lecture 1 - introduction to anatomy

8/10/2019 Lecture 1 - Introduction to Anatomy

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Learning outcomes

By the end of the lecture

Students will be able to define what is

meant by anatomical position

Descriptive terms used in anatomy.

Relative planes like coronal, sagittal,

transverse, horizontal etc.


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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

Prof Ashok Kumar Sanyal

Professor of Anatomy

AIMST


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DEFINITION

The term Anatomy is derived from A

Greek word `Anatome ( ana-apart; tome-

to cut) which means cutting up or

dissection.

Anatomy is one of the biological sciences.

It is the study of the structure of the body.


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SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMY

Gross Anatomyis the study of the parts

and structures of the body with the naked

eye. So it is also known as macroscopic

Anatomy.

It is the study of the human body by

dissection. It may be studied either

regionally or systematically


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REGIONAL ANATOMY

Regional Anatomyis the study of the

parts and structures such as bones, joints,

muscles, blood vessels, nerves and

organs and their relationship to each otherin one region of the body.


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REGIONS OF THE BODY

Head, Neck,Trunk,Upper limbsand Lower

limbs. The trunk is subdivided

- Thorax

- Abdomen. The abdomenis subdivided

- Abdomen proper

- Pelvis. The Upper limbconsists of

- Shoulder, Arm,

- Forearm and Hand.


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REGIONS OF THE BODY

TheLower Limbconsists of

- Gluteal region(buttock),

- Thigh- Leg

- Foot which has a sole and dorsum.

These regions are further subdividedinto smaller regions.


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Lat /Medial

Prox/Distal

Prox/Distal

Ventral/Dorsal

Ant/Post


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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

The study of organ systems into which

organs having same functions are

grouped.

The organs systems of the body are

- Skeletal system

- Muscular system- Cardio vascular system

- Lymphatic system


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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

- Respiratory system

- Digestive system

- Urinary system

- Reproductive system

- Endocrine Glands

- Nervous and integumentary system.


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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Study of the minute structures of the body

with the aid of microscope.

CYTOLOGY

-microscopic study of the structure of

the cell

HISTOLOGY

-microscopic study of the structure of

the tissues.


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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

EMBRYOLOGY- developmental Anatomy of the

individual from the time of fertilization

(of the ovum) up to birth.

TERATOLOGY

-study of abnormalities

in the development.

GENETICS- study of genes and chromosomesand their action in the inheritance.


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PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

- study of abnormal Anatomy

- refers to the structural changes,

associated with disease in

parts of the body.

APPLIED ANTOMY

- application of the knowledge of normal

Anatomy to clinical implication SURGICAL ANTOMY

- study of normal Anatomy and variations

which are of use to a surgeon


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RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

- study of the structure of the body by

using radiological techniques.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

-study of similarities and differences of

the parts of the body in various animal

species.


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CAVITIES OF THE BODY

Containsviscera and fluid

CRANIAL CAVITY

- is within the skull and contains brain.

VERTEBRAL CANAL

-is within the vertebral column andcontains the spinal cord.

THORACIC CAVITY

- is within the thorax.


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THORACIC CAVITY

- contains heart, lungs, trachea,

esophagus, thymus and

great vessels.


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ABDOMINAL CAVITY

-is within the abdomen.

- subdivided into abdominal cavityproperand pelvic cavity.

- separated from the thoracic cavity by

diaphragm.

Diaphragm is a muscular partition.


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The abdominal cavitycontains

-Stomach, small intestine , most of the

large intestine

- Organs - liver, pancreas, spleen,

adrenals, kidneys, parts of ureters

-Large vessels such as abdominalaorta, inferior vena cava and portal

vein.


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The pelvic cavitycontains

- Rectum, anal canal- Urinary bladder, parts of ureters and

urethra

- Male and Female reproductive organ


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SKELETAL SYSTEM

Composed of bones and cartilage.

Bone is a living tissue Highly specialized hard form of connective

tissue that forms most of the skeleton

Chief supporting tissues of the body.


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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Protects vital organs such as brain, heart

and lungs.

Form a hard and rigid frame work.

Provides the central axis to give structure

and form of the body.

Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.

Stores salts e.g.. calcium


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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Gives attachment to the muscles and

other soft parts.

Forms joints for movements


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DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON

- Bones of the head and neck and

trunk. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

-Bones of the upper limb and lower

limbs including shoulder girdle andpelvic girdle.


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BONY MARKINGS

Line Malleolus

Notch

Protuberance Spine

Spinous process

Trochanter Tubercle.

Tuberosity.


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lecture 1 - introduction to anatomy

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