lghfdtl ;jfdf ;dfj] zls/0f] - martin chautari · lghfdtl ;]jfdf ;dfj ]zls/0f • 45 af]x/f, vgfn,...

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f • 41

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f

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P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s kl/jt{gsf9f]sf v'n]sf 5g\ . /fHo Joj:yf k'g;{+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL ax;n]ult / cfsf/ u|x0f ub}{ uPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eO{ gofF;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ r/0f klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ax'efifL, ax'hflt, ax';f+:s[lts / ax'wdL{ d'n's eP/ klg o;sf]s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo ;+/rgf 5 / Pp6} hflt, Pp6} efiffsf] k|e'Tj /lxcfPsf]kfOG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgkl5 g} /fHodf s]Gb|Lo:t/af6PsfTds 9Ësf] zf;g rNg yfNof] . clwsf+z hflt, hghflt / efiffefifLalxis/0fsf] df/df kg{ uP / /fHosf] :j¿k c;dfj]zL 9Ësf] aGg k'Uof] .hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / dw];LnfO{lsgf/f nufOof] / dfly p7\g lbOPg . o:tf] cj:yf cBflk sfod b]lvG5 .s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !# k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6\g] blnt ce}m klg5'jf5"t h:tf] s';+:sf/sf] df/df 5g\ . oxL s';+:sf/ g} cfd blnt;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf] afws alg/x]sf] 5 . blntsf] ;Gbe{df dfq xf]Ogdlxnf, hghflt / dw];L ;d'bfon] ;d]t lje]b a]xf]g'{k/]sf] 5 . wfld{sb[li6n] lxGb" clw/fHosf] ;+1fåf/f cGo wd{nfO{ cf]e]mndf kfl/Psf] lyof] .ca eg] g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« ag]sf] 5 .

42 • ;dfj]zLs/0fM /fhgLlts bn, /fHo / ldl8of

o:tf ju{, ;d'bfo, lnË, If]q, hflt cflbaLr ljBdfg lje]bsf] cGToub}{ ;a} ju{ / ;d"xnfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf lxF8fpg clxn] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf/ ;dfj]zLsf] ax;n] dxŒj kfPsf] xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df klg;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ljsf;sf]d"nwf/df NofO{ ltgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dfgjLo tyf ;f+:s[lts l:yltdf;'wf/ Nofpg] rfn" tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] b]zsf] gLltlgdf{0f, gLlt sfof{Gjog / To;sf] k|ltkmnpkef]u ug{df ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf ha;Dd ;xefuL x'g kfpFb}gg\ ta;Dd/fhgLlts kl/jt{g nf]stGq / ;dfj]zL h:tf ljifox¿ zAbdf dfq;Lldt x'G5g\ . /fHo Joj:yfsf] cleGg / cljefHo cË dflgg] lghfdtL;]jf klg c;dfj]zL 5 / o;nfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L ;dfj]zL agfpg'kg]{cfjfh p7\g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] of] ljifonfO{ cl3 a9fpgclxn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf hftLo, ;fd'bflos / n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] s:tf];xeflutf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L cfjZos x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}lËs,;fd'bflos tyf hfltut ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljBdfg cj:yf tyf tL ;d"xsf]lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg], lghfdtL ;]jf ;dfj]zLs/0fx'g g;Sgfsf sf/0f klxrfg ug]{ / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos ;'emfjl;kmfl/; ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/Psf] cWoogdf of] n]v cfwfl/t 5 .

d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL k|sflzt ljleGg ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df of]cWoog ul/Psf] xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL lghfdtL lstfavfgfaf6lnOPsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt tx;Ddsf] ljZn]if0f ;Dk"0f{;ª\VofdWo]af6 ul/Psf] xf] eg] /fhkq cglÍt / >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf]gd'gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] xf] . pknAw gfdfjnLdf ePsfs]xL y/af6 hft g5'l§g], s]xL gfdaf6 lnË kQf nfpg g;lsg] h:tfsl7gfO cWoogsf qmddf ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . oBlk To:tf] cj:yf sd}ePsfn] o; cWoogdfk{mt lghfdtL If]qdf hftLo, n}lËs / ;fd'bflosljljwtfsf] emns :ki6;Fu k|:t't ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff / ljsf;;fdfGo cy{df lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;/sf/L k|zf;goGqdfsfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf a'lemG5 . ljz]if1x¿sf] pkl:ylt ePsf]:yfoL / ;+;baf6 kfl/t ah]6df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ tnaeQf tf]lsPsf


JolQmx¿sf] ;/sf/L ;]jf g} lghfdtL ;]jf xf] -lqtfn @)%(_ . o;lsl;dsf] ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx¿ :jtGq lgsfoaf6 ljlw ckgfO{ k|lt:kwf{sfcfwf/df 5flgG5g\ . oBlk o; lsl;dsf] ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff ljZj ;d'bfodfw]/}kl5 dfq ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . c7f/f}F ztfAbL cl3;Dd ljleGg d'n'sdf;+/If0f k|0ffnLcGtu{t k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{, ;/sf/L k|zf;g sfo{nfO{s/f/df lbg] / ;/sf/sf] k]m/abn ePsf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/L klg k]m/abnx'g] Joj:yf lyof] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/sf gLltx¿ sfof{Gjogx'g ;s]gg\ . :yfloTjsf] cefjdf sd{Rff/Lx¿ e|i6, pbf;Lg, pQ/bfloTjljxLgPj+ cj;/jfbL eO{ ;/sf/L k|zf;g c:tJo:t x'g yfn]sf] cg'ej ul/of]/ /fhgLltaf6 t6:y ;]jfsf] vf]hL x'g yfNof] . oxL vf]hLsf] kl/0ffd g}clxn]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf xf] .

o; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; cf}krfl/s ¿kdf a]nfotaf6 ePsf] xf] . ;g\!*%$ df a]nfot ;/sf/n] gy{sf]6 / 6«]engnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ;'wf/;DaGwLbfloTj ;'Dk]sf] lyof] . oL ljåfgx¿n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 g} lghfdtL;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf vf;u/L ;+/If0fJoj:yfcGtu{t lgo'lQm lbg] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{, sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 v'nfk|ltof]lutfaf6 ug]{, sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|lt:wf{Tdsk/LIff lnO{ ug]{, lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug]{ / o;nfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf¿kdf sfo{ :jfoQtf lbg] h:tf ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\!*%% df lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]u u7g ul/of] -clwsf/L @)%*_ .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf n'6 k|0ffnL -:KjfOn l;:6d_ n] Hofb} lj;Ëltl;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;]jf lgj[Q Pp6f o'jsn];g\ !**! df /fi6«klt h]D; P= uf/lkmN8sf] xTof u/]kl5 ;/sf/sf] WofglghfdtL ;]jftk{m lvlrof] . kmntM cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !*## df k]G8N6g PS6kfl/t eO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'?cft eof] -e§/fO{ @)^#_ .

