lesson forging a path and the selection of eisenhower war in 1989. ¥ nato undertook peacekeeping...

LESSON

Forging a Path and the Selection of Eisenhower

Duration One 45-minute period

Grades 7–12

Cross-curriculum Application U.S. History, World History

NATIONAL EISENHOWER MEMORIALEDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

LESSON: FORGING A PATH | 1 NATIONAL EISENHOWER MEMORIALEDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

eisenhowermemorial.gov

Historical BackgroundIn 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded to counter the expansion of the Soviet Union in the years following World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been an ally during the war, it quickly moved to expand its influence through the control of several Eastern European nations after the war ended. Twelve North American and European countries joined this military alliance: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Luxembourg, Iceland, Denmark, and the Netherlands. After signing the treaty, NATO looked for a Supreme Allied Commander, Europe to lead its combined military force of member nations. It required a leader who could unite the governments and people of all twelve nations, as well as a prominent and respected figure to demonstrate to the world that the NATO alliance would be a lasting and significant force.

ObjectiveStudents will gain an understanding of NATO’s mission and learn why Dwight D. Eisenhower was the best candidate to serve as the organization’s first Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. Using primary sources and brief documentary films from the Eisenhower Memorial, students will write a short job advertisement for the position of NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. After sharing their advertisements, students will reflect on Eisenhower’s legacy in view of NATO’s sixty-five year history.

Essential Questions

1. Why was NATO formed?

2. Why was Eisenhower selected as the first Supreme Allied Commander, Europe?

3. What is Eisenhower’s NATO legacy?

Sources» “Why was Eisenhower Chosen as Commander?” Eisenhower Memorial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Emg-J9Z2D7Q Teacher Notes: This short film (~3 minutes) summarizes the founding of NATO in 1949 and

the search for a Supreme Allied Commander, Europe to lead its military forces, which culmi-nated with the appointment of Dwight D. Eisenhower for the position at the end of 1950.



LESSON: FORGING A PATH | 2

Interesting details:• The film notes that the United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World

War II. • The film shows how the Soviet Union expanded and sought to control Eastern

European nations after World War II. • The film notes that a new conflict known as the “Cold War” began between the Soviet

Union and the United States.• NATO required a “commander who could unite the governments and people of all

12 nations.” Remember that Eisenhower worked closely with European leaders as Supreme Commander of Allied forces during World War II.

• The former Supreme Allied Commander, Europe argues that Eisenhower was especially skilled at building coalitions which was key for turning NATO into an effec-tive force.

• While President of Columbia University, Eisenhower was appointed as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe and arrived in Belgium in 1951.

» North Atlantic Treaty. April 4, 1949. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/doc_files/TREATY.pdf Teacher Notes: This document is the North Atlantic Treaty signed by the twelve original

member states, thereby creating NATO. Interesting details:

• Note that the treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate with a two-thirds majority and was signed by President Harry Truman, thereby ratifying the treaty and giving it the official approval of the United States government.

• The treaty was written in English and French, the two official languages of NATO.• In Article 5 on page 13, the treaty states that “The Parties agree that an armed attack

against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.”

» An International Defense Structure. 1951. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/

sources/666_international_defense_structure/ Teacher Notes: This document shows NATO’s command structure.




Interesting details: • Note the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe oversees NATO’s military operations for

Northern Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, and the Mediterranean. • On this map the areas in black were controlled by the Soviet Union, the areas in gray

were NATO states, and the areas in white were not affiliated with either.

» Note to the Secretary of the North Atlantic Defense Committee on the Strategic Concept of the Defense of the North Atlantic Area. December 1, 1949. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

http://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/9/9/99076/DC_006_1_ENG_PDP.pdf Teacher Notes: This memo from the U.S. government outlines how the NATO alliance would

function. Interesting details:

• The blacked out words on every page signify that the memo was classified at the time it was written, but has since been declassified.

• The memo has four main sections: Preamble, North Atlantic Treaty Defense Principles, Objectives of the North Atlantic Treaty Defensive Concept, and Military Measures to Implement Defense Concept.

• The memo emphasizes the importance of planning and cooperation for the NATO alliance to be effective — two areas in which General Eisenhower had exceptional expertise and experience.

