Lewis and Clark and
Manifest Destiny and
Economics

S. WangPeriod FFor Mr. Haskvitz

Objective of PowerPoint

This PowerPoint will help you understand the purpose, challenges, and economic incentives[rewards] associated with westward expansion, including the concept of Manifest Destiny (e.g., the Lewis and Clark expedition, accounts of the removal of Indians, the Cherokees' "Trail of Tears," settlement of the Great Plains) and the territorial acquisitions[acquirement] that spanned numerous decades.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition:
Introduction

The Lewis and Clark expedition began when Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States that time, wanted to expand the United States. He turned towards the land west of the Mississippi River. But before he could give the settlers his permission of occupying the western land, he had to make sure that the land was safe so if a settler died, the government and himself could not get blamed. Thomas Jefferson turned his eye towards Meriwether Lewis. Lewis then turned his eye towards William Clark, his skilled friend. Clark then asked Charles Floyd, Patrick Gass, John Ordway, Nathaniel Pryor, William Bratton, John Collins, John Colter, Pierre Cruzatte, Joseph Field, Reubin Field, Robert Frazer, George Gibson, Silas Goodrich, Hugh Hall, Thomas Howard, Francois Labiche, Hugh McNeal, John Newman, John Potts, George Shannon, John Shields, John B, Thompson, Peter M. Weiser, William Werner, Joseph Whitehouse, Alexander Hamilton Willard, and Richard Windsor to join Lewis and him on the expedition. And so the expedition began.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition:
Supplies

55 foot(17 meter) keelboat2 Pirogues (open boats)

Square sail (also called a broad sail)

35 Oars and 10.5 Pounds (5 kilograms) of fishing hooks and fishing lines

2 Horses

150 Yards (140 meters) of cloth to be oiled and sewn into tents and sheets

6 Large needles and pliers

193 Pounds (87.5 kilograms) of "portable soup" (a thick paste concocted by boiling down beef, eggs, and vegetables, to be used if no other food was available on the trail)

Chisels and 24 tablespoons

Handsaws and masquito curtains

Oilskin bags and iron corn mill

25 Hatchets and 3 Bushels (106 liters) of salt

Whetstones and Writing paper, ink and crayons

30 Steels for striking or making fire and 12 Pounds (5.4 kilograms) of soap

keelboat

whetstones

45 Flannel shirts

20 Coats

15 Frocks

Shoes

Woolen pants

15 Blankets

Knapsacks

30 Stockings

15 Pairs wool overalls

50 Dozen Dr. Rush's patented "Rush's Thunderclapper" pills

Lancets176 Pounds (80 kilograms) of gunpowder packed in 52 lead canisters,

Forceps,420 Pounds (191 kilograms) of sheet lead for bullets

Syringes,500 Rifle flints,Powder horns, 24 Large knives

Tourniquets,15 Gun slings,15 Prototype Model 1803 muzzle-loading .54-caliber rifles "Kentucky Rifles

1,300 Doses of physic

1,100 Doses of emetic

3,500 Doses of diaphoretic (sweat inducer)

powder horns

lancets

1 Long-barreled rifle that fired its bullet with compressed air, rather than by flint, spark, and powder

Surveyor's compass

Hand compass

1 Hadley's quadrant

1 Telescope

3 Thermometers

2 Sextants

1 Set of plotting instruments

1 Chronometer (needed to calculate longitude; at $250 it was the most expensive item)

1 Portable microscope

1 Tape measure

12 Dozen pocket mirrors, Handkerchiefs,Ivory combs,Silk ribbons

4,600 Sewing needles,288 Brass thimbles,5 Pounds (2 kilograms) of small, white, glass beads,