lghfdtL ;]jf s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x/]s b]zdf cf–cfˆg} lsl;dn]dfGotf :yflkt ul/Psf 5g\ . ;du|df ;/sf/sf] /fh:jaf6 tna kfpg],ljlzi6 1fg, ;Lk / sf}zn ePsf :yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut ;d"xnfO{lghfdtL ;]jf dflgG5 . t/ Jojxf/df vf;u/L ;]gf, k|x/L / lzIfsnufotnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfeGbf aflx/ /fVg] ul/G5 . oBlk ef/tdf k|x/L;]jfnfO{ klg lghfdtL ;]jfleq} /flvPsf] 5 . o:t} sltko d'n'sdf k|fljlws;]jfnfO{ ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfeGbf aflx/ /fVg] ul/G5 . k|l;4 k|zf;lgs


ljåfg\ 8f= xd{g kmfOg/sf cg';f/, ælghfdtL ;]jf Jofj;flos clws[tx¿sf]o:tf] cË xf] h'g :yfoL j}tlgs / ;Lko'Qm x'G5 .Æ o;}u/L OPg Unf8]gsfcg';f/, æ:jR5 ¿kdf rog ul/Psf], k|zf;lgs lgk'0ftf xfl;n u/]sf],/fhgLlts t6:ytf / ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u'0fo'Qm ;]jf g} lghfdtL;]jfsf] klxrfg xf]Æ -e§ @)^)M # df p4[t_ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@^-!_ sf] :ki6Ls/0fv08df æ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfjf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jfjf kbafx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c¿ ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jfkb dflgg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

o;}u/L, wf/f !%# df æg]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:Tff;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhdx'g]5g\Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng /;]jfsf ;t{x¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @-s_ n] ælghfdtL;]jf eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t lghfdtL ;]jf eGg] ;Demg'k5{Æ eGg]kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf -#_ df lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t g]kfn cfly{sof]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf, g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, g]kfnGofo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f;]jf, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn ljljw ;]jf / g]kfn lzIff ;]jf u/L hDdfb;cf]6f ;]jfsf] lghfdtL ;]jf u7g u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; P]gaf6;~rfng gx'g] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf / g]kfn ;+;b ;]jf klg lghfdtL ;]jfg} dflgG5g\ . oL b'O{ ;]jfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^-!_ sf] :ki6Ls/0f v08n]lghfdtL ;]jfleq} ;d]6\5 .

g]kfndf nfdf] ;dob]lv lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cl:tTj /x] klg o;sf] :ki6kl/efiff ul/Psf] lyPg . lnR5jL / dNn /fhfx¿n] nfdf] ;do zf;grnfP klg k|zf;g rnfpg] ;DaGwdf ljlzi6vfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOFb}g .b}ljs l;4fGtcg';f/ /fhfnfO{ zf;g ug]{ c;Lldt clwsf/ x'g] dfGotfdfcfwfl/t To; a]nfsf] zf;g k|0ffnL s'g} lnlvt sfg'gdf cfwfl/t lyPg .

P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] k/Dk/fut lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'?cft eg]ls/ftsfnLg cj:yfb]lv g} ePsf] kfOG5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf nfluk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 5 y/ 3/sf] gLlt lnPsf lyP . oL 5 y/df kfF8], kGt,


af]x/f, vgfn, /fgf / cof{n lyP . pgn] /fHo ;~rfngsf] dxŒjk"0f{cleef/f oL 5 y/nfO{ g} lbPsf lyP . o;afx]s pgn] ædu/ hfFrL ljrf/LyfKg', 7s'/L hfFrL l8¶f /fVg'Æ eGg] pvfg;d]t rnfPsf lyP . oL hftx¿n]g} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf / kl5 klg /fHo ;~rfngsf] dxŒjk"0f{lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lyP . !)$ jif{sf] /f0ff zf;gdf klg s'g} j}1flgs /Jojl:yt k|zf;lgs ;'?cft ePg . @))& ;fnk"j{ lghfdtL k|zf;g /hËL k|zf;g Pp6} lyof] cyf{t\ ;]gfsf] dftxt g} lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfngx'GYof] . /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf ;Gtfgn] hGdg]lalQs} hg]{n kb k|fKtub{y] / ef/bf/ kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;'Aaf;Dd agfOGYof] . hg;fwf/0fx¿hlt;'s} of]Uo / ;Ifd eP klg /f0ffx¿sf] ;]jf ug{ ;s] dfq} ;/sf/L kbk|fKt ug{ ;Sy] . Tolt a]nfsf] ;/sf/L ;]jf kl/jf/jfbdf c8]sf] lyof] .zf;sju{sf] ;'v, P]z, cf/fdsf nflu hgtfnfO{ h'g;'s} xb;Dd zf]if0fug{ ;Sg] sd{rf/L g} zf;ssf lk|o kfq x'Gy] . pRr k|zf;lgs kbx¿dfzf;s kl/jf/ / ltgsf ef/bf/sf] Psflwsf/ lyof] . lgo'lQm, kbf]Ggltcjsf; cflb s'/f lgod sfg'geGbf klg zf;ssf] OR5fdf e/ kb{Yof]-e§ @)^)_ .

@))& ;fncl3 lghfdtL ;]jf cToGt} cJojl:yt lyof] / o;sf]cfsf/ klg lgs} ;fgf] lyof] . @))& b]lv @)!& sf] cjlwdf /fhgLltscGof}n /x] klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hu o;} ;dodf a;]sf] lyof] . o; ;]jfdfk~rfotsfndf / @)$^ ;fndf k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5sf] ax'bnLosfndf a]Unfa]Un} ljz]iftf b]Vg kfOof] . t;y{ oxfF klg g]kfnsf] lghfdtL;]jfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf b[li6sf]0fn] b'O{ r/0fdf afF8]/ rrf{ul/G5 .

!= @))& / @)$^ aLrsf] cjlw@))& ;fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 k|zf;lgs;'wf/ ug]{tk{m Wofg lbOof] . o;} ;Gbe{df @))* ;fndf ef/tLo lghfdtL;]jfsf jl/i7 clws[tx¿sf] Ps 6f]nLnfO{ g]kfn af]nfOof] . o;} 6f]nLn]k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof;DaGwdf cfˆgf] ;'emfj k]z u/]kl5@))* c;f/ ! ut] g]kfn klAns ;le{; sld;g :yfkgf u/L lghfdtL;]jfdf cfjZos kg]{{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 k|lqmof k|f/De ul/of] . tTsfnLgk|wfgdGqL dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] sfo{sfndf lghfdtL ;]jf ;ldlt


u7g ul/of] . @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6Ík|;fb cfrfo{sf]cWoIftfdf k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g eof] . o; cfof]un];f]xL jif{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL agfof] . oxLFaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfn]j}wflgstf kfof] -lqtfn @)%*_ .

@)!& ;fnkl5 ;'? ePsf] k~rfotL k|zf;gdf gftfuf]tf, rfs8L /eg;'gsf] afx'No /Xof] . eg;'g jf gftfjfb÷s[kfjfbsf cfwf/df ;]jfdf3':g] clg s]xL ;doleq :yfoL x'g] g]kfnL k|zf;gsf] :jefj ag]sf] lyof]-e§ @)$%_ . o; sfnd} /fhgLlts bnx¿ / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[ltsljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|a4{g ug]{ k|of;dfly k|ltaGw nufOof] . Ps /fHo/ Ps /fhf, Ps efiff, Ps e]if / Ps wd{sf] l;h{gf ug'{ g} /fHosf]k|e'Tjsf/L gLlt lyof] . ;a}nfO{ ufn]/ Ps agfpg] g]kfnLs/0fsf] of]k|lqmofn] blntx¿ tyf cg]s ;Gbe{ / l:yltdf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L,v; -g]kfnL_ dft[efiffafx]s cGo dft[efifL, u}/lxGb" Pj+ dlxnf alxis[tx''''''''gk'u] -bfxfn / e§rg @)^#_ .

sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k/LIf0f / l;kmfl/; ug]{kl/kf6L lyof] . t;y{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu k|ToIf Jojwfg t s]xL lyPg .h;/L ;]gf jf k|x/Lleq kmf/d a'emfpFbf g} blnt / dw];LnfO{ e]befjul/GYof] To; lsl;dsf] e]befj geP klg ck|ToIf Jojwfgx¿ k|z:t} lyP .lghfdtL ;]jfdf s'g} ju{ / ;d"xnfO{ k|ToIf aGb]h gnufOP klg /fHosf]t6:y gLltn] afx'g, If]qL / g]jf/ ;d'bfonfO{ dfq nfe k'¥ofof] . ;fdflhs¿kdf ;lbof}Fb]lv jl~rtLdf k/]sf tyf sfg'gL c8\rgsf df/df k/Ld"nwf/df cfpg g;s]sf blnt, hghflt, dlxnf / dw];L ;d'bfonfO{d"nwf/df Nofpg t6:y gLlt dfq} kof{Kt lyPg . t/ /fHosf o:tf ljleGgIf]qdf ;a} ju{, ;d'bfo, hft, wd{ / lnËsf JolQmx¿ ;fd]n xf]pmg\ /g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ax'n k|ltlaDa oL If]qdf klg b]lvof];\ eGg] OR5f tTsfnLg;Qfsf] lyPg . ;]jf k|j]zsf] k|lqmof lgikIf eP klg k|j]zkl5 e]befjsf¿kx¿ k|z:t lyP . To;}n] k~rfotsfndf afx'gsf] t'ngfdf klg 7s'/L /cGo If]qLn] t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L nfe lnP . yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf ;]jf k|j]zu/]sf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ …tfGg] / ws]Ng]Ú ;+oGqsf] cefjdfj[lQljsf;af6 ;w}F jl~rt /x] . …v'nf h;n] ;S5 p;}sf] x'G5, a9'jf h;sf]]kx'Fr k'U5 p;}sf]Ú eGg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pvfg h:t} lyof] .


