PASSIVE PERIPHRASITICPassive Periphrasic is described as something that MUST be done. The best way to identify the passive periphrastic is to look for the –ND- in the construction plus the form of est or sunt with it.

Ie cena edenda est. Dinner must be eaten.

If the Latin wants to indicate by whom the action was done, it will include the DATIVE of agent, not the ablative of agent. The only difference is that it will not include a preposition and it will now be in the dative case.

IE Cena nobis edenda est. Dinner must be eaten by us.

The periphrastic can be translated actively by taking the dative of agent and making it the subject.

We must eat the dinner.

Translate these examples.

1. Leges in Foro ponendae sunt.

2. Roma militibus servanda est.

3. Piratae non timendae sunt.

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

The ablative absolute explains the conditions under which something has happened, is happening, or is about to happen.There are three possible combinations:

1. Ablative noun + participlea. Present active

i. Verbis audientibus ---- with the words being heard b. Perfect passive

i. Puero viso – with the boy having been seen (After the boy was seen)

c. Future Activei. Navibus navigaturibus – with the ships about to sail

(Since the ships were about to sail)

2. Ablative noun + ablative noun

a. Caesare consuleWith Caesar as consulSince Caesar was consulWith Caesar being consulBecause Caesar is/was consul

*** Using the noun with the noun “consul” was used to tell the year in ancient times

3. Ablative noun + adjectivea. Cane malo

Since the dog was badWith the dog being badBecause the dog was bad

The noun in the ablative absolute can NEVER be the subject of the sentence.Translate the following ablative absolute sentences.

1. Statua in Foro posita, populi delectantur.

2. Numa rege, pax erat in Roma.

3. Verbis recitandibus, omnes sedent.

4. Pueris in ludo clamantibus, magister erat perturbatus.

5. Marco in caldario sedente, Sextus ad apodyterium regressus est.

6. Magistro irato, pueri domum missi sunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The Subjunctive is another mood of the verb. So far we have the following:

Indicative: statement

Imperative: command

Subjunctive: opinion, wish, allowance, the speaker’s attitude, or included in a clause

Only 4 tenses for the subjunctive!! Hooray!

Present, imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect.

Present Subjunctive

Hortatory/ Jussive

The easiest way to remember the present subjunctive is with the saying:

shE wEArs A dIAmond.

The present subjunctive is expressed through a change in the connecting vowel of the verb.

The present subjunctive is the only subjunctive that can stand on its own as the main verb in the sentence.

Translate this verb as “Let/May/Lest (for negative).”

e.g. “Cena ponatur.” Let dinner be placed.

The negative version is expressed by “ne.”

Be careful with the following:

To be – sim, sis, sit

To be able – possim, possis, possit

To go – eam, eas, eat

Translate the following subjunctive sentences:

1. De fabula Publi Furianique audiamus.

2. Magna cena parebatur.

3. Vitam dignam in Graecia agat.

THE PURPOSE CLAUSE

The purpose clause is introduced by the words ut or ne in Latin. They translate best as “to,” “in order to,” “so that,” or “lest.” They are followed by a subjunctive clause.

Translate the following forms of the purpose clause.

1. Venerunt ad Forum ut multa templa videant.

2. Nautane cantat ut puellas terreat?

3. Cornelius festinabit ut ad Italiam procedat.

4. Multi amici convenerunt ut novum Forum viderent.

5. Cavete ne avem necet.

6. Aurelia in cubiculum festinavit ut Corneliam vocaret.

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The imperfect subjunctive is formed by taking the present active

infinitive and adding the personal endings m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.

Amare+nt = amarent

Translate the following sentences with the imperfect subjunctive.

1. Diem unum manserunt ut Romam viderent.

2. Romam reliquerunt ne a ducibus necarentur.

3. Venimus ut videremus multos viros in urbe.

4. Venerunt ad Forum ut verba oratoris audirent.

Make the following imperfect subjunctives in the 3rd person singular:

Ludere

Videre

Dormire

Habitare

habere

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The perfect subjunctive looks almost like the future perfect form. However, its 1st person singular is different.

