anatomy i muse lecture 1 2430 spring 2013. introduction anatomy and physiology affect your life...
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Anatomy I
Muse lecture 12430 Spring 2013
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Introduction
Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday Anatomy is the oldest medical science
1600 B.C.
Physiology is the study of function Biochemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics
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Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before
going to class or lab Devote a block of time each day to your A&P course Set up a study schedule and stick to it Do not procrastinate! Approach the information in different ways Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it
regularly As soon as you experience difficulty with the course,
seek assistance
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Introduction
Learning Outcomes Illustrations and
Photos Pronunciation Guides Checkpoint Questions The A&P Top 100 Tips & Tricks Clinical Notes Chain Link Icons
End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials
Systems Overview Section
System in Perspective Summaries
Colored Tabs End-of-Book
Reference Sections
Important features of the textbook
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Introduction
Supplements The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD MyA&P™ Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body Get Ready for A&P! A&P Applications Manual Study Guide
Full descriptions in preface of textbook
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Structure and Function
Anatomy Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures
Physiology Is the study of
Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions
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Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy,
examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features
Regional anatomy: body areas
Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together
Developmental anatomy: from conception to death
Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
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Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy examines cells and
molecules
Cytology: study of cells and their structures
• cyt- = cell
Histology: study of tissues and their structures
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Levels of Organization
The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together
The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles
working together
The Tissue Level Tissues are a group of similar cells working together
The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working
together
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Levels of Organization
The Organ System Level Organ systems are a group of organs working
together Humans have 11 organ systems
The Organism Level A human is an organism
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Levels of Organization
FIGURE 1–1 Levels of Organization.
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis: all body systems working
together to maintain a stable internal
environment
Systems respond to external and internal
changes to function within a normal range
(body temperature, fluid balance)
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Homeostasis
Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change
Extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
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Homeostasis
Receptor
Receives the stimulus
Control center
Processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector
Carries out instructions
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FIGURE 1–3 The Control of Room Temperature.
Homeostasis
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Negative and Positive Feedback
FIGURE 1–4 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature.
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Negative and Positive Feedback
The Role of Positive Feedback
The response of the effector increases
change of the stimulus
Body is moved away from homeostasis
Normal range is lost
Used to speed up processes
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Negative and Positive Feedback
FIGURE 1–5 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting.
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
ControlCenter
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
34
5
Figure 1.4
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Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy
Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms
forward
Supine: lying down, face up
Prone: lying down, face down
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Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks
References to palpable structures
Anatomical Regions Body regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic(genital)
Cephalic
FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
Thoracic
AxillaryMammarySternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal(groin)
Upper limb
AcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)
PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–8 Directional References. An Anterior View.
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections
Plane: a three-dimensional axis
Section: a slice parallel to a plane
Used to visualize internal organization and structure
Important in radiological techniques– MRI
– PET
– CT
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Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–9 Sectional Planes.
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Anatomical Terminology
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Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–10 Relationships Among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity.
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Body Cavities
Serous membranes
Line body cavities and cover organs
Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Parietal layer — lines cavity
Visceral layer — covers organ
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Body Cavities
The Thoracic Cavity Separated into regions
Right and left pleural cavities– contain right and left lungs
Mediastinum– upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus
– lower portion contains pericardial cavity
» the heart is located within the pericardial cavity
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Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
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Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
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Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
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Body Cavities
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal cavity — chamber within
abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall
Visceral peritoneum covers the organs