Latin Verb Review

Person

Number

Tense

Voice

Mood

Who is doing the action?

Is the subject singular or plural?

Is the action happening in the past, present, or future?

Is the verb passive or active?

Is the verb indicative, imperative, or subjunctive? Relationship of a verb with reality or intent.

Moods

Indicative The most common mood, used in factual statements.

Imperative Used with commands.

Subjunctive Worry about this later

Principle Parts

• Most Latin verbs have 4 principle parts.– 1st principle part = 1st person, singular, present, active,

indicative.• Videō = I see.

– 2nd principle part = present, active, infinitive. The present stem comes from dropping the –re.

• Vidēre = to see.– 3rd principle part = 1st person, singular, perfect, active,

indicative. The perfect stem comes from dropping the –ī.

• Vīdī = I saw.– 4th principle part = perfect, passive, participle.

• Vīsum = having been seen

Stems

• Present stem = 2nd principle part – ‘-re.’

• Perfect stem = 3rd principle part – ‘-ī.’

1st Conjugation

• Distinguished from the characteristic ā in the present stem.

• Most 1st Conjugation verbs have the pattern of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum.

• Dō, dāre, dedī, dātum is an example of a first conjugation verb that does not follow the typical pattern.

2nd Conjugation

• Distinguished from the characteristic ē in the stem.

• NOTE: YOU WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR KNOWING AND REPRODUCING THE LONG E FOR SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS ON QUIZZES AND EXAMS.

3rd Conjugation & 3rd Conjugation io

• The 3rd conjugation is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem.

• The 3rd conjugation io is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem, AND the ‘io’ ending in the first principle part.

4th Conjugation

• Distinguished by the characteristic ī in the present stem.

Personal Endings for present, future, and imperfect, active voice.

1st

2nd

3rd

Singular Plural

-o/m (I)

-s (you)

-t (he/she/it)

-mus (we)

-tis (you plur)

-nt (they)

Present Active

• For 1st, 2nd, and 4th Conjugations, add the personal endings to the present stem.– Note: 1st conjugation drops the ā in the stem in the 1st

person, singular, present, active, indicative– Note: 4th conjugation 3rd person, plural, active,

indicative, present ‘-iunt’

• For 3rd and 3rd io Conjugations, change the stem vowel from the short e to a short i and add the personal endings.– Note the difference in the 3rd person, plural, present,

active, indicative

Present Examples

• Erras– You err.

• Mones– You warn.

• Ducis– You lead.

• Capis– You capture.

• Venis– You come

• Errant– They err.

• Monent– They warn.

• Ducunt– They lead.

• Capiunt– They capture.

• Veniunt– They come.

Imperfect

• For all conjugations, add ‘ba’ + the personal endings to the present stem.– Note: The first person singular personal

ending is –m.• Examples:

» Errabam (I was erring)» Monebam (I was warning)» Ducebam (I was leading)» Capiebam (I was capturing)» Veniebam (I was coming)

Future

• For 1st and 2nd conjugations, add ‘bi’ + personal endings to the stem.

• For 3rd conjugation, lengthen the stem vowel from ‘e’ to ‘ē,’ and add the personal endings.

• For 3rd conjugation io, change the stem vowel to ‘ie’, and add the personal endings.

• For 4th conjugation, add an e to the stem, and add you personal endings.– NOTE THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR OF ALL

CONJUGATIONS.

Future Examples

• Errabo– I shall err.

• Monebo– I shall warn.

• Ducam– I shall lead.

• Capiam– I shall capture.

• Veniam– I shall come.

• Errabunt– They will err.

• Monebunt– They will warn.

• Ducent– They will lead.

• Capient– They will capture.

• Venient– They will come.

Present Imperative

• The present stem = the singular imperative.– Remember the four exceptions to this are:

• Dic = say• Duc = lead• Fac = do• Fer = bear

• For the plural, add ‘te’ to the stem.– Remember to change the e to an i in the 3rd

and 3rd io conjugations.

Sum and possum present, active, indicative

• Singular– 1st person: sum

• I am– 2nd person: es

• You are– 3rd person: est

• He/she/it is

• Plural– 1st person: sumus

• We are– 2nd person: estis

• You are– 3rd person: sunt

• They are

• Singular– 1st person: possum

• I am able– 2nd person: potes

• You are able– 3rd person: potest

• He/she/it is able

• Plural– 1st person: possumus

• We are able– 2nd person: potestis

• You are able– 3rd person: possunt

• They are able

Sum and Possum future, active, indicative

• Singular– 1st person: ero

• I shall– 2nd person: eris

• You will– 3rd person: erit

• He/she/it will

• Plural– 1st person: erimus

• We shall– 2nd person: eritis

• You will– 3rd person: erunt

• They will

• Singular– 1st person: potero

• I shall be able– 2nd person: poteris

• You will be able– 3rd person: poterit

• He/she/it will be able

• Plural– 1st person: poterimus

• We shall be able– 2nd person: poteritis

• You will be able– 3rd person: poterunt

• He/she/it will be able

Sum and Possum imperfect, active, indicative

• Singular– 1st person: eram

• I was– 2nd person: eras

• You were– 3rd person: erat

• He/she/it was

• Plural– 1st person: eramus

• We were– 2nd person: eratis

• You were– 3rd person: erant

• They were

• Singular– 1st person: poteram

• I was able– 2nd person: poteras

• You were able– 3rd person: poterat

• He/she/it was able

• Plural– 1st person: poteramus

• We were able– 2nd person: poteratis

• You were able– 3rd person: poterant

• They were able

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect

• Perfect personal endings are added to the perfect stem.

Perfect Example

• Singular– Errāvī

• I erred.

– Errāvistī • You erred.

– Errāvit• He/she/it erred

• Plural– Errāvimus

• We erred.

– Errāvistis• You erred.

– Errāvērunt• They erred.

Pluperfect Example

• Singular– Errāveram

• I had erred.

– Errāverās• You had erred.

– Errāverat• He/she/it had erred.

• Plural– Errāverāmus

• We had erred.

– Errāverātis• You had erred.

– Errāverant• They had erred.

Future Perfect Examples

• Singular– Errāverō

• I will have erred.

– Errāveris• You will have erred.

– Errāverit• He/she/it will have

erred.

• Plural– Errāverimus

• We will have erred.

– Errāveritis• You will have erred.

– Errāverint• They will have erred.