@= @)$& ;fnkl5sf] sfng]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cfjfhx¿ p7\g yfn]sf] @)$^ ;fnotf xf] .hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGt eof] . gofF;+ljwfg @)$& hf/L eof] . o; ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg hft, hflt, lnË /ju{aLrdf ;dfgtf / ;dtfsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . dlxnfsf] lzIff,:jf:Yo / /f]huf/sf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws;xefuL agfpg] / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf hghflt /;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] lng] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

ablnFbf] kl/j]zcg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cfPsf] lghfdtL;]jf P]g, @)$( df eg] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ plt dxŒj lbOPg . o; P]gdflghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{tsf ;]jfnfO{ d'Votof k|fljlws / ck|fljlws u/L b'O{efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, k|zf;g ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf,;+;b ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ ck|fljlws / cGo ;]jfnfO{ k|fljlws ;]jfdf/flvPsf] 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ txut ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg]of] ;]jfafx]s lghfdtL ;]jfsf cGo ;]jfnfO{ /fhkqflÍt, /fhkq cglÍt/ >]0fLljxLg u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . /fhkqflÍttk{m ljlzi6,k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo tyf /fhkq cglÍttk{m k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo, rt'y{ Pj+>]0fLljxLgdf lkog, rfns, dfnL cflb kb /flvPsf] 5 .

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o;/L hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf a|fXd0f tyf If]qL ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjbf]Aa/eGbf klg a9L b]lvG5 . gLltlgdf{0fsf] tx dflgg] /fhkqflÍt txdfsl/a &) k|ltzt / /fhkq cglÍt tyf >]0fLljxLg txx¿ b'j}df ^)÷^)k|ltzt ;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg kbx¿df x'g] lj1fkgdf s'nbvf{:tsf] &*=^@ k|ltzt bvf{:t of] ;d'bfosf] k/]sf] 5 eg] &(=^*k|ltzt kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{x]bf{ ce}m @)÷@% jif{ of] ;]jf ;dfj]zL x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g .


dlxnf ;xeflutflghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf w]/} kl5 dfq x'g yfn]sf] xf] . @))*;fndf g]kfn klAns ;le{; sld;g :yfkgfkl5 sd{rf/Lsf] lgikIf /of]Uotfsf cfwf/df 5gf]6 x'g] Joj:yf eof] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# n]:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] / o; ;]jfleq s}of}+F ;d"xx¿ dlxnfdfq};xefuL x'g kfpg] ePsfn] dlxnfsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z oxL ;]jfdfk{mtePsf] kfOG5 . clxn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] pNn]Vo pkl:ylt /x]sf]tYo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] hg/n gl;{ª ;d"xn] b]vfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdfdlxnfsf] ;xeflutf tflnsf %, ^, &, * / ( df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf %M >]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf %M >]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf %M >]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf %M >]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf %M >]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vofkbsf] >]0fLkbsf] >]0fLkbsf] >]0fLkbsf] >]0fLkbsf] >]0fL s'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/L dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf k'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?if

/f=k=ljlzi6 %@ ! -!=(@_ %! -(*=)*_

/f=k=k|yd #%( !( -%=@(_ #$) -($=&!_

/f=k=låtLo !(&) &* -#=(^_ !*(@ -(^=)$_

/f=k=t[tLo %()@ #$% -%=*%_ %%%& -($=!%_

/f=k=c=k|yd !$&!( !%)) -!)=!(_ !#@!( -*(=*!_

/f=k=c=låtLo @!%)* @#*$ -!!=)*_ !(!@$ -**=(@_

/f=k=c=t[tLo ()(! @&$$ -#)=!*_ ^#$& -^(=^(_

/f=k=c=rt'y{ !%!! %) -#=#!_ !$^! -(^=^(_

>]0fLljxLg @%)#$ !%^@ -^=@$_ @#$&@ -(#=&^_

gv'n]sf] ^ – ^ -!))_

hDdf *)!%@ *^*# -!)=*#_ &!$^( -*(=!&_

;|f]tM lghfdtL lstfavfgf, ;g\ @))*

>]0fLcg';f/ dlxnf ;xeflutf

k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof clt g} sd ePsf]tflnsf % af6 k|:6 x'G5 . s'n lghfdtL sd{rf/LdWo] !)=*# k|ltzt dlxnf;xeflutf 5 . ;g\ !((( df of] k|ltzt &=& k|ltzt lyof] eg] ;g\ @)))df &=* k|ltzt / ;g\ @))! df *=% k|ltzt . o;dWo] /fhkqflÍt txdfdlxnfsf] ;xeflutf eg] s]jn @=%* k|ltzt dfq} /x]sf] kfOG5 . >]0fLut¿kaf6 x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;ª\Vof /f=k=c= t[tLo >]0fLdf b]lvG5 . o;>]0fLdf s'n sd{rf/L (,)(! dWo] @,&$& cyf{t\ #)=!* k|ltzt dlxnf;xeflutf 5 . xfn :jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{t k|To]s pk:jf:Yo rf}sLdf /f=k= t[tLo


tflnsf ^M dGqfno / cGo lgsfodf dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf ^M dGqfno / cGo lgsfodf dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf ^M dGqfno / cGo lgsfodf dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf ^M dGqfno / cGo lgsfodf dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf ^M dGqfno / cGo lgsfodf dlxnf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof dGqfno÷lgsfosf]dGqfno÷lgsfosf]dGqfno÷lgsfosf]dGqfno÷lgsfosf]dGqfno÷lgsfosf] gfdgfdgfdgfdgfd s'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/Ls'n sd{rf/L dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf k'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?if

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno !(@ -)=@$_ @! -!)=($_ !&! -*(=)^_

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L *(@# -!!=!#_ %@@ -%=*%_ *$)! -($=!%_

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u !$^ -)=!*_ !! -&=%#_ !#% -(@=$&_

;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og ^#( -)=*_ !%% -@$=@^_ $*$ -&%=&$_

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefu $)^ -)=%!_ !^ -#=($_ #() -(^=)^_

lgjf{rg cfof]u #(! -)=$(_ @) -%=!@_ #&! -($=**_

u[x @%*( -#=@#_ !%) -%=&(_ @$#( -($=@!_

sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf @@) -)=@&_ @@ -!)_ !(* -()_

e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg $($@ -^=!^_ !%* -#=@_ $&*$ -(^=*_

lzIff tyf v]ns'b @$!$ -#=)!_ !&& -&=##_ @@#& -(@=^&_

cy{ #&@& -$=^%_ !&% -$=&_ #%%@ -(%=#_

jg tyf e"–;+/If0f &^%& -(=%%_ @## -#=)$_ &$@$ -(^=(^_

;fdfGo k|zf;g %&) -)=&!_ ^) -!)=%#_ %!) -*(=$&_

pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ !)^^ -!=##_ !)) -(=#*_ (^^ -()=^@_

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ &&$# -(=^^_ $!* -%=$_ &#%* -($=^_

