language booklet grade 8
TRANSCRIPT
Language Booklet Grade 8
-1-
Module 1A (A Job Worth Doing) Reading
word Meaning
P.7
1. Inspiration Someone or something that gives you ideas for
doing something.
2. Motivation Eagerness and willingness to do something
without needing to be told or forced to do it.
3. Diversity The fact that there are many different ideas or opinions about something.
4. Opportunity Chance.
5. Challenge Something that tests strength, skill, or ability,
especially in a way that is interesting.
6. Focus To give special attention to one particular person
or thing.
7. Creativity The ability to use your imagination to produce new
ideas, make things, … etc.
8. Innovation Something that is new and modern.
9. Worth How good or useful something is or how important
it is to people.
P.8 , 9
10. Golf course The area where golf is played.
-2-
11. Risky Involving a risk that something bad will happen
12. beat To win against someone in a fight, war,
or competition.
13. Demanding Requiring much time, money or effort.
*I have heard it is one of the most demanding courses at the university.
14. Quality How good or bad something is.
15. Imaginative Having or showing an ability to think of new and
interesting ideas / having or showing imagination.
16. Run out To come to an end.
17. Limited Small in amount or number.
18. Ethical Having to do with questions of right and wrong.
19. Hacker A person who hacks into a computer system.
20. Criminal Someone who commits a crime.
21. Method A planned way of doing something.
22. legal Connected with the law.
23. Illegal Against the law.
24. Technique A way of doing an activity that needs skills.
25. Sophisticated Complicated / A sophisticated person: is
intelligent and knows a lot, so that they are able to
understand complicated situations.
26. agent A person who does business for another person, a
person who acts on behalf of another.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-3-
27. Well connected Knowing people who hold positions of power.
28. Client A customer or someone who receives services.
29. Negotiate To have formal discussions with someone
in order to reach an agreement with them.
30. Adviser A person who suggest things or gives an opinion
about what should be done.
31. Anxious Worried and nervous.
32. Employment Having a job.
33. Require To need something or make something necessary.
34. Patience The ability to wait, or to continue doing
something despite difficulties, or to
suffer without complaining.
35. Rewarding Giving you a good feeling that you have done
something valuable, important, … etc.
36. Corporation A large company or group of companies that
is controlled together as a single organization.
37. Financial Relating to money or how money is managed.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-4-
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. His .................... for lending me the money was to show others that
he had lots of money, not because he wanted to.
a. inspiration b. creation
c. motivation d. innovation
2. There is a lot of ....................... in our school because we have
students from all over the world.
a. diversity b. methods c. welfare d. profit
3. A society that takes care of everyone is a/ an… ................ society.
a. flexible b. sophisticated c. ethical d. passionate
4. The job is so ................. that Lawrence has no time to enjoy himself.
a. anxious b. demanding c. flexible d. imaginative
5. Being a famous basketball player has many… ............ rewards.
a. creative b. passionate c. financial d. flexible.
6. The artist's ........................... comes from the beautiful scenery.
a. inspiration b. corporation c. negotiation d. combination
7. The students had a great ................... to visit one of the best
museums in the world.
a. challenge b. technique c. reward d. opportunity
8. Dr. John finds his work as a doctor to be .................. He
enjoys making people healthy.
a. sophisticated b. rewarding c. required d. qualified
9. This diamond necklace seems very expensive. It is .............. at
least half a million.
a. takes b. worth c. wins d. requires
-5-
10. Samantha and her husband ....................... a deal for the new house.
a. negotiated b. employed c. qualified d. rewarded
11. The company is still searching for the ................. who caused
damage to their site.
a. chef b. hacker c. agent d. adviser
12. Ola is a real… .................. that's why she got a job in sales.
a. criminal b. sophisticated c. employed
d. people person
13. The job qualifications .......................... to be patient and able to
work under pressure.
a. employ b. worth c. reward d. require.
14. We have to stop at the nearest station as our car ...................... of
petrol.
a. gave up b. ran out c. held up d. do without
15. In some countries it's........................ for people under eighteen to
drive a car .
a. limited b. ethical c. legal d. required
16. Thomas comes from a ................................. family with a very
good education and lots of money.
a. well connected b. people person
c. ups and downs d. world wide
17. I have a/an .................... access to the files on this computer
without a password.
a. Illegal b. limited c. occupied d. required
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-6-
18. Rowland is a/an ................ artist and his paintings are very
unusual.
b. imaginative b. interactive b. sociable d. criminal
19. Parents are always .................about their children's future.
a. anxious b. patient c. sophisticated d. ethical
20. Charles, my financial .............................. , told me not to buy this
house.
a. agent b. client c. adviser d. employer
21. Achieving dreams needs ...................... and determination.
a. legal b. innovation c. patience d. limitation
22. Our school decided to replace books with computer as a way to
bring ...................... to education.
a. creation b. imagination c. determination d. innovation
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-7-
Module 1A Confusables P. 10
Word Meaning
Earn to receive money as payment for work that you do (earn
living)
Gain to get something that is useful
Win to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a
competition, election, fight, ……. etc.
