Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’iP. O. Box 22938 Honolulu HI 96823-2938

N A T I V E P L A N T I S S U E

Native PlaNt Poster iNside

LICH ConferenCe & TradesHow oCTober 10TH

HawaIIan HIbIsCus Taxa

Double sided color poster with 36 native plants perfect for your projects

14 native plant sessions, free tradeshow, evening social, day after native landscape bus tour and the first LICH Sustainability Awards!

New DNA suggests the end of a 100 year dispute on Hawaii’s endemic Hibiscus species

Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’iP. O. Box 22938 Honolulu HI 96823-2938

PRESORTEDSTANDARD

U.S. POSTAGE PAIDHONOLULU, HI

PERMIT NO. 1023

SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

T h E V O i C E O f h A W A i i ’ S G R E E N i N D U S T R Y $5.00

C O N F E R E N C E S P O N S O R S

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOWNEal BlaiSdEll ExhiBitiON hall • THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2013 • 7:00AM - 7:00PM

11TH ANNUAL

We design, engineer and manufacture long-lasting, ergonomic and attractive site furnishings.

George Blevins | 1.800.368.2573 (USA & Canada) | www.victorstanley.com

SDC-36 Steelsites™ Series Side-Door Receptacles with several available options, Atlantic City, NJ.NRB-6 Straight and NRBI-225 Curved Bench Combination | Singapore

DESIGN for COMMUNITYPresented by the Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii & Associate Member Organizations

Mark your calendar for the LICH Green Industry Conference and Tradeshow. This year, the conference features native plants. Register today online at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference or complete the enclosed registration. All conference attendees will receive a color native plant poster.

FREE TRADE SHOW – Stop by the trade show from 10:15 am to 5:30 pm and check out the latest machines, tools and products to improve your landscape.

STUDENT RESEARCH POSTERS – CTAHR students presents research results relevant to industry and industry professionals.

1st LICH LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS - recognizes advocates of sustainability and innovative sustainable landscape projects.

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SEMINARS on how to evaluate landscape maintenance contractors and successfully renovate an original 40 year old landscape.

FREE EVENING SOCIAL – Catch up with your colleagues while listening to local musicians from the green industry from 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm. Conference attendees enjoy a complimentary glass of wine and pupus.

PRIZES – Enter for a chance to win fabulous door prizes including the Grand Prize, Two-Nights at The Royal Hawaiian Resort and Hotel in Waikiki (Royal Ocean Guest Room), plus $100 dining credit in Waikiki - $1,740 value! Compliments of Kyo-ya Hotels & Resorts.

NATIVE PLANT TOUR on Friday, October 11th (8:00 am – 3:00 pm) learn about Hawaii’s native plants. The tour will include a visit to the University of Hawaii at CMore Hall, Queen Kapiolani Gardens, A Waikiki Garden, and Papahana Kuaola. Space is limited.

EARN VALUABLE CONTINUING EDUCATION UNITS (CEU) FOR: PLANET Landscape Industry Certified Technicians – 5 CEUs HDOA Pest Applicators ISA Certified Arborists Golf Course Superintendents

SILVER BRONZEGOLD

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference 3

C O N F E R E N C E S P O N S O R S

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOWNEal BlaiSdEll ExhiBitiON hall • THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2013 • 7:00AM - 7:00PM

11TH ANNUAL

We design, engineer and manufacture long-lasting, ergonomic and attractive site furnishings.

George Blevins | 1.800.368.2573 (USA & Canada) | www.victorstanley.com

SDC-36 Steelsites™ Series Side-Door Receptacles with several available options, Atlantic City, NJ.NRB-6 Straight and NRBI-225 Curved Bench Combination | Singapore

DESIGN for COMMUNITYPresented by the Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii & Associate Member Organizations

Mark your calendar for the LICH Green Industry Conference and Tradeshow. This year, the conference features native plants. Register today online at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference or complete the enclosed registration. All conference attendees will receive a color native plant poster.

FREE TRADE SHOW – Stop by the trade show from 10:15 am to 5:30 pm and check out the latest machines, tools and products to improve your landscape.

STUDENT RESEARCH POSTERS – CTAHR students presents research results relevant to industry and industry professionals.

1st LICH LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS - recognizes advocates of sustainability and innovative sustainable landscape projects.

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SEMINARS on how to evaluate landscape maintenance contractors and successfully renovate an original 40 year old landscape.

FREE EVENING SOCIAL – Catch up with your colleagues while listening to local musicians from the green industry from 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm. Conference attendees enjoy a complimentary glass of wine and pupus.

PRIZES – Enter for a chance to win fabulous door prizes including the Grand Prize, Two-Nights at The Royal Hawaiian Resort and Hotel in Waikiki (Royal Ocean Guest Room), plus $100 dining credit in Waikiki - $1,740 value! Compliments of Kyo-ya Hotels & Resorts.

NATIVE PLANT TOUR on Friday, October 11th (8:00 am – 3:00 pm) learn about Hawaii’s native plants. The tour will include a visit to the University of Hawaii at CMore Hall, Queen Kapiolani Gardens, A Waikiki Garden, and Papahana Kuaola. Space is limited.

EARN VALUABLE CONTINUING EDUCATION UNITS (CEU) FOR: PLANET Landscape Industry Certified Technicians – 5 CEUs HDOA Pest Applicators ISA Certified Arborists Golf Course Superintendents

SILVER BRONZEGOLD

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference 3

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

FEATURED SPEAKERS

7:00 am to 8:15 am Registration7:45 am to 8:00 am Welcome to the Conference8:00 am to 9:10 am LICH Sustainability Awards

SESSION 1 - 9:20 am – 10:15 am

PRoPAgATing nATivE PlAnTS the basics of native hawaiian plant propagation - SEED PREPARATION - collecting - cleaning and storing.METHODS OF PROPAGATION - Pretreatments of seeds - Germination - Asexual (Clonal) Propagation - Transplanting - GreenHouse - Pest control.Speaker: Kerin Lilleeng-RosenbergerKerin wrote Growing Hawai’i’s Native Plants winning the Ka Palapala Po’okela award for “Excellence in Natural Science 2006”. Recognized by The Garden Club of Honolulu for my outstanding contribution to Horticulture and Conservation 1998 in observance of Women’s History Month. Many article’s written of my work, Untied Airlines “HEMISPHERES” Making a Difference, The Royal Horticultural Society “THE GAR-DEN” “Strangers in Paradise”. Green magazine “Two Green Thumbs” 2011. Worked propagating Hawaiian plants at NTBG for 10 yrs 1989-1999. Kauai DOFAW 2000-2002. Present Nursery owner “KEEP IT NATIVE” growing Hawaiian plants for homeowners.

nATivE HAwAiiAn HibiScUS The number of endemic Hawaiian hibiscus species has been disputed for many years. Results from a genetic analysis of these plants have helped to clarify species relationships and the elevation of some sub-species to species is recommended. The distribution of these species in the islands and their growth habits will also be discussed.

Speaker: Dr. Liz HuppmanLiz is a horticulturist at Lyon Arboretum managing greenhouses, one of two native plant gardens and plant sales. She has a BA in biology from Boston

University and an MS and PhD in horticulture from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

PRuNING vS HEADING CuTS: PEoPlE’S PSy-cHoPHySiologicAl RESPonSES To TRoPicAl URbAn TREE PRUning in HAwAii Utilizing visual presentation tree stimuli of pruned trees in Hawaii, people’s physiological measures were recorded (ECG, GSR, EMG, and EEG) in real time. Results indicate clear trends in peoples’ cognitive and emotional responses to proper and improperly pruned trees.

Speaker: Dr. Andy KaufmanDr. Kaufman is an Associate Professor and Landscape Specialist for the Uni-versity of Hawaii. He currently teaches courses in landscape architecture, urban

horticulture, arboriculture practices and conducts research involving environmental psychology, mitiga-tion of tsunami and storm surge by plants, green roof technologies for tropical environments.

EcologicAl APPRoAcHES To URbAn nATivE PlAnTingSThe plants of the Hawaiian Islands comprise one of the most unique and rare floras, with over half of all species at risk of extinction. The first step in prevent-ing extinction is to secure and maintain collections in a “genetic safety net” using ex situ, or off-site, stor-age methods. These methods include micro propaga-tion, seed banking, and cultivation in nurseries and gardens, all of which are necessary and available in Hawai‘i. Ex situ collections are vital for research and restoration efforts. The rapid degradation of native ecosystems, recent commencement of recovery efforts and the looming threat from new alien spe-cies and climate change all contribute to an urgent situation. Well-maintained ex situ collections insure against extinction if natural populations decline while habitat restoration is proceeding. Germplasm (genetic resource) collections with the highest conservation value are genetically diverse, representative of natu-rally occurring populations, have been managed to ensure documentation of their provenance and length of time in cultivation, and have been carefully moni-tored to prevent artificial selection or genetic loss.

Speaker: Matt KeirMatthew Keir is the Rare Plant Program Manager for the Oahu Army Natural Re-sources Program. The OANRP manages threats to rare species that occur on and

around Army owned and leased lands on Oahu.

nAvigATing THRoUgH THE cHoicES AnD FEATURES oF SmART iRRigATion conTRollERSWhile there are many choices in “Smart Irrigation Controllers”, understanding what those choices are and what is useful to you or your customer can be a difficult undertaking. While bells and whistles typically wow us, the features that are useable for each individual need to be considered. This presentation will present the most commonly used and asked for features of Smart Controllers and how they function. Also included will be, where the industry is headed and what makes sense for the everyday user. At the end of this presentation the attendees will be able to make a better informed choice when considering “Smart Controllers”.

Speaker: Martin MiyashiroMartin Miyashiro has spent the last 28 years as a landscaper and a VP of Sales and Marketing for a local irrigation distributor in Hawaii. He is a passionate

educator in the field of irrigation design, installation and maintenance for the Landscape Industry State wide. Martin is currently employed by Hunter Indus-tries, a leading manufacturer of irrigation equipment.

BREAK - 10:15 am to 11:00 am - Tradeshow Opens

SESSION 2 - 11:00 am – 11:55 am

ETHicAl AnD lEgAl collEcTion oF nATivE SPEciESLearn the do’s and don’ts of native plant collectionSpeaker: Rick Barboza

Rick Barboza is General Partnerat Hui ku Maoli Ola. A graduate of KamehamehaSchool in 1993; obtained his Bachelor of Artsdegree in Zoology from the University of Hawai‘iin 1999, with a primary focus on Hawaii’s naturalhistory & the conservation of native biota; cofoundedHui Ku Maoli Ola in 1999.

USing PlAnTS To ATTRAcT nATivE inSEcTS AnD FAUnADiscussion will focus on how native plant landscapes can provide habitat for native invertebrates, such as the Koa and Kamehameha butterflies and birds while conserving water. Native plants also provide oppor-tunities for education and nature study, and cultural learning. Examples of plants to consider, seed sourc-ing and pre-planning, signage, and cooperative programs like National Wildlife Federation Certified Habitats will be addressed. Water features can also play a part in attracting invertebrates and birds.

Speaker: Steve MontgomeryDr. Steven Lee Montgomery is a bio-logical consultant and science educator experienced in terrestrial invertebrate ecology and botany in Hawai’i and the

Pacific. His survey reports regularly advise on the use of native plants for landscaping to provide refuge and food for native invertebrates and birds.

UPDATE on Two REcEnT invASivE PESTS in HAwAii, THE lobATE lAc ScAlE AnD THE bAnyAn STEm-gAlling wASPThe Lobate Lac Scale and the Banyan Stem-Galling Wasp are two invasive pests that arrived in Hawaii dur-ing 2012 and have become of concern to the landscape industry. Learn how to recognize these two insects, the plant species they affect, and their damage.

Speaker: Walter NagamineWalter Nagamine is an entomologist for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture working in the field of biological control.

EcologicAl nATivE PlAnT DESign Focusing on how to create successful landscapes using native plants, Leland and Richard will review examples of existing native landscape installations to explore what is working and how it’s working. The presentation will be a practical guide to choosing native plant combinations that look great and survive, techniques for planting that promote success, understanding how native land-scapes change and grow, and how to maintain native landscapes to enable them to evolve and mature into successful mini urban ecosystems.

Speakers: Leland Miyano (left) and Richard Quinn (bottom)Leland Miyano is an artist, landscape designer and author with a deep interest in the ecosystems of Hawaii. Richard Quinn is a landscape architect and Principal of Helber Hastert & Fee Planners in Honolulu, with a special interest in using native plants in urban landscapes.

REnovATing A 40 yEAR olD conDominiUm lAnDScAPERenovating an irrigation system at a 40 year old condominium is the easy part. Keeping your owners happy and ultimately keeping your job is the hard part. Learn the headaches and tricks we’ve discovered over the past 30 years to make the renovation as painless as possible and ultimately make you shine.

Speakers: Allan Schildknecht (left) and Jay DeputyAllan Schildknecht is Business Devel-opment Manager, Pacific Pipe. Co. Mr. Schildknecht has worked in the field of

landscape and golf irrigation design and consultation for more than 42 years. Almost 30 of those years was spent as an independent irrigation consulting working with clients on numerous projects through-out the world. Jay Deputy, retired from University of Hawaii in 2010 after 37 years of serving as Education Specialist in Landscape Horticulture. Jay is currently doing consulting in landscape maintenance and renovation.

BOX LuNCH PRESENTATION - 11:55 am – 12:50 pm

TRUE wiRElESS AnD oPc DATA PUSHingWhat does going wireless mean? Free from wires, of course. Wireless makes installing sensors, or remote control points more plug and play, and in many cases, it is cheaper than running wires .Sometimes that can come at a cost. I will be talking about how Motorola overcomes many obstacles when it comes to wireless technology, including Wireless Bridge, and Store and Forward. I will also touch on OPC- or Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control. Many Resorts, Golf Courses ,HOA’s and Municipalities today utilize automation systems for several functions. OPC enables data to be shared across other systems. From Building Automation systems, and HVAC, to Security systems and more. Often, advanced irriga-tion systems collect data that is valuable to other systems, like weather data. OPC reduces hardware costs, time, and allows for problems in the system to be detected quickly with a completely integrated system.

Speaker: Jordan HirschmannDirector of Marketing for Motorola Water Management, Responsible for positioning Motorola Water Manage-ment effectively in the Western United States, and Hawaii. Since joining Motorola Water Management has brought out significant growth in Motorola’s presence in North America. Jordan directs all aspects of Motorola Water Management’s overall short and long-term mar-keting efforts. He brings new thinking and innovations to Marketing that have had strong results.

How To EvAlUATE lAnDScAPE woRK AnD SElEcT lAnDScAPE conTRAcToRSLearn how to evaluate the condition of your property’s landscaping and what it takes to maintain it. Learn where to go for information to further educate yourself. Determine how to evaluate the performance of your staff and/or landscaping service provider.

Speakers: Ryan McDermott and Steve Nimz (left)Ryan McDermott manages the landscap-ing staff of Military Housing for Perfor-mance Landscapes. He is responsible for

over 400 acres of neighborhoods with 2,300 homes, 22 parks, and 2 community centers. Consulting Arborist for Steve Nimz and Associates Inc. with over 35 years of experience in the tree care industry.

SESSION 3 (12:55 pm – 1:50 pm)

UnDERUTilizED nATivE PlAnTS Lets grow for it with a broader plant pallete of native Hawaiian plants, improved cultivars and the right plant in the right habitat and soil type. Heidi will share some ideas about a broader variety of native plants for Hawaii gardens, as well as a few horticultural, soil and topdressings techniques for successful installation and long term attractive growth.

Speaker: Heidi BornhorstHeidi is a horticulturist, Arborist, garden writer and public speaker. She works as Landscape Manager at UH Manoa and as O‘ahu Coordinator for the

Breadfruit Institute. She cares for Veteran trees, public landscapes and incorporates xeriscapes and native Hawaiian plants into the gardens.

wHAT cAn lAnDScAPE PRoFESSionAlS lEARn FRom THE conSERvATion inDUSTRyWhat can the hundreds of experienced Hawaii landscape industry professionals, who install millions of plants and maintain thousands of acres and the people who have been implementing Ex-situ endan-gered plant conservation and reintroduction efforts in remote difficult locations across Hawaii learn from each others’ years of experience and how can they collaborate to achieve both their goals in the future?

Speaker: Bill GarnettBill Garnett is owner of Wiliwili Hawai-ian Plants and is a recognized expert in propagating and growing native Hawaiian plants and the recovery of rare

and endangered plants in the state of Hawaii. From 2002 - 2011, he worked as the Endangered Plant Horticulturalist at Kalaupapa National Historic Park on the island of Molokai. He has worked in Hawaii as a botanist, ecologist and horticulturalist for more than 29 years and has conducted botanical surveys and col-lected endangered and rare native Hawaiian plants on Oahu, Lanai, Kaho‘olawe, Moloka‘i, Maui and Hawaii Island. His primary work has focused on the recovery of Hawaii’s most endangered plants and restoration of native Hawaiian ecosystems on Oahu, Lanai and Molokai. He has also assisted with recovery and resto-ration projects on Hawaii, Kaho‘olawe and Laysan. His specialty is The horticultural and ecological aspects of restoration of Hawaiian lowland and coastal plant communities. Current projects include the Papa he‘e nalu forest at Mo‘omomi and acting as Pu‘u O Hoku Ranches’ native resource, conservation and landscape coordinator

wHiTE TERn SURvEy PRoTocol - SAving yoU A viSiT FRom STATE (mE) The White Tern is a migratory bird that is protected on the Federal and State levels. This bird is loved by citizens, and if they feel trimming is occurring, and may injure the young, they will call the authorities. This training will show you surveying protocols and alert you of the species status. You are the eyes and ears of this species vitality.

Speaker: Katie DoyleWhile working as a Nursery Supervisor with the City and County Department of Urban Forestry, I got my Tree Worker and Arborist from ISA. Now as a Wildlife Biologist for the State of Hawaii, I specialize in waterbirds and migratory fowl.

nATivE FERnS AnD DESigning nATivE PlAnT commUniTiESManaging ex situ native plant collections for long term display, research and education purposes can be challenging in that often little is known about the requirements of many rare native plants. Our goal has been to create displays that put these rare plants into areas of our gardens where they can be in growing conditions similar to the forests where they are found. We create communities of associated species, includ-ing ferns and epiphytes in soils similar to forest soils so the plants can thrive and go through their natural growth cycles.

Speaker: Michael J. De MottaBased out of the NTBG Headquarters in Kalaheo, Kauai, Mike De Motta is responsible for the management of the plant collections at NTBG’s McBryde

Garden, the nursery operation and consults with NTBG garden directors on plant care in all NTBG Hawaii gardens.

JUST wHAT mAKES A SmART conTRollER SmARTSpeaker: Larry Sarver President of TucorThere are three main drivers to an effective smart system. They consist of E.T.( weather or soil based), rain fall and flow monitoring. We will discuss what has the biggest impact on water conservation. We will demonstrate how in certain circumstances an effec-tive manager is more efficient in saving water than a smart controller yet still make the case for retroftting your systems to the new technology. Finally we will look at some new products that will make retrofitting existing systems much simpler.

SESSION 4 - 2:35 pm – 3:30 pm

BREAK 1:50 pm to 2:35 pm

THREATEnED & EnDAngERED lAw liSTEning SESSion - wHAT woRKS AnD DoESn’T woRK

Moderator: Chris DacusAn open forum to discuss what works and doesn’t work with the State’s Threatened & Endangered Laws and rules. The results of the session will be

54

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

FEATURED SPEAKERS

7:00 am to 8:15 am Registration7:45 am to 8:00 am Welcome to the Conference8:00 am to 9:10 am LICH Sustainability Awards

SESSION 1 - 9:20 am – 10:15 am

PRoPAgATing nATivE PlAnTS the basics of native hawaiian plant propagation - SEED PREPARATION - collecting - cleaning and storing.METHODS OF PROPAGATION - Pretreatments of seeds - Germination - Asexual (Clonal) Propagation - Transplanting - GreenHouse - Pest control.Speaker: Kerin Lilleeng-RosenbergerKerin wrote Growing Hawai’i’s Native Plants winning the Ka Palapala Po’okela award for “Excellence in Natural Science 2006”. Recognized by The Garden Club of Honolulu for my outstanding contribution to Horticulture and Conservation 1998 in observance of Women’s History Month. Many article’s written of my work, Untied Airlines “HEMISPHERES” Making a Difference, The Royal Horticultural Society “THE GAR-DEN” “Strangers in Paradise”. Green magazine “Two Green Thumbs” 2011. Worked propagating Hawaiian plants at NTBG for 10 yrs 1989-1999. Kauai DOFAW 2000-2002. Present Nursery owner “KEEP IT NATIVE” growing Hawaiian plants for homeowners.

nATivE HAwAiiAn HibiScUS The number of endemic Hawaiian hibiscus species has been disputed for many years. Results from a genetic analysis of these plants have helped to clarify species relationships and the elevation of some sub-species to species is recommended. The distribution of these species in the islands and their growth habits will also be discussed.

Speaker: Dr. Liz HuppmanLiz is a horticulturist at Lyon Arboretum managing greenhouses, one of two native plant gardens and plant sales. She has a BA in biology from Boston

University and an MS and PhD in horticulture from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

PRuNING vS HEADING CuTS: PEoPlE’S PSy-cHoPHySiologicAl RESPonSES To TRoPicAl URbAn TREE PRUning in HAwAii Utilizing visual presentation tree stimuli of pruned trees in Hawaii, people’s physiological measures were recorded (ECG, GSR, EMG, and EEG) in real time. Results indicate clear trends in peoples’ cognitive and emotional responses to proper and improperly pruned trees.

Speaker: Dr. Andy KaufmanDr. Kaufman is an Associate Professor and Landscape Specialist for the Uni-versity of Hawaii. He currently teaches courses in landscape architecture, urban

horticulture, arboriculture practices and conducts research involving environmental psychology, mitiga-tion of tsunami and storm surge by plants, green roof technologies for tropical environments.

EcologicAl APPRoAcHES To URbAn nATivE PlAnTingSThe plants of the Hawaiian Islands comprise one of the most unique and rare floras, with over half of all species at risk of extinction. The first step in prevent-ing extinction is to secure and maintain collections in a “genetic safety net” using ex situ, or off-site, stor-age methods. These methods include micro propaga-tion, seed banking, and cultivation in nurseries and gardens, all of which are necessary and available in Hawai‘i. Ex situ collections are vital for research and restoration efforts. The rapid degradation of native ecosystems, recent commencement of recovery efforts and the looming threat from new alien spe-cies and climate change all contribute to an urgent situation. Well-maintained ex situ collections insure against extinction if natural populations decline while habitat restoration is proceeding. Germplasm (genetic resource) collections with the highest conservation value are genetically diverse, representative of natu-rally occurring populations, have been managed to ensure documentation of their provenance and length of time in cultivation, and have been carefully moni-tored to prevent artificial selection or genetic loss.

Speaker: Matt KeirMatthew Keir is the Rare Plant Program Manager for the Oahu Army Natural Re-sources Program. The OANRP manages threats to rare species that occur on and

around Army owned and leased lands on Oahu.

nAvigATing THRoUgH THE cHoicES AnD FEATURES oF SmART iRRigATion conTRollERSWhile there are many choices in “Smart Irrigation Controllers”, understanding what those choices are and what is useful to you or your customer can be a difficult undertaking. While bells and whistles typically wow us, the features that are useable for each individual need to be considered. This presentation will present the most commonly used and asked for features of Smart Controllers and how they function. Also included will be, where the industry is headed and what makes sense for the everyday user. At the end of this presentation the attendees will be able to make a better informed choice when considering “Smart Controllers”.

Speaker: Martin MiyashiroMartin Miyashiro has spent the last 28 years as a landscaper and a VP of Sales and Marketing for a local irrigation distributor in Hawaii. He is a passionate

educator in the field of irrigation design, installation and maintenance for the Landscape Industry State wide. Martin is currently employed by Hunter Indus-tries, a leading manufacturer of irrigation equipment.

BREAK - 10:15 am to 11:00 am - Tradeshow Opens

SESSION 2 - 11:00 am – 11:55 am

ETHicAl AnD lEgAl collEcTion oF nATivE SPEciESLearn the do’s and don’ts of native plant collectionSpeaker: Rick Barboza

Rick Barboza is General Partnerat Hui ku Maoli Ola. A graduate of KamehamehaSchool in 1993; obtained his Bachelor of Artsdegree in Zoology from the University of Hawai‘iin 1999, with a primary focus on Hawaii’s naturalhistory & the conservation of native biota; cofoundedHui Ku Maoli Ola in 1999.