:yfgLo ljsf; $(#) -^=!%_ *^ -!=&$_ $)$$ -*=@^_

>d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf %)% -)=^#_ #% -^=(#_ $&) -(*=@^_

/Iff *^ -)=!!_ & -*=!$_ &( -(!=*^_

k//fi6« @$% -)=#!_ !& -&=($_ @@* -(#=*^_

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof @)!@$ -@%=!_ %$%* -@&=!@_ !$^^^ -&@=**_

ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f $*$( -^=)%_ @^& -%=%!_ $%*@ -($=$(_

jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw #)@ -)=!(_ #& -!$=)(_ @^% -*%=)!_

hn;|f]t @##* -@=(@_ !!@ -$=&(_ @@@^ -(%=@!_

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ^%( -)=*@_ %$ -*=!(_ ^)% -(!=*!_

;+;bLo Joj:yf @%* -)=#@_ @^ -!)=)*_ @#@ -*(=(@_

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no @$ -)=)#_ ! -$=!&_ @# -(%=*#_

nf]s;]jf cfof]u @*$ -)=#%_ #^ -!@=^*_ @$* -*&=#@_

/fhkl/ifb\ # – # -!))_

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf @%! -)=#!_ !)@ -$)=^$_ !$( -%(=#^_

;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f &) -)=)(_ & -!)_ ^# -()_

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ! – ! -!))_

pk–k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no ! – ! -!))_

;jf]{Rr cbfnt @((% -#=&$_ !%$ -%=!$_ @*$! -($=*^_

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no %^@ -)=&_ $$ -&=*#_ %!* -(@=$$_

sfg'g ;'wf/ cfof]u !* -)=)@_ ! -%=%^_ !& -($=$$_

Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno !@ -)=)!_ – !@ -!))_

gv'n]sf] @# -)=)@_ # -@!=^&_ @) -&*=##_

hDdf *)!^* -!))_ *^*% -!)=*#_ &!$*# -*(=!&_

;|f]tM lghfdtL lstfavfgf, ;g\ @))*


>]0fLsf] dft[ lzz' sfo{stf{ -dflzsf_ x'G5g\ / oL pk:jf:Yo rf}sLsf];ª\Vof sl/a @,%)) 5 . o; >]0fLdf dlxnf dfq} ;xefuL x'g kfpg]dflzsf kbsf sf/0f dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]vgLo b]lvPsf] xf] .o;afx]s /f=k=c= låtLodf :jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{tsf] cSh'n/L g;{ ld8jfOkm-cgdL_, /f=k=c= k|yd >]0fLsf] :6fkm g;{ cflb kbsf sf/0f dlxnf ;xeflutfs]xL b]lvPsf] xf] . k'?ifn] ;d]t ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cGo ;]jf / ;d"xdfdlxnfsf] ;xeflutf Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dGqfno÷lgsfout cfwf/df dlxnf ;xeflutf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfo / ;f] dftxtsf lgsfodfsfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f tflnsf ^ df b]vfOPsf] 5 . tflnsfcg';f/s'n *),!^* sd{rf/LdWo] dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof *,^*% cyf{t\ !)=*#k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;aeGbf a9L -%,$%* hgf_ :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{t5g\ . of] ;ª\Vof :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lsf] s'n ;ª\Vofsf]@&=!@ k|ltzt xf] .

o;}u/L k|ltztsf lx;fan] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnodf$)=^$ k|ltzt dlxnf sd{rf/L 5g\ . :jf:Yo ;]jfdf dlxnfn] dfq} ;]jf ug]{kbx¿ ePsf] x'gfn] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws b]lvPsf] xf] . dlxnf, afnaflnsftyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnodf dlxnf dfq} ;xefuL x'g] kb geP klg kb:yfkgdfk|fyldstf lbPsf sf/0f dlxnf ;xeflutf a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

;]jfsf ljleGg kbdf dlxnf bvf{:t

lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt lj1fkgdf bvf{:tlbg] -cf=j= @)%(.^) b]lv @)^#.^$ ;Dddf_ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Voftflnsf & df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsftflnsftflnsftflnsftflnsf &M &M &M &M &M bvf{:tbvf{:tbvf{:tbvf{:tbvf{:t lbg] lbg] lbg] lbg] lbg] dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf / k'?if / k'?if / k'?if / k'?if / k'?ifcfcfcfcfcf=j==j==j==j==j= dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf k'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?if hDdfhDdfhDdfhDdfhDdf

@)%(÷^) !$^@$ -!%=$^_ &((*^ -*$=%$_ ($^!)

@)^)÷^! !#)^) -!$=(%_ &$@*) -*%=)%_ *&#$)

@)^!÷^@ @@#!) -@)=&^_ %!^^ -&(=@$_ !)&$&^

@)^@÷^# @)^@) -@@=*@_ ^(&#) -&&=!*_ ()#%)

@)^#÷^$ %!%^ -!^=%#_ @^)$# -*#=$&_ #!!((

;|f]t M nf]s;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿


tflnsf & cg';f/ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgdf sl/a !*k|ltzt hlt bvf{:t dlxnfx¿sf] kg]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg]] afFsL *@k|ltztdf k'?ifs} bvf{:t k/]sf] kfOG5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; 2 sf] l:ylt

ljutsf s]xL cfly{s jif{ -cf=j= @)%(÷^) b]lv @)^#÷^$_ df lghfdtL;]jfsf nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df dlxnf l;kmfl/;sf]cj:yfaf/] tflnsf * df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf *M ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf *M ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf *M ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf *M ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf *M ljleGg kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf dlxnf / k'?ifcfcfcfcfcf=j==j==j==j==j= dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf k'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?if hDdfhDdfhDdfhDdfhDdf

@)%(÷^) !&#* -$^=^^_ !(*& -%#=#$_ #&@%

@)^)÷^! !%$ -(=&*_ !$@! -()=@@_ !%&%

@)^!÷^@ @&# -!*=$!_ !@!) -*!=%(_ !$*#

@)^@÷^# ##* -!*=&#_ !$^& -!=@&_ !*)#

@)^#÷^$ ($ -!#=%_ ^^@ -*^=!%_ &%^


tflnsf * x]bf{ cf=j= @)%(÷^) df hDdf l;kmfl/; @,&@% dWo]!,&#* -$^=^^ k|ltzt_ dlxnf ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf=j= @)%(÷^) df:jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{t dlxnf dfq pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] dflzsf / cgdLh:tf kbsf] lj1fkg ePsfn] dlxnfsf] a9L l;kmfl/; ePsf] kfOG5 . kfFrjif{sf] cj:yf x]bf{ @!=$^ k|ltzt kbdf dlxnf l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g\ .cf=j= @)%(÷^) nfO{ 5f]8]/ afFsL rf/ jif{df !%=!) k|ltzt kbdfdlxnfx¿ l;kmfl/; ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k|f/lDes k/LIff pQL0f{ dlxnf

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL ck|fljlws ;]jf -;fdfGo k|zf;g_k//fi6«, n]vf, /fh:j, sfg'g, Gofo, ;/sf/L jlsn, n]vfk/LIf0f, ;+;b

2 nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu of]Uotfsf] k/LIf0f u/L ;kmn ePsfnfO{ lgo'lQmlbgsf nflu ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . l;kmfl/; x'g'sf] cy{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf]lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uo x''g' xf] .