Word Meaning
Job A regular and official work that you do, and receive
money (a salary) for your work. It is also called
a profession or an occupation.
Work The word work is more general than “job . “work” refers
to general efforts and activities done to accomplish a
goal.
The place where you do your job.
Career A job that someone does for a long time.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-8-
Word Meaning
Chef A person who prepares food for people to eat.
Chief Highest in rank or authority/ most important or main
Word Meaning
Salary money that you receive as payment from the
organization you work for, usually paid to you every
month.
Wage the money earned by an employee, esp. when paid for
the hours worked.
Profit money that is earned in trade or business,
after paying the costs of producing and selling goods
and services .
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. He accepted to work in this company as they offered him a very good
…………………
a. wage b. profit c. salary d. income
2. The company seems to achieve success as the ...................is up this
year.
a. wage b. profit c. salary d. income
3. During his long .......... in advertising he won numerous awards
and honors.
a. job b. career c. occupation d. work
4. Andrew works hard to ................. his living to support his family.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-9-
a. earn b. win c. gain d. reward
5. He is not in good terms with his manger , so he decided to leave
…………… in his company.
a. job b. career c. occupation d. work
6. All the students can ............. access to the library and they gym.
a. earn b. win c. gain d. reward
7. The ..................... problem we have in the area now is the spread of
disease.
a. chef b. chief c. shift d. share
8. When she left college, she got a................................ as an editor in
a publishing company.
a. job b. work c. career d. task
9. He is hoping for a................. in the field of engineering.
a. job b. work c. profession d. career
Module 1A (A Job Worth Doing)
Vocabulary P.10-11
Word Meaning
1. Employee Someone who is paid to work for someone else.
2. On strike To refuse to continue working because of
an argument with an
employer about working conditions, pay levels,
or job losses.
3. Job cuts The reduction of the number of workers.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-10-
4. Employ To have someone work or do a job for you
and pay them for it.
5. Staff All the people who work for the same business.
6. Unemployed Not having a job that provides money.
7. Welfare A government program for poor or unemployed
people that helps pay for their food , housing,
medical, ….etc.
8. Trainee A person who is learning and practicing the skills
of a particular job.
9. Fired To remove someone from his job.
10. Out of work Have no job
11. Intern someone who is finishing their training for a
skilled job especially by getting practical
experience of the work involved.
12. Make ends meet To have just enough money to pay for the things
that you need.
13. Access The right to enter a place to use something, see
someone, ........ etc.
14. Innovative Being new and not similar to anything else.
15. Essential Important
16. Along with In addition to someone or something else.
17. Confide To tell something secret or personal to someone
who you trust not to tell anyone else.
18. Flexible Able to change or be changed easily according to
the situation.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-11-
19. Passionate Having strong feelings about something and
enjoying something very much.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. This is a very ..................... gadget that helps you identify all types of
trees.
a. innovative b. creative c. imaginative d. sensitive
2. The factory employees were .................... for a whole week. They need
salary raise.
a. flexible b. on strike c. out of work d. job cut
3. Her family went on… ........... after both her parents lost their jobs.
a. strike b. welfare c. intern d. method
4. On some days I work a lot and On other days I don't. I have
…………schedule.
a. passionate b. flexible c. innovative d. access
5. It's ................... to have antivirus software installed in order to protect
your computer.
a. flexible b. passionate c. essential d. innovative
6. Things are quite difficult at the moment , but at least we are trying to
………………….
a. job cut b. well connected c. make ends meet d. people person
7. After being an ............... for a year, the manager offered me a job in
the company.
a. employer b. intern c. staff d. agent
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-12-
8. My cousin used to work in a chocolate factory, but now he is
………………….. as the factory closed down.
a. unemployed b. adviser c. patient d. passionate
9. Caroline is so ...................... about art .She paints all the time.
a. flexible b. passionate c. essential d. innovative
10. Our manager told us that there will be 20 ................... by the end of
the month because of the financial problems in the company.
a. welfare b. job cuts c. unemployed d. hacker
11. Mike got… ............. last week and now, he is looking for a new job.
a. strike b. advised c. fired d. stuck
12. Nancy is ........................ and she needs to find a job as soon as
possible.
a. job cut b. well connected c. welfare d. out of work
13. The new educational system gives the students more
………………..to choose the subjects they want to study.
a. flexibility b. diversity c. creativity d. visibility
14. Laura spent few month as a ................ waitress before being an
actual waitress.
a. agent b. trainee c. employee d. client
15. The hotel manger decided to ........................ Roger because he had
a lot of work experience.
a. work b. job c. participate d. employ
16. The manger ....................... in Mark. He always gives him the difficult
tasks to do.
a. confides b. employs c. accesses d. creates
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
17. The ................. of the hotel was very friendly and always ready to
help.
a. staff b. clients c. adviser d. trainees
18. The kids met their father with a wide smile and
………………..greeting when walked into the house.
a. flexible b. anxious c. essential d. passionate
Module 1A (A Job Worth Doing) Listening & SpeakingP.12
Word Meanig
1. Career
prospect
The chances for the future that somebody's job can
give him
2. Promotion The act of raising someone to a higher or
more important position or rank.