USing PlAnTS To ATTRAcT nATivE inSEcTS AnD FAUnADiscussion will focus on how native plant landscapes can provide habitat for native invertebrates, such as the Koa and Kamehameha butterflies and birds while conserving water. Native plants also provide oppor-tunities for education and nature study, and cultural learning. Examples of plants to consider, seed sourc-ing and pre-planning, signage, and cooperative programs like National Wildlife Federation Certified Habitats will be addressed. Water features can also play a part in attracting invertebrates and birds.

Speaker: Steve MontgomeryDr. Steven Lee Montgomery is a bio-logical consultant and science educator experienced in terrestrial invertebrate ecology and botany in Hawai’i and the

Pacific. His survey reports regularly advise on the use of native plants for landscaping to provide refuge and food for native invertebrates and birds.

UPDATE on Two REcEnT invASivE PESTS in HAwAii, THE lobATE lAc ScAlE AnD THE bAnyAn STEm-gAlling wASPThe Lobate Lac Scale and the Banyan Stem-Galling Wasp are two invasive pests that arrived in Hawaii dur-ing 2012 and have become of concern to the landscape industry. Learn how to recognize these two insects, the plant species they affect, and their damage.

Speaker: Walter NagamineWalter Nagamine is an entomologist for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture working in the field of biological control.

EcologicAl nATivE PlAnT DESign Focusing on how to create successful landscapes using native plants, Leland and Richard will review examples of existing native landscape installations to explore what is working and how it’s working. The presentation will be a practical guide to choosing native plant combinations that look great and survive, techniques for planting that promote success, understanding how native land-scapes change and grow, and how to maintain native landscapes to enable them to evolve and mature into successful mini urban ecosystems.

Speakers: Leland Miyano (left) and Richard Quinn (bottom)Leland Miyano is an artist, landscape designer and author with a deep interest in the ecosystems of Hawaii. Richard Quinn is a landscape architect and Principal of Helber Hastert & Fee Planners in Honolulu, with a special interest in using native plants in urban landscapes.

REnovATing A 40 yEAR olD conDominiUm lAnDScAPERenovating an irrigation system at a 40 year old condominium is the easy part. Keeping your owners happy and ultimately keeping your job is the hard part. Learn the headaches and tricks we’ve discovered over the past 30 years to make the renovation as painless as possible and ultimately make you shine.

Speakers: Allan Schildknecht (left) and Jay DeputyAllan Schildknecht is Business Devel-opment Manager, Pacific Pipe. Co. Mr. Schildknecht has worked in the field of

landscape and golf irrigation design and consultation for more than 42 years. Almost 30 of those years was spent as an independent irrigation consulting working with clients on numerous projects through-out the world. Jay Deputy, retired from University of Hawaii in 2010 after 37 years of serving as Education Specialist in Landscape Horticulture. Jay is currently doing consulting in landscape maintenance and renovation.

BOX LuNCH PRESENTATION - 11:55 am – 12:50 pm

TRUE wiRElESS AnD oPc DATA PUSHingWhat does going wireless mean? Free from wires, of course. Wireless makes installing sensors, or remote control points more plug and play, and in many cases, it is cheaper than running wires .Sometimes that can come at a cost. I will be talking about how Motorola overcomes many obstacles when it comes to wireless technology, including Wireless Bridge, and Store and Forward. I will also touch on OPC- or Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control. Many Resorts, Golf Courses ,HOA’s and Municipalities today utilize automation systems for several functions. OPC enables data to be shared across other systems. From Building Automation systems, and HVAC, to Security systems and more. Often, advanced irriga-tion systems collect data that is valuable to other systems, like weather data. OPC reduces hardware costs, time, and allows for problems in the system to be detected quickly with a completely integrated system.

Speaker: Jordan HirschmannDirector of Marketing for Motorola Water Management, Responsible for positioning Motorola Water Manage-ment effectively in the Western United States, and Hawaii. Since joining Motorola Water Management has brought out significant growth in Motorola’s presence in North America. Jordan directs all aspects of Motorola Water Management’s overall short and long-term mar-keting efforts. He brings new thinking and innovations to Marketing that have had strong results.

How To EvAlUATE lAnDScAPE woRK AnD SElEcT lAnDScAPE conTRAcToRSLearn how to evaluate the condition of your property’s landscaping and what it takes to maintain it. Learn where to go for information to further educate yourself. Determine how to evaluate the performance of your staff and/or landscaping service provider.

Speakers: Ryan McDermott and Steve Nimz (left)Ryan McDermott manages the landscap-ing staff of Military Housing for Perfor-mance Landscapes. He is responsible for

over 400 acres of neighborhoods with 2,300 homes, 22 parks, and 2 community centers. Consulting Arborist for Steve Nimz and Associates Inc. with over 35 years of experience in the tree care industry.

SESSION 3 (12:55 pm – 1:50 pm)

UnDERUTilizED nATivE PlAnTS Lets grow for it with a broader plant pallete of native Hawaiian plants, improved cultivars and the right plant in the right habitat and soil type. Heidi will share some ideas about a broader variety of native plants for Hawaii gardens, as well as a few horticultural, soil and topdressings techniques for successful installation and long term attractive growth.

Speaker: Heidi BornhorstHeidi is a horticulturist, Arborist, garden writer and public speaker. She works as Landscape Manager at UH Manoa and as O‘ahu Coordinator for the

Breadfruit Institute. She cares for Veteran trees, public landscapes and incorporates xeriscapes and native Hawaiian plants into the gardens.

wHAT cAn lAnDScAPE PRoFESSionAlS lEARn FRom THE conSERvATion inDUSTRyWhat can the hundreds of experienced Hawaii landscape industry professionals, who install millions of plants and maintain thousands of acres and the people who have been implementing Ex-situ endan-gered plant conservation and reintroduction efforts in remote difficult locations across Hawaii learn from each others’ years of experience and how can they collaborate to achieve both their goals in the future?

Speaker: Bill GarnettBill Garnett is owner of Wiliwili Hawai-ian Plants and is a recognized expert in propagating and growing native Hawaiian plants and the recovery of rare

and endangered plants in the state of Hawaii. From 2002 - 2011, he worked as the Endangered Plant Horticulturalist at Kalaupapa National Historic Park on the island of Molokai. He has worked in Hawaii as a botanist, ecologist and horticulturalist for more than 29 years and has conducted botanical surveys and col-lected endangered and rare native Hawaiian plants on Oahu, Lanai, Kaho‘olawe, Moloka‘i, Maui and Hawaii Island. His primary work has focused on the recovery of Hawaii’s most endangered plants and restoration of native Hawaiian ecosystems on Oahu, Lanai and Molokai. He has also assisted with recovery and resto-ration projects on Hawaii, Kaho‘olawe and Laysan. His specialty is The horticultural and ecological aspects of restoration of Hawaiian lowland and coastal plant communities. Current projects include the Papa he‘e nalu forest at Mo‘omomi and acting as Pu‘u O Hoku Ranches’ native resource, conservation and landscape coordinator

wHiTE TERn SURvEy PRoTocol - SAving yoU A viSiT FRom STATE (mE) The White Tern is a migratory bird that is protected on the Federal and State levels. This bird is loved by citizens, and if they feel trimming is occurring, and may injure the young, they will call the authorities. This training will show you surveying protocols and alert you of the species status. You are the eyes and ears of this species vitality.

Speaker: Katie DoyleWhile working as a Nursery Supervisor with the City and County Department of Urban Forestry, I got my Tree Worker and Arborist from ISA. Now as a Wildlife Biologist for the State of Hawaii, I specialize in waterbirds and migratory fowl.

nATivE FERnS AnD DESigning nATivE PlAnT commUniTiESManaging ex situ native plant collections for long term display, research and education purposes can be challenging in that often little is known about the requirements of many rare native plants. Our goal has been to create displays that put these rare plants into areas of our gardens where they can be in growing conditions similar to the forests where they are found. We create communities of associated species, includ-ing ferns and epiphytes in soils similar to forest soils so the plants can thrive and go through their natural growth cycles.

Speaker: Michael J. De MottaBased out of the NTBG Headquarters in Kalaheo, Kauai, Mike De Motta is responsible for the management of the plant collections at NTBG’s McBryde

Garden, the nursery operation and consults with NTBG garden directors on plant care in all NTBG Hawaii gardens.

JUST wHAT mAKES A SmART conTRollER SmARTSpeaker: Larry Sarver President of TucorThere are three main drivers to an effective smart system. They consist of E.T.( weather or soil based), rain fall and flow monitoring. We will discuss what has the biggest impact on water conservation. We will demonstrate how in certain circumstances an effec-tive manager is more efficient in saving water than a smart controller yet still make the case for retroftting your systems to the new technology. Finally we will look at some new products that will make retrofitting existing systems much simpler.

SESSION 4 - 2:35 pm – 3:30 pm

BREAK 1:50 pm to 2:35 pm

THREATEnED & EnDAngERED lAw liSTEning SESSion - wHAT woRKS AnD DoESn’T woRK

Moderator: Chris DacusAn open forum to discuss what works and doesn’t work with the State’s Threatened & Endangered Laws and rules. The results of the session will be

54

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

7:00 am – 8:15 am Registration 7:45 am – 8:00 am Welcome by LICH President, Chris Dacus 8:00 am – 9:10 am LICH Sustainability Awards by Chris Dacus, Christy Martin, Richard Quinn

SESSION 1 - 9:20 am – 10:15 am

Room Track Session

1 Native Plant Propagation Propagating Native Plants BY KERIN LILLEENG-ROSENBERGER, Author of “Growing Hawaii’s Native Plants”

2 Native Plant Design Native Hawaiian Hibiscus BY LIZ HUPPMAN, Horticulturist, Lyon Arboretum

3 Arborist/Pesticide Pruning vs Heading Cuts: People’s Psychophysiological Responses to Tropical urban Tree Pruning in Hawaii BY DR. ANDY KAUFMAN, UH Associate Professor and Landscape Specialist

4 Native Plant Ecology Ecological Approaches to urban Native Plantings BY MATT KEIR, Rare Plant Program Manager, Oahu Army Natural Resources Program

5 Vendor Navigating Through the Choices and Features of Smart Irrigation Controllers BY MARTIN MIYASHIRO, Hunter Industries 10:15 am - 11:00 am BREAK - Trade show opens

SESSION 2 - 11:00 am – 11:55 am 1 Native Plant Propagation Ethical and Legal Collection of Native Species BY RICK BARBOZA, General Partner and Co-Founder, Hui ku Maoli Ola

2 Native Plant Design using Plants to Attract Native Insects and Fauna BY DR. STEVE MONTGOMERY, Biological Consultant and Science Educator

3 Arborist/Pesticide update Invasive Pests in Hawaii; Lobate Lac Scale and Banyan Stem-Galling Wasp BY WALTER NAGAMINE, Entomologist, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

4 Native Plant Ecology Ecological Native Plant Design Speakers: Leland Miyano and Richard Quinn, Helber Hastert & Fee Planners

5 Property Manager Renovating a 40 Year Old Condominium Landscape BY ALLAN SCHILDKNECHT, Business Development Manager, Pacific Pipe. Co. and Jay Deputy, Consultant and Retired UH Education Specialist in Landscape Horticulture.

Box Lunch Presentation – 11:55 am – 12:50 pm

1 Vendor True Wireless and OPC Data Pushing BY Jordan Hirschmann, Director of Marketing for Motorola Water Management

5 Property Manager How to Evaluate Landscape Work and Select Landscape Contractors By Ryan McDermott , Performance Landscapes and Steve Nimz, Steve Nimz & Associates SESSION 3 - 12:55 pm - 1:50 pm

1 Native Plant Propagation underutilized Native Plants BY HEIDI BORNHORST

2 Native Plant Design What Can Landscape Professionals Learn from the Conservation Industry? BY BILL GARNETT, Owner of Wiliwili hawaiian Plants

3 Arborist/Pesticide White Tern Survey Protocol - Saving You a visit from State (Me) BY KATIE DOYLE, Wildlife Biologist, State of Hawaii

Room Track Session

4 Native Plant Ecology Native Ferns and Designing Native Plant Communities BY MICHAEL DeMOTTA, Assistant Director Living Collections & Horticulture, NTBG

5 Vendor Just What Makes A Smart Controller Smart BY LARRY SARVER, President of Tucor

1:50 pm - 2:35 pm BREAK - Check out the trade show!

SESSION 4 - 2:35 pm – 3:30 pm

1 Native Plant Propagation Threatened & Endangered Law Listening Session - What Works and Doesn’t Work BY CHRIS DACUS, Arborist and Landscape architect Quick Fire Session Panel: Native Plant Alternatives to Ornamentals BY HEIDI BORNHORST, Horticulturist, Arborist, Writer and Public Speaker MICHAEL DEMOTTA, Assistant Director Living Collections Horticulture, NTBG (Kauai) RICK BARBOZA, General Partner and Co-Founder of Hui Ku Maoli

2 Arborist/Pesticide Building Better Gardens: Pollinator Friendly Landscaping in Hawaii BY ETHEL VILLALOBOS, Research and Educator, UH College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

3 Native Plant Ecology To Be Determined

4 Vendor To Be Determined

SESSION 5 - 3:35 pm - 4:30 pm 1 Native Plant Propagation Native Tissue Culture and Seed Storage BY NELLIE SUGII, Manager, Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program and TIM KRoeSSIg, Manager and Seed Specialist, Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program

2 Native Plant Design Native Plant Panel: The Myth or Truth About Native Plant Maintenance Moderator: hEidi BORNhORSt Panelists: RICK BARBOZA, RICK QUINN, MICHEAL DE MOTTA, MATT LYUM, KEVIN MULKERN, BOYD READY

3 Arborist/Pesticide Trunk Injections of Systemic Insecticides and Phosphorous Fertilizer for Treatment of Stem and Leaf Gall Wasps on Chinese Banyan BY DR. ZHIQIANG CHENG, Assistant Specialist (Turf and Landscape Pest Management), UH Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences

4 Arborist/Pesticide Restoration of Turfgrass Areas: Repair Instead of Replacement BY REY ITO, Owner and Operator of The Green doctor of hawaii

5 Native Plant Ecology Build Your Business with Smart Water Management BY JEFF WELCH, WeatherTrak

4:30 pm – 5:30 pm Trade Show Open Until 5:30pm Win The Grand Prize And Other Drawings!! 2 Nights At The Royal Hawaiian Resort And Hotel In Waikiki, Plus $100 Dinning Credit In Waikiki – $1,740 Value. Compliments of Kyo-Ya Hotels & Resorts

EvENING SOCIAL Evening Social at the Blaisdell4:30 pm – 7:00 pm Wine, pupus and live entertainment

6 7

used to discuss with the State of Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources.

nATivE PlAnT AlTERnATivES To oRnAmEn-TAlS – QUicK FiRE SESSion PAnElNative plant experts will provide a host of native plant alternatives to ornamental plants. Attendees are encouraged to ask the experts for great alternatives. Bring your latest planting list and discover which native plants meet your criteria.

Panel: Heidi Bornhorst, Michael DeMotta and Rick BarbozaHeidi is a horticulturist, Arborist, garden writer and public speaker. She works as Landscape Manager at UH Manoa and as O‘ahu Coordinator for the Bread-fruit Institute. She cares for Veteran trees, public landscapes and incorporates xeriscapes and native Hawaiian plants into the gardens. Michael J. De Motta, Assistant Director Living Collections & Horticulture, NTBG based out of the NTBG Headquarters in Kalaheo, Kauai, Mike De Motta is responsible for the manage-ment of the plant collections at NTBG’s McBryde Garden, the nursery operation and consults with NTBG garden directors on plant care in all NTBG Hawaii gar-dens. Rick Barboza is General Partner at Hui ku Maoli Ola. A graduate of Kamehameha School in 1993; obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Zoology from the University of Hawai‘i in 1999, with a primary focus on Hawaii’s natural history & the conservation of native biota; co-founded Hui Ku Maoli Ola in 1999.

bUilDing bETTER gARDEnS: PollinAToR FRiEnDly lAnDScAPing in HAwAiiHawaii’s tropical climate and varied floral resources provide ample opportunities to create uniquely styled gardens. Whether the space is a vegetable garden, an easy to maintain flowerbed arrange-ment, or an area to incorporate native plants, one common new trend in backyard landscaping is the tendency for these gardens to be friendlier towards birds, pollinators, and beneficial insects in general. The purpose of this presentation is to explore how to make these outdoor spaces more welcoming to insect pollinators. Learning to identify which insects can contribute to the “garden ecosystem” and how to provide resources for them. Familiarity with the plant-insect relationships will help owners and landscapers make better garden designs and more eco-friendly outdoor spaces.

Speaker: Ethel villalobosDr. Ethel Villalobos is a researcher and educator from the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. She is in charge of the University of

Hawaii Honeybee Project and works closely with beekeepers and farmers that need pollination for crop production.

SESSION 5 - 3:35 pm – 4:30 pm

nATivE TiSSUE cUlTURE AnD SEED SToRAgESince 1992, Lyon Arboretum’s research emphasis on conservation biology has led to the develop-

ment of the Hawaiian Rare Plant Program (HRPP), which focuses on the rescue and recovery of Hawai‘i’s most critically endangered plants. The HRPP assists in the prevention of further extinc-tion of Hawaii’s native plants by providing a cooperatively administered and fully integrated ex situ propagation and germplasm storage facility. To date, the in vitro micropropagation and seed storage laboratories and greenhouse facility has successfully grown and stored more than 300 of the 1400+ native Hawaiian plant taxa, through micropropagation, seed germination research and conventional horticultural methods. The Hawaiian Rare Plant Program is the only one of its kind in the State of Hawai‘i, and holds Hawai‘i’s largest and most diverse collection of native Hawaiian plant taxa.

Speakers: Nellie Sugii (left) and Alvin Yoshinaga (bottom)Nellie Sugii is the manager of the Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program. She is a trained horticulturist specializing in the propagation and germplasm storage of Hawaii’s native plant species. Alvin Yoshinaga is originally from Wailuku (Baldwin HS). BA in Biology from Stanford, MS in

Botany from Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, MBA from UH. Retired from UH in 2010. From 1992-2010, did research on storage of seeds of Hawaiian plants, founded seed bank and Seed Conservation Laboratory at Lyon Arboretum. Since retirement, divides time between retirement homes Honolulu and Chiang Mai, Thailand.

nATivE PlAnT PAnEl: THE myTH oR TRUTH AboUT nATivE PlAnT mAinTEnAncEAre native plants more difficult to maintain or do maintenance personnel lack the expertise? An expert panel moderated by Heidi Bornhorst will discuss The Myth or Truth About Native Plant MaintenanceModerator: Heidi Bornhorst Panelists: Rick Barboza, Rick Quinn, Micheal De Motta, Matt Lyum, Kevin Mulkern, Ethan Roman-chak, Boyd Ready

TRUnK inJEcTionS oF SySTEmic inSEcTiciDES AnD PHoSPHoRoUS FERTilizER FoR TREATmEnT oF STEm AnD lEAF gAll wASPS on cHinESE bAnyAn Chinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa) is a common landscape tree on many of the islands of Hawaii. The stem gall wasp appears to be widespread on Oahu and is present at Kahului on Maui and Hilo on the Big Island. Infestation of stems and leaves result in progressive dieback of branches that may eventually cause tree mortality. Imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate are two systemic insecticides known to have activity against gall-forming insects. This research is to evaluate the efficacy of injectable formulations of imidacloprid and emamectin benzo-ate alone or combined with phosphorous acid, for control stem and leaf gall wasps on Chinese banyan in Hawaii’s landscapes. We started this study in July

2013, and this presentation provides the research update (will be available at the time of 2013 LICH conference).

Speaker: Dr. Zhiqiang ChengDr. Zhiqiang Cheng is Assistant Specialist (Turf and Landscape Pest Management) in Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sci-

ences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr. Cheng obtained his Ph.D. degree (Environmental Science) from The Ohio State University (OSU), and worked in the Department of Entomology at OSU prior to joining University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr. Cheng has over 10 years of research experience working on the biology, ecology, and management of turfgrass and urban landscapes, as well as on soil ecology, and environmental bio-indicators.

RESToRATion oF TURFgRASS AREAS: REPAiR inSTEAD oF REPlAcEmEnTA cost effective plan for repairing and restoring turf areas. How to bring older lawns back to acceptable condition and keep them that way. Assessing the factors that caused the turf to decline in the first place. Implementing a program to regrow the exist-ing turf. Establishing maintenance protocols that increase the probability of long-term results.

Speaker: Rey ItoRey Ito is the owner and operator of The Green Doctor of Hawaii. A business specializing in fine turf maintenance, pest management for lawns/land-scapes, repair of distressed lawns/landscapes and consulting.

bUilD yoUR bUSinESS wiTH SmART wATER mAnAgEmEnTAs commercial clients and residential communi-ties stretch operating budgets and water rates continue to rise, landscape professionals now find that resource management is a vital component of the services they provide. Sustained water savings and efficient site design techniques and technolo-gies deliver value-added services and revenue to your business. An interactive, real-world approach to Smart Water Management 101, this presenta-tion starts at site assessment and irrigation system evaluation, spotlights proven solutions from central controllers down to sprinkler heads, and shows you how to build more dollars and client satisfaction by adding water data analysis, site performance reports and automated irrigation monitoring services to your business repertoire.

Speaker: Jeff WelchJeff Welch is a popular speaker and presenter at green industry and facility management events. Mr. Welch has provided Water Management Services

for notable national companies including Regency Centers, Transwestern Properties and Carl’s Jr. He currently specializes in helping contractors and their customers design and implement WeatherTRAK smart irrigation projects.

www.hawaiiscape.com/conference www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

7:00 am – 8:15 am Registration 7:45 am – 8:00 am Welcome by LICH President, Chris Dacus 8:00 am – 9:10 am LICH Sustainability Awards by Chris Dacus, Christy Martin, Richard Quinn

SESSION 1 - 9:20 am – 10:15 am

Room Track Session

1 Native Plant Propagation Propagating Native Plants BY KERIN LILLEENG-ROSENBERGER, Author of “Growing Hawaii’s Native Plants”

2 Native Plant Design Native Hawaiian Hibiscus BY LIZ HUPPMAN, Horticulturist, Lyon Arboretum

3 Arborist/Pesticide Pruning vs Heading Cuts: People’s Psychophysiological Responses to Tropical urban Tree Pruning in Hawaii BY DR. ANDY KAUFMAN, UH Associate Professor and Landscape Specialist

4 Native Plant Ecology Ecological Approaches to urban Native Plantings BY MATT KEIR, Rare Plant Program Manager, Oahu Army Natural Resources Program

5 Vendor Navigating Through the Choices and Features of Smart Irrigation Controllers BY MARTIN MIYASHIRO, Hunter Industries 10:15 am - 11:00 am BREAK - Trade show opens

SESSION 2 - 11:00 am – 11:55 am 1 Native Plant Propagation Ethical and Legal Collection of Native Species BY RICK BARBOZA, General Partner and Co-Founder, Hui ku Maoli Ola

2 Native Plant Design using Plants to Attract Native Insects and Fauna BY DR. STEVE MONTGOMERY, Biological Consultant and Science Educator

3 Arborist/Pesticide update Invasive Pests in Hawaii; Lobate Lac Scale and Banyan Stem-Galling Wasp BY WALTER NAGAMINE, Entomologist, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

4 Native Plant Ecology Ecological Native Plant Design Speakers: Leland Miyano and Richard Quinn, Helber Hastert & Fee Planners

5 Property Manager Renovating a 40 Year Old Condominium Landscape BY ALLAN SCHILDKNECHT, Business Development Manager, Pacific Pipe. Co. and Jay Deputy, Consultant and Retired UH Education Specialist in Landscape Horticulture.

Box Lunch Presentation – 11:55 am – 12:50 pm

1 Vendor True Wireless and OPC Data Pushing BY Jordan Hirschmann, Director of Marketing for Motorola Water Management

5 Property Manager How to Evaluate Landscape Work and Select Landscape Contractors By Ryan McDermott , Performance Landscapes and Steve Nimz, Steve Nimz & Associates SESSION 3 - 12:55 pm - 1:50 pm

1 Native Plant Propagation underutilized Native Plants BY HEIDI BORNHORST

2 Native Plant Design What Can Landscape Professionals Learn from the Conservation Industry? BY BILL GARNETT, Owner of Wiliwili hawaiian Plants

3 Arborist/Pesticide White Tern Survey Protocol - Saving You a visit from State (Me) BY KATIE DOYLE, Wildlife Biologist, State of Hawaii

Room Track Session

4 Native Plant Ecology Native Ferns and Designing Native Plant Communities BY MICHAEL DeMOTTA, Assistant Director Living Collections & Horticulture, NTBG

5 Vendor Just What Makes A Smart Controller Smart BY LARRY SARVER, President of Tucor

1:50 pm - 2:35 pm BREAK - Check out the trade show!