;]jftk{msf] kf7Øqmd cf=j= @)%*÷%( b]lv kl/jt{g u/L d"n k/LIffdf;xefuL x'g k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xLJoj:yfadf]lhd ljleGg cfly{s jif{df k|f/lDes k/LIffx¿ ;~rfng ePsflyP . tL k|f/lDes k/LIffdf kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof tflnsf( df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf (M k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf (M k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf (M k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf (M k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?iftflnsf (M k|f/lDes k/LIff kf; ePsf dlxnf / k'?ifcfcfcfcfcf=j==j==j==j==j= dlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnfdlxnf k'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?ifk'?if hDdfhDdfhDdfhDdfhDdf

@)%(÷^) &* -^=@@_ !!&& -(#=&*_ !@%%

@)^)÷^! !#* -!)=()_ !!@& -*(=!_ !@^%

@)^!÷^@ !($ -*=@(_ @!$^ -(!=&!_ @#$)

@)^@÷^# *) -^=*$_ !)** -(#=!^_ !!^*

@)^$÷^% !)$ -$=%&_ @!&@ -(%=$#_ @@&^


cf=j= @)^#÷^$ df k|f/lDes k/LIff ;~rfng gePsf sf/0f tflnsf( df pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . k|f/lDes k/LIffdf dlxnfsf] pQL0f{ k|ltztcf};t &=#& b]lvG5 . cf=j= @)^$÷^% b]lv lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf];'?cft ePsf] / cf/lIft kbdf ;xefuL x'gnfO{ k|f/lDes k/LIff pQL0f{ug{' gkg]{ Joj:yfn] o; jif{ dlxnfx¿ k/LIffdf sd ;xefuL ePsf] /ePsfn] klg sd dxŒj lbPsfn] k|ltzt 36]sf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|of; kl5Nnf s]xL jif{x¿df ePklg ;a} ju{, If]q, hflt, efifLsf nflu @))& ;fnb]lv g} o; If]qdfnfUg]sf nflu cj;/ v'nf ePsf] xf] . lsgeg] @))& ;fnaf6 of]Uotfsfcfwf/df sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . of] kl/kf6L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,@)$( bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ ;Dd ljBdfg lyof] . t/ o:tf] Joj:yfn] dfq}lghfdtL If]q ;dfj]zL aGg ;s]g . o;df hg;ª\Vofsf] %) k|ltzteGbfa9L lx:;f cf]u6\g] dlxnfsf] sl/a !! k|ltzt dfq} ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 .dlxnfn] dfq ;xefuL x'g kfpg] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx¿nfO{ 5f]8\bf hDdf& k|ltzt dfq ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L sl/a !# k|ltzt hg;ª\VofePsf] blnt ;d'bfosf] s]jn )=*( k|ltzt ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 .g]jf/afx]ssf hghfltsf] %=*! k|ltzt ;xeflutf 5 . o;df sl/a $&k|ltzt >]0fLljxLg kb / %# k|ltzt cGo kb kb{5g\ . dw];L ;d'bfosf]


!)=$$ k|ltzt ;xeflutf b]lvG5 . o;df sl/a $^=%& k|ltzt kbk|fljlws / afFsL cGo kb{5g\ . o;/L ljleGg ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] lghfdtL;]jfdf ;xeflutfsf] cfFs8fdfq xf]Og tL ;d"xx¿sf] s]xL lglZrt ;]jf>]0fL / ;d"xdf a9L ;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjZostflghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ …:yfoL ;/sf/Ú eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . /fhgLlts ¿kn]ul7t ;/sf/ Ps lglZrt ;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 . t/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lnfdf] cjlw;Dd kbdf /lx/xg] ePsf]n] g} lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/elgPsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfn] g} ;/sf/ / hgtfaLr ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf]x'G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/sf gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]uk'¥ofpF5 . b]z / hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu ;/sf/åf/f lgld{t gLlt / lg0f{ox¿sf]sfof{Gjog u/L hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;xof]uu5{g\ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;/sf/k|ltsf]hgljZjf;nfO{ dha't kfg]{ sfo{ klg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] eGg] ul/G5–lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf/ hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

gLlt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifocGtu{t ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg], ;Nnfx lbg],cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ / gLltut b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ sfo{lghfdtL ;+oGqaf6} ul/G5 . k/Dk/fut dfGotfcg';f/ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{k|d'v lhDd]jf/L k|zf;g oGqsf] dfq xf] elgG5 . t/ cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffcg';f/of] sfo{ k|zf;g oGqsf] dfq geP/ /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, lghL If]q tyfgful/s ;dfhsf] ;+o'Qm lhDd]jf/L xf] eGg yflnPsf] 5 . oBlk gLltsfof{Gjogsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L eg] lghfdtL ;]jfs} xf] . o;df d'VotMlgld{t gLltsf] cWoog ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{, gLlt lg0f{osf] cfzo a'‰g] /To;sf] ;~rf/ ug]{, sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg], ;fwgsf]Joj:yf / afF8kmfF6 ug]{, clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF6 / k|Tofof]hg ug{],ljleGg If]q;Fu gLltut / sfof{Gjogut ;dGjo ug]{, sfof{GjogdfsdLsdhf]/L b]lvPdf ;dfwfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{ kb{5g\ -s§]n @)^#_ . t;y{lghfdtL ;]jf s'g} klg b]zsf nflu cTofjZosLo ;fwg xf] . lghfdtL;]jfsf] cg'kl:yltdf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{b]lv s'g} klg k|zf;lgs sfdsfhug{ ;lsFb}g .


b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf/x]sf] x'G5 . b]zdf ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt klg o;}dfk{mt x'G5 . o;df ljleGgljifosf lj1, ljz]if 1fg, ;Lk / sf}zn ePsf JolQm of]Uotfsf] s;LdfpQL0f{ eO{ cfPsf x'G5g\ . /fi6«sf] gLltlgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ / lgld{tgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ cxd\ e"ldsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ls} xf] .

;+;f/el/ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsb]lv ;dfj]zL / k|ltlglwd"ns lghfdtL;]jfsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf rrf{ kfPsf] xf] . /fi6«sf] ldof]sf¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf k|ltlglwd"ns x'g'kb{5 cyf{t\ /fi6«df h]hlt ju{,;d'bfo, hft, hflt 5g\ tL ;a}sf] k|ltlaDa lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg b]lvg'k5{ .ta dfq o;sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf s'g} vf; ju{ljz]ifsf] k|ltlglwTj g} gx'g', Psfwhfthfltsf] dfq jr{:j x'g'nfO{ /fd|f] dflgFb}g . lsgls gLltlgdf{0f ug]{cyf{t\ /fi6«n] lbg] ;]jf, ;'ljwf, kb, cj;/ cflbsf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{ qmddfgLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] cfˆgf] ju{sf] :jfy{ ;lhn} Vofn /fVg ;Sb5g\ . To;}u/Lcfˆgf] ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ clxt x'g] vfnsf gLlt aGg nfu]df To:TffgLltnfO{ aGg glbO{ ;se/ cfˆgf] ju{sf] lxt x'g] gLlt agfpg] k|oTgub{5g\ . Ps} k[i7e"ldsf JolQm o; ;]jfdf cfpFbf lgotjz geO{ cGhfgdfklg ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ clxt x'g] gLlt aGg hfg] x'g ;S5 . ctM lghfdtL;]jfsf] gLltlgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog h:tf ;a} kbx¿df hftLo, If]qLo, lnËLob[li6n] ;dfj]zL x'g jf~5gLo dflgG5 .

gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ txdf ;dfg ;xeflutf geO{sg ;dfj]zL gLlt aGg;Sb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;dfhsf k|To]s ju{nfO{ pQm gLltn] ;Daf]wg ug{;Sb}g . ;fy} ;/sf/sf gLltlg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lg} ePsfn] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] cefjdf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of cfpg;S5 . t;y{ ;dfhsf ;a} ju{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] gLlt ;dfj]zLg]t[Tjaf6 dfq} x'g ;S5 eg] To:tf gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog klg;dfj]zL ;d"xn] g} ug{ ;S5 . csf{lt/, cfd gful/snfO{ ;]jf;'ljwfpknAw u/fpg] cleef/f kfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf g} lje]bo'QmePdf o;n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf klg lje]bo'Qm g} x'G5 . ;fy} x/]s ju{, ;d'bfo,hfthflt, If]q cflbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf / ;/sf/ xfdL ;a}sf] xf] eGg]efjgf ljsf; u/fpg / /fli6«o Pstf dha't agfpg klg of] If]qn];a}nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg'k5{ .