3. Socialize To talk to and do things with other people in a
friendly way.
4. Productive Doing or achieving a lot , working hard and
getting good results.
5. Bonus Money added to someone's wages, especially as
a reward for good work.
6. Set up To formally establish a
new company, organization, system, way of working,
……… etc.
-13-
2nd Pre2pn.d BPoroekple.t– Booklet Date: Date_:/_ / / _ /
7. Take off To do very well or be successful in a very short time
8. Start up Small business that has just been started:
9. grant An amount of money given especially by
the government to a person or organization
for a special purpose
10. Enterprise An organization, especially a business, or
a difficult and important plan, especially
one that will earn money.
11. entrepreneur A person who starts a business and is willing to risk
loss in order to make money
12. bankrupt A person, business, ..etc., that is unable to pay debts
13. Chief The person in charge of a group or organization,
or the ruler of a tribe.
Expressions
1. Chief Executive
Officer (CEO)
The person with the most authority in a large company
2. Chief Financial
Officer (CFO)
Is the head of the finance department: Financial
Manger
3. Chief
Technology
Officer (CTO)
The person who is responsible for
the technical needs of a company or organization
4. Chief
Happiness
He is an HR manger who engages employees,
motivates them and raise their performance
levels
-14-
2nd Pre2p. B
Poroekple.t– Booklet Date:
Date_:/_
/ / _
/
nd
Officer (CHO)
5. Chief Executive
Officer (CEO)
The person with the most authority in a large company
6. Long –term Continuing a long time into the future.
7. Self – employed Not working for an employer but finding work
for yourself or having your own business
8. Fringe benefits Something that you get for
working, in addition to your pay,
that is not in the form of money.
9. Run a business To be a manger of a company
10. Have a head for
business
To have abilities to mange and deal with companies
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. The .......................... business man doesn't know how to find money
to pay his debts.
a. Fringe benefit b. bankrupt c. chief d. entrepreneur
2. Ray is an excellent student so he got a ................ to study at
Harvard University.
a. Bonus b. profit c. grant d. debt
3. The risks of being .............................. are as many as the benefits.
a. fringe benefits b. self- employed c. long –term
d. enterprise
-15-
-16-
4. Mr. Roger deserves this .................... more than anybody else. He is
the most trusted person to manage the department.
a. socialization b. satisfaction c. welfare d. promotion
5. Fred's boss gave him a ....................... for his great work.
a. bonus b. welfare c. satisfaction d. debts
6. It was a ................. day today. We sold a lot of cars.
a. grant b. bonus c. productive d. promotion
7. When Mark was twenty one he .................... his own business.
a. took off b. set up c. ran out d. gave up
8. Her career …………………when food critics voted her restaurant
the best in the company.
a. took off b. set up c. ran out d. gave up
9. This company achieved a great success because customer
………………. is their number one priority.
a. bonus b. promotion c. prospect d. satisfaction
10. Ted moved to Australia because there were a lot of
…………………. for him there.
a. career prospect b. self-employed c. long-term d. bankrupt
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-17-
Module 1B Reading
P 14 , 15
Word Meaning
1. carpentry the skill of making and repairing wooden objects.
2. value how useful or important something is.
3. apprenticeship a period of time working as an apprentice 4. picture to imagine something
5. workforce the group of people who work in a company, industry, country, etc.
6. split To separate something or break into pieces.
7. apprentice someone who has agreed to work for a skilled person for a particular period of time and often for low payment, in order to learn that person's skills.
8. Only so much Being of a limited number.
9. benefit a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help.
10. First -hand To experience something yourself instead of just hearing
11. theory general principles and ideas about a subject. 12. At hand Available , nearby
13.Set someone straight *To direct with fixed attention.
*To make sure that someone understand something clearly.
14. demonstrate To show something that others see how it works.
15. A win-win situation A situation when everybody involved get benefits and advantages.
16. sum A total amount of something (money) 17. quality How good or bad something is
18. trade A skill needs a use of hands such as mechanics or carpentry.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-18-
19. internship A way of training a job for profession as a doctor, journalist..etc.
20. occupation a person's job: 21. beneficial Helpful, useful for something.
22. labor Worker
23. enthusiastic having or showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval.