SESSION 4 - 2:35 pm – 3:30 pm

1 Native Plant Propagation Threatened & Endangered Law Listening Session - What Works and Doesn’t Work BY CHRIS DACUS, Arborist and Landscape architect Quick Fire Session Panel: Native Plant Alternatives to Ornamentals BY HEIDI BORNHORST, Horticulturist, Arborist, Writer and Public Speaker MICHAEL DEMOTTA, Assistant Director Living Collections Horticulture, NTBG (Kauai) RICK BARBOZA, General Partner and Co-Founder of Hui Ku Maoli

2 Arborist/Pesticide Building Better Gardens: Pollinator Friendly Landscaping in Hawaii BY ETHEL VILLALOBOS, Research and Educator, UH College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

3 Native Plant Ecology To Be Determined

4 Vendor To Be Determined

SESSION 5 - 3:35 pm - 4:30 pm 1 Native Plant Propagation Native Tissue Culture and Seed Storage BY NELLIE SUGII, Manager, Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program and TIM KRoeSSIg, Manager and Seed Specialist, Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program

2 Native Plant Design Native Plant Panel: The Myth or Truth About Native Plant Maintenance Moderator: hEidi BORNhORSt Panelists: RICK BARBOZA, RICK QUINN, MICHEAL DE MOTTA, MATT LYUM, KEVIN MULKERN, BOYD READY

3 Arborist/Pesticide Trunk Injections of Systemic Insecticides and Phosphorous Fertilizer for Treatment of Stem and Leaf Gall Wasps on Chinese Banyan BY DR. ZHIQIANG CHENG, Assistant Specialist (Turf and Landscape Pest Management), UH Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences

4 Arborist/Pesticide Restoration of Turfgrass Areas: Repair Instead of Replacement BY REY ITO, Owner and Operator of The Green doctor of hawaii

5 Native Plant Ecology Build Your Business with Smart Water Management BY JEFF WELCH, WeatherTrak

4:30 pm – 5:30 pm Trade Show Open Until 5:30pm Win The Grand Prize And Other Drawings!! 2 Nights At The Royal Hawaiian Resort And Hotel In Waikiki, Plus $100 Dinning Credit In Waikiki – $1,740 Value. Compliments of Kyo-Ya Hotels & Resorts

EvENING SOCIAL Evening Social at the Blaisdell4:30 pm – 7:00 pm Wine, pupus and live entertainment

6 7

used to discuss with the State of Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources.

nATivE PlAnT AlTERnATivES To oRnAmEn-TAlS – QUicK FiRE SESSion PAnElNative plant experts will provide a host of native plant alternatives to ornamental plants. Attendees are encouraged to ask the experts for great alternatives. Bring your latest planting list and discover which native plants meet your criteria.

Panel: Heidi Bornhorst, Michael DeMotta and Rick BarbozaHeidi is a horticulturist, Arborist, garden writer and public speaker. She works as Landscape Manager at UH Manoa and as O‘ahu Coordinator for the Bread-fruit Institute. She cares for Veteran trees, public landscapes and incorporates xeriscapes and native Hawaiian plants into the gardens. Michael J. De Motta, Assistant Director Living Collections & Horticulture, NTBG based out of the NTBG Headquarters in Kalaheo, Kauai, Mike De Motta is responsible for the manage-ment of the plant collections at NTBG’s McBryde Garden, the nursery operation and consults with NTBG garden directors on plant care in all NTBG Hawaii gar-dens. Rick Barboza is General Partner at Hui ku Maoli Ola. A graduate of Kamehameha School in 1993; obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Zoology from the University of Hawai‘i in 1999, with a primary focus on Hawaii’s natural history & the conservation of native biota; co-founded Hui Ku Maoli Ola in 1999.

bUilDing bETTER gARDEnS: PollinAToR FRiEnDly lAnDScAPing in HAwAiiHawaii’s tropical climate and varied floral resources provide ample opportunities to create uniquely styled gardens. Whether the space is a vegetable garden, an easy to maintain flowerbed arrange-ment, or an area to incorporate native plants, one common new trend in backyard landscaping is the tendency for these gardens to be friendlier towards birds, pollinators, and beneficial insects in general. The purpose of this presentation is to explore how to make these outdoor spaces more welcoming to insect pollinators. Learning to identify which insects can contribute to the “garden ecosystem” and how to provide resources for them. Familiarity with the plant-insect relationships will help owners and landscapers make better garden designs and more eco-friendly outdoor spaces.

Speaker: Ethel villalobosDr. Ethel Villalobos is a researcher and educator from the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. She is in charge of the University of

Hawaii Honeybee Project and works closely with beekeepers and farmers that need pollination for crop production.

SESSION 5 - 3:35 pm – 4:30 pm

nATivE TiSSUE cUlTURE AnD SEED SToRAgESince 1992, Lyon Arboretum’s research emphasis on conservation biology has led to the develop-

ment of the Hawaiian Rare Plant Program (HRPP), which focuses on the rescue and recovery of Hawai‘i’s most critically endangered plants. The HRPP assists in the prevention of further extinc-tion of Hawaii’s native plants by providing a cooperatively administered and fully integrated ex situ propagation and germplasm storage facility. To date, the in vitro micropropagation and seed storage laboratories and greenhouse facility has successfully grown and stored more than 300 of the 1400+ native Hawaiian plant taxa, through micropropagation, seed germination research and conventional horticultural methods. The Hawaiian Rare Plant Program is the only one of its kind in the State of Hawai‘i, and holds Hawai‘i’s largest and most diverse collection of native Hawaiian plant taxa.

Speakers: Nellie Sugii (left) and Alvin Yoshinaga (bottom)Nellie Sugii is the manager of the Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program. She is a trained horticulturist specializing in the propagation and germplasm storage of Hawaii’s native plant species. Alvin Yoshinaga is originally from Wailuku (Baldwin HS). BA in Biology from Stanford, MS in

Botany from Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, MBA from UH. Retired from UH in 2010. From 1992-2010, did research on storage of seeds of Hawaiian plants, founded seed bank and Seed Conservation Laboratory at Lyon Arboretum. Since retirement, divides time between retirement homes Honolulu and Chiang Mai, Thailand.

nATivE PlAnT PAnEl: THE myTH oR TRUTH AboUT nATivE PlAnT mAinTEnAncEAre native plants more difficult to maintain or do maintenance personnel lack the expertise? An expert panel moderated by Heidi Bornhorst will discuss The Myth or Truth About Native Plant MaintenanceModerator: Heidi Bornhorst Panelists: Rick Barboza, Rick Quinn, Micheal De Motta, Matt Lyum, Kevin Mulkern, Ethan Roman-chak, Boyd Ready

TRUnK inJEcTionS oF SySTEmic inSEcTiciDES AnD PHoSPHoRoUS FERTilizER FoR TREATmEnT oF STEm AnD lEAF gAll wASPS on cHinESE bAnyAn Chinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa) is a common landscape tree on many of the islands of Hawaii. The stem gall wasp appears to be widespread on Oahu and is present at Kahului on Maui and Hilo on the Big Island. Infestation of stems and leaves result in progressive dieback of branches that may eventually cause tree mortality. Imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate are two systemic insecticides known to have activity against gall-forming insects. This research is to evaluate the efficacy of injectable formulations of imidacloprid and emamectin benzo-ate alone or combined with phosphorous acid, for control stem and leaf gall wasps on Chinese banyan in Hawaii’s landscapes. We started this study in July

2013, and this presentation provides the research update (will be available at the time of 2013 LICH conference).

Speaker: Dr. Zhiqiang ChengDr. Zhiqiang Cheng is Assistant Specialist (Turf and Landscape Pest Management) in Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sci-

ences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr. Cheng obtained his Ph.D. degree (Environmental Science) from The Ohio State University (OSU), and worked in the Department of Entomology at OSU prior to joining University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr. Cheng has over 10 years of research experience working on the biology, ecology, and management of turfgrass and urban landscapes, as well as on soil ecology, and environmental bio-indicators.

RESToRATion oF TURFgRASS AREAS: REPAiR inSTEAD oF REPlAcEmEnTA cost effective plan for repairing and restoring turf areas. How to bring older lawns back to acceptable condition and keep them that way. Assessing the factors that caused the turf to decline in the first place. Implementing a program to regrow the exist-ing turf. Establishing maintenance protocols that increase the probability of long-term results.

Speaker: Rey ItoRey Ito is the owner and operator of The Green Doctor of Hawaii. A business specializing in fine turf maintenance, pest management for lawns/land-scapes, repair of distressed lawns/landscapes and consulting.

bUilD yoUR bUSinESS wiTH SmART wATER mAnAgEmEnTAs commercial clients and residential communi-ties stretch operating budgets and water rates continue to rise, landscape professionals now find that resource management is a vital component of the services they provide. Sustained water savings and efficient site design techniques and technolo-gies deliver value-added services and revenue to your business. An interactive, real-world approach to Smart Water Management 101, this presenta-tion starts at site assessment and irrigation system evaluation, spotlights proven solutions from central controllers down to sprinkler heads, and shows you how to build more dollars and client satisfaction by adding water data analysis, site performance reports and automated irrigation monitoring services to your business repertoire.

Speaker: Jeff WelchJeff Welch is a popular speaker and presenter at green industry and facility management events. Mr. Welch has provided Water Management Services

for notable national companies including Regency Centers, Transwestern Properties and Carl’s Jr. He currently specializes in helping contractors and their customers design and implement WeatherTRAK smart irrigation projects.

8 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

DEPARTMENTS

10 PRESIDENT’S MEMO

10 LICH NEWS

22 LOW HANGING FRUIT

24 ACACIA KOA

25 TURFGRASS

27 NATIVE TAXA REVIEW

30 TOOL TIPS

FEATURES

12 OAHU LICT EXAM RESULTS

15 PALAI NUI

18 KONA LICT EXAM RESULTS

20 NATIVE GRASS

26 HAWAIIAN COTTON

28 POLLINATORS

COVER STORIES

NATIVE PLANT POSTER

3 LICH CONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

16 HAWAIIAN HIBISCUS

16

Formed in June 1986, the Landscape Industry Council of Hawai‘i is a state wide alliance representing Hawaii’s landscape associations: Aloha Arborist Association, American Society of Landscape Architects Hawaii Chapter, Hawaii Association of Nurserymen, Hawaii Island Landscape Association, Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors, Hawaii Society of Urban Forestry Professionals, Kauai Landscape Industry Council, Maui Association of Landscape Professionals, Professional Grounds Management Society, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, and the Hawaii Professional Gardeners Association.

Landscape Industry Council of Hawai‘iP. O. Box 22938, Honolulu HI 96823-2938

EditorChristopher A. Dacuschris.dacus@gmail.com

Advertising SalesDana Anne Yeedana1@hawaii.rr.com

Lorra Naholowaalorranaholowaa@gmail.com

MembershipCheryl M. Dacuscheryldacus@yahoo.com

DesignerDarrell Ishida

Cover PhotoPhoto by Chris Dacus

2 0 1 3 B o A r D o f D I r e C t o r S

Chris Dacus Brandon AuPresident Vice PresidentMatt Lyum Rick QuinnTreasurer Secretary

Aaron Agsalda Chris McCulloughOrville Baldos Clifford MigitaChuck Chimera Karen OstborgCarl Evensen Edmundo ReyesRandy Liu Mark SuisoChristy Martin Josh Sand

Director EmeritusJay Deputy Steve NimzLelan Nishek Boyd ReadyGarrett Webb

Website SponsorsSharon’s Nursery, Ltd. Geotech Solutions, Inc.

Platinum SponsorsHawaiian Turfgrass.

MAHALO TO LICH OF HAWAII SPONSORS

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

11TH ANNUAL LICH CONFERENCE REGISTRATIONRegister here or at online at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

CONFERENCE, October 10th$125 member/$155 non-member: Includes all sessions, lunch, trade-show, free native plant poster, and evening social $125 / $155

Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________ Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________

Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________

NATIVE PLANT TOUR, October 11th (8:00am – 3:00pm)$30 per person: Includes lunch and a narrated tour to UH Manoa, Queen Kapiolani Gardens and Papahana Kuaola. Meeting location will be announced at the Conference. $30 per person

Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________ Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________

Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________

BECOME A LICH MEMBER TODAY!Individual Membership $30 per year (new or renewal)Company Membership (includes 1 individual) $30 per yearAdditional Employee Membership $15 per year $15 / $30

Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________ Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________ Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________

Total enclosed for Conference, Native Tour and Membership: ______________

Company Name __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Phone ______________________ Fax ________________________ Email ____________________________________________________ Website __________________________________________________

For more information contact Madeleine Shaw at 946-7055 or visit our website at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference.

Check payable to LICH and mail to:P.O. Box 22938, Honolulu, HI 96823-2938

By credit card (VISA or Master Card only):

Name on card __________________________________

Card number ___________________________________

Expiration date _______________________________This information will be kept strictly private and shredded upon clearance.

B Hayman Co. C&C Honolulu, Department of Environment Services - Storm Water Quality Container Storage Company DLNR - Division of Forestry & Wildlife Dura Plastics & T Christy Focus Industries

Hawaii Geophysical Services, LLCHawaii Grower Products / Pacific AgHawaiian Earth ProductsHawaiian Turf GrassHISCO / Atlantic Water GardensHunter IndustriesLandscape Industry Council of Hawaii

Motorola Water ManagementNetafim USAPaige ElectronicsRainbirdStarwood Hotels and Resorts, Waikiki/KyoyaSteve Nimz and AssociatesWaipahu Lawn Equipment Sales and Services

TRADE SHOW vENDORS (as of print date) Conference and tradeshow subject to change

8 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

DEPARTMENTS

10 PRESIDENT’S MEMO

10 LICH NEWS

22 LOW HANGING FRUIT

24 ACACIA KOA

25 TURFGRASS

27 NATIVE TAXA REVIEW

30 TOOL TIPS

FEATURES

12 OAHU LICT EXAM RESULTS

15 PALAI NUI

18 KONA LICT EXAM RESULTS

20 NATIVE GRASS

26 HAWAIIAN COTTON

28 POLLINATORS

COVER STORIES

NATIVE PLANT POSTER

3 LICH CONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

16 HAWAIIAN HIBISCUS

16

Formed in June 1986, the Landscape Industry Council of Hawai‘i is a state wide alliance representing Hawaii’s landscape associations: Aloha Arborist Association, American Society of Landscape Architects Hawaii Chapter, Hawaii Association of Nurserymen, Hawaii Island Landscape Association, Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors, Hawaii Society of Urban Forestry Professionals, Kauai Landscape Industry Council, Maui Association of Landscape Professionals, Professional Grounds Management Society, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, and the Hawaii Professional Gardeners Association.

Landscape Industry Council of Hawai‘iP. O. Box 22938, Honolulu HI 96823-2938

EditorChristopher A. Dacuschris.dacus@gmail.com

Advertising SalesDana Anne Yeedana1@hawaii.rr.com

Lorra Naholowaalorranaholowaa@gmail.com

MembershipCheryl M. Dacuscheryldacus@yahoo.com

DesignerDarrell Ishida

Cover PhotoPhoto by Chris Dacus

2 0 1 3 B o A r D o f D I r e C t o r S

Chris Dacus Brandon AuPresident Vice PresidentMatt Lyum Rick QuinnTreasurer Secretary

Aaron Agsalda Chris McCulloughOrville Baldos Clifford MigitaChuck Chimera Karen OstborgCarl Evensen Edmundo ReyesRandy Liu Mark SuisoChristy Martin Josh Sand

Director EmeritusJay Deputy Steve NimzLelan Nishek Boyd ReadyGarrett Webb

Website SponsorsSharon’s Nursery, Ltd. Geotech Solutions, Inc.

Platinum SponsorsHawaiian Turfgrass.

MAHALO TO LICH OF HAWAII SPONSORS

LICH GREEN INDUSTRYCONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW

11TH ANNUAL

11TH ANNUAL LICH CONFERENCE REGISTRATIONRegister here or at online at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference

CONFERENCE, October 10th$125 member/$155 non-member: Includes all sessions, lunch, trade-show, free native plant poster, and evening social $125 / $155

Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________ Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________

Name ______________________________________________ Member# _______________________ _______________

NATIVE PLANT TOUR, October 11th (8:00am – 3:00pm)$30 per person: Includes lunch and a narrated tour to UH Manoa, Queen Kapiolani Gardens and Papahana Kuaola. Meeting location will be announced at the Conference. $30 per person

Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________ Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________

Name __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________

BECOME A LICH MEMBER TODAY!Individual Membership $30 per year (new or renewal)Company Membership (includes 1 individual) $30 per yearAdditional Employee Membership $15 per year $15 / $30

Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________ Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________ Name _____________________________________________________________Circle: new or renew _______________

Total enclosed for Conference, Native Tour and Membership: ______________

Company Name __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Phone ______________________ Fax ________________________ Email ____________________________________________________ Website __________________________________________________

For more information contact Madeleine Shaw at 946-7055 or visit our website at www.hawaiiscape.com/conference.

Check payable to LICH and mail to:P.O. Box 22938, Honolulu, HI 96823-2938

By credit card (VISA or Master Card only):

Name on card __________________________________

Card number ___________________________________

Expiration date _______________________________This information will be kept strictly private and shredded upon clearance.

B Hayman Co. C&C Honolulu, Department of Environment Services - Storm Water Quality Container Storage Company DLNR - Division of Forestry & Wildlife Dura Plastics & T Christy Focus Industries

Hawaii Geophysical Services, LLCHawaii Grower Products / Pacific AgHawaiian Earth ProductsHawaiian Turf GrassHISCO / Atlantic Water GardensHunter IndustriesLandscape Industry Council of Hawaii

Motorola Water ManagementNetafim USAPaige ElectronicsRainbirdStarwood Hotels and Resorts, Waikiki/KyoyaSteve Nimz and AssociatesWaipahu Lawn Equipment Sales and Services

TRADE SHOW vENDORS (as of print date) Conference and tradeshow subject to change

10 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 11THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

LIC.ABC-10825

808-245-7747

Mon. - Fri. 7:30-5 / Sat. 7:30-4WEB: www.kauainursery.comMAIL: knl@kauanursery.com

Toll Free: 888-345-7747 Fax: 808-245-9289

3-1550 Kaumualii HwyLihue, Kauai, HI 96766

CERTIFIED EXPORT NURSERYINTERISLAND SHIPPING

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE& DESIGN/BUILD

RESORT, COMMERCIAL & RESIDENTIALINSTALLATION / MAINTENANCE

CCERTIFIED LANDSCAPE TECHNICIANSARBORISTS

IRRIGATION DESIGNINSTALLATION/REPAIR

KAUAI NURSEY &LANDSCAPING, INC.

60,000 SF Greenhouses 150 Acres of Plants & MaterialLARGEST NURSERY SELECTION ON KAUAI

03-10-09/0000229489

KOOLAU SEEDS & SUPPLY R 2.00 X 2.00

3009 PMP-PENARO Proofed By: jmahoney

Susan OwenManager

Contact

(808) 239-1280 Office

(808) 239-2151 Fax

E-mailowens001@hawaii.rr.com

48-373 G Kamehameha HwyKaneohe, Hawaii 96744

Susan OwenManager

Contact

(808) 239-1280 Office

(808) 239-2151 Fax

E-mailowens001@hawaii.rr.com

48-373 G Kamehameha HwyKaneohe, Hawaii 96744

Why should I use native species on

my projects?That’s a question that I hear too often and the

answer is really simple. While we can use colorful and more hardy ornamentals from elsewhere – why would we want to look like every other tropical island? If that’s not enough, consider the dire situation of the Hawaiian dry grassland forest habitat, which hosts most of our human developments – it’s one of the most endangered habitats on the planet. The footprint of our cities host less than 1% native species. Either the future is 0% or 2%. Let’s keep Hawaii, Hawaii. Make native plants part of your projects.

This issue celebrates Hawaii’s native species. The issue features some great articles on native Hawaiian grasses, native cotton, the Palai nui fern, native plant projects, Hawaiian Hibiscus, a review of the native taxa, and many other articles. We even included a surprise, our first ever centerfold poster! It’s about native species that are perfect for landscaping projects. The front is designed for the consumer with large images and QR codes to scan for more information while the back is designed for the business office with more detailed information. Find a location where it will do the most good and be enjoyed for many years.

And that’s not all, this issue features our confer-ence guide. October will be our 11th LICH Confer-ence and this year it has a native plant theme with 14 sessions on topics never presented at the confer-ence. The day after conference tour will tour native plant gardens.

Mark your calendar for October 10th and go online today and reserve your tickets at www.hawaiiscape.com.

Sincerely,

Chris DacusPresident | Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii

President'sCOLUMN

aloha arborist associatioN PreseNts trees aNd the law with deNNis YNiguez

lich MeMbers helP get the graYwater bill Passed

liaNa bisch JoiNs geobuNga MarKetiNg teaM

Maggie Sporck is the new state Botanist for the Division of Forestry and Wildlife Department of Land & Natural Resources. Maggie provides statewide profes-sional botanical services and tech-nical expertise to DLNR/DOFAW staff and partners concerning the conservation and protection of Hawaii’s unique native plants and associated habitats. Additionally, she oversees the Hawaii Rare Plant Program; permitting for threatened and endangered (T&E)

plants and permitting for com-mercial sales of T & E plants; and she collaborates with a variety of entities with the common goal of advancing conservation of native plants.

Maggie received her Ph.D. in Botany with a specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Conser-vation Biology from University of Hawaii in 2011. Her Ph.D. work focused on the ecophysiology of the native Hawaii Euphorbia radiation.

Maggie Sporck, State Botanist

Dennis is a Certified Arborist, Registered Consulting Arbor-ist, and Attorney at Law with three decades of experience as a practicing arborist in Califor-nia. He is a past president of the American Society of Consulting Arborists and has served on their national faculty for 12 years. His current practice includes tree health and risk assessment, fo-rensic examinations, evaluation of tree-related casualty claims, and resolution of tree-related disputes.

What does “the law” expect

of you? What can you do with encroaching roots and branches? What about tree/view disputes? How about tree/solar panel conflicts? What should you know to work confidently and stay out of trouble?

Event is on Friday, September 20, 2013 from 8:00am – 4:00pm (lunch provided) at the Ala Wai Golf Course. Cost is $125 per per-son (LICH, WCISA, AAA Member $ 100.00 per person)

Arborist CEU’S Available- 6.0. For more information call 734-5963 or email Steve@stevenimz.com

W h A T S h A P P E N i N G

NEWSlich

New state botaNist Photo courtesy: GOVERNOR’S OFFICE

Left to Right: Senator Malama Solomon, Governor Neil Abercrombie, Kyle Sasaki and Chris Dacus

Phot

o co

urte

sy: G

EOB

UN

GA

Photo courtesy: MAGGIE SPORCK

Correction to July/August issueIn the article KLIC plans Certified Tree Worker exam prep classes in

our July/August 2013 issue, the author, Carol Kwan stated, “There aren’t any Certified Tree Workers on Kauai…” That is incorrect. It should have said “There aren’t any Certified Tree Worker Aerial Lift Specialists on Kauai…” There are currently eight Certified Tree Worker Climbing Specialists on Kauai, including Jim Campbell who brought the error to Carol’s attention.

Your testimony letters and emails help make our state more sustainable! Just goes to show that you can make a differ-ence. LICH and ASLA representatives attended the Governor’s bill signing on August 26th of Senate Bill 454 Relating to Water Conservation by encourag-ing the use of graywater for irrigation purposes. Graywater is wastewater generated from domestic activities such

as laundry or bathing, which can be re-cycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation. Graywater usage is essential with the rising cost of water & sewer, increase in population & strains on water supply and the high cost of energy to transport water. It saves our precious water for human consumption. Senator Solomon is a true leader and really made this change happen. Mahalo nui loa.

NOV/DECTheme: Herbicides, Insecticides & Fertilizers/ Sustainability AwardsStory Deadline: October 18th

JAN/FEB 2014Theme: Low Impact DevelopmentStory Deadline: December 13th

MAR/APR 2014Theme: Erosion ControlStory Deadline: February 7th

Upcoming ISSUES:Tell a great story! Email the editor at chris.dacus@gmail.com.

