BEV are estimated to be less compared to diesel ICEV in 2030
14
879
357
1376
426
1732
632
2696
1115
2007
16341858
1679
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV ICEV BEV
Class 2 Pick-upTruck and Van
Class 4 Light-Heavy Duty
Class 6 Medium-Heavy Duty
Class 8 Refuse Class 8 Short-haul Class 8 Long-haul
WTW
GH
G E
mis
sion
s (g
/mile
)
Vehicle OperationWTP
Gaseous hydrogen pathways
Centralized Gaseous H
2 Production
Fueling Station
Liquefier
High-Pressure Cryo-Pump
Cryo-Compressed
Dispenser
Liquid Terminal
Loading Bays
CryogenicStorage
Liquid Truck
Pump Pump
Compressed Gas
Dispenser
CryogenicStorage
Vaporizer
Liquid hydrogen pathways
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Updated SMR emission factors in GREET 2019
Renewable sources are key for sustainable H2 production
Assuming 26 mpg for gasoline ICEV and 55 mpgge for H2 FCEV
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3 8 13 18 23 28 33
Fuel
Eco
nom
y Ra
tio: F
CHEV
ove
r Bas
elin
e
Test Weight (metric ton): For each vehicle class/type, FCHEV and ICEV are tested on the same payload
Fuel Economy (miles/DGE) Ratio: FCHEV over Baseline Diesel ICEV
EPA/NHTSA Vocational - Urban
EPA/NHTSA Vocational - Multi-Purpose
EPA/NHTSA Vocational - RegionalCl
ass 2
Van
Clas
s 3
Pick
up &
Del
iver
y
Clas
s 4
Pick
up&
Del
iver
y
Clas
s 6 C
onst
ruct
ion
Clas
s 7
Scho
ol B
us
Clas
s 8Co
nstr
uctio
n
Clas
s 8
Refu
se
Clas
s 8
Line
-Hau
l Co
mbi
natio
n
Clas
s 8
Trac
tor-
Trai
ler
Fuel cell MHD vehicles achieve better fuel economy than diesel
19FE ratio relative to diesel is ~1.7 (1.2 – 2.3) Vary with vocations & duty cycles
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Dies
el
SMR
G.H2
(rel
ativ
e to
Die
sel)
Sola
r G.H
2 (r
elat
ive
to S
MR
G.H2
)
Class 2bHD Pick-Up
Trucks and Vans
Class 4LHD Vocational
Vehicles
Class 6MHD Vocational
Vehicles
Class 6/7School Buses
Class 8aRefuse Trucks
Class 8bHHD Vocational
Vehicles
Class 8bCombination
Short-Haul Trucks
Wel
l-to-
Whe
el G
HG E
miss
ion
(kg
CO2e
per
tonn
e-m
ilefo
r tru
cks
10 p
asse
nger
-mile
for b
uses
) (Based on EPA/NHTSA Vocational - Urban)Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions Reductions Benefits for Switching to Fuel Cell Vehicles
GHG emissions reductions for different MHD fuel cell vehicle types and vocations
20
Compared to diesel counterparts, medium- and heavy-duty (MHD) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles create less GHG emissions across classes
21
Please visithttp://greet.es.anl.gov
for:• GREET models
• GREET documents • LCA publications
• GREET-based tools and calculators