24. free ride something obtained without effort or cost:
25. charity generous actions or donations to aid the poor, ill, or helpless:
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. He spent his gap year working as a/ an ..................... at dentistry.
a. apprentice b. internship c. client d. patient
2. Let's …….. Lucie ........... and tell her that she can't do anything
without telling us.
a. put -away b. give –up c. set - straight d. run-out
3. Having a part –time job means that your time will often be
…………. between your workplace and college.
a. workforce b. split c. benefit d. apprenticeship
4. Recycling and reusing garbage can be .................. to the environment. a. adviser b. enthusiastic c. beneficial d. anxious
5. It's a state –of –the -art gadget that's why Mrs. Tena will ..................... how
it works.
a. access b. split c. benefit d. demonstrate
6. 7. Janet was very ....................... when I suggested going camping with a
group of friends next weekend.
a. enthusiastic b. beneficial c . required d. patient
8. The children went door to door asking for donations for a ........... raising
money for children living below the poverty line.
a. re ride b. labors c. charity d. quality
9. the students had the chance to get ................. experience in journalism by
visiting a radio station where they presented a short radio show.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-19-
a. win-win b. first –hand c. people person d. well connected
10 ........................ a weekend at the beach, wouldn't it be wonderful?
a. picture b. access c. demonstrate d. split
11. I keep a file of all my students' marks, so if anyone has any questions,I
have all the information I need ....................... to answer them.
a. at hand b. at the moment c. at midnight d. at home
12. You'll get to see Africa and I'll get to write my book about gorillas, so it's
a situation.
a. at hand b. free ride c. win- win d. first hand
13. There's ....................... that this cell phone can do .Why don't you buy
another one?
a. win –win b. only so much c. first-hand d. free ride
14. This necklace is so precious .It has a great historical…………….
a. internship b. access c. benefit d. value
15. The government is offering more programs that have great ............... to
low income families.
a. benefit b. trade c. quality d. theory
16. Many ................... which were previously considered only for men, are
now becoming more and more common for women.
a. career b. occupations c. work d. workforce
17. Our business is successful because we offer a high ............. service at a
reasonable price.
a. trade b. charity c. quality d. value
18. As a part of his… ...................... , Michael worked a temporary job at the
law office to gain experience.
a. labor b. occupation c. partnership d. apprenticeship
19. Angie took a course to become a hairdresser and learned everything
about the ……………...
a. trade b. theory c. quality d. charity
20. Jane has a summer .....................at a local TV station .She enhances her
skills to be a TV viewer.
a. trade b. career c. workforce d. internship
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-20-
Module 1B Listening
p15
colleague A person who works with you: a fellow worker.
avoid To stay away from someone or something
bothering To cause someone to feel troubled , worried or concerned
annoying To cause someone o feel slightly angry.
Cope with Deal with
excuse a reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong.
deadline a time or day by which something must be done.
confident Having a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something : having confidence
Office clown Joking around all the time.
Office bore To be serious and show who can use humor within limits.
humor Funny or amusing quality
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Sean looks stressed .She has ................. tomorrow and she hasn't
finished her research yet.
a. theory b. deadline c. internship d. access
2. She threatened to call the police if he didn't stop ............... her.
a. Coping with b. avoiding c. bothering d. excusing
3. I try to ................... supermarkets on Saturdays - they're always so busy.
a. delay b. avoid c. annoy d. bother
4. I asked the coach if I could be ............ from hockey practice as my
knee still hurt.
a. avoided b. excused c. trained d. fired
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-21-
5. I don't mind to accept doing difficult tasks. I am ................... about my
ability to do them perfectly .
a. confident b. eager c. enthusiastic d. annoyed
6. Sandra has a great sense of humor. She is the… ............... , but she
leaves an impression that she's not serious about her work.
a. office bore b. office boy c. office girl d. office clown
7.He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just
couldn't ................. with his manger.
a. annoy b. bother c. cope d. excuse
8. Despite his illness, he is still able to look at life with a sense of……….
and enthusiasm.
a. humor b. fear c. boredom d. annoyance
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-22-
Module 1B Writing
P16 ,17
Conjure up To create a picture/image of something in somebody's mind
adapt To change in order to suit new situation
foreign coming or belonging to a different country
blog a web site on which someone writes about personal opinions, activities and expressions
aspect One part of a situation , problem , subject …., etc.
In a nut shell Used to say something briefly, in short or in few words.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. A successful author is the one who is able to ........................ a picture
of his writing for his reader.
a. Sum up b. come up c. conjure up d. start up
2. I got used to waking up early for work. At the beginning it was difficult
but I ........................ quickly.
a. bothered b. adapted c. conjured d.
benefited
3. W went to Paris last summer. I can't find suitable words to describe
such a trip. ............................. , our trip was amazing.