Bisch has 18 years of experi-ence in sales and market-ing and visual merchandising where she most recently served as an independent contractor for Hawaii-based clientele. Prior to that, she served as sales and marketing manager for Ultimate Innovations and Hawaiian Earth Products where she was responsible for all outside and inside sales, generating leads, growing its client base, and developing contracts for vari-ous projects

Liana Bisch

HAWAIISCAPE.COM CALENDAR OF EvENTSSep 20Tress and the LawAla Wai Golf Course, Honolulu

Sep 21The Outdoor RoomLyon Arboretum, Honolulu

Oct 4Mealani’s Taste of the Hawaiian Range & Agriculture FestivalHilton Waikoloa Village, Big Island

Oct 10LICH Conference & TradeshowNeal Blaisdell Center, Honolulu

Oct 12The Succulent GardenLyon Arboretum, Honolulu

Oct 12Certified Arborist/Certified Tree Worker ExamsHonolulu, HI

10 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 11THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

LIC.ABC-10825

808-245-7747

Mon. - Fri. 7:30-5 / Sat. 7:30-4WEB: www.kauainursery.comMAIL: knl@kauanursery.com

Toll Free: 888-345-7747 Fax: 808-245-9289

3-1550 Kaumualii HwyLihue, Kauai, HI 96766

CERTIFIED EXPORT NURSERYINTERISLAND SHIPPING

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE& DESIGN/BUILD

RESORT, COMMERCIAL & RESIDENTIALINSTALLATION / MAINTENANCE

CCERTIFIED LANDSCAPE TECHNICIANSARBORISTS

IRRIGATION DESIGNINSTALLATION/REPAIR

KAUAI NURSEY &LANDSCAPING, INC.

60,000 SF Greenhouses 150 Acres of Plants & MaterialLARGEST NURSERY SELECTION ON KAUAI

03-10-09/0000229489

KOOLAU SEEDS & SUPPLY R 2.00 X 2.00

3009 PMP-PENARO Proofed By: jmahoney

Susan OwenManager

Contact

(808) 239-1280 Office

(808) 239-2151 Fax

E-mailowens001@hawaii.rr.com

48-373 G Kamehameha HwyKaneohe, Hawaii 96744

Susan OwenManager

Contact

(808) 239-1280 Office

(808) 239-2151 Fax

E-mailowens001@hawaii.rr.com

48-373 G Kamehameha HwyKaneohe, Hawaii 96744

Why should I use native species on

my projects?That’s a question that I hear too often and the

answer is really simple. While we can use colorful and more hardy ornamentals from elsewhere – why would we want to look like every other tropical island? If that’s not enough, consider the dire situation of the Hawaiian dry grassland forest habitat, which hosts most of our human developments – it’s one of the most endangered habitats on the planet. The footprint of our cities host less than 1% native species. Either the future is 0% or 2%. Let’s keep Hawaii, Hawaii. Make native plants part of your projects.

This issue celebrates Hawaii’s native species. The issue features some great articles on native Hawaiian grasses, native cotton, the Palai nui fern, native plant projects, Hawaiian Hibiscus, a review of the native taxa, and many other articles. We even included a surprise, our first ever centerfold poster! It’s about native species that are perfect for landscaping projects. The front is designed for the consumer with large images and QR codes to scan for more information while the back is designed for the business office with more detailed information. Find a location where it will do the most good and be enjoyed for many years.

And that’s not all, this issue features our confer-ence guide. October will be our 11th LICH Confer-ence and this year it has a native plant theme with 14 sessions on topics never presented at the confer-ence. The day after conference tour will tour native plant gardens.

Mark your calendar for October 10th and go online today and reserve your tickets at www.hawaiiscape.com.

Sincerely,

Chris DacusPresident | Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii

President'sCOLUMN

aloha arborist associatioN PreseNts trees aNd the law with deNNis YNiguez

lich MeMbers helP get the graYwater bill Passed

liaNa bisch JoiNs geobuNga MarKetiNg teaM

Maggie Sporck is the new state Botanist for the Division of Forestry and Wildlife Department of Land & Natural Resources. Maggie provides statewide profes-sional botanical services and tech-nical expertise to DLNR/DOFAW staff and partners concerning the conservation and protection of Hawaii’s unique native plants and associated habitats. Additionally, she oversees the Hawaii Rare Plant Program; permitting for threatened and endangered (T&E)

plants and permitting for com-mercial sales of T & E plants; and she collaborates with a variety of entities with the common goal of advancing conservation of native plants.

Maggie received her Ph.D. in Botany with a specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Conser-vation Biology from University of Hawaii in 2011. Her Ph.D. work focused on the ecophysiology of the native Hawaii Euphorbia radiation.

Maggie Sporck, State Botanist

Dennis is a Certified Arborist, Registered Consulting Arbor-ist, and Attorney at Law with three decades of experience as a practicing arborist in Califor-nia. He is a past president of the American Society of Consulting Arborists and has served on their national faculty for 12 years. His current practice includes tree health and risk assessment, fo-rensic examinations, evaluation of tree-related casualty claims, and resolution of tree-related disputes.

What does “the law” expect

of you? What can you do with encroaching roots and branches? What about tree/view disputes? How about tree/solar panel conflicts? What should you know to work confidently and stay out of trouble?

Event is on Friday, September 20, 2013 from 8:00am – 4:00pm (lunch provided) at the Ala Wai Golf Course. Cost is $125 per per-son (LICH, WCISA, AAA Member $ 100.00 per person)

Arborist CEU’S Available- 6.0. For more information call 734-5963 or email Steve@stevenimz.com

W h A T S h A P P E N i N G

NEWSlich

New state botaNist Photo courtesy: GOVERNOR’S OFFICE

Left to Right: Senator Malama Solomon, Governor Neil Abercrombie, Kyle Sasaki and Chris Dacus

Phot

o co

urte

sy: G

EOB

UN

GA

Photo courtesy: MAGGIE SPORCK

Correction to July/August issueIn the article KLIC plans Certified Tree Worker exam prep classes in

our July/August 2013 issue, the author, Carol Kwan stated, “There aren’t any Certified Tree Workers on Kauai…” That is incorrect. It should have said “There aren’t any Certified Tree Worker Aerial Lift Specialists on Kauai…” There are currently eight Certified Tree Worker Climbing Specialists on Kauai, including Jim Campbell who brought the error to Carol’s attention.

Your testimony letters and emails help make our state more sustainable! Just goes to show that you can make a differ-ence. LICH and ASLA representatives attended the Governor’s bill signing on August 26th of Senate Bill 454 Relating to Water Conservation by encourag-ing the use of graywater for irrigation purposes. Graywater is wastewater generated from domestic activities such

as laundry or bathing, which can be re-cycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation. Graywater usage is essential with the rising cost of water & sewer, increase in population & strains on water supply and the high cost of energy to transport water. It saves our precious water for human consumption. Senator Solomon is a true leader and really made this change happen. Mahalo nui loa.

NOV/DECTheme: Herbicides, Insecticides & Fertilizers/ Sustainability AwardsStory Deadline: October 18th

JAN/FEB 2014Theme: Low Impact DevelopmentStory Deadline: December 13th

MAR/APR 2014Theme: Erosion ControlStory Deadline: February 7th

Upcoming ISSUES:Tell a great story! Email the editor at chris.dacus@gmail.com.

Bisch has 18 years of experi-ence in sales and market-ing and visual merchandising where she most recently served as an independent contractor for Hawaii-based clientele. Prior to that, she served as sales and marketing manager for Ultimate Innovations and Hawaiian Earth Products where she was responsible for all outside and inside sales, generating leads, growing its client base, and developing contracts for vari-ous projects

Liana Bisch

HAWAIISCAPE.COM CALENDAR OF EvENTSSep 20Tress and the LawAla Wai Golf Course, Honolulu

Sep 21The Outdoor RoomLyon Arboretum, Honolulu

Oct 4Mealani’s Taste of the Hawaiian Range & Agriculture FestivalHilton Waikoloa Village, Big Island

Oct 10LICH Conference & TradeshowNeal Blaisdell Center, Honolulu

Oct 12The Succulent GardenLyon Arboretum, Honolulu

Oct 12Certified Arborist/Certified Tree Worker ExamsHonolulu, HI

HAWAIISCAPE.Com 13THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

On Friday afternoon, the weather forecast was for Tropical Storm Henriette to move south of the islands, bringing an increase in

showers over the weekend.On a gloomy Saturday morning on Au-

gust 10, 2013, at the University of Hawai‘i’s Waimanalo Research Station, 47 candi-dates participated in the practical portion of the Oahu Landscape Industry Certi-fied Technician (LICT) exam, formerly known as CLT or Certified Landscape Technician. Candidates were tested on situational problems in turf maintenance, ornamental maintenance, and irrigation. In addition to the practical portion of the exam, each candidate took a 2½ hour written exam, which was held on August 7, 2013, at the Oahu Urban Garden Center in Pearl City.

There were 19 turf maintenance, 5 orna-mental maintenance, and 7 irrigation first-time candidates along with 16 retakes in various modules. The exam began at 6:00 a.m. in the dark and stormy weather, and was completed around 3:00 p.m., when the skies began to clear. It was a blessing to see that all of the candidates completed their mission and performed well and safely.

Leading up to the exam, the major-ity of the candidates attended a general landscape training course conducted by the Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors Association (HLICA) at the Oahu Urban Garden Center. Candidates met a few times a week from 5:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. for classroom training and an equipment field day on a Saturday for hands-on training. An additional training course in advanced irrigation was held over 2½ days. These courses are intended to provide general knowledge in land-scaping, pesticides, horticulture, arbori-culture, irrigation, and more.

With the retirement of Jay Deputy as the LICT Administrator, Garrett Webb, of Kalaoa Gardens on Hawai‘i Island, took

the helm for this year’s exam. State Chair Matt Lyum of Performance Landscapes, Island Chairs Mike Johnson, LICT, of Landscape Hawaii, and Brandon Au, LICT, of Honolulu’s Department of Parks and Recreation, were responsible for coordinating the logistics for exam day, preparing the exam site, and securing and supervising the judges required to evalu-ate the performance of each candidate.

The success of this year’s exam was possible due to the dedicated and hard-working Section Chairs, JTAs, judges, and volunteers. All of them took time out of their busy schedule to help set up and breakdown their module, worked together in the spirit of camaraderie, and had fun meeting new industry people or catching up with past acquaintances. We would like to recognize each person and the business they represent:

Aaron Agsalda LICT, Royal Palm Construction and LandscapingAaron Swafford LICT, Hawaii Landscape CorporationAllan Schildknecht Pacific Pipe CompanyAndrew Kendall LICT, Kendall Landscape ServicesAolani Section Chair, Yamasato-Gragas AGY, LLCBenny Abrigado LICT, Performance LandscapesBruce Guard Pacific Pipe CompanyCalvin Kalilimoku LICT, Hawaii Job CorpsCarlton Luka Section Chair, LICTCharles Winder LICT, National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at PunchbowlCraig Ball JTA, LICT, Landscape HawaiiDale Sato Oahu Urban Garden Center

Darryl Barbadillo LICT, Landscape HawaiiDavid Haili LICT, Landscape HawaiiDwight Fogle LICT, BYU HawaiiErwin Amigo LICT, Starwood Hotels and ResortsHenry Miner LICT, Hawaii Landscape CorporationJason Ezell Imua Landscaping Co. Inc.Jim Kinney Section Chair, HISCOKaren Ostborg Landscape Industry Council of HawaiiKenneth Combs LICTLauro Nilo LICT, LPN LandscapingMadeleine Shaw Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors AssociationMarge Chikamoto Pacific Agricultural Sales and ServicesMark Isobe LICT, Hawaii Convention Center

Mark Magarifugi LICT, Ohana Nui ManagementMicah Furuyama Green ThumbMJ Fogarty HISCONicholas Huntsman Performance LandscapesNorman Allen JTA, LICT, Royal Palm Construction and LandscapingRey Ito The Green Doctor of HawaiiRichard Tomisa LICT, Cardinal Maintenance ServiceRob Dunford Crop Production ServicesRodney Nakashima LICT, Starwood Hotels and ResortsRudy Laforga LICT, KN Lawn ServiceSeamas Mercado LICTSteve Ebisuya LICT, Doris Duke FoundationSteve Nimz Steve Nimz and Associates, LLCSunsiree Nauka LICT, KN Lawn Service

The LICT program was delighted again by the participation from loyal LICH sponsors. To address the call of hungry candidates, judges, and volunteers, a plate lunch buffet was provided by Rob Dunford from Crop Production Services for the mandatory judge’s meeting held

on Friday, an abundance of snacks, water, and assorted beverages for exam day were contributed by Marge Chikamoto from Pacific Agricultural Sales and Services, and a BBQ lunch buffet was prepared at the exam site by Leonard Smith and the guys from Ness Turf Equipment/Haw-

braviNgthe storMBy BrANDoN Au

Photo: CHRIS DACUS

12 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

Mahalo to the geNerous sPoNsors who Made the lict exaM Possible

thorne. In addition, a $100 dining credit, compliments of Starwood Hotels and Resorts, arranged by Randy Liu, LICT, and a donation from See Ba Thee from Ali‘i Turf were prizes for the drawing held at the judge’s meeting.

Major sponsors who provided dona-

Aolani Yamasato-Gragas taking a break from the rain (top). Brandon Au announcing the next round of the test (right)

HAWAIISCAPE.Com 13THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

On Friday afternoon, the weather forecast was for Tropical Storm Henriette to move south of the islands, bringing an increase in

showers over the weekend.On a gloomy Saturday morning on Au-

gust 10, 2013, at the University of Hawai‘i’s Waimanalo Research Station, 47 candi-dates participated in the practical portion of the Oahu Landscape Industry Certi-fied Technician (LICT) exam, formerly known as CLT or Certified Landscape Technician. Candidates were tested on situational problems in turf maintenance, ornamental maintenance, and irrigation. In addition to the practical portion of the exam, each candidate took a 2½ hour written exam, which was held on August 7, 2013, at the Oahu Urban Garden Center in Pearl City.

There were 19 turf maintenance, 5 orna-mental maintenance, and 7 irrigation first-time candidates along with 16 retakes in various modules. The exam began at 6:00 a.m. in the dark and stormy weather, and was completed around 3:00 p.m., when the skies began to clear. It was a blessing to see that all of the candidates completed their mission and performed well and safely.

Leading up to the exam, the major-ity of the candidates attended a general landscape training course conducted by the Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors Association (HLICA) at the Oahu Urban Garden Center. Candidates met a few times a week from 5:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. for classroom training and an equipment field day on a Saturday for hands-on training. An additional training course in advanced irrigation was held over 2½ days. These courses are intended to provide general knowledge in land-scaping, pesticides, horticulture, arbori-culture, irrigation, and more.

With the retirement of Jay Deputy as the LICT Administrator, Garrett Webb, of Kalaoa Gardens on Hawai‘i Island, took

the helm for this year’s exam. State Chair Matt Lyum of Performance Landscapes, Island Chairs Mike Johnson, LICT, of Landscape Hawaii, and Brandon Au, LICT, of Honolulu’s Department of Parks and Recreation, were responsible for coordinating the logistics for exam day, preparing the exam site, and securing and supervising the judges required to evalu-ate the performance of each candidate.

The success of this year’s exam was possible due to the dedicated and hard-working Section Chairs, JTAs, judges, and volunteers. All of them took time out of their busy schedule to help set up and breakdown their module, worked together in the spirit of camaraderie, and had fun meeting new industry people or catching up with past acquaintances. We would like to recognize each person and the business they represent:

Aaron Agsalda LICT, Royal Palm Construction and LandscapingAaron Swafford LICT, Hawaii Landscape CorporationAllan Schildknecht Pacific Pipe CompanyAndrew Kendall LICT, Kendall Landscape ServicesAolani Section Chair, Yamasato-Gragas AGY, LLCBenny Abrigado LICT, Performance LandscapesBruce Guard Pacific Pipe CompanyCalvin Kalilimoku LICT, Hawaii Job CorpsCarlton Luka Section Chair, LICTCharles Winder LICT, National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at PunchbowlCraig Ball JTA, LICT, Landscape HawaiiDale Sato Oahu Urban Garden Center

Darryl Barbadillo LICT, Landscape HawaiiDavid Haili LICT, Landscape HawaiiDwight Fogle LICT, BYU HawaiiErwin Amigo LICT, Starwood Hotels and ResortsHenry Miner LICT, Hawaii Landscape CorporationJason Ezell Imua Landscaping Co. Inc.Jim Kinney Section Chair, HISCOKaren Ostborg Landscape Industry Council of HawaiiKenneth Combs LICTLauro Nilo LICT, LPN LandscapingMadeleine Shaw Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors AssociationMarge Chikamoto Pacific Agricultural Sales and ServicesMark Isobe LICT, Hawaii Convention Center

Mark Magarifugi LICT, Ohana Nui ManagementMicah Furuyama Green ThumbMJ Fogarty HISCONicholas Huntsman Performance LandscapesNorman Allen JTA, LICT, Royal Palm Construction and LandscapingRey Ito The Green Doctor of HawaiiRichard Tomisa LICT, Cardinal Maintenance ServiceRob Dunford Crop Production ServicesRodney Nakashima LICT, Starwood Hotels and ResortsRudy Laforga LICT, KN Lawn ServiceSeamas Mercado LICTSteve Ebisuya LICT, Doris Duke FoundationSteve Nimz Steve Nimz and Associates, LLCSunsiree Nauka LICT, KN Lawn Service

The LICT program was delighted again by the participation from loyal LICH sponsors. To address the call of hungry candidates, judges, and volunteers, a plate lunch buffet was provided by Rob Dunford from Crop Production Services for the mandatory judge’s meeting held

on Friday, an abundance of snacks, water, and assorted beverages for exam day were contributed by Marge Chikamoto from Pacific Agricultural Sales and Services, and a BBQ lunch buffet was prepared at the exam site by Leonard Smith and the guys from Ness Turf Equipment/Haw-

braviNgthe storMBy BrANDoN Au

Photo: CHRIS DACUS

12 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

Mahalo to the geNerous sPoNsors who Made the lict exaM Possible

thorne. In addition, a $100 dining credit, compliments of Starwood Hotels and Resorts, arranged by Randy Liu, LICT, and a donation from See Ba Thee from Ali‘i Turf were prizes for the drawing held at the judge’s meeting.

Major sponsors who provided dona-

Aolani Yamasato-Gragas taking a break from the rain (top). Brandon Au announcing the next round of the test (right)

14 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 15THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

PERMEABLE PAVERS MAKE PROJECTS POSSIBLE

GO GREEN WITH THE AQUAPAVE PERMEABLE ON SITE STORMWATER SOURCE CONTROL SYSTEM

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BENEFITS NO SLOPING REQUIRED INFILTRATES UP TO 354 INCHES OF RUNOFF AN

HOUR ROOF WATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER TABLE RECHARGING WATER HARVESTING OIL CONTAMINATES MANAGEMENT FILTERING & TREATMENT OF POLLUTANTS LOWER CONSTRUCTION & LIFE CYCLE COSTS 30-40 YEAR LIFESPAN SLIP AND SKID RESISTANT UP TO 12 LEED POINTS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS CONSIDERED A BMP COMPLIES WITH NPDES PAVERS CAN BE ENGRAVED FOR FUNDRAISING

APPLICATIONS PARKING LOTS RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAYS COMMERCIAL ENTRANCES SIDEWALKS PLAZAS LOW SPEED RESIDENTIAL ROADS

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT FUTURA STONE OF HAWAII

WWW.FUTURASTONEHAWAII.COM

841-7433 C23741

Microlepia speluncae is a large indigenous na-tive fern that has great potential for use in native landscapes. It has not been available

for landscape use in Hawaii until recently, though it is an attractive and relatively easy fern to grow. Its Hawaiian name is not known. For convenience, it is locally being called “palai nui” (big fern).

Native to other pan tropical locations as well as Hawaii, Palai nui grows in shade or part-shade, and does best with moderate

wind protection. Plant it in good loose soil with organics. It can tolerate a few hours of direct sunlight and be fine. It requires a moderate amount of water, less than Hapu‘u, more than Kupukupu, but can be drought tolerant for short periods and recover. In a typical urban garden setting, it probably will do best with about three wa-terings per week. It’s related to Palapalai fern (Microlepia strigosa), but is bigger and more open in form. Be aware though that unlike Palapalai, the Palai nui fern cannot be used in Haku lei, as the leaf goes limp very quickly when cut. This gives the plant its other com-

mon name “Limp Leaf Fern”, and is a quick way to distinguish it from Palapalai.

Palai nui is ultimately a large size fern, with attractive light green fronds that can extend over 4 feet in height and spread. It has a fresh “rain forest” appearance that will add a touch of lushness and coolness to the garden. It is Rhizome creeping, so give it some room and let it crawl, or plan on taking root cuttings from established plants as they grow (divide the rhizome where it forks), to propagate it for use elsewhere, or

RiChARD QUiNN

COLUMNnative

Palai Nui

See PALAi NUi on page 23

aN over-looKed Native FerN

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tions, including equipment rental and materials used for the exam, were B. Hay-man Company, Diamond Head Sprinkler Supply, HISCO, Hawaiian Rent All, Koba’s Nursery, Landscape Equipment and Supply, Landscape Hawaii, Pacific Pipe Company, Southern Turf Hawaii, and the University of Hawai‘i’s College of Tropi-cal Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).

At the end of the long, drenched, and rigorous day, 14 candidates successfully completed all of requirements needed to achieve an LICT certification. Obtaining an LICT certification demonstrates that the candidate is competent and com-prehends the basic knowledge of land-scaping. This is a stepping stone for the candidate to broaden their skill level and work towards a greater understanding of the industry. Newly certified LICTs are listed below:

Turf MaintenanceCharles Watson Hawaii Job CorpsDarryl Barbadillo Landscape HawaiiEdgardo S. Armas LPN Landscaping and Tree Service Jeffrey Paradise Landscape Baguio-Lameg Maintenance

Roderick Sanchez Self EmployedRonald E. DeSilva Landscape HawaiiRoss K. Shiroma Landscape HawaiiWillis Sanchez Professional Landscape Management

Ornamental MaintenanceRoxane Orian Cardinal Maintenance Services

IrrigationAlexander Wietecha AM LandscapingBenjamin Sahagun Hawaiian TurfgrassJason Ezell

LICT is a national certification ad-ministered by PLANET, Professional Landcare Network, which represents more than 100,000 landscape industry professionals across America. In Hawai‘i, there are over 250 LICTs with multiple certifications. The LICT program started in Hawai‘i in 1999.

Brandon Au is the head of the Nursery and Landscape Section for the City’s Depart-ment of Parks and Recreation, Division of Urban Forestry, O‘ahu Co-Chair for the LICT program, and Vice President for LICH.

Kahler Vendiola BYU HawaiiMark Takahama Landscape Hawaii

14 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 15THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

PERMEABLE PAVERS MAKE PROJECTS POSSIBLE

GO GREEN WITH THE AQUAPAVE PERMEABLE ON SITE STORMWATER SOURCE CONTROL SYSTEM

WHEN IT POURS …… IT STORES

BENEFITS NO SLOPING REQUIRED INFILTRATES UP TO 354 INCHES OF RUNOFF AN

HOUR ROOF WATER MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER TABLE RECHARGING WATER HARVESTING OIL CONTAMINATES MANAGEMENT FILTERING & TREATMENT OF POLLUTANTS LOWER CONSTRUCTION & LIFE CYCLE COSTS 30-40 YEAR LIFESPAN SLIP AND SKID RESISTANT UP TO 12 LEED POINTS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS CONSIDERED A BMP COMPLIES WITH NPDES PAVERS CAN BE ENGRAVED FOR FUNDRAISING

APPLICATIONS PARKING LOTS RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAYS COMMERCIAL ENTRANCES SIDEWALKS PLAZAS LOW SPEED RESIDENTIAL ROADS

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT FUTURA STONE OF HAWAII

WWW.FUTURASTONEHAWAII.COM

841-7433 C23741

Microlepia speluncae is a large indigenous na-tive fern that has great potential for use in native landscapes. It has not been available

for landscape use in Hawaii until recently, though it is an attractive and relatively easy fern to grow. Its Hawaiian name is not known. For convenience, it is locally being called “palai nui” (big fern).

Native to other pan tropical locations as well as Hawaii, Palai nui grows in shade or part-shade, and does best with moderate

wind protection. Plant it in good loose soil with organics. It can tolerate a few hours of direct sunlight and be fine. It requires a moderate amount of water, less than Hapu‘u, more than Kupukupu, but can be drought tolerant for short periods and recover. In a typical urban garden setting, it probably will do best with about three wa-terings per week. It’s related to Palapalai fern (Microlepia strigosa), but is bigger and more open in form. Be aware though that unlike Palapalai, the Palai nui fern cannot be used in Haku lei, as the leaf goes limp very quickly when cut. This gives the plant its other com-

mon name “Limp Leaf Fern”, and is a quick way to distinguish it from Palapalai.

Palai nui is ultimately a large size fern, with attractive light green fronds that can extend over 4 feet in height and spread. It has a fresh “rain forest” appearance that will add a touch of lushness and coolness to the garden. It is Rhizome creeping, so give it some room and let it crawl, or plan on taking root cuttings from established plants as they grow (divide the rhizome where it forks), to propagate it for use elsewhere, or

RiChARD QUiNN

COLUMNnative

Palai Nui

See PALAi NUi on page 23

aN over-looKed Native FerN

NO MATTER WHO YOU ARE there is a Z9 built for you.