144 Small scissors,Vermilion face paint,8 Brass kettles ,288 Knives ,Tomahawks that doubled as pipes

20 Pounds (9 kilograms) of assorted beads, mostly blue,130 Rolls of tobacco ,Yards of bright-colored cloth

10 Pounds (4.5 kilograms) of sewing thread

Armbands

Ear Trinkets

Expedition:
Obstacles

Along the expedition, Lewis and Clark encountered bad weather. Sometimes it would be too foggy for the expedition to travel or too cold to leave the camp. Also, rain would cause the instruments to rust so Lewis had to constantly check them and oil them down. Along the river were mass amounts of mosquitoes which Lewis said "gathered around my face so much so I could not see." Choppy waters would make naval travel difficult and if they were successful in putting the boats into the water, there was the constant fear of drowning or the boat capsizing. Hostile natives, disease (Men drank from the rivers; there was a shortage of fruit and vegetables), wild animals, mutiny from members of the expedition, and always the constant danger of falling into one of the rivers, breaking a leg, etc. were also obstacles that the expedition had to face. Feces- infested water would cause the men to suffer from terrible boils on their skin; Lewis suffered from a bad case of the flu one winter and Clark suffered from a "rheumatism of the neck" which caused him pain for several days. Lewis applied a "hot stone wrapped in flannel" to help ease Clarks pain. At one point Lewis was accidentally shot in the left thigh by a near-blind member of the expedition, but managed to make it back safely. During the winter, the men suffered from frostbite, luckily leading to no necessary amputations, but the cold temperatures prevented them from leaving their forts to hunt. Also, several times the men had to keep constant guard on their supplies because natives would follow them and try to steal their horses.

The Cherokees Trail of Tears:
Objective

The Georgia population of the eastern lands expanded six fold[times] in just a few weeks. Searching for new land, they headed closer and closer towards the western land of Georgia, the land of the Cherokees. The Cherokees got frustrated that the Georgians were bothering them so they decided to fight the Georgians with their own law instead of violence because they knew that the United States would destroy them all. In the Supreme Court Case Worchester vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court declared that the Cherokees could not be moved from their land but President Andrew Jackson broke his constitutional oath by forcing the Cherokees off of their own land and into the lands that he reserved for the Indians. The land that Jackson reserved for the Cherokees was land unwanted by the settlers. This hike from Georgia to Oklahoma was known as the Trail of Tears for it was a hike of approximately 3,000 miles in just 4 days which is very tiring.

Trail of Tears:
Facts

The Cherokees moved from Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee to Oklahoma.

Over 100,000 Cherokee Indians were forced to walk onto the Trail of Tears.

The Cherokees were forced at gunpoint to walk the Trail of Tears.

Andrew Jackson broke his constitutional oath by ignoring the checks and balances of the government and the Supreme Court.

Cherokees died from the walk, concentration camps, and from soldiers.

If a Cherokee stopped to bury a dead relative, the soldiers had to shoot him/her.

The Trail of Tears began when Andrew Jackson sent an army of his own to force the Cherokees off of their own land.

Many Cherokees were not prepared for their journey and they were given no time at all to pack for it.

Some 2,000 Cherokees decided to agree to the movement of the Cherokees and signed the Treaty of New Echota.

In order to diminish the Cherokee population so the American army could move them, Jackson sent scam artists to murder, rape, and burn the Cherokees and their land.

Indian Removal Accounts

"It is cold and we have no blankets, the little children are freezing to death. Hear me my chiefs. I am tired, my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I WILL FIGHT NO MORE FOREVER!

Nez Perces Chief Joseph, 1877-"We, the great mass of the people think only of the love we have to our land for...we do love the land where we were brought up. We will never let our hold to this land go...to let it go it will be like throwing away...[our] mother that gave...[us] birth.

Letter from Aitooweyah, to John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokees."I saw the helpless Cherokees arrested and dragged from their homes, and driven at the bayonet point into the stockades. And in the chill of a drizzling rain on an October morning I saw them loaded like cattle or sheep into six hundred and forty-five wagons and started toward the west....On the morning of November the 17th we encountered a terrific sleet and snow storm with freezing temperatures and from that day until we reached the end of the fateful journey on March the 26th 1839, the sufferings of the Cherokees were awful. The trail of the exiles was a trail of death. They had to sleep in the wagons and on the ground without fire. And I have known as many as twenty-two of them to die in one night of pneumonia due to ill treatment, cold and exposure...