a. In a minute b. In a nut shell c. brief d. sum up
4. His illness affects almost every ...................... of his life.
a. blog b. access c. theory d. aspect
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
P. 56,57
-23-
5. She writes a food ................ in which she shares recipes, tips, and
restaurant reviews
a. blog b. aspect c. benefit d. theory
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-24-
Module 5A Reading P: 56, 57
1. Appalling (adj) being terrible
2. Designer (n.) person who imagines how something could be made and draws plans for it
3. Interior designer Someone who decorates the inside building
4. Transformation (n.)
A complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved
5. Expert (n) a person with a high level of knowledge or skill relating to a particular subject or activity:
6. Manufacturer (n.)
A company that produces goods in large numbers
7. distant (adj) Far away
8. Racetrack (n) A path or road, usually circular and with a hard surface, on which runners, cars or bicycles, etc. race, or the whole area in which this path is situated, including buildings
9. Specialized (adj) Relating to one particular area or designed for a particular purpose
10. climb into (phr.v)
get in the car
11. Advance (v.) To develop and improve something
12. At one's fingertip available
13. Browse (v.) to look at the products that a business sells in case you find something to buy.
14. Bar code (n.): A group of thin and thick lines and dots that a computer can scan and read to find information about the product
15. Scan (v) To move light over a surface to copy it or get details from it
16. Eradicate (v.) To get rid of and put an end to something.
17. Turn up (phr.v) To appear or to show up somewhere
18. Convenient Allowing you to do something easily and without
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
trouble
19. specify (v.) To give the exact information
20. Virtual (adj) Not existing physically , but rather online
21. Replacement (n) Something that takes the place of something else
22. Costly (adj) Very expensive
23. Locksmith (n) A person whose job is to fix locks, copy keys etc…
24. Function (v) To work
25. disappointment The sadness that somebody feels when things don't
happen as planned or hoped fore
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Mary didn't .................. the color of the blouse she wanted because she
liked all its colors.
a. function b. specify c. eradicate d. scan
2 ............................... have made shopping easier for customers and sellers.
a. Bar codes b. Locksmiths c. Carpentry d. Experts
3. Customers are invited to ................ a huge collection of electronics and
home appliances.
a. facilitate b. scan c. browse d. eradicate
4. The hospital is unable to provide the highly ..................... care needed by very sick babies.
a. virtual b. costly c. specialized d. distant
5. The Internet has led to the ................................. in shopping habits.
a. disappointment b. replacement c. locksmith d. transformation
6. Germany is a major ....................... of motor cars.
a. manufacturer b. bar code c. replacement d. expert
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
7. Jane's behavior at school was extremely ............. today. All teachers
are angry with her.
a. appealing b. distant c. virtual d. appalling
8. The ................................. asked his client what colors he likedand
what style he would prefer.
a. expert b. interior designer c. labor d. locksmith
9. You have to check the car engine before you....................... and start
up your car.
a. climb up b. climb down c. climb into d. climb out
10. Medical science is constantly ............................. towards the cure
for the illness.
a. advancing b. browsing c. specify d. scan
11. Dr. Conrad arrived at the Central Hospital to ........... people's pain. a. erase b. eradicate c. scan d. replace
12. Until we have more evidence at our ............... , we can't accuse John to
be the murderer .
a. doorsteps b. homes c. feet d. fingertips
13.The result of the test was a/an ................... ! I expected better grades.
a. disappointment b. eradication c. advanced d. convenient
14. Although I ordered the item a month ago, it still hasn't .…in the mail.
a. turned around b. turned on c. turned down d. turned up
15. It might be more .................... to use a calculator, rather than adding the numbers yourself.
a. convenient b. appalling c. specialized d. specified
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-27-
16. Cell phones can't ............... without batteries.
a. design b. manufacture c. function d. browse
17. A lot of people nowadays are obsessed with… .............. shopping. It facilitates buying products rather than going to the shops yourself.
a. advanced c. virtual c. appalling d. costly
18. My brother was filming the race yesterday and he had to step over
the but fortunately their cars were gone.
a. locksmith b. racetrack c. track suit d. distance
19. The company decided to make a ........................... for the old equipment
with more fashionable ones.
a. transformation b. decoration c. replacement d. manufacturing
20. It was too ............... to fix her car after the accident, so she decided to buy a new car instead.
a. advanced c. virtual c. appalling d. cos
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-28-
Module 5A Vocabulary P. 58
Confusables
Exactly used when you are giving or asking for information that is completely correct
Literally actually, exactly
Actually in fact or really
Scenario a description of possible actions or events in the future
Situation the set of things that are happening and the conditions that exist at a particular time and place
Case used when a situation is of a particular type
Event anything that happens, especially something important or unusual
Memorize to learn something by memory; to remember it
Remember to be able to bring back a piece of information into your mind
Remind to make someone think of something they have forgotten or might have forgotten:
Unique being the only existing one of its type or, more generally, unusual, or special in some way:
Single Only one
Rare not found easily
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-29-
combine to (cause to) exist together, or join together to make a single thing or group
connect to join or be joined with something else
match something which is similar to or combines well with something else
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. My father helped me .............. the short text that I had to read out in front
of my class.
a. remember b. remind c. learn d. memorize
2. In the museum you can see .......... works of art made of glass.
a. single b. unique c. combined d. connected
3. The dress ................. stylish lines with an attractive floral print for a
classically feminine look.