Z900 R SERIESZ900 B SERIESZ900 M SERIES JohnDeere.com/MowPro

Meet the mowers designed with you in mind. Our new Z900 B, M, and R Series mowers are three distinctly different machines, with features aimed at every type of commercial customer. The B Series has essential features at a price that will surprise you. The M Series is for those with fleets who demand efficiency. And the R Series was created for those who want the ultimate in features.

Call your John Deere dealer today and discover which one is right for your business.

Introducing the New ZTrak 900 Series Mowers

55144

AMERICAN MACHINERY 111 SILVA STREET HILO, HI 96720 (808) 961-6673

AMERICAN MACHINERY 3651 F LALA ROAD BUILDING #2 LIHUE KAUAI, HI 96766 (808) 246-0097

AMERICAN MACHINERY 485 WAIALE ROAD WAILUKU, HI 96793 (808) 242-4664

AMERICAN MACHINERY 91-1831 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVEL KAPOLEI, HI 96707 (808) 682-8282

B0S030FCU1B55144 -00397017

Jim Kenney with his fashion first umbrella!

tions, including equipment rental and materials used for the exam, were B. Hay-man Company, Diamond Head Sprinkler Supply, HISCO, Hawaiian Rent All, Koba’s Nursery, Landscape Equipment and Supply, Landscape Hawaii, Pacific Pipe Company, Southern Turf Hawaii, and the University of Hawai‘i’s College of Tropi-cal Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).

At the end of the long, drenched, and rigorous day, 14 candidates successfully completed all of requirements needed to achieve an LICT certification. Obtaining an LICT certification demonstrates that the candidate is competent and com-prehends the basic knowledge of land-scaping. This is a stepping stone for the candidate to broaden their skill level and work towards a greater understanding of the industry. Newly certified LICTs are listed below:

Turf MaintenanceCharles Watson Hawaii Job CorpsDarryl Barbadillo Landscape HawaiiEdgardo S. Armas LPN Landscaping and Tree Service Jeffrey Paradise Landscape Baguio-Lameg Maintenance

Roderick Sanchez Self EmployedRonald E. DeSilva Landscape HawaiiRoss K. Shiroma Landscape HawaiiWillis Sanchez Professional Landscape Management

Ornamental MaintenanceRoxane Orian Cardinal Maintenance Services

IrrigationAlexander Wietecha AM LandscapingBenjamin Sahagun Hawaiian TurfgrassJason Ezell

LICT is a national certification ad-ministered by PLANET, Professional Landcare Network, which represents more than 100,000 landscape industry professionals across America. In Hawai‘i, there are over 250 LICTs with multiple certifications. The LICT program started in Hawai‘i in 1999.

Brandon Au is the head of the Nursery and Landscape Section for the City’s Depart-ment of Parks and Recreation, Division of Urban Forestry, O‘ahu Co-Chair for the LICT program, and Vice President for LICH.

Kahler Vendiola BYU HawaiiMark Takahama Landscape Hawaii

By LIZ HuPPMAN

Some of Hawai‘i’s most color-ful endemic species belong to the genus Hibiscus. However, the actual number of these species and their relation-ships to each other has been

disputed by various botanists and horti-culturists for the past 100 years. The most recently published complete taxonomic treatment of Hawaiian Hibiscus was by Bates in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii (1990). This treatment was based on morphological characters, as were all the previous treatments, but there continued to be disagreement over species boundaries after this publication.

In an effort to clarify species relation-ships in endemic Hawaiian Hibiscus I recently concluded a genetic study using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The results of this study indicate that the Hawaiian members of the taxonomic section Lilibiscus (the red/orange-flowered and white-flowered plants) should all be considered separate species. At this time I do not recommend any changes for Hawai‘i’s state flower, H. brackenridgei (section Fur-caria), but the Makua Oahu population, discovered in 2000 by Matt Kerr and Joel Lau, is genetically different from the other Oahu popu-

lations and needs further study. See Table for the recommended name changes, and species ranges.

Hawaiian Hibiscus are beautiful addi-tions to urban gardens and do best when grown in conditions similar to their native habitats. Most native hibiscus are eas-ily propagated by cuttings, air-layers or by seed. Cuttings of H. hannerae and H. kahilii are sometimes difficult to root but they both grow easily from seed. All five white-flowered species (H. arnottianus, H. hannerae, H. immaculatus, H. punaluuen-

sis and H. waimeae) have fragrant flowers but some individual plants have a stronger scent than others and

most people agree that H. waimeae is the most

fragrant. In the wild the native white-flowered species grow to

be trees (up to 25 feet tall). The red-flowered H. clayi, H. kahilii

and H. kokio, and the orange- or rarely yellow-flowered H. saintjohnia-

nus are shrubs or small trees. Hibiscus brackenridgei subspecies bracken-

ridgei is a shrub or small tree and the larger H. brackenridgei sub-species mokuleianus is a tree. All

of these species can be pruned to achieve the desired height.

Hawaiian endemic hibiscus species are

relatively long-lived trees or shrubs except H. bracken-

ridgei, which may only live a few years. Unfortunately, all their habitats, not only those of the endangered Hibiscus species, are threatened today by invasive plants, insects and rodents, pigs that destroy for-est understory, the probable extinction of all or some of their pollinators, and dam-age from fires and severe storms. Most of their populations are relatively small and isolated from other populations of the same species. They are found in pockets of remnant native forest scattered around the islands. Natural recruitment was rare in all the wild populations I visited while collecting plant material for this research. Very few seedlings or saplings were observed. Conservation measures are un-derway to preserve the federally listed en-dangered Hawaiian Hibiscus species but the long term prognosis for the unlisted species should also be considered before they all reach critically low numbers and loss of genetic diversity. Most of these species are available now in the nursery trade. Making these species accessible to the public helps to increase appreciation for the amazing diversity of Hawaiian plants and also helps to spread awareness of the problems that these plants face now and in the future.

Liz Huppman is a horticulturist at Lyon Arboretum and a recent recipient of a PhD in horticulture from the University of Hawaii at

Manoa. Congratulations Liz!

Bates (1990) Huppman (2013) Island Flower Color Habitat

H. arnottianus subsp. arnottianus H. arnottianus O‘ahu white mesic-wet

H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus * H. immaculatus * Moloka‘i white wet

H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis H. punaluuensis O‘ahu white wet

H. clayi * H. clayi * Kaua‘i red dry

H. kokio subsp. kokio H. kokio All Main Islands red mesic-wet

H. kokio subsp. kokio H. kahilii Kaua‘i red/pink wet

H. kokio subsp. saintjohnianus H. saintjohnianus Kaua‘i orange/yellow dry-mesic

H. waimeae subsp. hannerae * H. hannerae * Kaua‘i white wet

H. waimeae subsp. waimeae H. waimeae Kaua‘i white mesic

H. brackenridgei subsp. brackenridgei * same Hawai‘i, Lana‘i yellow dry Maui, Moloka‘i

H. brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus * same O‘ahu yellow dry

* Species in red are federally listed as endangered

hawaiiaNeNdeMic hibiscus

Phot

o co

urte

sy o

f Liz

Hup

pman

H. arnottianus H. clayi H. kokio subsp. kokio

H. kokio subsp. saintjohnianus H. brackenridgei subsp. brackenridgei H. waimeae subsp. hannerae H. kokio subsp. kokioH. waimeae subsp. waimeae

H. brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis

16 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 ThE VOiCE OF hAWAii’S GREEN iNDUSTRY HAWAIISCAPE.Com 17

By LIZ HuPPMAN

Some of Hawai‘i’s most color-ful endemic species belong to the genus Hibiscus. However, the actual number of these species and their relation-ships to each other has been

disputed by various botanists and horti-culturists for the past 100 years. The most recently published complete taxonomic treatment of Hawaiian Hibiscus was by Bates in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii (1990). This treatment was based on morphological characters, as were all the previous treatments, but there continued to be disagreement over species boundaries after this publication.

In an effort to clarify species relation-ships in endemic Hawaiian Hibiscus I recently concluded a genetic study using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The results of this study indicate that the Hawaiian members of the taxonomic section Lilibiscus (the red/orange-flowered and white-flowered plants) should all be considered separate species. At this time I do not recommend any changes for Hawai‘i’s state flower, H. brackenridgei (section Fur-caria), but the Makua Oahu population, discovered in 2000 by Matt Kerr and Joel Lau, is genetically different from the other Oahu popu-

lations and needs further study. See Table for the recommended name changes, and species ranges.

Hawaiian Hibiscus are beautiful addi-tions to urban gardens and do best when grown in conditions similar to their native habitats. Most native hibiscus are eas-ily propagated by cuttings, air-layers or by seed. Cuttings of H. hannerae and H. kahilii are sometimes difficult to root but they both grow easily from seed. All five white-flowered species (H. arnottianus, H. hannerae, H. immaculatus, H. punaluuen-

sis and H. waimeae) have fragrant flowers but some individual plants have a stronger scent than others and

most people agree that H. waimeae is the most

fragrant. In the wild the native white-flowered species grow to

be trees (up to 25 feet tall). The red-flowered H. clayi, H. kahilii

and H. kokio, and the orange- or rarely yellow-flowered H. saintjohnia-

nus are shrubs or small trees. Hibiscus brackenridgei subspecies bracken-

ridgei is a shrub or small tree and the larger H. brackenridgei sub-species mokuleianus is a tree. All

of these species can be pruned to achieve the desired height.

Hawaiian endemic hibiscus species are

relatively long-lived trees or shrubs except H. bracken-

ridgei, which may only live a few years. Unfortunately, all their habitats, not only those of the endangered Hibiscus species, are threatened today by invasive plants, insects and rodents, pigs that destroy for-est understory, the probable extinction of all or some of their pollinators, and dam-age from fires and severe storms. Most of their populations are relatively small and isolated from other populations of the same species. They are found in pockets of remnant native forest scattered around the islands. Natural recruitment was rare in all the wild populations I visited while collecting plant material for this research. Very few seedlings or saplings were observed. Conservation measures are un-derway to preserve the federally listed en-dangered Hawaiian Hibiscus species but the long term prognosis for the unlisted species should also be considered before they all reach critically low numbers and loss of genetic diversity. Most of these species are available now in the nursery trade. Making these species accessible to the public helps to increase appreciation for the amazing diversity of Hawaiian plants and also helps to spread awareness of the problems that these plants face now and in the future.

Liz Huppman is a horticulturist at Lyon Arboretum and a recent recipient of a PhD in horticulture from the University of Hawaii at

Manoa. Congratulations Liz!

Bates (1990) Huppman (2013) Island Flower Color Habitat

H. arnottianus subsp. arnottianus H. arnottianus O‘ahu white mesic-wet

H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus * H. immaculatus * Moloka‘i white wet

H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis H. punaluuensis O‘ahu white wet

H. clayi * H. clayi * Kaua‘i red dry

H. kokio subsp. kokio H. kokio All Main Islands red mesic-wet

H. kokio subsp. kokio H. kahilii Kaua‘i red/pink wet

H. kokio subsp. saintjohnianus H. saintjohnianus Kaua‘i orange/yellow dry-mesic

H. waimeae subsp. hannerae * H. hannerae * Kaua‘i white wet

H. waimeae subsp. waimeae H. waimeae Kaua‘i white mesic

H. brackenridgei subsp. brackenridgei * same Hawai‘i, Lana‘i yellow dry Maui, Moloka‘i

H. brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus * same O‘ahu yellow dry

* Species in red are federally listed as endangered

hawaiiaNeNdeMic hibiscus

Phot

o co

urte

sy o

f Liz

Hup

pman

H. arnottianus H. clayi H. kokio subsp. kokio

H. kokio subsp. saintjohnianus H. brackenridgei subsp. brackenridgei H. waimeae subsp. hannerae H. kokio subsp. kokioH. waimeae subsp. waimeae

H. brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis

16 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 ThE VOiCE OF hAWAii’S GREEN iNDUSTRY HAWAIISCAPE.Com 17

18 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

The Hawaii Island Land-scape Association (HILA) has met one of its mission statement objectives of providing educational op-portunities for Big Island

landscapers and Green Industry members by holding both its Landscape Mainte-nance Training (LMT) class series and a written and field test for the Landscape Industry Certified Technician (LICT) designation.

HILA offered our popular and success-ful Landscape Maintenance Training classes at the Hapuna Beach Prince hotel conference center, a ten-week course that began in early April 2013. This educational series aims to provide a solid technical base in landscaping for individuals who want to increase their knowledge or who are interested in the Landscape Industry Certified Technician (LICT) designation. Ty McDonald did another excellent job of organizing and conducting these infor-mative and educational classes.

HILA then held our Landscape Industry Certified Technician written test at Hua-lalai Resort on June 27th, and a field exam at Kealakehe High School on June 29th, with 18 first time candidates participating in the Ornamental Maintenance exam. Nine of the candidates were certified, with 2 candidates certified on problem retakes. This certification fulfills HILA’s mission to raise the bar of horticulture expertise on the Big Island through our education programs and LICT testing and certification.

The field of candidates was excellent this year. 128 field problems were given on test day, with only four problems where candidates scored less than the 70% passing grade. HILA would like to extend our mahalo and congratulations to all our candidates for your dedication, hard work and excellent results. Candidates achieving LICT Ornamental Maintenance Certification are as follows:

Caz DiMarco Hawaii Lawn and LandscapeKerry Wells Bodhi Creative GardeningBill Bear Alii Lani Townhomes

Brian Burke Grass Busters LandscapeMichael Talesfore Hawaiian HMCJustin Smith Hawaiian HMCJoshua Greenspan Imua Landscaping Co. IncKalani Pahinui Imua Landscaping Co. IncKelly Delmar Proscapes Hawaii IncJeffrey Wooldridge PRES Kona Coast L.P.Pacific Minthorne Pacific Roots Landscaping

HILA would also like to thank the following Green Industry suppliers and various local businesses who donated their products and time to make the test possible and successful: Hawaii Grower’s Products, Crop Protective Services, Uni-versity of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service, Starbucks, Hualalai Resort, Soil Plus, Hawaiian Gardens, Kalao Gar-dens, Service Rentals and Kekani.

HILA also gives our mahalo nui loa to all our volunteers and judges, for without their kokua and expertise the exam would not be possible. The list of

volunteers and judges are as follows: Erin Lee, John Palos, Bob Tiffany, Lee Wolske, Ty McDonald, Hugh Landes, Ricci Be-zona, Christopher McCullough, Winston Ka’uhane Morton, David Higgins, Wes Shimada, Ken Puleo and Ken Sugai.

Finally, HILA would like to commend the CLT/LICT emeritus Garrett Webb for an outstanding job as chairperson for this year’s test. Garrett brought his superior skills of organization to the test and it really showed in the professional quality of the event.

HILA sincerely hopes that the skills learned by our LMT and LICT participants will positively assist them in their endeav-ors to beautify our Hawaii Island aina through their mastery of landscapes skills.

Christopher McCullough is the President of the Hawaii Island Landscape Association and a Board Member of the Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii, as well as the Head Horticulturist

for DFI Resources LLC

Photo: ERIN LEE

Kona LICT Candidates, Caz DiMarco checking Tree Planting specs with Judges Wess Shimada, CLT and David Higgins.

lMt classesaNd lict test held iN KoNa

By CHrIStoPHer MCCuLLougH

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18 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

The Hawaii Island Land-scape Association (HILA) has met one of its mission statement objectives of providing educational op-portunities for Big Island

landscapers and Green Industry members by holding both its Landscape Mainte-nance Training (LMT) class series and a written and field test for the Landscape Industry Certified Technician (LICT) designation.

HILA offered our popular and success-ful Landscape Maintenance Training classes at the Hapuna Beach Prince hotel conference center, a ten-week course that began in early April 2013. This educational series aims to provide a solid technical base in landscaping for individuals who want to increase their knowledge or who are interested in the Landscape Industry Certified Technician (LICT) designation. Ty McDonald did another excellent job of organizing and conducting these infor-mative and educational classes.

HILA then held our Landscape Industry Certified Technician written test at Hua-lalai Resort on June 27th, and a field exam at Kealakehe High School on June 29th, with 18 first time candidates participating in the Ornamental Maintenance exam. Nine of the candidates were certified, with 2 candidates certified on problem retakes. This certification fulfills HILA’s mission to raise the bar of horticulture expertise on the Big Island through our education programs and LICT testing and certification.

The field of candidates was excellent this year. 128 field problems were given on test day, with only four problems where candidates scored less than the 70% passing grade. HILA would like to extend our mahalo and congratulations to all our candidates for your dedication, hard work and excellent results. Candidates achieving LICT Ornamental Maintenance Certification are as follows:

Caz DiMarco Hawaii Lawn and LandscapeKerry Wells Bodhi Creative GardeningBill Bear Alii Lani Townhomes

Brian Burke Grass Busters LandscapeMichael Talesfore Hawaiian HMCJustin Smith Hawaiian HMCJoshua Greenspan Imua Landscaping Co. IncKalani Pahinui Imua Landscaping Co. IncKelly Delmar Proscapes Hawaii IncJeffrey Wooldridge PRES Kona Coast L.P.Pacific Minthorne Pacific Roots Landscaping

HILA would also like to thank the following Green Industry suppliers and various local businesses who donated their products and time to make the test possible and successful: Hawaii Grower’s Products, Crop Protective Services, Uni-versity of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service, Starbucks, Hualalai Resort, Soil Plus, Hawaiian Gardens, Kalao Gar-dens, Service Rentals and Kekani.

HILA also gives our mahalo nui loa to all our volunteers and judges, for without their kokua and expertise the exam would not be possible. The list of

volunteers and judges are as follows: Erin Lee, John Palos, Bob Tiffany, Lee Wolske, Ty McDonald, Hugh Landes, Ricci Be-zona, Christopher McCullough, Winston Ka’uhane Morton, David Higgins, Wes Shimada, Ken Puleo and Ken Sugai.

Finally, HILA would like to commend the CLT/LICT emeritus Garrett Webb for an outstanding job as chairperson for this year’s test. Garrett brought his superior skills of organization to the test and it really showed in the professional quality of the event.

HILA sincerely hopes that the skills learned by our LMT and LICT participants will positively assist them in their endeav-ors to beautify our Hawaii Island aina through their mastery of landscapes skills.

Christopher McCullough is the President of the Hawaii Island Landscape Association and a Board Member of the Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii, as well as the Head Horticulturist

for DFI Resources LLC

Photo: ERIN LEE

Kona LICT Candidates, Caz DiMarco checking Tree Planting specs with Judges Wess Shimada, CLT and David Higgins.

lMt classesaNd lict test held iN KoNa

By CHrIStoPHer MCCuLLougH

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lighting by FX Lighting, Vista Lighting and Auroralight. Our extensive inventory is

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Oahu or shipping to the outer islands. Contact our friendly staff today!

20 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 21THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

• Specimen Trees in Boxes• Fruiting Trees• Palms• Topiaries• everything else

in Kona329-5702

‘Ōhi‘a, Ma‘o hau hele, Wiliwili, Koki‘o ke‘oke‘o and others may be considered as some of the beloved “rock stars”

among our native Hawaiian landscape plants. We all love and admire them as they sing of their beauty. And if the aforemen-tioned are the stars, than certainly our na-tive grasses, sedges and rushes can be con-sidered “the roadies”—not as well known, but still valued and necessary. Sometimes underappreciated and even unnoticed, native grasses, sedges and rushes deserve a place in our native landscapes.

But, why use grasses, sedges and rushes in native Hawaiian landscaping? How can these be incorporated in the landscapes?

Before answering those questions, let’s briefly get acquainted with grasses, sedges and rushes as a whole. Grasses, and Sedges can be roughly divided into two groups: clumping and spreading. Grasses are members of Poaceae (Grass family). There are about fifty or so native species with over forty Hawaiian endemics, that is to say, naturally found nowhere else in the world. Sedges and rushes, also with around fifty native species, belong to Cyperaceae (Sedge family). A little over half of these are endemic to the islands. The difference between sedges and rushes is best remem-bered by a simple rule: “Sedges have edges; Rushes are round.” If you run your hand along the leaves, you will soon find out the meaning of that phrase.

So, why use them in a native landscape? Admittedly, while not admired by all, when used in a native Hawaiian garden they com-plete the picture. They add visual texture, fill in blank areas, and complement the other trees, shrubs and even groundcovers. There are other factors to think about too. Grasses and sedges are for the most part are drought, heat, wind, and salt tolerant once established. Their root systems help to deal with erosion from wind and rain. Rushes tend to prefer moist or wet conditions and are great in pond or water features, helping to keep the water clear and healthy. Generally, grasses, sedges and rushes are sun loving, requiring little fertilizer and low in maintenance. And many have cultural

significance as well. Many were essential to the early Hawaiian way of life.

The following are some examples and how they can be used.

GRASSES

‘Aki‘aki (Sporobolus virginicus)Highly salt, heat and wind tolerant.

‘Aki‘aki is a great plant to help retain sand along coastal areas. Though not suitable as a turfgrass, it has been suggested that this native grass could be used for golf course roughs.

Hilo beach grass (Ischaemum byrone)An endangered species that is easy to

grow. This non-aggressive spreading grass can be used with other coastal plants. They also do well in pots. While xeric by nature, this grass prefers more moisture than many other native grasses.

Kākonakona (Panicum torridum)The feathery greenish-white tuffs dotted

with bright orange stamens and light green foliage of this grass makes for an attractive setting among taller coastal natives. Heat, wind, and salt tolerant. Best planted en masse to showcase this beautiful grass.

Kāmanomano (Cenchrus agrimoni-oides)

An easy to grow endangered native grass for use as a partial or full sun ground-cover. This native grass has been used in habitat restoration on islands such as on Kaho‘olawe. The hooked spikelets (fruit) are a characteristic feature of this rare grass.

Lovegrass (Eragrostis spp.) The nine native species are either clump-

ing (E. grandis and Kāwelu E. variabilis) or spreading (E. atropioides) grasses. Excellent as accent plants or groundcover. Currently, there are a few Eragrostis species in cultiva-tion with kāwelu (E. variabilis ) being the one most encountered. Kāwelu can be used with a number of native plants in full sun or open windy locations with minimal water (xeric). When planted en masse it can also be used as an effective soil or sand erosion control.

Pili (Heteropogon contortus)Early Hawaiians used pili for thatch-

ing roofs and enjoyed its pleasant odor. This clumping grass can be used as a tall groundcover and will grow in thick when planted close together. Pili has been used in conservation efforts on Kaho‘olawe and as a roadside grass to “displace invasive species along local transportation corridors.”*

SEDGES

‘Ahu‘awa (Cyperus javanicus)The beautiful bluish-green leaves are

enhanced by golden seed heads. A tough, non-invasive alternative for Umbrella sedge (Cyperus alternifolius). Can be grown as an accent or erosion control plant on dry land or in wet areas.

Mau‘u ‘aki‘aki (Fimbristylis cymosa subsp. umbello-capitata)

This small sedge is a choice plant for rock gardens or between paving stones on lightly

used pathways. It is a good replacement for mondo grass in hot sunny locations and being a xeric plant they require much less water too.

Pu‘uka‘a (Cyperus trachysanthos)This is non-aggressive sedge is great for moist or wet areas.

Does well in water features and ponds. They also do well in pots with good moisture or saucers underneath. Federally listed as an endangered species, but is readily available at some native Hawai-ian plant nurseries. The beautiful new seed heads are a striking feature of this sedge.

O‘ahu sedge (Carex wahuensis)A popular clumping sedge that may be used as a medium high

groundcover or as accent plants. They can be use sparingly or en masse. A great example of mass plantings can be seen at West O‘ahu Community College in Kapolei.

Sawgrass or ‘Uki (Cladium jamaicense)The name says it all. The leaves of this water loving indigenous

sedge are very sharp! However, if you’re looking for tall sedge to use in a larger water feature, than this may be the one you’re looking for. Use as a backdrop or a type of screen in and around ponds, preferably away from high pedestrian traffic.

RUSHES

‘Aka‘akai (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)With a height of 8 to 10 feet and beautiful blue-green stems,

this rush fails to capture attention. The stalks are suitable as a screening or a free form hedge in larger water features and ponds.

Kaluhā (Schoenoplectiella juncoides)An attractive rush that can be used in water features or in pots

with good moisture and good sunlight. A great plant for soggy areas in the landscape where most other plants would perish.

Kohekohe (Eleocharis obtusa)Because of its small size, height and its clumping habit it is a

highly recommended for small water features. Kohekohe is an excellent subject for a pot and saucer combination or an open topped aquarium with bright lighting. It does not do well in competition with many other water plants and often slowly gets crowded out.

Makaloa or Ehu‘awa (Cyperus laevigatus)This charming short sedge can be used with other native

water-loving plants in smaller water features with limited space. Early Hawaiians used these rushes to plait mats.