;dfj]zL agfpg ul/Psf k|of;lghfdtL ;]jf /fHo / gful/saLr ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ ;]t' xf] . ;fy} /fli6«oPj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw hLjGt /fVg] ;"q klg xf] . dlxnf, hghflt, blnt,dw];Lnufot s0ff{nL If]qsf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /fhgLlts If]qdf dfq}geO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs Pj+ k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;d]t cfjZosePsf] dx;'; ljleGg If]qaf6 ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf s]xL lglZrt hfthflt / If]q ljz]ifsf] dfqks8 /x]sf] ;]jf ePsf] 5 . dlxnf ;xeflutf cToGt} Go"g 5 eg] b'u{dIf]qsf afl;Gbfsf] ;xeflutf klg 6L7nfUbf] g} 5 . @)$& ;fncl3 /fhgLlt/ k|zf;g b'j}df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ s'g} dxŒj lbOFb}gYof] . /fhgLltdfobfsbf ;dfj]zLs/0f b]vfpgnfO{ Psfw blnt, hghflt tyf dlxnfnfO{;xefuL u/fOGYof] . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL dfGotf eg]@)$& ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 dfq} kfPsf] xf] .

ljutdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf Joj:yfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\M

;+j}wflgs Joj:yfg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-#_ sf] Joj:yfcGtu{t dlxnf, afns, j[4 tyfzf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] c;Qm JolQm jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs b[li6n]lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{;lsg] k|fjwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;afx]s/fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf nflu cf/If0fsf] ;d]tJoj:yf lyof] . oxL ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] hu a:of] /o;sf ljifodf ax; k}/jLx¿ ;'? ePsf x'g\ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf o; ;+ljwfgn] pNn]vgLo Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ df /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnËpTklt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gug]{k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg,dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ / afns, j[4tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] c;Qm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f


jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .wf/f ##-3_ df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft,cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf If]qsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] :j¿knfO{;dfj]zL agfpg] k|lta4tf ul/Psf] 5 . /fHosf gLltcGtu{t wf/f #%-!)_ dflzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0f;DaGwL gLlt /fHon]lng] Joj:yf ePsf]n] of] ;+ljwfg hftLo, If]qLo / n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf;DaGwdf pbf/ 5 . o;afx]s /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f $%, ^#, !#! cflbdf Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

gLltut Joj:yfb;f}F of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_

b;f}F of]hgfn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ljsf;sf]nIosf ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof] . h;sf nfluM

– gLltlgdf{0f txdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg],– cflbjf;L hghfltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL

agfpg],– blnt / pk]lIft ;d"xnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;zQmLs/0f u/L

ljsf; k|of;x¿df kx'Fr a9fpg] k|lta4tf lyof] .

zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmd

/fi6«df ;'zf;g :yfkgf, e|i6frf/ljxLgtf / zflGt;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt h:tfcfwf/e"t nIo k|flKtsf nflu Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf;g\ @))! af6 zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] . lghfdtL;]jfdf ;du| dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf k|ltlglwTj a9fpg / gLltlgdf{0ftxdf klg k|ltlglwTj u/fpg dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4sf nflu ;'? k|j]z x'g]kbdf kfFr jif{sf nflu l/Qm kbdWo] @) k|ltzt kbx¿ cf/If0f ug]{ u/Lsfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{, blnt tyf hghfltsf nflu qmdzM !)÷!) kbx¿cf/If0f ug]{ u/L sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{, ;a} dGqfnodf n}ËLo ;Dks{ JolQmsf]lgo'lQm ug]{, dlxnf ljsf; clws[tnfO{ :yfoL k|lqmof ;'? ug]{, lghfdtL;]jfdf ;xefuL x'g rfxg] dlxnfnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ cflb ;lxtsf]


zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] dfu{lrq ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 -;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfno ;g\ @))!_ .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;f]rkq, @)^$

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug{ k|wfgdGqLåf/f lghfdtL;]jfsf pRr kbflwsf/LnfO{ @)^# ;fpg @^ ut] ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddflghfdtL ;]jfsf] b"/b[li6 th'{df ug]{ lgb]{zg lbPadf]lhd of] ;f]rkq tof/ePsf] xf] . o;sf nflu u7g ePsf] sfo{bnnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/tk|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg cjnDag ug'{kg]{pkfosf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ ;d]t sfo{ ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflusfo{bnn] lgDg lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5M

– k|ltlglwTj a9fpg'kg]{ hflt / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{,– nlIft ju{sf nflu k;{'Pl;e kf6{g/;Lk k|f]u|fd ;~rfng ug]{,– ;sf/fTds lje]b ug'{kg]{ pDd]bjf/sf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] pd]/

cGo pDd]bjf/sf] t'ngfdf k[ys\ ug]{,– ;sf/fTds lje]b ul/g'kg]{ nlIft ju{sf pDd]bjf/sf nflu nf]s;]jf

cfof]usf] tof/L sIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

tLgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgf

cGtl/d of]hgfn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ k|d'vtf lbPsf] 5 . /fHosf;a} lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfdf jl~rtLdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g] /0fgLlt lnOPsf] 5 . o;sf nfluM

– gLltlgdf{0f txdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ## k|ltzt k'¥ofpg sfg'gL;'wf/ ul/g],

– blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]b,cf/If0f / ljz]if clwsf/sf] l;4fGt ckgfO{ hgzlQm ljsf; ul/g],

– /fhkq cglÍt txsf] :yfgLo kbx¿df dft[efiffdf k/LIff lbg ;Sg]Joj:yf ug]{,

– ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Ldf ;sf/fTdslje]bsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .


sfg'gL Joj:yflghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(

o; P]gdf dlxnfd'vL ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . tLJoj:yfx¿ xfn;Dd klg sfod 5g\ / tL tn pNn]v u/]adf]lhd 5g\M

– $) jif{ pd]/;Ddsfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg],– k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlw 5 dlxgf x'g],– k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] t'ngfdf Ps jif{ cufj} a9'jfsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g

kfpg] .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g ;+zf]wg cWofb]z @)^@

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ @)^@ ;fndf cWofb]zaf6 ;+zf]wg u/L;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf ^ df /flvPsf]lyof] . bkmf ^ df kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bNofpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L v'nfk|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] tf]lsPsf] k|ltztsf] kbdf kfFr jif{sf nflutf]lsPadf]lhd dlxnf, hghflt, blnt / ckfË pDd]bjf/af6 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o; Joj:yfn] lghfdtL;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg u¥of] t/ x/]s ljifonfO{tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] eGg] k|fjwfgn] ubf{ nfu" eg] x'g ;s]g .

lghfdtL ;]jf -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)^$

b]zdf nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;d]t hgcfGbf]ngsf]efjgfcg'¿k ;dofg's"n ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns, pQ/bfoL / ;dfj]zLagfpg @)^$ ;fndf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg ul/of] . o; ;+zf]wgn] ;dfj]zLk|fjwfgnfO{ ljz]if dxŒjsf ;fy /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o; P]gsf] bkmf &-&_ dflghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo]$% k|ltzt kb 5'§ØfO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL dlxnfnfO{ ##k|ltzt, cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ @& k|ltzt, dw];LnfO{ @@ k|ltzt, blntnfO{gf} k|ltzt, ckfËnfO{ kfFr k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu rf/ k|ltztkbx¿ cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yfug{ ag]sf] P]gdf ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] cf/If0f Joj:yfnfO{


x'ax' /flvPsf] 5 . ;+zf]lwt P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6lj1fkgx¿ k|sfzg eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;dfj]zL gx'g'sf sf/0flghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f gePsf]af/] o;cl3 g} rrf{ ul/of] . o;nfO{;dfj]zL agfpg'kg]{ dx;'; ljleGg If]qaf6 ul/Psf] xf] . To;sf nfluljleGg k|of;x¿ klg eP, t/ tL k|of;x¿n] cfzfltt ;kmntfkfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;f] t lghfdtL If]q dfq} c;dfj]zL ePsf] eg]xf]Og .

of] If]q c;dfj]zL aGg'sf sf/0fdf x/]s ;d"xsf a]Unfa]Un} sf/0f klgxf]nfg\ . tyflk oxfF s]xL ;femf sf/0faf/] dfq} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf];Gbe{df vf; hflt jf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;LdfGtLs/0f ug]{ u/L/fHoaf6 3f]lift ¿kdf s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv kfvfdfk/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ /fli6«o /fhgLlt / ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg /fHoaf6Odfgbf/ k|of; ePsf] kfOFb}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g} g]kfnL ;dfhdfljBdfg hftLo ljljwtfsf] emns lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]Vg kfOFFb}g .