a. combines b. memorize c. matches d. connects
4. This year's Olympic Games will be the biggest ever sporting……………
a. scenario b. event c. case d. situation
5. It tastes ................ the same as the real thing, but has half the fat
a. exactly b. literally c. actually d. frankly
6. These shoes ............ my bag perfectly.
a. combine b. memorize c. match d. connect
7. The worst ............... is that we lose two or three thousand pounds.
a. scenario b. event c. case d. situation
8. I called Jane and .......... her (that) the conference had been cancelled.
a. memorized b. reminded c. learned d. remembered
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-30-
9. Each person's genetic code is ........ except in the case of identical twins.
a. rare b. single c. unique d. strange
10. I'll just ...... the printer to the computer and then we'll be ready to
work. a combine b. memorize c. match d. connect
11. I didn't ............... see her - I just heard her voice.
a. exactly b. literally c. actually d. frankly
12. It's very .................... to find someone who has such qualities.
a. single b. unique c. rare d. fair
13. Jobs are hard to find but in his ............ that's not the problem
because he has so much experience.
a. scenario b. event c. case d. state
14. I can ........................ people's faces, but not their names.
a. remember b. remind c. learn d. think
15. Quite frankly, I think this whole ................ is ridiculous.
a. situation b. event c. case d. state
16. You haven't been listening to a ................ word I've been saying.
a. rare b. single c. unique d. strange
17. She told me that she would never talk to me again if I talk toomuch
but, of course, I didn't take it …………
a. exactly b. literally c. actually d. frankly
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-31-
Adjectives P. 58
1. Pleased / Pleasing (adj.) Being happy and satisfied / giving happiness
and pleasure.
A. The artist was ...................... with the result of the painting. B. It was very ......................... to speak to my old friend after so many
years.
2. . Disgusted / disgusting (adj.) Having a strong dislike of someone or something / used to describe someone or something that you cannot stand looking at or eating.
A. We were all ....................... by the food at the restaurant. Ittasted
awful! B. The raw fish looked ........................... and Jane didn't want to eat it.
3. Alarmed/ Alarming (adj.):Frightened/ Frightening; causing fear or stress
A. The government was ............................... by the rise in the number of
accidents. B. The sudden decrease of clean water in the area is……………….……..
4. Disappointed / disappointing (adj.) Not happy with something because it is not as good as expected. / not as good as expected; not satisfactory
A. We were ......................... by the restaurant because both food and
service were bad. B. The team‟ s performance was ........................ ,again.
5. Embarrassed/ embarrassing (adj.)Feeling ashamed or uncomfortable / causing shame
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-32-
A. I was very ……… when Kate told everyone about by problem. B. My brother's behavior at school was ………………..
6. Confused/ Confusing (adj.)Being unable to understand what is
happening / not easy to understand
A. Louis was ............................. by the lecture.
B. This story is ...................... It's hard to understand what is going on.
7. Depressed / Depressing (adj.)Being very sad/ Finding something to be
very sad
A. Anna is ......................... after reading the book. B. The weather is .........................because of the non-stop heat.
8. Fascinated/ Fascinating (adj.) being very interested in someone or something/ very interesting and exciting.
He became totally ....................... by the book he was reading as it was
very …………………..
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
P. 58
Verb Nouns + ation
Decorate decoration
Transform transformation
Inform information
Act Activation
Explain explanation
Apply application
Cancel cancelation
Imagine imagination
Inspire inspiration
Motivate motivation
Verb Noun + ion
Introduce introduction
Describe description
Satisfy satisfaction
Connect connection
Prevent prevention
Verb Noun + ment
Advertise advertisement
Replace replacement
Disappoint disappointment
Announce announcement
-33-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Module 5A Listening & Speaking P. 58 , 59
Word Meaning 1. Intense Extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very
strong 2. Predict To say that an event or action will happen in the
future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience
3. Humor The ability to find things funny, the way in which people see that some things are funny or the quality of being funny
4. Globe The world
5. Fury A lot of anger
6. Wearable Clothes that are wearable are easy to wear
7. Mysterious Strange, not known or not understood
8. Futurist Someone who studies the future
9. Estimate To guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something
10. Wealthy Having a lot of money and possessions 11. Sensible Having or showing good sense of judgements
12. Time capsule A box that contains goods from the present time which will be opened in the future.
13. Time machine
14. Time traveler
A machine that allows you travel various periods of time
Somebody who travels in time.
-35-
❖ Choose the correct answer.
1. When I got home, I found a .................message attached to the front
door.
a. wearable b. global c. mysterious d. wealthy
2. She was .................... enough to stop driving when she got too tired.
a. wealthy b. sensible c. famous d. active
3. Jules Verne was a/an .................. who wrote about things that later
happened.
a. globe b. futurist c. designer d. entrepreneur
4. He suddenly felt an ................. pain in his back.
a. intense b. active c. mysterious d. wealthy
5. There was .................. in her voice when she came in and saw the mess
we made.
a. humor b. fury c. fun d. comfort
6. We can ................ changes in climate with a surprising degree of
accuracy.
a. prevent b. specify c. eradicate d. predict
7. Unlike a lot of women's fashion magazines, this one features clothes
that are both affordable and ……………..
a. bearable b. wearable c. sensible d. predictable
8. They ............ that the journey will take at least two weeks.
a. estimated b. motivated c. imagined d. inspired
9. Even a speech on a serious subject should be leavened with alittle ……………….. a. fury b. humor c. connection d. announcement 10. She is a superstar all around the ……………..