Private John G. BurnettCaptain Abraham McClellan's Company,2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Mounted InfantryCherokee Indian Removal 1838-39

Westward Expansion Incentives

Many westward- heading travelers had to cross multiple white- water rivers and/or fathomless rivers such as the Kansas River, North Platte River, Columbia River, and more. Over 37 people died trying to reach California on the Green River.

Wagon accidents such as a person falling off the wagon and landing in front of the wheels while it was in movement resulted in immediate death.

Many emigrants died of electrocution from lightning shocks, crushed bones from hailstones, and wagon leaks from pounding rains.

Most emigrants though, died from cholera-a mysterious, deadly disease which has no cure. Often, a traveler would go from healthy to dead in just a few hours. Some of the dead received proper burials but still, many of the infected would be abandoned. To make matters worse, animals would visit the graves and dig up the corpses.

Native Americans would sometimes ambush or chase the emigrants away from their[ Native Americans] land. The Native American seldom attacked the travelers.

Along their way towards the western states, these travelers met many new animals that they had never seen before such as buffalo, prairie dogs, etc.

Westward Expansion Quotes

Emigrant John B. Hill:

The ferryman allowed too many passengers to get in the boat, and the water came within two inches of the gunwale. He ordered every man to stand steady as the boat was liable to swamp. When we were nearly across the edge of the boat dipped; I thought the boat would be swamped instantly and drowned the last one of us.Edward Lenox:
A little boy fell over the front end of the wagon during our journey. In his case, the great wheels rolled over the child's head----crushing it to pieces.

Emigrant Agnes Stewart:
"We camped at a place where a woman had been buried and the wolves dug her up. Her hair was there with a comb still in it. She had been buried too shallow. It seems a dreadful fate, but what is the difference? One cannot feel after the spirit is flown.

Emigrant John Clark:
"One woman and two men lay dead on the grass and some more ready to die. Women and children crying, some hunting medicine and none to be found. With heartfelt sorrow, we looked around for some time until I felt unwell myself. Got up and moved forward one mile, so as to be out of hearing of crying and suffering."

Manifest Destiny

After exploring the new lands to determine whether or not it was safe enough to live there and kicking the Native Americans off of their own land, the American government decided that now was the time to allow the Americans to begin their westward journey towards the land of the west. In order for the Americans to go inhabit the land, they[government] needed to devise a plan to make them[Americans] stay there. One of the most successful people- bringing reason was that it was Americas Manifest destiny( obvious fate) to occupy the lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Manifest destiny helped encourage thousands of people to move from the eastern side of the country towards the western side. Other reasons were that land was needed so people just got up, packed up, and left. Another very successful people-bringing was gold. In 1849, thousands of people from all over the world flocked to California just for gold. There are many methods in bringing people towards anything. You just need to do it the right way.

Final Assessment

1. Name three reasons why many people decided to move towards California.2. What were some obstacles that the emigrants faced when they moved from the east towards the west?3. Who were the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? Give the first and last names.4. Name10 items that Lewis brought on his expedition.5. What is the Cherokees Trail of Tears? Why did they walk it?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Final Assessment:
Answers

1. Name three reasons why many people decided to move towards California.Manifest Destiny, Gold, Land2. What were some obstacles that the emigrants faced when they moved from the east towards the west?White water rivers, fathomless rivers, wagon accidents, cholera, and storms3. Who were the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? Give the first and last names.Meriwether Lewis and William Clark4.Name10 items that Lewis brought on his expedition.Keelboats, chisels, whetstones, sextants, powder horns, tobacco, tomahawks, ivory cones, rifle flints, air- pressured rifles, etc. (Answer may vary.)5. What is the Cherokees Trail of Tears? Why did they walk it?The Trail of Tears was a trail from Georgia to Oklahoma that the Cherokees were forced to walk on. They did not volunteer to walk this trail but forced to. When Andrew Jackson was president, Georgians wanted to kick the white settlers off of their land but they would not so the Cherokees decided to fight fire with fire or in this case law against law. The Court sided with the Cherokees but Jackson sided with the Georgians. Because Jackson kicked the Cherokees off of their own land at gun point, he was impeached.

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