The perfect subjunctive uses the following endings on the 3rd principal part of the verb:

1st -erim -erimus2nd -eris -eritis3rd -erit -erint

Turn the following into the Perfect subjunctive in the 3rd person singular.

fecit

Vidit

Dormivit

Habitavit

habuit

THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The pluperfect subjunctive builds off of the 3rd principle part. It adds the ending –isse (like the perfect infinitive) and then the personal endings,

-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Change the following into the 3rd person singular pluperfect subjunctive form.

habuit

Vidit

Dormivit

INDIRECT QUESTION

The indirect question is another construction which uses the subjunctive mood in a clause. It is introduced by verbs of asking, knowing, saying, perceiving, etc, and most importantly, an interrogative word.

The verb of the original question is put into the subjunctive mood.

Eg. Quid facis? What are you doing?

Rogo quid facias. I ask what you are doing.

The first sentence is a DIRECT question. The verb is in the indicative.

The second sentence is an INDIRECT question. The same verb now is in the subjunctive.

CAVEAT! Do not confuse the indirect question and the indirect statement.

INDIRECT STATEMENT INDIRECT QUESTIONUses the infinitive Has no introductory word

Uses the subjunctiveIntroduced by interrogative

Translate the following indirect question sentences.

1. Amici rogaverunt ubi canem invenissent.

2. Mater Ciceronem rogabat ubi esset et quid faceret.

3. Antonius Octavianum rogaverunt quantum pecuniae daretur.

4. Video quid frater meus agat.

5. Rogabat ubi Publius esset et quid faceret.

INDIRECT COMMANDS

Indirect commands express the subjects will, command, request, advice, decision, etc. They normally have as objects clauses introduced by ut or ne with the verb in the subjunctive.

Constituerunt ut templum spectarent.

They decided to look at the temple.

Persuasit mihi ut hostem pugnaret.

He persuaded me to fight the enemy.

Common words to look for:

Hortor – encourage Moneo – to warn Praecipio – instructImpero – order Persuadeo – persuade Invito – to inviteObsecro – to beg Oro – to beg Rogo - ask

Translate the following examples:

1. Persuasit mihi ut librum legerem.

2. Oro ut tu meos filios neces.

3. Cornelius eos invitavit ut secum cenarent.

RESULT CLAUSE

Remember that we joke that this is the “yo mama’ clause.

In order for the result clause to work, you need a word which means “so” or “so much.”

Examples of Trigger words:

Adeo – so much Ita –thus, so Sic – thus, soTalis – such Tantus – so great Tantum – so muchTot – so many

There must be an ‘ut’ or a ‘non’ before the subjunctive verb for the result clause to work.

Translate these examples:

1. Tam occupata est ut mecum numquam loquatur.

2. Leo tam ferox est ut multi viri terreantur.

3. Cornelia tam laeta est ut vix loqui possit.

4. Caldarium tam caldidum est ut Marcus discedat.

DEPONENT VERBS

Deponent verbs look passive, but are always translated actively. They are verbs in disguise! They never have an active form.Common deponent verbs:

Conor – try Moror – delay Vereor – to fearCollabor – collapse Consequor – overtake Loquor – to talkProficiscor – to set out Sequor – to follow Egredior – to leaveIngredior – to enter Regredior – to return Experior – to test, try

Semi Deponent Verbs are few and far between. These verbs are active in the present system, but passive in the perfect system.As of now, there are 3:

Audeo – to dare Gaudeo - to rejoice Soleo – to be accustomed

Translate the following :1. Marcus Brundisio Idibus Novembribus profectus est.

2. A grammatico laudati sumus quod versus memoria tenere conati sumus.

3. “Ego primus,” inquit Marcus, “domum ingressus sum.”

4. Mater et Cornelia in illa taberna morabantur.

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

The gerund corresponds to the –ing ending in English.

We learn by doing. He got here by running.

In Latin

- It has no NOMINATIVE form.- It only has 4 cases.- It can only decline like the second declension.- The only possible endings are –ndi, -ndo, ndum, -ndo- It can only be singular.- When you need the nominative form, you use the infinitive.

o Videre est credere. Seeing is believing.