Makai or Kaluhā (Bolboschoenus maritimus)This sedge grows in soil with a pH 6.0-9.0 in fine clay, silty

loam, or sand and is tolerant of alkaline and saline soils. The roots form a thick interwoven mass that helps with soil erosion in wetlands sites and filters waste products from the water.

These are a few examples of the diverse variety among the native Hawaiian grasses, sedges and rushes. While some may not always be available at nurseries, it is hoped that we will see them incorporated more in native Hawaiian landscapes as the “roadies for the stars.”

* “Pili Grass as Roadside Vegetation” by Joe DeFrank and Scott

Lukas in Hawaii Landscape, February/March 2012

David Eickhoff has enjoyed learning, propagating and growing native Hawaiian plants for over 30 years. He currently works as a researcher for the Native Plants Hawai‘i website http://nativeplants.

hawaii.edu/.

Phot

os: D

avid

Eic

khof

f

Native hawaiiaN grasses, sedges & rushes

By DAVe eICKHoff

Away from pedestrian traffic, Sawgrass is a great sedge for large water features as a back drop or screening plant.

20 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 21THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

• Specimen Trees in Boxes• Fruiting Trees• Palms• Topiaries• everything else

in Kona329-5702

‘Ōhi‘a, Ma‘o hau hele, Wiliwili, Koki‘o ke‘oke‘o and others may be considered as some of the beloved “rock stars”

among our native Hawaiian landscape plants. We all love and admire them as they sing of their beauty. And if the aforemen-tioned are the stars, than certainly our na-tive grasses, sedges and rushes can be con-sidered “the roadies”—not as well known, but still valued and necessary. Sometimes underappreciated and even unnoticed, native grasses, sedges and rushes deserve a place in our native landscapes.

But, why use grasses, sedges and rushes in native Hawaiian landscaping? How can these be incorporated in the landscapes?

Before answering those questions, let’s briefly get acquainted with grasses, sedges and rushes as a whole. Grasses, and Sedges can be roughly divided into two groups: clumping and spreading. Grasses are members of Poaceae (Grass family). There are about fifty or so native species with over forty Hawaiian endemics, that is to say, naturally found nowhere else in the world. Sedges and rushes, also with around fifty native species, belong to Cyperaceae (Sedge family). A little over half of these are endemic to the islands. The difference between sedges and rushes is best remem-bered by a simple rule: “Sedges have edges; Rushes are round.” If you run your hand along the leaves, you will soon find out the meaning of that phrase.

So, why use them in a native landscape? Admittedly, while not admired by all, when used in a native Hawaiian garden they com-plete the picture. They add visual texture, fill in blank areas, and complement the other trees, shrubs and even groundcovers. There are other factors to think about too. Grasses and sedges are for the most part are drought, heat, wind, and salt tolerant once established. Their root systems help to deal with erosion from wind and rain. Rushes tend to prefer moist or wet conditions and are great in pond or water features, helping to keep the water clear and healthy. Generally, grasses, sedges and rushes are sun loving, requiring little fertilizer and low in maintenance. And many have cultural

significance as well. Many were essential to the early Hawaiian way of life.

The following are some examples and how they can be used.

GRASSES

‘Aki‘aki (Sporobolus virginicus)Highly salt, heat and wind tolerant.

‘Aki‘aki is a great plant to help retain sand along coastal areas. Though not suitable as a turfgrass, it has been suggested that this native grass could be used for golf course roughs.

Hilo beach grass (Ischaemum byrone)An endangered species that is easy to

grow. This non-aggressive spreading grass can be used with other coastal plants. They also do well in pots. While xeric by nature, this grass prefers more moisture than many other native grasses.

Kākonakona (Panicum torridum)The feathery greenish-white tuffs dotted

with bright orange stamens and light green foliage of this grass makes for an attractive setting among taller coastal natives. Heat, wind, and salt tolerant. Best planted en masse to showcase this beautiful grass.

Kāmanomano (Cenchrus agrimoni-oides)

An easy to grow endangered native grass for use as a partial or full sun ground-cover. This native grass has been used in habitat restoration on islands such as on Kaho‘olawe. The hooked spikelets (fruit) are a characteristic feature of this rare grass.

Lovegrass (Eragrostis spp.) The nine native species are either clump-

ing (E. grandis and Kāwelu E. variabilis) or spreading (E. atropioides) grasses. Excellent as accent plants or groundcover. Currently, there are a few Eragrostis species in cultiva-tion with kāwelu (E. variabilis ) being the one most encountered. Kāwelu can be used with a number of native plants in full sun or open windy locations with minimal water (xeric). When planted en masse it can also be used as an effective soil or sand erosion control.

Pili (Heteropogon contortus)Early Hawaiians used pili for thatch-

ing roofs and enjoyed its pleasant odor. This clumping grass can be used as a tall groundcover and will grow in thick when planted close together. Pili has been used in conservation efforts on Kaho‘olawe and as a roadside grass to “displace invasive species along local transportation corridors.”*

SEDGES

‘Ahu‘awa (Cyperus javanicus)The beautiful bluish-green leaves are

enhanced by golden seed heads. A tough, non-invasive alternative for Umbrella sedge (Cyperus alternifolius). Can be grown as an accent or erosion control plant on dry land or in wet areas.

Mau‘u ‘aki‘aki (Fimbristylis cymosa subsp. umbello-capitata)

This small sedge is a choice plant for rock gardens or between paving stones on lightly

used pathways. It is a good replacement for mondo grass in hot sunny locations and being a xeric plant they require much less water too.

Pu‘uka‘a (Cyperus trachysanthos)This is non-aggressive sedge is great for moist or wet areas.

Does well in water features and ponds. They also do well in pots with good moisture or saucers underneath. Federally listed as an endangered species, but is readily available at some native Hawai-ian plant nurseries. The beautiful new seed heads are a striking feature of this sedge.

O‘ahu sedge (Carex wahuensis)A popular clumping sedge that may be used as a medium high

groundcover or as accent plants. They can be use sparingly or en masse. A great example of mass plantings can be seen at West O‘ahu Community College in Kapolei.

Sawgrass or ‘Uki (Cladium jamaicense)The name says it all. The leaves of this water loving indigenous

sedge are very sharp! However, if you’re looking for tall sedge to use in a larger water feature, than this may be the one you’re looking for. Use as a backdrop or a type of screen in and around ponds, preferably away from high pedestrian traffic.

RUSHES

‘Aka‘akai (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)With a height of 8 to 10 feet and beautiful blue-green stems,

this rush fails to capture attention. The stalks are suitable as a screening or a free form hedge in larger water features and ponds.

Kaluhā (Schoenoplectiella juncoides)An attractive rush that can be used in water features or in pots

with good moisture and good sunlight. A great plant for soggy areas in the landscape where most other plants would perish.

Kohekohe (Eleocharis obtusa)Because of its small size, height and its clumping habit it is a

highly recommended for small water features. Kohekohe is an excellent subject for a pot and saucer combination or an open topped aquarium with bright lighting. It does not do well in competition with many other water plants and often slowly gets crowded out.

Makaloa or Ehu‘awa (Cyperus laevigatus)This charming short sedge can be used with other native

water-loving plants in smaller water features with limited space. Early Hawaiians used these rushes to plait mats.

Makai or Kaluhā (Bolboschoenus maritimus)This sedge grows in soil with a pH 6.0-9.0 in fine clay, silty

loam, or sand and is tolerant of alkaline and saline soils. The roots form a thick interwoven mass that helps with soil erosion in wetlands sites and filters waste products from the water.

These are a few examples of the diverse variety among the native Hawaiian grasses, sedges and rushes. While some may not always be available at nurseries, it is hoped that we will see them incorporated more in native Hawaiian landscapes as the “roadies for the stars.”

* “Pili Grass as Roadside Vegetation” by Joe DeFrank and Scott

Lukas in Hawaii Landscape, February/March 2012

David Eickhoff has enjoyed learning, propagating and growing native Hawaiian plants for over 30 years. He currently works as a researcher for the Native Plants Hawai‘i website http://nativeplants.

hawaii.edu/.

Phot

os: D

avid

Eic

khof

f

Native hawaiiaN grasses, sedges & rushes

By DAVe eICKHoff

Away from pedestrian traffic, Sawgrass is a great sedge for large water features as a back drop or screening plant.

22 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 23THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

ADAM M. WiLLiAMS

FRUITlow hanging

Of all the fruits I have ever had the good fortune of trying, the Biriba is probably my

absolute favorite. Its hard to pick just one because there is so much variety out there, so many different textures and tastes, but if I had to pick one this would be it. I was first introduced to this rare gem by the name Amazon Custard Apple, a name that invokes one of the fruit’s finest qualities, smooth creamy custard. But after making various inqui-ries and conducting some more in-depth (though informal) research, it appears that name is not so widely used for this particu-lar fruit. And just as well, for I detest the widespread application of anglicized fruit names to ultra exotics bearing no close re-semblance or relationship, in this case, to an apple. Custard-like, yes. Apple, not even close. So let me back up a little further.

Magnoliales, that’s the order. What that mean? Well, yes, it’s distantly related to a Magnolia. But more importantly, that means it’s somewhat primitive, or in other words descended from an older lineage than other “true” dicotyledonous plants. The family is Annonaceae, and hope-fully you will at least recognize its most well-known and commercially successful member, the Cherimoya, or Annona cheri-mola. Originally called Chirimuya by the indigenous peoples of the South American Andes, Cherimoya does well at higher el-evations in the tropics and is much valued by consumers for its creamy, custard-like flesh. Less popular but arguably just as deli-cious are some of its congeners (other spe-cies sharing the same genus): A. reticulata, A. squamosa, A. glabra, A. ilama, and several others – but despite a litany of perfectly good common names where they are na-tive in Tropical America, the name custard apple is generically applied to most of them (a notable stand-out is the Guabána,

A. muricata, erroneously anglicized as the Soursop though actually quite sweet).

Now, I will agree that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but I still think a name is important. We must have some common ground to stand on, some shared language to agree upon, because apples are not oranges, and a Biriba is certainly not an apple! So Biriba is the common name I’ve come to terms with, apparently derived from an indigenous language of South America (Tupi). Just as well, though I will admit that it doesn’t have a lot appeal to my ear but I believe this fruit can stand on its own merits as absolutely delicious no matter what you call it. Normally I might insist on referencing a botanical name, a Latinized binomial description, which I still strongly recommend using, especially when dealing with uncommon plants (where “common” names may not be so common). But botanists have all these rules about which botanical name is the correct one, and well, this fruit used to have the most perfect name, Rollinia deli-ciosa. It’s a pleasure to say and couldn’t be more accurate. Well it turns out someone gave a less flattering name to the same

plant in the 1800s, and by the immutable laws of botanical nomenclature and

priority being given to the oldest name, the delectable and enticing Rollinia deliciosa has become Rollinia mucosa. I know, sounds gross, but remember

the Shakespeare rose thing? Trust me, and lets just stick with calling it Biriba for now.

While Cherimoya is quite well known, and some of the other Annona species somewhat popu-

lar locally, Biriba remains almost completely unheard of outside

the closed circles of tropical fruit aficionados and the mercados of

Tropical America. It apparently has not been successfully commercialized

beyond such local markets, and for good reason. The medium to large conical fruit, which can weigh up to 8 pounds (though frequently much less), is covered with fleshy protuberances that bruise easily, quickly turning black as the fruit ripens. Add to that a shelf life of about a week or less, and you have a very sensitive fruit which has not lent itself to commercial production at any appreciable volume, let alone globalized shipping. These small drawbacks, however, are far outweighed by the outstanding characteristics of the fruit itself: large, creamy and custard-like, with a hint of lemon meringue. If you like Cherimoya, you’ll love Biriba, because the flavor is at least comparable if not supe-rior, and the fruit is anywhere from two to three times as big. This has led to an ever-increasing popularity among small farmers and backyard growers, despite a relatively non-existent commercial market.

Keep in mind, presently there are still very few selected varieties. Much work re-mains to be done through selective breed-ing and cultivar improvement programs.

The fruit quality can be somewhat vari-able, and a number of previously different species are included within the current circumscription of the species, Rollinia mucosa. Native from southern Mexico to

the Amazon, there is a lot of genetic varia-tion lumped within this species. Though some cite the Brazilian Amazon as the home of this wonderful fruit (indeed, that was my impression before researching), as it is currently described it is native across a much wider Tropical American range.

Within the fruit are numerous shiny black seeds; these can be used to propa-gate the plant and should be planted fresh and not stored. Nicking the seed coat will speed up germination, but be careful not to damage the embryo within. Unless you have multiple varieties of Biriba growing near each other, propagtion by seed works great as the perfect flowers are self compat-ible and the resulting seed will come true. If outcrossing is an issue, it is reported that propagation can also be by airlayer or graft-ing to perpetuate a superior genotype.

The tree itself is generally considered fast growing, reaching heights of fifteen to fifty feet, but is often much smaller in Hawai‘i. Well drained, fertile soils plus regular water are necessary for healthy, vigorous growth. From seed, fruiting can occur in as little as three years, with an-nual harvests on mature trees sometimes exceeding fifty fruits a year under ideal growing conditions. Regular water with good drainage is essential, but the trees will also benefit greatly from wind protec-tion. They thrive in full sun, with typical humid, hot tropical conditions, and do not tolerate cold temperatures or freezing.

A number of pests and diseases can hinder the cultivation of this handsome tree, but can be avoided or minimized by choosing an appropriate, sheltered loca-tion and using proper pre-planting prepa-ration. Poor draining soils are almost guaranteed to lead to fungal diseases, and should be avoided or amended. Twig

borers can cause branch and stem die-back, especially in drought stressed trees. Affected branches should be pruned off and disposed of off-site. Common garden pests such as white flies and mealy bugs may also afflict your Biriba tree and, in severe cases, can be dealt with by applying topical insecticides. Regular fertilization to support the tree’s vigorous growth is also recommended.

Look for these fabulous fruits at your local farmer’s markets or natural food gro-cers, as they slowly start to become more widely available. If you have an opportu-nity to try the fruit, don’t pass it up! To purchase trees for your back yard, you can call Frankie’s Nursery on O‘ahu at (808)-259-8737, or contact Ken Love on Hawai‘i Island (ken@mycoffee.net). The fruit tree nursery wholesaler Plant It Hawaii also has Biriba listed on their website as one of the many fruit trees they offer. For a list of retailers they distribute to, please visit http://plantithawaii.com/our-retailers/.

With a short shelf life and sensitivity to bruising, the Biriba may not be the next commercial success. But considering how truly delicious this rare fruit is, there’s no good reason that it shouldn’t be grown widely across the many suitable microcli-mates that Hawai‘i has to offer. Though uncommon and hard to find now, I hope to see this delicacy become more abundant as word of its heavenly fruits with lemon custard flesh steadily spreads, and as backyard growers along with small farmers increase its cultivation across the state.

Adam M. Williams is an avid gardener, native plant advocate, and tropical fruit

enthusiast.

to give it to lucky friends. Since it has a loose open character, a good layer of mulch topdressing will help to hide bare dirt beneath it and give it a more finished appearance, not to mention all the addi-tion benefits of mulch in general.

Like some other native Hawaiian ferns, Palai nui doesn’t seem to be bothered much by pests. Watch for caterpillars or snails, and plant it where it won’t get trampled by people or pets. Any fertilizer labeled for foliage plants can work for ferns, but use half the amount recom-mended on the label per application.

Besides being an attractive landscape plant, native ferns like Palai nui can be an important component of an ecosys-tem approach to using native plants in landscaping. Native fern roots and fern leaf litter form important associations with mycorrhizae and bacteria that presumably could help to create a soil profile that could benefit other native plants.

Palai nui can be observed in the wild in the Wai‘anae Mountains on Oahu between 480-1280m elevations. It’s also native to Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i.

The availability of Microlepia spelun-cae for landscape use is limited. It can be found at plant sales that include native Hawaiian ferns, such as the spring and fall Lyon Arboretum and Foster Botani-cal Garden plant sales, where it is offered by Kay Lynch of Lā‘au Hawai‘i, the native fern research nursery (Next sale: Lyon Arboretum Fall Plant Sale, Saturday, Nov. 23rd). It can be seen growing as an understory fern (with several other native ferns) in the native plant garden at the Shidler College of Business, UH Mānoa. Hopefully, we’ll see it become more available as designers and nurseries discover the contribution it can make to native landscapes.

With its fresh green and robust ap-pearance, Palai nui has become one of my favorite plants to give a lush tropical feel to the understory of a native garden.

Richard Quinn is a landscape architect and is a principal in the firm of Helber Hastert & Fee Planners. He has over 30 years of experience with landscape design in Hawaii and has a special interest in the use of native Hawaiian plants in landscaping.’ and author foti

cheriMoYa’slesser-KNowN

halF cousiN

biriba: PALAi NUiContinued from page 15

Photos: ADAM M. WILLIAMS

Biriba (Rollinia mucosa)

22 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 23THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

ADAM M. WiLLiAMS

FRUITlow hanging

Of all the fruits I have ever had the good fortune of trying, the Biriba is probably my

absolute favorite. Its hard to pick just one because there is so much variety out there, so many different textures and tastes, but if I had to pick one this would be it. I was first introduced to this rare gem by the name Amazon Custard Apple, a name that invokes one of the fruit’s finest qualities, smooth creamy custard. But after making various inqui-ries and conducting some more in-depth (though informal) research, it appears that name is not so widely used for this particu-lar fruit. And just as well, for I detest the widespread application of anglicized fruit names to ultra exotics bearing no close re-semblance or relationship, in this case, to an apple. Custard-like, yes. Apple, not even close. So let me back up a little further.

Magnoliales, that’s the order. What that mean? Well, yes, it’s distantly related to a Magnolia. But more importantly, that means it’s somewhat primitive, or in other words descended from an older lineage than other “true” dicotyledonous plants. The family is Annonaceae, and hope-fully you will at least recognize its most well-known and commercially successful member, the Cherimoya, or Annona cheri-mola. Originally called Chirimuya by the indigenous peoples of the South American Andes, Cherimoya does well at higher el-evations in the tropics and is much valued by consumers for its creamy, custard-like flesh. Less popular but arguably just as deli-cious are some of its congeners (other spe-cies sharing the same genus): A. reticulata, A. squamosa, A. glabra, A. ilama, and several others – but despite a litany of perfectly good common names where they are na-tive in Tropical America, the name custard apple is generically applied to most of them (a notable stand-out is the Guabána,

A. muricata, erroneously anglicized as the Soursop though actually quite sweet).

Now, I will agree that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but I still think a name is important. We must have some common ground to stand on, some shared language to agree upon, because apples are not oranges, and a Biriba is certainly not an apple! So Biriba is the common name I’ve come to terms with, apparently derived from an indigenous language of South America (Tupi). Just as well, though I will admit that it doesn’t have a lot appeal to my ear but I believe this fruit can stand on its own merits as absolutely delicious no matter what you call it. Normally I might insist on referencing a botanical name, a Latinized binomial description, which I still strongly recommend using, especially when dealing with uncommon plants (where “common” names may not be so common). But botanists have all these rules about which botanical name is the correct one, and well, this fruit used to have the most perfect name, Rollinia deli-ciosa. It’s a pleasure to say and couldn’t be more accurate. Well it turns out someone gave a less flattering name to the same

plant in the 1800s, and by the immutable laws of botanical nomenclature and

priority being given to the oldest name, the delectable and enticing Rollinia deliciosa has become Rollinia mucosa. I know, sounds gross, but remember

the Shakespeare rose thing? Trust me, and lets just stick with calling it Biriba for now.

While Cherimoya is quite well known, and some of the other Annona species somewhat popu-

lar locally, Biriba remains almost completely unheard of outside

the closed circles of tropical fruit aficionados and the mercados of

Tropical America. It apparently has not been successfully commercialized

beyond such local markets, and for good reason. The medium to large conical fruit, which can weigh up to 8 pounds (though frequently much less), is covered with fleshy protuberances that bruise easily, quickly turning black as the fruit ripens. Add to that a shelf life of about a week or less, and you have a very sensitive fruit which has not lent itself to commercial production at any appreciable volume, let alone globalized shipping. These small drawbacks, however, are far outweighed by the outstanding characteristics of the fruit itself: large, creamy and custard-like, with a hint of lemon meringue. If you like Cherimoya, you’ll love Biriba, because the flavor is at least comparable if not supe-rior, and the fruit is anywhere from two to three times as big. This has led to an ever-increasing popularity among small farmers and backyard growers, despite a relatively non-existent commercial market.

Keep in mind, presently there are still very few selected varieties. Much work re-mains to be done through selective breed-ing and cultivar improvement programs.

The fruit quality can be somewhat vari-able, and a number of previously different species are included within the current circumscription of the species, Rollinia mucosa. Native from southern Mexico to

the Amazon, there is a lot of genetic varia-tion lumped within this species. Though some cite the Brazilian Amazon as the home of this wonderful fruit (indeed, that was my impression before researching), as it is currently described it is native across a much wider Tropical American range.

Within the fruit are numerous shiny black seeds; these can be used to propa-gate the plant and should be planted fresh and not stored. Nicking the seed coat will speed up germination, but be careful not to damage the embryo within. Unless you have multiple varieties of Biriba growing near each other, propagtion by seed works great as the perfect flowers are self compat-ible and the resulting seed will come true. If outcrossing is an issue, it is reported that propagation can also be by airlayer or graft-ing to perpetuate a superior genotype.

The tree itself is generally considered fast growing, reaching heights of fifteen to fifty feet, but is often much smaller in Hawai‘i. Well drained, fertile soils plus regular water are necessary for healthy, vigorous growth. From seed, fruiting can occur in as little as three years, with an-nual harvests on mature trees sometimes exceeding fifty fruits a year under ideal growing conditions. Regular water with good drainage is essential, but the trees will also benefit greatly from wind protec-tion. They thrive in full sun, with typical humid, hot tropical conditions, and do not tolerate cold temperatures or freezing.

A number of pests and diseases can hinder the cultivation of this handsome tree, but can be avoided or minimized by choosing an appropriate, sheltered loca-tion and using proper pre-planting prepa-ration. Poor draining soils are almost guaranteed to lead to fungal diseases, and should be avoided or amended. Twig

borers can cause branch and stem die-back, especially in drought stressed trees. Affected branches should be pruned off and disposed of off-site. Common garden pests such as white flies and mealy bugs may also afflict your Biriba tree and, in severe cases, can be dealt with by applying topical insecticides. Regular fertilization to support the tree’s vigorous growth is also recommended.

Look for these fabulous fruits at your local farmer’s markets or natural food gro-cers, as they slowly start to become more widely available. If you have an opportu-nity to try the fruit, don’t pass it up! To purchase trees for your back yard, you can call Frankie’s Nursery on O‘ahu at (808)-259-8737, or contact Ken Love on Hawai‘i Island (ken@mycoffee.net). The fruit tree nursery wholesaler Plant It Hawaii also has Biriba listed on their website as one of the many fruit trees they offer. For a list of retailers they distribute to, please visit http://plantithawaii.com/our-retailers/.

With a short shelf life and sensitivity to bruising, the Biriba may not be the next commercial success. But considering how truly delicious this rare fruit is, there’s no good reason that it shouldn’t be grown widely across the many suitable microcli-mates that Hawai‘i has to offer. Though uncommon and hard to find now, I hope to see this delicacy become more abundant as word of its heavenly fruits with lemon custard flesh steadily spreads, and as backyard growers along with small farmers increase its cultivation across the state.

Adam M. Williams is an avid gardener, native plant advocate, and tropical fruit

enthusiast.

to give it to lucky friends. Since it has a loose open character, a good layer of mulch topdressing will help to hide bare dirt beneath it and give it a more finished appearance, not to mention all the addi-tion benefits of mulch in general.

Like some other native Hawaiian ferns, Palai nui doesn’t seem to be bothered much by pests. Watch for caterpillars or snails, and plant it where it won’t get trampled by people or pets. Any fertilizer labeled for foliage plants can work for ferns, but use half the amount recom-mended on the label per application.

Besides being an attractive landscape plant, native ferns like Palai nui can be an important component of an ecosys-tem approach to using native plants in landscaping. Native fern roots and fern leaf litter form important associations with mycorrhizae and bacteria that presumably could help to create a soil profile that could benefit other native plants.

Palai nui can be observed in the wild in the Wai‘anae Mountains on Oahu between 480-1280m elevations. It’s also native to Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i.

The availability of Microlepia spelun-cae for landscape use is limited. It can be found at plant sales that include native Hawaiian ferns, such as the spring and fall Lyon Arboretum and Foster Botani-cal Garden plant sales, where it is offered by Kay Lynch of Lā‘au Hawai‘i, the native fern research nursery (Next sale: Lyon Arboretum Fall Plant Sale, Saturday, Nov. 23rd). It can be seen growing as an understory fern (with several other native ferns) in the native plant garden at the Shidler College of Business, UH Mānoa. Hopefully, we’ll see it become more available as designers and nurseries discover the contribution it can make to native landscapes.