• The text in the memo can be dense and difficult to read so assigning smaller sections to students is advisable. For example, section II on defense principles or section III on objectives could be assigned to students to analyze. Each section could be further broken down into paragraphs and analyzed by individuals students or student pairs.

» “What is Eisenhower’s NATO legacy?” Eisenhower Memorial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w42Jqa3-t0Y Teacher Notes: This short film (~2:30 minutes) summarizes Eisenhower’s contributions to

NATO and the organization’s legacy. Interesting details:

• NATO helped maintain the peace from its founding in 1949 to the symbolic end of the Cold War in 1989.

• NATO undertook peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s.




• The NATO alliance was invoked after the September 11 attacks leading to a NATO invasion of Afghanistan.

• NATO still exists today and has grown to 28 member nations.

Materials» NATO Job Advertisement Handout

Preparation• Print out a NATO Job Advertisement Handout for each student.

• Print out the North Atlantic Treaty and the diagram entitled “An International Defense Structure” for each student or for each group if students are to work in groups.

• Cue videos, “Why was Eisenhower Chosen as Commander?” and “What is Eisenhower’s NATO legacy?”

Procedure1. Pass out the NATO Job Advertisement Handout. To set up the lesson, have students view

the brief video from the Eisenhower E-Memorial “Why was Eisenhower Chosen as Com-mander?” Focus questions: According to the video, what was NATO? Why did it form? What kind of leader did NATO need? Students can record their answers on their handout.

2. Pass out to students copies of the North Atlantic Treaty, the diagram entitled “An Inter-national Defense Structure,” and the memo on the strategic concept for the defense of the north Atlantic. You may have students work independently, in pairs or in small groups. Us-ing these sources, students should answer the questions on their handout summarizing the duties of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe. (NOTE: Article 5 of the treaty is the most relevant and you may need to direct student attention to it. For the memo, Sections II and III are the most relevant.)

3. Using what they know, students should create a job advertisement for the position of Su-preme Allied Commander, Europe. What kinds of experience would a NATO commander need? What evidence of leadership would you look for? Students may write the description on their handout in the space provided. Challenge students to write an accurate and com-plete advertisement in under 250 characters. They may want to practice on scratch paper before recording their final answer on their handout.




4. After students have completed writing their job advertisement and shared them with the class, show students the video “What is Eisenhower’s NATO Legacy?” Focus questions: Did Eisenhower succeed in making NATO a credible military alliance? What has NATO ac-complished recently?

DifferentiationThe instructor may have students work in small groups to interpret sources and also to complete the NATO Job Advertisement Handout. The North Atlantic Treaty may be excerpted to provide students the most important section, Article 5 (page 13). Similarly, the memo on the strategic concept for defense could be excerpted to include sections II and III.

Teachers may also make use of the Teacher Notes that accompany the above sources. Providing these notes to students may help them to notice important details within the sources.

Extension activity for advanced students: Research an operation such as the interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo from 1992 to 1999 and in Afghanistan beginning in 2001 or one of the other operations listed at NATO’s Operations and Missions: Past and Present <http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52060.htm>

What were the goals of these operations? What were the results? Students can present their find-ings to the class.

Assessment Students will be assessed on their ability to interpret the sources and use their interpretation to accurately complete the NATO Job Advertisement Handout and then to create an advertisement for the position of NATO Supreme Allied Commander, Europe.

Related ResourcesLesson Plans» The Sources of Discord, 1945-1946. National Endowment for the Humanities. http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/sources-discord-1945-1946 The first in a series of three lesson plans on the origins of the Cold War for grades 9-12 that

explores the breakdown of the U.S. - Soviet Union relationship after the end of World War II.




» The Strategy of Containment, 1947-1948. National Endowment for the Humanities. http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/strategy-containment-1947-1948 The second in a series of three lesson plans on the origins of the Cold War for grades

9-12 that discusses the options available to the U.S. to deal with the possibility of Soviet aggression.

» Formation of the Western Alliance, 1948-1949. National Endowment for the Humanities. http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/formation-western-alliance-1948-1949

Last in a series of three lesson plans on the origins of the Cold War for grades 9-12 that covers the events leading to the Berlin blockade and the creation of a western alliance, which would lead to the formation of NATO.