A.Earth b. space c. planet d. globe
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-36-
Module 5B Reading P: 62-63
Words Meaning
1. Set (v.) To happen in a place or a certain time.
2. Futuristic (adj.) Strange and very modern, or intended or seeming to come from some imagined time in the future.
3. A trance (n.) A temporary mental condition in which someone is not completely conscious of and/or not in control of himself or herself:
4. Trustees (n.) a person, often one of a group, who controls property and/or money for another person or an organization:
5. Council (n.) A group of people who decide on the rules of a place
6. Finance (n.) the money that a person, company, or country earns and spends
7. Establish (v.) to start a company or organization that will continue for a longtime
8. Consequently (adv.) as a result; therefore
9. Shadow (n.) a dark area made by something that is stopping the light
10. Stir (v.) To move slightly
11. Instantly (adv.) immediately
12. Satisfaction (n.) a good feeling because you have done something well
13. Assure (v.) to stop someone from worrying by telling them that something is certain
14. Gaze (v.) to look at someone or something for a longtime
15.Fascination (n.) the state of being very interested in something or attracted by something
16.Tremble (adj.) to shake because you are frightened or cold
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-37-
17. Clear one's throat to make a noise in your throat before you speak, so that you can speak without any difficulty
18. Confused (adj.) not able to think clearly or to understand something
19. Disbelief (n.) the feeling of not being able to believe that something is true or real:
20.Play a joke on someone to make someone believe something that is not true as a joke
21. Respond (v.) To say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done
22.Comprehend (v.) To understand
23.Resemble (adj.) To look like
24. Knob (n.) a round handle, or a round button on a machine
25.Three- dimensional (adj.)
having or appearing to have three dimensions (= length, width, and height)
26. Figure (n.) a person that you cannot see clearly
27. Outfit (n.) all the clothes that you wear at the same time, usually special clothes
28.Reflection (n.) the image of something in a mirror or on any reflective surface
29. Sigh (v.) to make a noise when you breathe out, often because you are sad
30. Echo (v.) If a sound echoes, you hear it again and again, usually because you are in a large, empty space.
31. Gasp (v.) to take a short quick breath through the mouth, especially because of surprise, pain or shock
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-38-
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. The far Right and the Far Left are common ....................... at any country. a. trustees b-political parties c-globe d-residents
2. We ................. because it was so cold. a. trembled b. echoed c. tricked d. sighed
3. Her latest novel is a ................... thriller, sets some time in the late twenty- second century. a. finance b. future c. futuristic d. futurist
4. We have made something that ........................ glass but doesn't break. a. respond b. resembles c. trust d. disbelief
5. I've got a cowboy ............. for the fancy dress party. a. outfit b. wearable c. uniform d. model
6. He doesn't seem to ................ the scale of the problem. He can't even figure
a. echo b. predict c. establish d. comprehend 7. She could see her ................... in the water, shimmering in the moonlight.
a. shadow b. reflection c. bar code d. knob
8. When they announced that Chris had won the first prize, he ............... in astonishment. a. browsed b. predicted c. established d. gasped
9. "If I could ............... some connection to Vodafone Firm " Fred said, "or Mobinil Frim, I'd have a great job." a. respond b. establish c. resemble d. comprehend
10. The angry secretary turned the porcelain ................... , pushed the door opened and handed her resign. a. knob b. shadow c. council d. memories
11. Being home alone, Calvin trembled when he heard distant footsteps ………..through the corridors.
a. Sighed b. echoed c. gasped d. responded
12. Annette ……. admiringly at Warren as he spoke. She couldn't turn her eyes away. a. stared b. set c. remembered d. gazed
13. The father's gaze went over the boy's marks in ........................ with his great effort.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-39-
a. shadow b. reflection c. satisfaction d. respond 14. As a child, the money that she inherited was controlled by her uncles as
……….. a. trustee b. council c. scenario d. adventurer
15. "The doctor says that he is not in danger," the mother repeated witha …………….of relief. a. sigh b. fascination c. trance d. case
16. I asked her what the time was, but she didn't ………………. a. cooperate b. predict c. clear d. respond
17. John has enjoyed cooking since he was young and .................. grew up to become a chef. a. intently b. instantly c. consequently d. literally
18. Being lost in the forest, little Eric trembled when he saw the dark …………. of the trees. a. shadow b. trance c. outfit d. fascination
19. I could never understand men's ..................... with football. I always thought it is a boring thing
a. transformation b. browse c. fascination d. racetrack
20. The Local................ is holding a meeting about making improvements to the area.
a. trustees b. council c. outfit d. echo
21. Peter is studying ............. in order to become an Accountant Consultant. a. finance b. financial c. future d. futuristic
22. My mother......... me that we would go to the park after I finish myexams. a. gazed b. comprehended c. predicted d. assures
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-40-
Module 5B Writing
Word meaning
1. Advertisement (n.)
A picture, short film, etc. that is designed to persuade people to buy something
2. Permanent (adj.) C always or for a longtime
3. Residents (n.) People who live or have their homes in a place
4. Volunteer (n.) Someone who works without being paid, especially
doing work that involves helping people 5. Sustainable (adj.) Being used without being completed or used up.
