Lesson 5

Cell death, Mutation, Cancer cell

Cell types Average life span

Brain 30-50 years

Red blood 120 days

Stomach lining 2 days

Liver 200 days

Intestine lining 3 days

Skin 20 days

A. Cells do not keep on dividing

B- Cell death (=apoptosis)

B1. What can cause a cell to die?B2. Factors such as harmful radiations, starvation, toxic chemicals, or viral infection can lead to cell death

B3. When cell needs to die, suicide proteins get made to trigger the break down of cellular content

C- Benefits of cell deathC1. Apoptosis helps sculpture the

physical appearance of organs

C2. Also when a cell dies, its materials can be packaged and transported to other cells for reuse.

C3. Macrophage are cells that will clean up cellular debris after a cell dies

D-MutationD1. Mutation occurs when bases of DNA are

paired up incorrectly (that is G not pair up with C or A not with T) or the order of any base pair on gene is disrupted

D2. Mutations occur naturally or can be induced

D3. What causes mutation?

- Mutagens (=mutation causing agents)

- examples: UV radiation, toxic chemicals (PCBs, asbestos…)

E- Mutation

Advantage Disadvantage

E3. Create new proteins helps organism adapt to changes in environmente.g. E4. E.coli gain antibiotic resistance after mutationE5. Long-neck giraffe can obtain food high above and outlive the short-necked ones.

E6. Damage the gene that codes for important proteins needed for cell growth

 

E7. Causing many genetic disorderse.g. PKU, lactose intolerance, sickle cell anemia

E1. Mutations are not necessarily a bad thingE2. When mutation is beneficial/disadvantageous?

F- Mutation examples: Albinism (albino)

F1. Is the mutation that causes albinism in these animals beneficial to them?

F2. It depends on their environment (e.g. in the wilderness vs. in the zoo)

G- Cancer cellG1. Cancer cells are mutated

cells that divide repeatedly and excessively. They can spread to other body parts

G2. Tumour = group of cells that divide excessively

G3. Why cancer cells not desirable?

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk

Breast cancer tumourG4. Because cancer cells take space and nutrients away from normal healthy cells

H- What causes Cancer?H1. Factors/chemicals cause cancer are called

carcinogen. Include: smoking, acrylamide (in chips, fried potatoes) aspartame, asbestos, benzene,…

H2. Cancer is a complex disease whose causes have not been finalized

H3. Staying away from carcinogens is the best prevention (but can we always?)

H4. New cancer causes are updated all the timeH5. We still have lots of research to do to find a

cure

http://www.colorectal-cancer.ca/en/just-the-facts/symptoms/

I1.Breast cancer

I2. Colon cancer

I – Examples of cancer types

I3- Which is the healthy lung? Which cancerous?

I4. Healthy I5. Cancerous

J- What are some cancer treatments available out there?

J1. Surgery (cutting of cancer infected cell/ organ parts)

J2. Radiation therapy (use light to kill cancer cells)

J3. Chemotherapy (use drug to kill cancer)

J4. Hormone therapy

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/treatment/types-of-treatment

K. Does this patient have cancer?

# of Days

Normal cells

Patient sample

15 2 2

30 4 6

45 8 10

60 16 30

75 32 92

90 64 180

Your lab got an order from a doctor to culture a patient cell sample and see if the patient has cancer.He also gave you a normal cell sample for comparison

K 1. What will you report back to the doctor?

L- Report Patient cell sample analysis

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 20 40 60 80 100

Numbers of Days

Nu

mb

ers

of

cell

s

Normal cell

Patient cell

L1. Conclusion: Because the rate of cell doubling is far exceeded in the patient’s cell sample, the patient is likely having cancer

M - End of chapter 1 homework

• Page 52 &53:

• Questions 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 27, 29