With its fresh green and robust ap-pearance, Palai nui has become one of my favorite plants to give a lush tropical feel to the understory of a native garden.

Richard Quinn is a landscape architect and is a principal in the firm of Helber Hastert & Fee Planners. He has over 30 years of experience with landscape design in Hawaii and has a special interest in the use of native Hawaiian plants in landscaping.’ and author foti

cheriMoYa’slesser-KNowN

halF cousiN

biriba: PALAi NUiContinued from page 15

Photos: ADAM M. WILLIAMS

Biriba (Rollinia mucosa)

24 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 25THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

Koa (Acacia koa), meaning ‘warrior’ in the Hawai-ian language, is Hawaii’s iconic tree. However, most Hawaii residents probably can’t recognize

a koa tree. Unlike its hardy cousin the monkeypod (Samanea saman), koa is seldom planted in landscape settings because it is susceptible to injuries, dis-eases, and pests.

The thin bark on young koa trees is easily injured by lawnmowers and weed whackers. Once injured, rot tends to set in and the tree’s days are numbered. Death is even faster if an injured trunk is sprayed with herbicides. As with most fragile trees, it is best to apply a wide band of mulch and keep weed-eating implements away.

Koa is a mountain tree and grows best between 2,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. At lower elevations (where most of the human population resides), koa often succumbs to fungal diseases, particularly koa wilt, a vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. While research is under way to develop wilt-tolerant lines of koa for planting at low elevations, reliable results are years away. Fusarium is not the only plant-pathogenic fungus affecting koa, however. Pythium and other root rots are common, as are root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Root rots are particularly a problem on poorly drained sites. Several koa rusts (e.g., Ateoclauda digitata) may cause deforma-tion and “witches’ brooms” but as native diseases on a native tree are not fatal.

The black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) is the most common in-sect attacking koa at lower elevations. Symptoms are easily recognizable: A

single twig will collapse, wilt and die back beyond the point where a beetle creates a bore hole, which is the size of a pencil lead’s diameter. The black twig borer is best managed by periodic pruning and removal of affected twigs. The acacia psyllid (Acizzia uncatoides) can infest koa plantations in great numbers and cause dieback of terminal leaders, leading to branchy, poorly formed trees. Systemic insecticides may provide some protection in areas where the psyllid is a problem. An outbreak of the koa moth (Scotory-thra paludicola) on the Big Island in 2013 reminded koa growers of the damage potentially caused by this native insect, which defoliated tens of thousands of acres of koa this year. Fortunately, out-breaks of the koa moth occur rarely.

Damaged or multiple leaders or mal-formed branches can be pruned if caught early enough so they can be removed by clipping. Once branches have grown enough to require a saw for removal, it is probably too late to prune them, as wounds in the wood of koa trees allow entry of wood-rotting fungi.

Koa’s congener koaia (Acacia koaia) may be a better choice than koa for land-scapes. Koaia is native to dry, leeward forests and is a smaller, more compact, and more drought tolerant tree. More importantly, it seems more tolerant to diseases such as koa wilt. Although koa may only live 5 to 20 years in urban lowland settings and may never de-velop into the huge spreading tree seen in the forest, there is still educational value in planting this endemic tree. At schoolyard or demonstration plantings especially, generations of children will be able to see what koa and develop a con-nection with our forests.

J. B. Friday is Extension Forester with the Univer-sity of Hawai‘i Coopera-tive Extension Service, jbfriday@hawaii.edu, http://www.ctahr.hawaii.

edu/forestry

References Baker, P., P. G. Scowcroft, and J. J. Ewel. 2009.

Koa (Acacia koa) Ecology and Silviculture, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-211. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr211/psw_gtr211.pdf

Elevitch, C. R., K. Wilkinson, and J. B. Friday. 2006. Acacia koa (koa). Pp. 1-28 in: Elevitch, C. R., ed. Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Hōlualoa, HI. http://agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf

Friday, J. B. 2010. Farm and Forestry Produc-tion and Marketing Profile for Koa (Acacia koa). In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai‘i. http://www.agroforestry.net/scps/Koa_specialty_crop.pdf

Friday, J. B. and Dudley, N. Koa wilt. Univer-sity of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agriculutre and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/disease/koa_wilt.html

Gardner, D.E. 1996. Acacia koa: A review of its diseases and associated fungi. University of Hawai‘i Department of Botany. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/gardner/diseases/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi.html

Hawai ‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Koa moth fact sheet May 2013. http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/announcements/2013/koa_moth_fact_sheet_May2013.pdf

Nelson, S. Koa pest and disease image gallery. University of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agricul-utre and Human Resources, Department of Plant Protection and Environmental Sciences. http://www.hawaiiplantdisease.net/Koa-diseases.php

Nelson, S. 2009. Rusts of Acacia koa: Atelo-cauda digitata (Gall Rust). PD-63. University of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agriculutre and Hu-man Resources, Department of Plant Protection and Environmental Sciences. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-63.pdf

Broadly speaking, major turf pests include insects, weeds, and fungal diseases. In addition to these above, bacteria/virus diseases, plant-parasitic nematodes,

slugs, as well as some “secondary” pests also affect turf growth and quality.

Some common insect pests in turf include chinch bugs, billbugs, white grubs, whiteflies, armyworms, cutworms, and webworms. Most weeds associated with turf can be categorized as broadleaf weeds or grassy weeds. In some situations where long-standing water body exists (such as ponds in golf courses), aquatic weeds should also be controlled, such as Duck-weeds and Azolla. Some common fungal diseases in turf include Dollar Spot, Brown Patch, Rusts, Leaf Spot, and Fairy Ring. The “secondary” pests oftentimes refer to animals such as raccoons or birds that cause physical damages to turf areas by digging worms/grubs in soil.

Knowledge on biology, ecology, and damages of various pests is essential for a turf IPM program to succeed. Once an acceptable threshold is set, monitoring and early detection are critical in order to timely choose effective approach to control target pests (Figure 1).

Biological control. By definition, biological control means reduction of pest populations using naturally-occurring or introduced biological enemies, includ-ing predators, parasites, and/or diseases. Currently, scientists are evaluating many biological control agents. I will briefly talk about two examples here.

Entomopathogenic nematodes. Ento-mopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have broad pest host range, and can control some common turf pests in Hawaii, such as webworms, cutworks, armyworms, and billbugs, at accepted efficacy (particularly for lawns). Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

and Stein-ernema carpocapsae are commonly available/used. In fact, Steinernema carpocapsae has been registered to use in Hawaii. The main advantages of EPNs include: broad pest host range; rapid kill; mass production; possible to use conven-tional application equipment; and safety. However, the cost of production, shelf life, and sensitivity to environment make EPNs not widely used so far.

Beneficial endophytes. Endophytic turf-grass has been mentioned briefly in Part I in the July/August 2013 issue of Landscape Hawaii, but here we will talk more about the endophytes, which are beneficial fungi associated with certain turfgrass species. These fungi produce alkaloids (highly con-centrated in above-ground tissues), which are direct toxin or feeding deterrents to some surface insects, such as Webworms, Chinch bugs, and adult Billbugs. One of my studies has shown that some organic fertilizers resulted in high alkaloid contents in turfgrass shoots (Cheng et al., 2010). En-dophytes are present in turf seed of certain cultivars and are passed along from genera-tion to generation. However, no warm-sea-son turfgrass species has been confirmed to be associated with beneficial endophytes yet. This is worthwhile researching on.

Chemical control. Contrary to some beliefs, chemical pesticides are oftentimes a necessary part of a turf IPM program to maintain a pest population below the predetermined aesthetic or economic threshold. They should be selected and applied responsibly to avoid health risks to living organisms other than those targeted though.

In general, chemical pesticides that have low toxicity, are effective against target pest(s), and have the least persistence should be selected. If possible, avoid using

highly toxic, persistent, broad-spectrum pesticides. Effective

application methods and timing are also important. To reduce the

amount of pesticides applied, make spot applications only to areas where

pest situation surpasses the set threshold, rather than broadcast applications to the entire turf area. This is one of the major differences between IPM and conventional pest management in terms of pesticide application. The use of preventive pesti-cides should be limited to situations where regular pest invasions are guaranteed.

To summarize, many issues caused by insects, weeds, and diseases can be mini-mized or even prevented by establishing and managing turf properly. Maintaining a healthy turf is the best weapon to fight against many insects, weeds, and diseases. If possible, try to manage turf through a system approach: give cultural, me-chanical, and bio-control approaches a try. When unsure about your turf problems, seek help from experts/turf extension/etc. prior to major actions.

Zhiqiang Cheng, Ph.D. is Assistant Specialist with the Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR University

of Hawaii at Manoa.

Further ReadingsSchumann, G.L., P.J Vittum, M.L. Elliot, and P.P Cobb

(1997) IPM Handbook for Golf Courses. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI.

Cheng, Z., S.O. Salminen, and P.S. Grewal. 2010. Effect of organic fertilizers on the greening qual-ity, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents of turf-type endophytic tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 25-37.

Zhiqiang Cheng, Ph.D. is with the Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822

ZhiQiANG ChENG, Ph.D.

COLUMNturf brieF iNtroductioN

oN turFgrass iPM (Part II)

(Figure 1)

acacia KoaPests aNd diseases oF

J.B. FRiDAY

COLUMNpest

24 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 25THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

Koa (Acacia koa), meaning ‘warrior’ in the Hawai-ian language, is Hawaii’s iconic tree. However, most Hawaii residents probably can’t recognize

a koa tree. Unlike its hardy cousin the monkeypod (Samanea saman), koa is seldom planted in landscape settings because it is susceptible to injuries, dis-eases, and pests.

The thin bark on young koa trees is easily injured by lawnmowers and weed whackers. Once injured, rot tends to set in and the tree’s days are numbered. Death is even faster if an injured trunk is sprayed with herbicides. As with most fragile trees, it is best to apply a wide band of mulch and keep weed-eating implements away.

Koa is a mountain tree and grows best between 2,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. At lower elevations (where most of the human population resides), koa often succumbs to fungal diseases, particularly koa wilt, a vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. While research is under way to develop wilt-tolerant lines of koa for planting at low elevations, reliable results are years away. Fusarium is not the only plant-pathogenic fungus affecting koa, however. Pythium and other root rots are common, as are root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Root rots are particularly a problem on poorly drained sites. Several koa rusts (e.g., Ateoclauda digitata) may cause deforma-tion and “witches’ brooms” but as native diseases on a native tree are not fatal.

The black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) is the most common in-sect attacking koa at lower elevations. Symptoms are easily recognizable: A

single twig will collapse, wilt and die back beyond the point where a beetle creates a bore hole, which is the size of a pencil lead’s diameter. The black twig borer is best managed by periodic pruning and removal of affected twigs. The acacia psyllid (Acizzia uncatoides) can infest koa plantations in great numbers and cause dieback of terminal leaders, leading to branchy, poorly formed trees. Systemic insecticides may provide some protection in areas where the psyllid is a problem. An outbreak of the koa moth (Scotory-thra paludicola) on the Big Island in 2013 reminded koa growers of the damage potentially caused by this native insect, which defoliated tens of thousands of acres of koa this year. Fortunately, out-breaks of the koa moth occur rarely.

Damaged or multiple leaders or mal-formed branches can be pruned if caught early enough so they can be removed by clipping. Once branches have grown enough to require a saw for removal, it is probably too late to prune them, as wounds in the wood of koa trees allow entry of wood-rotting fungi.

Koa’s congener koaia (Acacia koaia) may be a better choice than koa for land-scapes. Koaia is native to dry, leeward forests and is a smaller, more compact, and more drought tolerant tree. More importantly, it seems more tolerant to diseases such as koa wilt. Although koa may only live 5 to 20 years in urban lowland settings and may never de-velop into the huge spreading tree seen in the forest, there is still educational value in planting this endemic tree. At schoolyard or demonstration plantings especially, generations of children will be able to see what koa and develop a con-nection with our forests.

J. B. Friday is Extension Forester with the Univer-sity of Hawai‘i Coopera-tive Extension Service, jbfriday@hawaii.edu, http://www.ctahr.hawaii.

edu/forestry

References Baker, P., P. G. Scowcroft, and J. J. Ewel. 2009.

Koa (Acacia koa) Ecology and Silviculture, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-211. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr211/psw_gtr211.pdf

Elevitch, C. R., K. Wilkinson, and J. B. Friday. 2006. Acacia koa (koa). Pp. 1-28 in: Elevitch, C. R., ed. Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Hōlualoa, HI. http://agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf

Friday, J. B. 2010. Farm and Forestry Produc-tion and Marketing Profile for Koa (Acacia koa). In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai‘i. http://www.agroforestry.net/scps/Koa_specialty_crop.pdf

Friday, J. B. and Dudley, N. Koa wilt. Univer-sity of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agriculutre and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/disease/koa_wilt.html

Gardner, D.E. 1996. Acacia koa: A review of its diseases and associated fungi. University of Hawai‘i Department of Botany. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/gardner/diseases/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi.html

Hawai ‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Koa moth fact sheet May 2013. http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/announcements/2013/koa_moth_fact_sheet_May2013.pdf

Nelson, S. Koa pest and disease image gallery. University of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agricul-utre and Human Resources, Department of Plant Protection and Environmental Sciences. http://www.hawaiiplantdisease.net/Koa-diseases.php

Nelson, S. 2009. Rusts of Acacia koa: Atelo-cauda digitata (Gall Rust). PD-63. University of Hawai‘i College of Tropical Agriculutre and Hu-man Resources, Department of Plant Protection and Environmental Sciences. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-63.pdf

Broadly speaking, major turf pests include insects, weeds, and fungal diseases. In addition to these above, bacteria/virus diseases, plant-parasitic nematodes,

slugs, as well as some “secondary” pests also affect turf growth and quality.

Some common insect pests in turf include chinch bugs, billbugs, white grubs, whiteflies, armyworms, cutworms, and webworms. Most weeds associated with turf can be categorized as broadleaf weeds or grassy weeds. In some situations where long-standing water body exists (such as ponds in golf courses), aquatic weeds should also be controlled, such as Duck-weeds and Azolla. Some common fungal diseases in turf include Dollar Spot, Brown Patch, Rusts, Leaf Spot, and Fairy Ring. The “secondary” pests oftentimes refer to animals such as raccoons or birds that cause physical damages to turf areas by digging worms/grubs in soil.

Knowledge on biology, ecology, and damages of various pests is essential for a turf IPM program to succeed. Once an acceptable threshold is set, monitoring and early detection are critical in order to timely choose effective approach to control target pests (Figure 1).

Biological control. By definition, biological control means reduction of pest populations using naturally-occurring or introduced biological enemies, includ-ing predators, parasites, and/or diseases. Currently, scientists are evaluating many biological control agents. I will briefly talk about two examples here.

Entomopathogenic nematodes. Ento-mopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have broad pest host range, and can control some common turf pests in Hawaii, such as webworms, cutworks, armyworms, and billbugs, at accepted efficacy (particularly for lawns). Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

and Stein-ernema carpocapsae are commonly available/used. In fact, Steinernema carpocapsae has been registered to use in Hawaii. The main advantages of EPNs include: broad pest host range; rapid kill; mass production; possible to use conven-tional application equipment; and safety. However, the cost of production, shelf life, and sensitivity to environment make EPNs not widely used so far.

Beneficial endophytes. Endophytic turf-grass has been mentioned briefly in Part I in the July/August 2013 issue of Landscape Hawaii, but here we will talk more about the endophytes, which are beneficial fungi associated with certain turfgrass species. These fungi produce alkaloids (highly con-centrated in above-ground tissues), which are direct toxin or feeding deterrents to some surface insects, such as Webworms, Chinch bugs, and adult Billbugs. One of my studies has shown that some organic fertilizers resulted in high alkaloid contents in turfgrass shoots (Cheng et al., 2010). En-dophytes are present in turf seed of certain cultivars and are passed along from genera-tion to generation. However, no warm-sea-son turfgrass species has been confirmed to be associated with beneficial endophytes yet. This is worthwhile researching on.

Chemical control. Contrary to some beliefs, chemical pesticides are oftentimes a necessary part of a turf IPM program to maintain a pest population below the predetermined aesthetic or economic threshold. They should be selected and applied responsibly to avoid health risks to living organisms other than those targeted though.

In general, chemical pesticides that have low toxicity, are effective against target pest(s), and have the least persistence should be selected. If possible, avoid using

highly toxic, persistent, broad-spectrum pesticides. Effective

application methods and timing are also important. To reduce the

amount of pesticides applied, make spot applications only to areas where

pest situation surpasses the set threshold, rather than broadcast applications to the entire turf area. This is one of the major differences between IPM and conventional pest management in terms of pesticide application. The use of preventive pesti-cides should be limited to situations where regular pest invasions are guaranteed.

To summarize, many issues caused by insects, weeds, and diseases can be mini-mized or even prevented by establishing and managing turf properly. Maintaining a healthy turf is the best weapon to fight against many insects, weeds, and diseases. If possible, try to manage turf through a system approach: give cultural, me-chanical, and bio-control approaches a try. When unsure about your turf problems, seek help from experts/turf extension/etc. prior to major actions.

Zhiqiang Cheng, Ph.D. is Assistant Specialist with the Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR University

of Hawaii at Manoa.

Further ReadingsSchumann, G.L., P.J Vittum, M.L. Elliot, and P.P Cobb

(1997) IPM Handbook for Golf Courses. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI.

Cheng, Z., S.O. Salminen, and P.S. Grewal. 2010. Effect of organic fertilizers on the greening qual-ity, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents of turf-type endophytic tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 25-37.

Zhiqiang Cheng, Ph.D. is with the Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822

ZhiQiANG ChENG, Ph.D.

COLUMNturf brieF iNtroductioN

oN turFgrass iPM (Part II)

(Figure 1)

acacia KoaPests aNd diseases oF

J.B. FRiDAY

COLUMNpest

26 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 27THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

Purchase open land, build a dwelling, operating loans, line of credit, equipment purchase, truck or automobile purchase, refinance a mortgage or agree-ment of sale, etc.

Both the Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCA and Hawaii Production Credit Association can custom design a

loan to meet your needs.

We offer: Long term loans, short term loans, competitive interest rate programs, flexible repayment schedules, excellent loan servicing options, etc. We also have programs for Young, Beginning, Small and Minority Farmers.

C A L L O N E O F O U R LOA N O F F I C E R S AT :

Oahu Office 99-860 Iwaena Street, Suite A Aiea, HI 96701 Phone: 808-836-8009 Fax: 808-836-8610 www.hawaiifarmcredit.com

Hilo Office 988 Kinoole Street Hilo, HI 96720 Phone: 808-961-3708 Fax: 808-961-5494

From the Neighbor Islands Call Toll Free 1-800-894-4996

FCS of Hawaii, ACA is part of the Farm Credit System, a nationwide system of leading agricultural financial institutions which started in 1917. FCS of Hawaii, ACA has been doing business in Hawaii since 1966 through its subsidiary the Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCA. The FCS of Hawaii, ACA is not a Federal Agency of the Federal Government.

LOAN?LOAN?AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURALNEED ANNEED AN

Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCAHawaii Production Credit Association

FARM CREDIT SERVICES OF HAWAII, ACA

cies, G. hirsutum, commonly referred to as Upland cotton, making inter-specific gene flow fairly easy and relatively genetically stable.

What is good for plant breeders and cotton farmers around the world is not necessarily good for island endemics such as ma‘o however.

This ability for hybridization (or gene flow) can severely impact the fragile genet-ic identity of ma‘o. Coupled with habitat degradation, the survival of this beautiful and culturally significant island endemic is uncertain in the wild.

To minimize the risk of gene flow, it is recommended that non-native cotton species (any cotton species that produces white lint fiber) not be planted as orna-mentals, especially if near native ma‘o habitat (leeward, coastal arid environ-ments) or other known ma‘o plantings.

Despite its challenges, ma‘o has had some restoration success stories. Efforts to repopulate ma‘o on formally degraded habitat have been fruitful (or boll-ful). When off-roading near Makapu‘u light-house was halted, the ma‘o population made a dramatic resurgence. Today, if you walk the trails between Sandy Beach and Makapu‘u in the springtime you will be greeted by hundreds of flowering ma‘o hid-den amongst the koa haole and buffel grass.

Two million years ago a cot-ton seed, likely originating from the coastal plains of what is now southern Mexico, went adrift in the vast Pacific. Carried by

the ocean’s currents it eventually made landfall on the shores of ancient Hawai‘i. Through time and isolation this seed gave rise to a unique cotton species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Known botani-cally as Gossypium tomentosum or ma‘o to the Hawaiians who first gazed upon it’s sulfur yellow hibiscus like flowers, this unique species once flourished on the arid leeward sides of all the main Hawaiian Islands, except the Islands of Hawai‘i and Kaua‘i.

Though its flowers resemble that of a hibiscus, ma‘o is actually more closely related to the cotton used to create your favorite t-shirt than Hawaii’s state flower. This long lived perennial shrub can reach 1.5 meters in height, producing yellow flowers that give rise to cotton bolls with short reddish brown lint, too short to be used for weaving.

Ma‘o is well adapted to the arid envi-ronments of leeward and coastal Hawaii. The leaves are covered in attractive silvery tomentum (hence its botanical nomencla-ture) allowing the plant to retain moisture in the hot, dry summer months. Aside from retaining moisture, these leaves also held significance to Hawaiians of past. The name ma‘o means green, likely refer-ring to the green dye made from the leaves of this plant traditionally used to color tapa cloth.

More recently, humans have found oth-er uses for ma‘o. Though restricted to the Hawaiian Islands, this species has had a significant global impact. Recognizing the unique agronomic characteristics of ma‘o, breeders have successfully introduced beneficial traits (such as insect resistance) from ma‘o into commercial cotton species. There is also interest in some of its other agronomic traits, such as natural brown lint and heat tolerance. This breeding is possible because ma‘o is closely related to commercial cotton species; close enough to enable inter-specific hybridization. In fact, ma‘o is the closest relative to the most prominent commercial cotton spe-

Using ma‘o as a landscape ornamental can also help ensure its survival. Ma‘o does well in a garden setting, favoring well drained soil, full sun and requiring little water or maintenance. If left alone, ma‘o will produce a flush of vegetative growth followed by an abundance of flowers in the early spring, lasting well into the sum-mer. Infrequent year round watering will help ensure year round flowering. Once established, ma‘o can be pruned as desired.

Ma‘o propagates easily from seeds or cuttings. Scarifying seeds for 24 hours in water prior to sowing helps speed germi-nation, which can take up to two months. Sow in well-drained soil and keep moist. If collecting seeds or cuttings, be sure to do so legally.

From an initial colonizer 2 million years ago, to tapa cloth dye, to modern agricul-ture, ma‘o has been on quite a journey. Us-ing this plant as a landscape ornamental not only brings low maintenance beauty to a landscape but will also help preserve this unique island endemic for future generations.

Alex Lehman received his MS from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in molecular ecology from the department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences.

Meet Ma‘o By ALex LeHMAN

Mature Ma‘o shrub in native habitat near Nanakuli, Oahu.

NAOMi hOFFMAN

TAXAhawaii

Native taxareview

(Part one of a series)

Join me as I take a walk through our native plants! I’ve decided to stroll in a taxonomic fashion so I can show some interesting relationships be-tween the plants along the way. I will follow the taxonomy of my

graduate school textbook, Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach (Judd et al., 1999), but walk sort of backwards, starting with the most complex dicots and working back into the monocots.

The flowers in the order Asterales have united petals and the number of stamens is equal to the number of corolla lobes. Aste-rales is represented in the native Hawaiian flora by three plant families: Campanulaceae (lobelia family), Goodeniaceae (naupaka fam-ily), and Asteraceae (sunflower family). The flowers in these three families also display plunger pollination - The stamens are close together and form a tube around the style. The style elongates to present the pollen to various floral visitors like birds and bees.

As you look at these thirteen plant genera in the Asteraceae, think of a sunflower in bloom. What seems to be a single large flower is actually a composite of many smaller flowers. There are hundreds of little flowers growing on a disk, each producing just one seed. Each “disk flower” is tubu-lar in shape. The big “petals” that ring the outside of the flower head are called “ray flowers”, with petals fused together and hanging to one side. Some plants have only disk flowers or ray flowers, and others will have both.

Next time we will look at our native naupaka and lobelia flowers and one again notice tubular flowers.

For each native genus I have given the most recent species count afterwards in parentheses (thanks to Bishop Museum’s

2012 Hawaiian Native and NaturalizedVascular Plants Checklist, edited

by Clyde Imada). This number can change due to newly described plants, plant extinctions, and taxonomic decisions such as syn-onymy or resurrection of names.