;dfhdf :yflkt k/Dk/fut dfGotfx¿, cGwljZjf; / ?l9jfbL ;f]rn]dlxnfnfO{ aGwgdf /fv]sf] 5 . vf;u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf dlxnf o; lsl;dsfdfGotfaf6 kLl8t eO/x]sf 5g\ . ce}m klg dlxnf / k'?if aLrdf e]befjug]{ sfg'gx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ -;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd ;g\ @))$M%(_ . o;}u/L blntx¿ hftLo ljefhg / 5'jf5"tsf] df/df kl//x]sf 5g\ .of] ;d'bfosf] lzlIft hg;ª\Vof ##=* k|ltzt dfq} 5, hals gjf}F of]hgfsf]cGTo;Dddf /fli6«o cf};t %$ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u@)^$_ . Goflos / ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf o; ;d'bfosf] pkl:ylt eO;s]sf]5}g . o:t} hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6\g] hghflt ;d'bfo klg /fli6«od"nwf/df cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df cfˆgf clwsf/k|lthfu?s b]lvP klg d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;df hghfltx¿ ;xefuL aGgkfPsf 5}gg\ . /fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jf / Goflos lgsfox¿df logsf]pkl:ylt Go"g g} 5 . dw];L ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf /fhgLlts ¿kdf s]xL;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvP klg k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;xeflutf Go"g g} 5 . hftLo,;f+:s[lts / eflifs sf/0fn] ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"nk|jfxdf cfpg of]


;d'bfonfO{ Jojwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . k]zfsf] k/Dk/fut hftLo ljefhgn]ubf{ ljleGg ;d"xn] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ kl/Tofu ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\/ lghfdtL ;]jftk{m pgLx¿sf] Wofg uPsf] 5}g .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljutb]lv Ps b'O{ hfltsf] jr{:j /xFb} cfPsf] 5 /o:tf] kl/k|]Iodf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / dw];L ;d'bfon] dgf]j}1flgs¿kdf klg o; ;]jfnfO{ cfˆgf] dfGg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . xfn;Ddsf] Jojxf/x]bf{ ;]jf k|j]zdf lgikIftf eP klg To;kZrft\ kb:yfkgf, ;?jf, a9'jf,tflnd, j[lQ ljsf;, j}b]lzs e|d0fh:tf cj;/x¿df cToGt kIfkftk"0f{Jojxf/ a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . ;]jfdf /fd|f] cj;/ lngsf] nflu tfGg] tyf ws]Ng];+oGqsf] cefjdf h'g kbdf k|j]z u¥of] ToxLFaf6 cjsf; x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .o;sf cnfjf lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|bfg ul/g] Go"g kfl/>ldssf] sf/0fn];Ifd JolQmx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;§f u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L;‹;+:yftk{m a9L cfslif{t 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu ;~rfng ul/g]k|lt:kwf{ cToGt rsf]{ ePsf] / k|lt:kwf{df ;kmn g} x'g ;lsG5 eGg]k|Tofe"lt gePsf] sf/0fn] k|lt:kwf{df xf]ldg grfxg] :jefj klg k|z:t}kfOG5 . o;afx]s ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, s]Gb|Ls/0f, ;"rgfsf] cefj, k|f]T;fxgsf]sdL h:tf sf/0fx¿n] klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfzfltt ¿kdf oL ;d'bfosfJolQmx¿ cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ -sf]O/fnf @)^#M &*_ . lj1fkgx¿s]Gb|df dfq} k|sfzg x'G5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]u If]qLo / c~rn :t/;Dddfq ;Lldt ePsfn] ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf] nflu bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLggLltx¿ oL ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/L Nofpg cfjZos 5 . sfnfGt/df oLju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ cGo ;/x ;Ifd agfpg / lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xeflutfj[l4 u/fpg ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s;]jf cfof]u / u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] ;+of]hg ub}{ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf sfo{qmd rnfpg h?/L 5 . clxn]of] ;]jfdf cfpg g;s]sf ;d'bfonfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Ddsf] nflu ;'?lgo'lQm / a9'jfdf ;d]t cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . ;]jfleqk|j]z ul/;s]kZrft\ dflyNnf kbx¿ vf;u/L gLltlgdf{0fsf] txdfk'¥ofpgsf] nflu cWoog, tflnd h:tf cj;/df ;d]t k|fyldstfdf/flvg'k5{ . ;]jfleq k|j]z;DdnfO{ cf/If0f lbg] / tTkZrft\ s'g} cj;/glbg] xf] eg] h'g kbdf k|j]z u¥of] ToxLFaf6 cjsfz x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 .


t;y{ ;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf JolQmsf aLrdf ;sf/fTds lje]b ckgfpgh?/L 5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;"rgfx¿sf] kx'Fr u|fdL0f If]q;Dd 5}g . lghfdtL;]jfsf nflu sd{rf/L 5gf]6sf] k|lqmof c~rn:t/;Dd ;Lldt ePsfn]o;nfO{ lhNnf tx;Dd k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] of]Uotfsf]cfwf/df lgikIf sfd ub{5 eGg] klg ;a}n] a'lem;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf]kl/l:yltdf nf]s;]jfsf] sf/jfxL, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu 5gf]6sf] k|lqmof,nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;"rgfaf/] /fd|/L hfgsf/L lbg ;lsPdf klg w]/}hgfo; ;]jftk{m cfslif{t x'g]5g\ .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] tof/Lsf] r/0fdf w]/} k':tsx¿ lsg]/k9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;'ud :yfgdf ePsf] / o;n] lng] k/LIffsf]s]Gb| klg ;x/L If]qdf x'g] ePsfn] b'u{d If]qdf a:g] ljkGg JolQmnfO{ of]k|lt:kwf{ emg\ vlr{nf] 5 . To;}n] pk]lIft ;d'bfosf k|lt:kwL{nfO{ lgMz'Nstof/L sIffsf ;fy} Go"gtd :6];g/L ;'ljwf / cfjthfjt vr{sf] hf]xf]pTk|]/0f:j¿k ;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] klg k|lt:kwf{sf nflu Ps 7"nf]hdft v8f x'g] lyof] . o:tf] k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgfn] lgZro g} of] ;]jfnfO{;dfj]zL agfpg ;3fpFYof] .

lgisif{b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf ¿kdf lrlgg] lghfdtL ;]jf ;/sf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg]jf:tljs ;+oGq xf] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf hftLo sd{rf/LtGqs} cjz]ifePsf] x'gfn] o;df ljutb]lv s]xL ;d"xx¿sf] jr{:j /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

?9Lu|:t s]xL ;fdflhs dfGotf klg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] afwssf ¿kdf/x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf l;l8cf] ePsf w]/}n] dg gk/fPsf] / 3/kl/jf/df ;d]tTolt v';L gb]lvPsf] k|yd dlxnf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cg'ej 5-cfrfo{ @)^)_ . o;afx]s blntn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx¿ b'n{e ¿kdfk|fKt ul/xfn]df To;nfO{ u}/blnt ;d'bfon] c;xh ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 .;]jfleq vf; u/]/ kb:yfkgf, ;?jf / a9'jfdf k|z:t} lje]b 5g\ . lghfdtL;]jfsf dflyNnf kb hlt dfly uof] Tolt g} c;dfj]zL 5g\ .

