lec 3 perception and learning

8/2/2019 Lec 3 Perception and Learning

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PERCEPTION ANDLEARNING


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Perception Defined

The process of receivinginformation about and makingsense of the world around us

deciding which information tonotice

how to categorize thisinformation

how to interpret information

within our existing knowledgeframework

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Selective Attention

Objects characteristics size, intensity, motion,

repetition, novelty

Perceiver characteristics

Emotional marker process

Expectations

Self-concept and beliefs

Confirmation bias

Screen out informationcontrary to our beliefs/values

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Perceptual

Organization/Interpretation

Categorical thinking

Mostly nonconscious process of organizingpeople/things

Perceptual grouping principles

Similarity or proximity

Closure -- filling in missing pieces

Perceiving trends Interpreting incoming information

Emotional markers automatically evaluateinformation

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Social Perception and SocialIdentity

Categorization process compare characteristics of

our groups with othergroups

Homogenization process similar traits within a group;

different traits across groups

Differentiation process

develop less favourableimages of people in groupsother than our own

HamidSenni

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Stereotyping

Assigning traits to people based on theirmembership in a social category/groupwhere they are belong

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Attribution Process

Perception that behavioris caused by personsown motivation or ability

Internal

Attribution

External

Attribution

Perception that behavior iscaused by situation or fate-- beyond persons control

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Attribution Theory: Judgingothers

Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.

Consistency: responds in the same way over time.


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Attribution

Theory


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Internal Attribution

Behavior is attributed

To internal factors

External attribution

Behavior is attributed

To external factors

Distinctiveness

How often does theperson act this

way in other

setting

Frequently

(high consistency)

Frequently

(low distinctiveness)(low consensus)

Seldom

(low consistency)Seldom

(high distinctiveness)(high consensus)

Consistency

How often didthe person act

this way in

the past

Consensus

How often do

other people

act this way in

similar situation

RULES OF

ATTRIBUTION


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Attribution Errors

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to see the people rather than thesituation as the main cause of behavior

We blame people first, not the situation

Self-Serving Bias

attributing our successes to internal factors

and our failures to external factors

It is our success but their failure

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

...The perceptual process in which ourexpectation about another person cause that

person to act in a way that is consistent withthose expectation

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle

Supervisorforms

expectations

Expectationsaffect supervisors

behavior

Supervisorsbehavior affects

employee

Employeesbehavior matches

expectations

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Self-Fulfilling ProphecyEffect is Strongest...

...at the beginning of the relationship (e.g.employee joins the team)

...when several people have similarexpectations about the person

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Other Perceptual Errors

Halo effect one trait forms a general impression

Primacy effect

first impressions

Recency effect most recent information dominates perceptions

False-consensus effect overestimate the extent to which others havebeliefs and characteristics similar to our own

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Definition of Learning

A relatively permanent change in

behavior (or behavior tendency) that

occurs as a result of a persons

interaction with the environment

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Explicit vs.Tacit Knowledge

Explicit knowledge

Knowledge that is articulated through language,such as documents

Tacit knowledge

Knowledge acquired through observation anddirect experience

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Behavior Modification

We operate on the environment

alter behavior to maximize positive andminimize adverse consequences

Learning is viewed as completelydependent on the environment

Human thoughts are viewed as

unimportant

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A B C f B h i


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A-B-Cs of BehaviorModification

Consequences

What happensafter behavior

Co-workersthankoperator

Example

Behavior

What personsays or does

Machineoperator turnsoff power

Antecedents

What happensbeforebehavior

Warninglightflashes

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Contingencies of Reinforcement

Behavior

increases/maintained

Behavior

decreases

Consequenceis introduced

Consequenceis removed

Punishment

Positivereinforcement

Extinction Punishment

Negativereinforcement

Noconsequence

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Behavior Modification inPractice

Behavior modification is used in:

every day life to influence behavior of others

company programs to reduce absenteeism,

improve safety, etc.

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Social Learning Theory

Behavioral modeling

Observing and modeling behavior of others

Learning behavior consequences

Observing consequences that others experience

Self-reinforcement

Reinforcing our own behavior with consequenceswithin our control

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lec 3 perception and learning

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