Secondary Sources and Digital Resources» A Short History of NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Archives. http://www.nato.int/history/index.html An illustrated history of NATO from its inception to the present.

» Jamie’s History Class. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Archives. http://www.nato.int/history/jamie-history-class.html Six filmed lectures on the history of the Atlantic alliance by Dr. Jamie Shea, Deputy Assis-

tant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges. Topics include: 1949, NATO’s Anxious Birth; 1956, Khrushchev delivers his “secret speech;” 1989, The Berlin Wall Comes Down and the Soldiers Go Home; and three others.

» NATO, The First Five Years, 1949-1954. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Archives. http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/index.htm Topics include a History of NATO, How NATO works, What NATO has accomplished

(1949-1956), and several links to original documents and maps.

Primary Sources» Alfred M. Gruenther Papers, NATO Series, 1949-1956. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential

Library. https://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/finding_aids/pdf/Gruenther_Alfred_Papers/

NATO_Series.pdf This collection features the correspondence and other papers of General Alfred M. Gruen-

ther, who served as the Supreme Military Commander of NATO from 1953 to 1956.




» The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The War Years, 1939-1947. Johns Hopkins University Publication Project.

https://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/finding_aids/pdf/Johns_Hopkins_University_Project.pdf

The material is comprised of copies of original documents from the Eisenhower Library, Library of Congress and the National Archives.



LESSON: FORGING A PATH | 8 An International Defense Structure. 1951. N

orth Atlantic Treaty Organization.




North Atlantic Treaty. April 4, 1949. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.




Note to the Secretary of the North Atlantic Defense Committee on the Strategic Concept of the Defense of the North Atlantic Area, p. 1. December 1, 1949. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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NATO Job Advertisement Handout

Watch “Why was Eisenhower Chosen as Commander?”

According to the video, what was NATO?

Why did it form?

What kind of leader did NATO need?

Examine the North Atlantic Treaty closely and located Article 5. (Summarize it in 2-3 sentences).

Examine the document “An International Defense Structure.” Find the box labeled “Supreme Allied Com-

mander, Europe.” Based on this diagram, what are the responsibilities of the Supreme Allied Com-

mander, Europe?




NATO Job Description Handout

Assignment: Come up with a brief job description for the position of Supreme Allied Commander, Europe

using less than 250 characters. List the most important information and qualifications from above. You

may want to practice on some scratch paper before writing your final version below or on the back of this

sheet.




NATO Job Description Handout

After watching the film, “What is Eisenhower’s NATO legacy?” list three important accomplishments of

NATO.

1.

2.

3.




Fully Meets Expectations

3 points

Minimally Meets Expectations

2 points

Not Yet Within Expectations

1 point

Factual Understanding

The job advertisement demonstrates under-standing of the main idea of the sources (or piece of evidence) and identifies key details.

The job advertisement demonstrates under-standing of the main idea of the sources (or piece of evidence), but does not identify key details.

The job advertisement does not demonstrate understanding of the main idea of the sources (or piece of evidence).

Sourcing

The job advertisement demonstrates under-standing of the selected source’s origin: especially when it was created and the creator’s goal.

The job advertisement demonstrates partial understanding of the selected source’s origin: when it was created and the creator’s goal.

The job advertisement demonstrates insufficient understanding of the selected source’s origin: when it was created and the creator’s goal.

Evidence-Based Claim

The job advertisement makes a reasonable claim about Eisenhower’s quali-fications for Supreme Allied Commander and uses appropriate sources and evidence to support that claim.

The job advertisement makes a reasonable claim about Eisenhower’s quali-fications for Supreme Allied Commander, but the sources and evidence only partially support that claim.

The job advertisement makes a claim that is not supported by appropriate sources and evidence.

Presentation

The job advertisement is well-organized and clear. No (or only minor) spell-ing and grammar errors.

The job advertisement is somewhat disorganized and unclear. Several spelling and grammar mistakes.

The job advertisement shows little or no organi-zation. Repeated major spelling and grammar errors.

NATO Job Advertisement Rubric

lesson forging a path and the selection of eisenhower war in 1989. ¥ nato undertook peacekeeping...

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