/fHo k'g;{+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] jt{dfgcj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ klg ;dfj]zL agfpg' cfjZos 5 . o;tYonfO{ Wofg lbO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg P]glgoddf ;+zf]wg


eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+zf]lwt Joj:yfadf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k|lqmof klg ;'?ul/;s]sf] 5 . oBlk lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL;]jfsf] u'0ffTds kIf sdhf]/ agfpF5 eGg] ts{ klg ul/Psf 5g\ . t/o;sf] ljk/Lt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfPsf] cf/If0fn] clxn] k/Dk/fut ¿kd}jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / dw];L ;d"xnfO{ pT;flxtagfPsf] 5 . o;n] /fi6«sf] ljsf;df ;a}sf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] cj:yfl;h{gf ePsf] 5 eg] ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf;sf nflu9f]sf v'nf ePsf] 5 . sfnfGt/df ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o ;d[l4 dfq} xf]Og /fli6«oPstfnfO{ ;d]t yk ;'b[9 agfpg] of] Joj:yf kmnbfoL x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{:jLsfg'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf dfq} xf]Og b]zsf x/]s ;+oGqnfO{;dfj]zL agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf];+zf]wgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu Ps sbd t p7fPsf] 5 t/ ce}m xhf/f}FdfOnsf] ofqf afFsL g} 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|d'v dflgg] ;lrj / ;x–;lrj h:tf kbdf blnt, dw];L, dlxnf / hghfltsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjePsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ljBdfg k|fjwfg k"0f{ 5}gg\ . oxL k|fjwfgaf6ce}m @)÷@% jif{;Dd klg oL ;d"xsf dflg; dflyNnf kbx¿df k'Ug ;Sg]b]lvFb}g . csf]{ s'/f, gLlt aGg' dfq} s]xL xf]Og, sfof{Gjogdf Odfgbfl/tfePg eg] To;af6 s'g} pknlAw x'g ;Sb}g .

lghfdtL ;]jf ;dfj]zL ePg eg] /fHosf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf b]lvg]lje]bsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f cf=j= @)^#÷^$ sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]us} lj1fkgePsf] 5 . of] lj1fkgdf cf/If0fsf nflu dlxnf, blnt, hghflt /dw];LnfO{ l;6 t 5'§ØfPsf] 5 t/ cf/lIft kbx¿sf] lj1fkg ;'?df ug]{/ klxnf g} l;kmfl/; ug]{ Sofn]G8/n] cf/lIftafx]ssf kbx¿ afx'g÷If]qLnfO{g} cf/If0f u/fPsf] 5 . l;4fGTftM v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL x'g]df}sf lbO{ v'nfaf6 aflxl/PsfnfO{ dfq cf/lIfTf kbdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{l;kmfl/; ul/g'k5{ . t/ sfof{Gjogdf pN6f] tl/sf ckgfO{ lxhf]sf lbgdfklg Ps–b'O{ hgf pk]lIft ;d"xsf Kf|ltof]uL hf] v'nf k|lt:kwf{df g} kf; x'g;S5g\, ltg}nfO{ cf/If0fsf] af6f]af6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k'¥ofpg] gLlt lnOPsf]5 . cf/lIft kbx¿ h;nfO{ 5'§ØfOPsf] 5, pgLx¿nfO{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf]k|lt:kwf{df jl~rt u/fpg] sfof{Gjog k¢ltn] ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf]d"NofÍg ug]{ / /fHon] ;d]t ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍsf] pkof]udfafwf k'u]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo tyf v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng kfpg] ;a}sf]


clwsf/ xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ yk ;dfj]zL agfpg ;lsg] pkfonfO{gckgfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ce}m lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ c;dfj]zL g} agfpg]k|of; u/]sf] 5 . cf/lIft kbx¿df l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 dfq} v'nf kbdfl;kmfl/; ul/g'kg]{ Joj:yf sfg'gdf st} 5}g . of] Joj:yf nf]s;]jf cfof]usfpRr kb:y sd{rf/Ln] cfˆg} ju{ / ;d"xnfO{ lxt x'g] lsl;daf6 nfu" u/Ldlxnf, blnt, hghflt / dw];L ;d'bfosf] /fHo ;+oGqdf plrt k|ltlglwTj;DaGWfdf gsf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] k|ltt eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lghfdtL;]jf lgodfjnL gcfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf hlta]nf cf/If0fsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwdf låljwf eO/x]sf] lyof], /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf lj1fkgx¿k|sfzg u/]sf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf To;sf lj?4 /L6 lgj]bg k/L cf/lIftkbx¿sf] / v'nf kbx¿sf] glthf Ps} k6s lgsfNg ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6cfb]z ePsf] 5 . oL 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg]h'g p2]Zon] P]gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof], o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|d'v kfqnf]s;]jf cfof]u P]gsf] dd{ / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfuadf]lhd ;+j]bgzLnePsf] b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f agfpg] ;DaGwdf sfg'gL¿kaf6 ;'wf/sf k|of; ul/P klg ce}m ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}uf]lns/ k|fljlws Jojwfg afFsL g} 5g\ . sfg'gL ¿kaf6 ul/Psf ;'wf/nfO{k|efjsf/L tj/n] sfof{Gjog ul/g' Psflt/ cfjZos 5 eg] csf{lt/;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws JojwfgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;sf/fTdssfo{qmdsf] yfngL ug{ TolQs} h?/L 5 . sfg'gL ;'wf/ dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] xf]t/ of] dfq} kof{Kt x'g ;Sb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lclwsf/L, w'|jxl/ . @)%* . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx¿ .

sf7df8f}FM k}/jL k|sfzg .cfrfo{, lgd{ns'df/ . @)^) . k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf . sf7df8f}FM /ldnf cfrfo{ .s§]n, 7luGb| . @)^@ . ;fj{hlgs gLltlgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf

;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿ . lxSdt ljs], ;+=, k[= @*– #$ . sf7df8f}FMlx/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h .

sf]O/fnf, nIdL ljnf; . @)^# . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f . k|zf;g #*-@_M&*–*^ .

ltjf/L, dw'lglw . @)^) . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf s]xL kIfx¿ . sf7df8f}FM sfGtL ltjf/L .


bfxfn, l8NnL/fd / s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg . @)^# . g]kfndf cf/If0f;DaGwL;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f . ljz]if clwsf/ / cf/If0fsf] /fhgLlt . k"0f{ a:g]t/ ;'efif bgf{n, ;+=, k[= @(–*) . sf7df8f}FM hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ .

g]kfn sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . @)$& . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg .sf7df8f}FM g]kfn sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

g]kfn sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . @)^# . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg . sf7df8f}FMg]kfn sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

ljs], lxSdt, ;+= . @)^# . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;}4flGts Pj+ Jojxfl/s kIfx¿ .sf7df8f}FM lx/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h .

e§, eLdb]j . @)$% . lghfdtL ;]jf ljrf/ / ljZn]if0f . sf7df8f}FM n]vs .e§, eLdb]j . @)^) . ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g . sf7df8f}FM cflzif b]j e§ .e§/fO{, 1fg]Zj/ . @)^# . a[xt\ 1fg sf]z . sf7df8f}FM cflzif k':ts e08f/ ./fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)^$ . tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf . sf7df8f}FM /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u .;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd . ;g\ @))$ . g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg .

sf7df8f}FM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno . ;g\ @))! . zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] dfu{lrq . nlntk'/M

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .lqtfn, zf/bf . @)%* . g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd . zfvf clws[t

a[xt\ 1fg sf]z . an/fd yfkf, ;+=, k[= @*(–@(# . lj/f6gu/M ;'/]z kGt .lqtfn, zf/bf . @)%( . lghfdtL ;]jf tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g . lghfdtL ;]jf

tyf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx¿ . an/fd yfkf, ;+=, k[= (–@% .lj/f6gu/M P; s] a'S; P08 :6];g;{ .

lghfdtl ;jfdf ;dfj] zls/0f] - martin chautari · lghfdtl ;]jfdf ;dfj ]zls/0f • 45 af]x/f, vgfn,...

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