There are a few common constructions for the gerund.

Ablative – translates as “by verbing”

Accusative – will normally be accompanied by ‘ad’

-translates as “for the purpose of” or “to”

Genitive – sometimes shown with ‘causa’ or ‘gratia’ to

express purpose.

- Translates as “ for the sake or cause of”- By itself – translates as “of verbing”

Translate the following GERUND constructions.

1. Ad legendum sedent.

2. Scribendis famam cupivit.

3. Discendi causa venisti.

4. Socrates pueros interrogando docebat.

GERUNDIVE or the FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

The gerundive can also be identified by the –ND signal. However, this is not a verbal noun like the gerund. This is a verbal ADJECTIVE. Therefore it takes a NOUN in the same case with it. It will not stand alone.

Note the differences.

GERUND GERUNDIVEIs a verbal nounHas only 4 endingsIs always activeNever agrees with anything

Is an adjectiveHas many forms (us a um)Always agrees with something

TRANSLATE the following Gerundive constructions.

1. Ad legendum librum sedent.

2. Romani leges ad regendam urbem instituerunt.

3. Viri videndi causa venisti.

4. Labor amandi hostis est dificillimus.

5. Ad auxilium petendum veni.

CUM CLAUSES

Remember that the CUM clause uses the subjunctive verb. There are a few translations for cum.

Possible translations:

When, Although, Since, Because

The best way to translate the cum:

Perfect or pluperfect: When – Circumstantial

Present or imperfect: Since/Because – Causal

Translate and tell which clause is used in the construction:

1. Cum prope flumen ambularemus, Corneliam et Flaviam clamantes audivimus.

2. Cum casae appropinquavissem, dominum vidi.

3. Cum casam intravisset, hostem necavit.

4. Cum neque cibum neque aquam haberent, mortui erant.

Place Clues

6 special place classifications do not use a preposition to denote which direction is being used.

These 6 categories are: small islands, cities, towns, domus, rus, and humus

To denote place towards: Accusative Case Romam

To denote place from : Ablative Case Roma

To denote place in which: Locative or Gen/Dat Romae

Translate the following:

1. Ulixes cum comitibus Troia profectus est.

2. Domum redire et uxorem suam videre volebat.

3. Multis post annis Ithacam pervenit.

4. Aeneas Carthagini breve tempus morabatur.

5. Quintus Valerius, amicus Corneliorum, e Bithynia Romam regredietur.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A realtive pronoun combines two sentences with a common word into one.

The relative pronoun takes its GENDER and NUMBER from its antecedent (the word that falls before) and it’s case from how it is used in its own clause.

Marcus, qui puellam amat, Romam venit.

Marcus, who loves the girl, came to Rome.

Cornelius, cui pecuniae dantur, multa habet.

Cornelius, to whom the money is given, has much.

Translate the following:

1. Roma, ex qua milites venerunt, est magna et pulchra.

2. Caesar, cuius milites in Galliam processerunt, cum septem legionibus urbem intravit.

3. Aurelia, quae est uxor Cornelii, duos liberos habet.

4. Centurio, quem vidisti, in pugna multos militos necaverat.

Roman People, Places, Culture, and History

“That which MUST BE known”

Roman wedding customs

Sponsalia

Roman coming of age ceremonies

Lares/Penates

Toga praetexta

Toga virilis

Epitaph

Roman funeral customs

Cleopatra

Caesar

Augustus

Caesar as an anthropologist

Pyramus et Thisbe

Apollo et Daphne

Baucis et Philemon

Niobe

Callisto

Actaeon

Ovid’s Metamorphosis

Orpheus et Eurydice

12 Tables

Roman Army under Caesar

Legio, centurio

Plebs

Imperator

Equites

Pedites

Rostra

Theseus

Ulixes

Bellerephon

Roman Bath houses (all rooms)

Gladiators et Colosseum

Roman Cena, customs

Roman foods

Terror Gallicus

Helvetii

Curia

Belgae

Gallia

Gallia in De Bello Gallico

VOCABULARY TO KNOW

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