later british colonization. mercantilism an economic doctrine that flourished in europe from the...
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Later British Colonization
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Mercantilism
• An economic doctrine that flourished in Europe from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Mercantilists held that a nation's wealth consisted primarily in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury. Accordingly, mercantilist governments imposed extensive restrictions on their economies to ensure a surplus of exports over imports
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Mercantilism
• The colony exist for the good of the mother country
• American colonies were to produce raw material for the manufacturers in England to produce manufactured goods that would be sold elsewhere and the colonies
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Navigation Acts
• All trade had to be conducted using English shipping
• European exports had to pass through England before going to the colonies
• Colonist broke these laws and flouted smuggling
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“Salutary (Healthy) Neglect”
• Royal Government relaxes supervision of internal colonial affairs
• The government concerned only about the defense and trade
• Local government grows in importance
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Yeoman Society
• All members of a township were given plots of land according to social hierarchy.
• All landowners who were members of the Church had the vote
• Public education for the young men and women
• Harvard University 1636
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Government
• Governances set up in charters
• Governor elected by property holding men
• Two House legislation elected by property holding men
• Local – New England Town Meetings
• Home rule evolving.
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New England Economy
• Agriculture – small farms – dominant occupation
• Soil/climate limiting
• Cash crops sold internally – not for export
• Cottage industries (textiles) part of the economy
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New England Economy
• Fishing – catch sold primarily in West Indies
• Wood products – for exports and domestic use
• Shipping and shipbuilding
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New England Economy
• Some industry (Saugus Iron Works)
• A strong Merchant class (Boston, Hartford)
• New England’s economy not compatible to mercantilist policies
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New England’s Impact on the American Identity
• The Puritan Impact– America as an ideal (‘city upon a hill”)– Education – colleges (Harvard 1636); public
education laws– Puritan work ethic– Intolerance/witch trials
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The Salem Witch Trails
• With religion came the offshoots of evil lurking around
• Indian in the forest• Salem mass hysteria
175 arrest 20 executions
• Most women were property owners.
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New England and the Indians
• Disease – Maine (90% of the native population dies between 1616 -1619)
• Natives described and treated as savages
• Treaties made and broken
• Pequot War 1637 – English expansion leads to war
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The Chesapeake Region
• Jamestown 1607– London Company– Economic gain– Salvation from tobacco– Anglican church
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Maryland, 1632
• A proprietary colony
• Owner, Lord Baltimore who would sell land for a profit
• Haven for Roman Catholics
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Political Development
• Virginia – Royal Colony
• Maryland – proprietary
• Governors appointed
• Two House legislators voted by property holders (men)
• Appointed Justices of the Peace ran local affairs
• Religious tolerance in Maryland
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Bacon’s Rebellion• Lower end farmers wanted
better land• End corruption• War with Natives• Burnt Jamestown• Results in more power for
yeoman farmers• Most planters switch to
Black labor not indentured servitude.
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Chesapeake Economy
• Plantations dominant over small farms
• Cash Crops for exports
• Tobacco #1
• Economy compatible with mercantilist policies
• Indentured Servitude
• Slavery
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The Middle Colonies
• New York, New Jersey, Delaware taken from the Dutch in 1664 (Royal)
• Pennsylvania Proprietary colony (land grant to William Penn)
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William Penn and Pennsylvania
• Quakers who believed that God gave everybody and inner light of grace that opened salvation for all people.
• Pennsylvania constitution guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians
• All male property owners could vote and hold office
• Sold land at a cheap price
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Political Structure
• Governors appointed by King or Proprietor
• Two house legislature elected by property holders (men)
• Local government - county officials elected
• Religious tolerance
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Middle Colonies Economy
• Agriculture dominant occupation– Small farms and commercial farms– Produce crops (e.g., wheat, corn) for home
consumption and export– Modest in scope– Breadbasket Colonies
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Middle Colonies Economy
• Small-scale industrial enterprises
• Vibrant merchant class dominate activities in urban areas such as New York and Philadelphia
• Increasingly not compatible with mercantilist policies.
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The Middle Colonies and the Indians
• Treaties made and broken
• However, Quakers deal fairly with the Indians – this fails when non- Quakers immigrate to Pennsylvania
• Many conflicts in western Pennsylvania between Scotch-Irish and natives
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The Southern Colonies
• Restoration Colonies (Carolinas – 1665)
• Charles II gave land away in North America to pay off his debts
• The Proprietors hoped to set up an English manorial society with large land holdings with owned by the nobility.
• The Carolinas were poorly governed with vast class problems.
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Georgia 1732
• Proprietary, later Royal
• Set up as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida
• James Oglethorpe envisioned a debtors colony
• Tolerant of all Christians except Catholic
• Divided on the slavery issue
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Southern Economy
• Plantations dominant over small farms
• Cash Crops for exports
• Rice and Indigo Carolina’s
• Georgia - cotton
• Economy compatible with mercantilist policies
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Overall Economy
• Population growth (1,200,000 in 1750)– Creates markets within colonies– Stimulates urban growth– Population growth in North due to natural
expansion and immigration– Southern population growth in South from
slave importation
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Overall Economy
• Colonial Commerce
– Coastal trade (variety of product produced within the colonies)
– Trade with West Indies (rum, grains, fish)
– Trade with England (raw materials in exchange for manufactured goods)
– Slave trade
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Labor Sources
• Impact of easily available lands (limits the number of immigrants in the labor forces and makes hiring immigrants difficult in labor intensive jobs such as rice and sugar plantations)
• Led to indenture servitude and slavery (legal in all colonies by 1700)