Please note there might be Hawaiian names other than the one presented.

Naomi Hoffman is the botanist for the Honolulu Botanical

Gardens.

Photos: ©G.D. CARR

26 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 27THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

Purchase open land, build a dwelling, operating loans, line of credit, equipment purchase, truck or automobile purchase, refinance a mortgage or agree-ment of sale, etc.

Both the Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCA and Hawaii Production Credit Association can custom design a

loan to meet your needs.

We offer: Long term loans, short term loans, competitive interest rate programs, flexible repayment schedules, excellent loan servicing options, etc. We also have programs for Young, Beginning, Small and Minority Farmers.

C A L L O N E O F O U R LOA N O F F I C E R S AT :

Oahu Office 99-860 Iwaena Street, Suite A Aiea, HI 96701 Phone: 808-836-8009 Fax: 808-836-8610 www.hawaiifarmcredit.com

Hilo Office 988 Kinoole Street Hilo, HI 96720 Phone: 808-961-3708 Fax: 808-961-5494

From the Neighbor Islands Call Toll Free 1-800-894-4996

FCS of Hawaii, ACA is part of the Farm Credit System, a nationwide system of leading agricultural financial institutions which started in 1917. FCS of Hawaii, ACA has been doing business in Hawaii since 1966 through its subsidiary the Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCA. The FCS of Hawaii, ACA is not a Federal Agency of the Federal Government.

LOAN?LOAN?AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURALNEED ANNEED AN

Federal Land Bank Association of Hawaii, FLCAHawaii Production Credit Association

FARM CREDIT SERVICES OF HAWAII, ACA

cies, G. hirsutum, commonly referred to as Upland cotton, making inter-specific gene flow fairly easy and relatively genetically stable.

What is good for plant breeders and cotton farmers around the world is not necessarily good for island endemics such as ma‘o however.

This ability for hybridization (or gene flow) can severely impact the fragile genet-ic identity of ma‘o. Coupled with habitat degradation, the survival of this beautiful and culturally significant island endemic is uncertain in the wild.

To minimize the risk of gene flow, it is recommended that non-native cotton species (any cotton species that produces white lint fiber) not be planted as orna-mentals, especially if near native ma‘o habitat (leeward, coastal arid environ-ments) or other known ma‘o plantings.

Despite its challenges, ma‘o has had some restoration success stories. Efforts to repopulate ma‘o on formally degraded habitat have been fruitful (or boll-ful). When off-roading near Makapu‘u light-house was halted, the ma‘o population made a dramatic resurgence. Today, if you walk the trails between Sandy Beach and Makapu‘u in the springtime you will be greeted by hundreds of flowering ma‘o hid-den amongst the koa haole and buffel grass.

Two million years ago a cot-ton seed, likely originating from the coastal plains of what is now southern Mexico, went adrift in the vast Pacific. Carried by

the ocean’s currents it eventually made landfall on the shores of ancient Hawai‘i. Through time and isolation this seed gave rise to a unique cotton species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Known botani-cally as Gossypium tomentosum or ma‘o to the Hawaiians who first gazed upon it’s sulfur yellow hibiscus like flowers, this unique species once flourished on the arid leeward sides of all the main Hawaiian Islands, except the Islands of Hawai‘i and Kaua‘i.

Though its flowers resemble that of a hibiscus, ma‘o is actually more closely related to the cotton used to create your favorite t-shirt than Hawaii’s state flower. This long lived perennial shrub can reach 1.5 meters in height, producing yellow flowers that give rise to cotton bolls with short reddish brown lint, too short to be used for weaving.

Ma‘o is well adapted to the arid envi-ronments of leeward and coastal Hawaii. The leaves are covered in attractive silvery tomentum (hence its botanical nomencla-ture) allowing the plant to retain moisture in the hot, dry summer months. Aside from retaining moisture, these leaves also held significance to Hawaiians of past. The name ma‘o means green, likely refer-ring to the green dye made from the leaves of this plant traditionally used to color tapa cloth.

More recently, humans have found oth-er uses for ma‘o. Though restricted to the Hawaiian Islands, this species has had a significant global impact. Recognizing the unique agronomic characteristics of ma‘o, breeders have successfully introduced beneficial traits (such as insect resistance) from ma‘o into commercial cotton species. There is also interest in some of its other agronomic traits, such as natural brown lint and heat tolerance. This breeding is possible because ma‘o is closely related to commercial cotton species; close enough to enable inter-specific hybridization. In fact, ma‘o is the closest relative to the most prominent commercial cotton spe-

Using ma‘o as a landscape ornamental can also help ensure its survival. Ma‘o does well in a garden setting, favoring well drained soil, full sun and requiring little water or maintenance. If left alone, ma‘o will produce a flush of vegetative growth followed by an abundance of flowers in the early spring, lasting well into the sum-mer. Infrequent year round watering will help ensure year round flowering. Once established, ma‘o can be pruned as desired.

Ma‘o propagates easily from seeds or cuttings. Scarifying seeds for 24 hours in water prior to sowing helps speed germi-nation, which can take up to two months. Sow in well-drained soil and keep moist. If collecting seeds or cuttings, be sure to do so legally.

From an initial colonizer 2 million years ago, to tapa cloth dye, to modern agricul-ture, ma‘o has been on quite a journey. Us-ing this plant as a landscape ornamental not only brings low maintenance beauty to a landscape but will also help preserve this unique island endemic for future generations.

Alex Lehman received his MS from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in molecular ecology from the department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences.

Meet Ma‘o By ALex LeHMAN

Mature Ma‘o shrub in native habitat near Nanakuli, Oahu.

NAOMi hOFFMAN

TAXAhawaii

Native taxareview

(Part one of a series)

Join me as I take a walk through our native plants! I’ve decided to stroll in a taxonomic fashion so I can show some interesting relationships be-tween the plants along the way. I will follow the taxonomy of my

graduate school textbook, Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach (Judd et al., 1999), but walk sort of backwards, starting with the most complex dicots and working back into the monocots.

The flowers in the order Asterales have united petals and the number of stamens is equal to the number of corolla lobes. Aste-rales is represented in the native Hawaiian flora by three plant families: Campanulaceae (lobelia family), Goodeniaceae (naupaka fam-ily), and Asteraceae (sunflower family). The flowers in these three families also display plunger pollination - The stamens are close together and form a tube around the style. The style elongates to present the pollen to various floral visitors like birds and bees.

As you look at these thirteen plant genera in the Asteraceae, think of a sunflower in bloom. What seems to be a single large flower is actually a composite of many smaller flowers. There are hundreds of little flowers growing on a disk, each producing just one seed. Each “disk flower” is tubu-lar in shape. The big “petals” that ring the outside of the flower head are called “ray flowers”, with petals fused together and hanging to one side. Some plants have only disk flowers or ray flowers, and others will have both.

Next time we will look at our native naupaka and lobelia flowers and one again notice tubular flowers.

For each native genus I have given the most recent species count afterwards in parentheses (thanks to Bishop Museum’s

2012 Hawaiian Native and NaturalizedVascular Plants Checklist, edited

by Clyde Imada). This number can change due to newly described plants, plant extinctions, and taxonomic decisions such as syn-onymy or resurrection of names.

Please note there might be Hawaiian names other than the one presented.

Naomi Hoffman is the botanist for the Honolulu Botanical

Gardens.

Photos: ©G.D. CARR

28 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 29THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

© 2013 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow” and the “Power Edge” trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

All you need is a credit card and

we’ll ship right to your job site.

808.676.0256

In recent years, pollinators have been getting more and more attention world-wide. Unfortu-nately, this focus was earned as a result of widespread pollinator declines, both in general circum-

stances and acute die-offs. Much remains unknown, but there is bad news and good news.

Bad News: Many factors contribute to pollinator decline.

• Habitat destruction and alteration. Many pollinators have developed specific relationships with plants in specific en-vironments. Land use changes, develop-ment, and agricultural practices all have direct impacts on pollinator food supply, nesting, mating and migrating ranges, and microclimates. As we make changes to the landscape around us, there may be many unintended consequences that af-fect pollinators- many of them adverse.

• Pathogens and pests. With global commerce and transportation so com-mon, it is no wonder invasive species are spread to new places. Pollinators have certainly suffered their share of new pest and pathogen introductions, including viruses, parasites, mites, beetles, pests and myriad others. Just like other organ-isms, pollinators suffer health risks that exist naturally in their populations. Lately however, there are many examples of problems being moved from one spe-cies or population to another; by picking something up and transporting it, we put our pollinator populations at risk for new (and mysterious/often devastating) health problems. In Hawaii, recent pest arrivals include the Varroa mite (now on Oahu and Big Island) and the Small Hive Beetle (statewide). As these issues add up, it gets more and more difficult to parse the effects of each health problem, but the impact is undoubtedly more stress on pol-linator populations.

• Climate change. Erratic weather patterns and overall landscape changes affect pollinators directly- like a tropical storm that could prevent the mating or migration of a species that season- but can also have more subtle indirect effects.

For example, if a drought occurs when a primary forage plant usually blooms, the dearth could cause pollinator populations extended stress. The forage landscape of pollinators may be very specific- there are pollinators which rely on one plant and vice versa, if one is lost the other follows. Other pollinators are generalists- and require multiple consecutive blooms to complete their life cycle. In either case, the pollinator-plant relationship may have several periods critical for success of the plant and pollinator populations.

• Pesticide use. Honey bees, as a pol-linator example, may forage 5 miles to find food. Within that radius they can be exposed to numerous toxins, including agrochemicals. They take pollen and nec-tar home and store it in their wax combs. Residues found in the pollen and nectar may also build up in the combs, where the bees live and raise baby bees. Over 100 residues have been detected in honey bee colonies! With the rise in awareness about pollinator declines a whole new body of work has been spawned to investigate the effects of chemical exposure. The previous approach to evaluating toxicity of these chemicals to honey bees was to

expose them through contact or feeding, and then measure the dose that killed 50% of the bees (LD50). A lower LD50 meant a much higher toxicity. This kind of test, however, does not take into ac-count sub-lethal effects- i.e. just because the bee is not dead, does not mean she is healthy! Nor does it take into account the synergistic effects when many chemi-cals are present at the same time, which researchers find frequently in honey bee colonies. Recent evidence suggests that the LD50 changes significantly when mul-tiple chemicals are present. Also, some chemicals increase the likelihood that bees will develop infections with dis-eases. The bottom line: this topic is very complicated, and will take some time to understand.

Fortunately there is also Good News!

We now know more than ever about pollinator health and the problems they face, and it can inform our management decisions. Beekeepers have been forced to improve management and tend to the health of their colonies. Growers can no longer take for granted beneficial insects

in their crops, and must consider best management practices which includes pollinators and healthy habitat. The general public is increasingly aware of all these issues, which benefits us and the pollinators!

Who are Hawaii’s Pollinators? Hawaii’s pollinator situation is very unique in the world. Being so remote, the pollinators that occurred here naturally are fewer than in continental land masses. These include one genus of solitary bees (Hylaeus- the ‘yellow face’ bees), flies, birds and butter-flies. Many of them evolved here and are only found in Hawaii. They are extremely vulnerable to habitat changes such as plants and land use. There are also intro-duced pollinators, which include honey bees, leaf cutter bees, carpenter bees, butterflies, wasps and flies. Planting native Hawaiian plants makes resources available to both native and introduced pollinator species, and will typically reduce the pesti-cide requirements of your landscape.

What can you do? We can all take steps to support pollinators. Being more cautious with pesticide use, choosing less toxic chemicals, applying them to minimize impact (read the label!), and se-lecting plants that won’t require chemical input. We can also plant to provide pol-linator habitat. A new guide for Hawaii’s farmers, land managers and gardeners was recently published with funding from Robert Batinovich, the Greene Family,

Ruth and Chuck Adams, and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture with over-sight by the Pollinator Partnership, and support from the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. It is a free resource online: www.pollinator.org

The Pollinator Planting Guide: Hawai-ian Islands Province includes informa-tion about general habitat needs of pollinators, how pollinators and plants go together (for example, which traits typically attract birds rather than bees), and detailed lists of Hawaiian native trees, shrubs, vines and forbs that can be planted to support pollinators. Many similar guides have been available for mainland locations, but much of the information is not relevant in Hawaii’s unique landscape. This is the first resource of its kind to include native Hawaiian plant lists with corresponding pollinator information. It lists some pro-viders of native plants throughout the state. It also includes lists of non-native plants that are not invasive, and support pollinators (examples include lavender and lychee). It is estimated that Hawaii’s bee-pollinated farm sales are valued at $212.8 million annually.

Danielle Downey is the Apiculture Specialist with the Hawaii Department of

Agriculture in Hilo.

PolliNatorshelPiNg hawaii’s By DANIeLLe DowNey

Photos: PAUL TAKEHIRO

Danielle Downey at a beekeeper workshop

28 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013 HAWAIISCAPE.Com 29THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

© 2013 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow” and the “Power Edge” trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

All you need is a credit card and

we’ll ship right to your job site.

808.676.0256

In recent years, pollinators have been getting more and more attention world-wide. Unfortu-nately, this focus was earned as a result of widespread pollinator declines, both in general circum-

stances and acute die-offs. Much remains unknown, but there is bad news and good news.

Bad News: Many factors contribute to pollinator decline.

• Habitat destruction and alteration. Many pollinators have developed specific relationships with plants in specific en-vironments. Land use changes, develop-ment, and agricultural practices all have direct impacts on pollinator food supply, nesting, mating and migrating ranges, and microclimates. As we make changes to the landscape around us, there may be many unintended consequences that af-fect pollinators- many of them adverse.

• Pathogens and pests. With global commerce and transportation so com-mon, it is no wonder invasive species are spread to new places. Pollinators have certainly suffered their share of new pest and pathogen introductions, including viruses, parasites, mites, beetles, pests and myriad others. Just like other organ-isms, pollinators suffer health risks that exist naturally in their populations. Lately however, there are many examples of problems being moved from one spe-cies or population to another; by picking something up and transporting it, we put our pollinator populations at risk for new (and mysterious/often devastating) health problems. In Hawaii, recent pest arrivals include the Varroa mite (now on Oahu and Big Island) and the Small Hive Beetle (statewide). As these issues add up, it gets more and more difficult to parse the effects of each health problem, but the impact is undoubtedly more stress on pol-linator populations.

• Climate change. Erratic weather patterns and overall landscape changes affect pollinators directly- like a tropical storm that could prevent the mating or migration of a species that season- but can also have more subtle indirect effects.

For example, if a drought occurs when a primary forage plant usually blooms, the dearth could cause pollinator populations extended stress. The forage landscape of pollinators may be very specific- there are pollinators which rely on one plant and vice versa, if one is lost the other follows. Other pollinators are generalists- and require multiple consecutive blooms to complete their life cycle. In either case, the pollinator-plant relationship may have several periods critical for success of the plant and pollinator populations.

• Pesticide use. Honey bees, as a pol-linator example, may forage 5 miles to find food. Within that radius they can be exposed to numerous toxins, including agrochemicals. They take pollen and nec-tar home and store it in their wax combs. Residues found in the pollen and nectar may also build up in the combs, where the bees live and raise baby bees. Over 100 residues have been detected in honey bee colonies! With the rise in awareness about pollinator declines a whole new body of work has been spawned to investigate the effects of chemical exposure. The previous approach to evaluating toxicity of these chemicals to honey bees was to

expose them through contact or feeding, and then measure the dose that killed 50% of the bees (LD50). A lower LD50 meant a much higher toxicity. This kind of test, however, does not take into ac-count sub-lethal effects- i.e. just because the bee is not dead, does not mean she is healthy! Nor does it take into account the synergistic effects when many chemi-cals are present at the same time, which researchers find frequently in honey bee colonies. Recent evidence suggests that the LD50 changes significantly when mul-tiple chemicals are present. Also, some chemicals increase the likelihood that bees will develop infections with dis-eases. The bottom line: this topic is very complicated, and will take some time to understand.

Fortunately there is also Good News!

We now know more than ever about pollinator health and the problems they face, and it can inform our management decisions. Beekeepers have been forced to improve management and tend to the health of their colonies. Growers can no longer take for granted beneficial insects

in their crops, and must consider best management practices which includes pollinators and healthy habitat. The general public is increasingly aware of all these issues, which benefits us and the pollinators!

Who are Hawaii’s Pollinators? Hawaii’s pollinator situation is very unique in the world. Being so remote, the pollinators that occurred here naturally are fewer than in continental land masses. These include one genus of solitary bees (Hylaeus- the ‘yellow face’ bees), flies, birds and butter-flies. Many of them evolved here and are only found in Hawaii. They are extremely vulnerable to habitat changes such as plants and land use. There are also intro-duced pollinators, which include honey bees, leaf cutter bees, carpenter bees, butterflies, wasps and flies. Planting native Hawaiian plants makes resources available to both native and introduced pollinator species, and will typically reduce the pesti-cide requirements of your landscape.

What can you do? We can all take steps to support pollinators. Being more cautious with pesticide use, choosing less toxic chemicals, applying them to minimize impact (read the label!), and se-lecting plants that won’t require chemical input. We can also plant to provide pol-linator habitat. A new guide for Hawaii’s farmers, land managers and gardeners was recently published with funding from Robert Batinovich, the Greene Family,

Ruth and Chuck Adams, and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture with over-sight by the Pollinator Partnership, and support from the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. It is a free resource online: www.pollinator.org

The Pollinator Planting Guide: Hawai-ian Islands Province includes informa-tion about general habitat needs of pollinators, how pollinators and plants go together (for example, which traits typically attract birds rather than bees), and detailed lists of Hawaiian native trees, shrubs, vines and forbs that can be planted to support pollinators. Many similar guides have been available for mainland locations, but much of the information is not relevant in Hawaii’s unique landscape. This is the first resource of its kind to include native Hawaiian plant lists with corresponding pollinator information. It lists some pro-viders of native plants throughout the state. It also includes lists of non-native plants that are not invasive, and support pollinators (examples include lavender and lychee). It is estimated that Hawaii’s bee-pollinated farm sales are valued at $212.8 million annually.

Danielle Downey is the Apiculture Specialist with the Hawaii Department of

Agriculture in Hilo.

PolliNatorshelPiNg hawaii’s By DANIeLLe DowNey

Photos: PAUL TAKEHIRO

Danielle Downey at a beekeeper workshop

30 LANDSCAPE HAWAII SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2013

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Remember 20 years ago when 2 cycle engines had foam air cleaner elements, adjustable carburetors, and equipment had a high pitch whine and seemed

to last forever? Well, get over it, those days are gone. We repeatedly discuss that the new EPA compliant machines, while they may look like the older versions, and function like the older versions, the changes that have been made are substan-tial, and they require more attention to service and maintenance.

In several previous articles, we have dis-cussed some of the differences between the “old” and “new” engines. However, a recent situation in the shop brought to light another difference, which we have not discussed—the importance of air cleaner maintenance.

We recently had the opportunity to open-up a 2-year-old line trimmer. The machine had “suddenly stopped work-ing”. When we removed the cylinder, the piston and cylinder looked clean—no scoring. Not a fuel problem. The exhaust port looked clean –no carbon build-up. We noticed debris around the piston pin and around the intake transfer port. The crankcase was also lined with a film of grit. (We can assume that the grit had built up and had caused the clip to break and lodge in the top of the piston. Hence, the engine stopped.) Where had the grit come from? It was primarily on one side of the piston—the intake side. Conclu-sion—a dirty air cleaner.

But how was this possible? The an-swer—all 2-cycle engines require air in order to work properly. In machines past, when your air cleaner was dirty, the machine would not start and/or would start and not throttle up; that was an

obvious sign of an air cleaner problem when troubleshooting the machine. Back then, when the air supply was not adequate, the carburetor could be adjusted to compensate for the lack of air to the engine. In the newer machines carbu-retors are non-adjustable (pre-set at the factory) so the air coming through the air cleaner is the only way that the engine can get the air needed to sun properly.

Many of the new machines are using a felt or paper air filter, which allows the air to pass through, but stops the dust before it enters the carburetor. These filters are often difficult to clean. Unlike the “good old days”, even if these new style filters are dirty your machine will contin-ue to start and run. And herein lies the problem. Mechanics and operators will assume that the machine is fine—no problem; no need to worry about the discolored air cleaner. However, when using the machine with the “dirty” air cleaner the dust will eventual-ly get sucked into the piston and cylinder and cause internal engine damage. (This would not be cov-ered under warranty.)

Recog-nizing the

problem, some manufacturers are offering an op-

tional foam filter, to be used as a pre-filter. I

would strongly recommend using both the paper and the foam. The foam can be

washed with soap and water, thus offering another layer of pro-

tection against the dust. To further increase the air element effectiveness

it can also be oiled to provide more protection against dirt getting into the

carburetor. (When we talk about dust we are not only describing dust from dirt, but we are including the dust from roads

and car exhaust, and whatever is carried by the wind.)

As a mechanic/shop supervisor, it is imperative that a regular maintenance schedule be instituted to include check-ing, cleaning and/or replacing air cleaner elements. Rather than wait for the problem to arise, be pro-active and plan to replace the elements after a specific number of hours based on usage. Tor companies that use the machines 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, consider changing filters every 60-70 hours, and cleaning every week. The cost of air cleaner ele-ments is minor compared to a piston and cylinder replacement, down time, and

labor costs. Here is a simple truth—we al-

ways seem to overlook, or ignore, the basics when it involves our equipment.

Phyllis Jones is with A to Z Equip-ment and Sales, formally A to Z Rental Center, in business for over 25 years.

bacK tobasics

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Remember 20 years ago when 2 cycle engines had foam air cleaner elements, adjustable carburetors, and equipment had a high pitch whine and seemed

to last forever? Well, get over it, those days are gone. We repeatedly discuss that the new EPA compliant machines, while they may look like the older versions, and function like the older versions, the changes that have been made are substan-tial, and they require more attention to service and maintenance.

In several previous articles, we have dis-cussed some of the differences between the “old” and “new” engines. However, a recent situation in the shop brought to light another difference, which we have not discussed—the importance of air cleaner maintenance.

We recently had the opportunity to open-up a 2-year-old line trimmer. The machine had “suddenly stopped work-ing”. When we removed the cylinder, the piston and cylinder looked clean—no scoring. Not a fuel problem. The exhaust port looked clean –no carbon build-up. We noticed debris around the piston pin and around the intake transfer port. The crankcase was also lined with a film of grit. (We can assume that the grit had built up and had caused the clip to break and lodge in the top of the piston. Hence, the engine stopped.) Where had the grit come from? It was primarily on one side of the piston—the intake side. Conclu-sion—a dirty air cleaner.

But how was this possible? The an-swer—all 2-cycle engines require air in order to work properly. In machines past, when your air cleaner was dirty, the machine would not start and/or would start and not throttle up; that was an

obvious sign of an air cleaner problem when troubleshooting the machine. Back then, when the air supply was not adequate, the carburetor could be adjusted to compensate for the lack of air to the engine. In the newer machines carbu-retors are non-adjustable (pre-set at the factory) so the air coming through the air cleaner is the only way that the engine can get the air needed to sun properly.

Many of the new machines are using a felt or paper air filter, which allows the air to pass through, but stops the dust before it enters the carburetor. These filters are often difficult to clean. Unlike the “good old days”, even if these new style filters are dirty your machine will contin-ue to start and run. And herein lies the problem. Mechanics and operators will assume that the machine is fine—no problem; no need to worry about the discolored air cleaner. However, when using the machine with the “dirty” air cleaner the dust will eventual-ly get sucked into the piston and cylinder and cause internal engine damage. (This would not be cov-ered under warranty.)

Recog-nizing the

problem, some manufacturers are offering an op-

tional foam filter, to be used as a pre-filter. I

would strongly recommend using both the paper and the foam. The foam can be

washed with soap and water, thus offering another layer of pro-

tection against the dust. To further increase the air element effectiveness

it can also be oiled to provide more protection against dirt getting into the

carburetor. (When we talk about dust we are not only describing dust from dirt, but we are including the dust from roads

and car exhaust, and whatever is carried by the wind.)

As a mechanic/shop supervisor, it is imperative that a regular maintenance schedule be instituted to include check-ing, cleaning and/or replacing air cleaner elements. Rather than wait for the problem to arise, be pro-active and plan to replace the elements after a specific number of hours based on usage. Tor companies that use the machines 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, consider changing filters every 60-70 hours, and cleaning every week. The cost of air cleaner ele-ments is minor compared to a piston and cylinder replacement, down time, and

labor costs. Here is a simple truth—we al-

ways seem to overlook, or ignore, the basics when it involves our equipment.

Phyllis Jones is with A to Z Equip-ment and Sales, formally A to Z Rental Center, in business for over 25 years.

bacK tobasics

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