6. Venture (n.) an attempt at something new that has danger involved
7. Candidate (n.) Somebody who is taking a test or applying for a job
8. Requirement (n.) 9. Inquire
Something that is needed to need someone or something
10. Fascinated with (adj.)
Very interested in
11. Mission (n.) Important job to be done
12. Appreciate To feel grateful for something
13. Recreation(n.) (A way of) enjoying yourself when you are not working
14. Provide To give someone something that they want or need
15.In advance (adv.) Beforehand
16. At earliest convenience (n.)
As soon as possible
17.Innovative (adj.) Using new methods or ideas
18. Dynamic (adj.) Full of new ideas and energy
19.Enthusiastic (adj.) Very interested in something or excited by it
20.Opportunity (n.) A chance to do something good
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-41-
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. There is no question that mothers promise their children ............... and unconditional love as long as they are alive.
a. permanent b. beneficial c. sustainable d. wearable
2. No doubt, the Internet allows more ........................ methods for social communication among people around the world .
a. single b. rare c. innovative d. tremble
3. The new Suez Canal gave the Egyptians the ..................... to prove that Egypt is the land of determination.
a. shadow b. outfit c. reflection d. opportunity
4. Charlie Chaplin, a famous comedian said “ I am what I am: an individual, ……………………and different from others.”
a. tremble b. unique c. shadow d. reflection
5. For now, volunteers‟ ................................. in the national Park is to help endangered animals to breed.
a. investment b. prevention c. mission d. inquiries
6. Young teenagers are ..................... by video games; especially FIFA games.
a. single b. confused c. trembled d. fascinated 7. It was a risky ………of him to invest all his money in the stock market. a. mission b. fury c. venture d. recreation
8. Companies try to sell their products using ............................... in form of placards, television spots and print publications.
a. fascination b. advertisements c. requirements d. scenarios
9. Young .................. minds are the real hope for having a better future full of energy and enthusiasm.
a. trembling b. dynamic c. confused d. resembled
10. Many of the earth's resources are running out and the governments are looking for ................. energy sources.
a. sustainable b. functional c. dynamic d. disappointing 11. Working with young children ................. a great deal ofpatience. a. gazes b. requires c. resembles d. comprehends
12. Being a mother, She feels that her family doesn't really …………… her ,which hurt her deeply
a. remind b. connect c. appreciate d. stir 13. I think that the best ..................for the job is Brendon. He isreally
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-42-
dynamic and enthusiastic . a. trustee b. volunteer c. candidate d. council
14. Applicants must satisfy the ............. for admission to the university.
a. connection b. recreation c. fury d. requirement
15. Sam, You really don't seem very .......................... about the party - don't you want to go tonight?
a. enthusiastic b. dynamic c. disappointed d. embarrassed
16. Shopping can be considered as ladies' best way for ................. and enjoyment.
a. recreation b. mission c. motivation d. imagination
17. He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent …………… because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen.
a. single b. candidate c. resident d. individual
18. The company's head office can… ..................... information on the recent projects that have been done.
a. remind b. provide c. comprehend d. match
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-43-
Module 6A Private Lives Reading P: 68-69
Words Meaning
1. introverted (adj) Being shy
2. Extroverted (adj) Being outgoing
3. Category (n.) Something divided into groups
4. Stability 9n.) The state of being stable.
5. Fond of ( v.) Being interested in something or someone.
6. Trustworthy (adj) Able to be relied on as honest or truthful.
7. Let down (v.) To disappoint.
8. Sensitive (adj) To be often upset by the things people say or do
9. Criticism (n.) The expression of disapproval of someone or something based on perceived faults or mistakes.
10. Conflict (n.) Huge disagreement or argument.
11. Confident (adj) Certain about your ability to do things well
12. Free spirit (adj) Somebody who acts the way they want without doing what is usual in society.
13. Spontaneous (adj)
Occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse/something unplanned.
14. Theoretical (adj) Concerned with or involving the theory of a subject or area of study rather than its practical application.
15. Philosophical (adj)
Relating to the study or writing of philosophy.
16. a bore (adj) A person or a something that is boring.
17. Mere (adj) Used to emphasize how small or insignificant someone or something is.
18. Principles (n.) Morally correct behavior and attitudes.
19. Optimistic (adj) Hopeful and confident about the future.
20. Excite (v.) To make somebody feel enthusiastic.
21. Scholar (n.) A person that has a lot of knowledge about a specific topic.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-44-
22. Exhibit (v.) To put something in show where it can be seen by the public.
23. Intuition (n.) The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.
24. Logic / reason (n.) The use of reason, or the science of using reason.
25. Rational (adj) Based on or in accordance with reason or logic.
26. quick witted (adj) Showing or characterized by an ability to think or respond quickly or effectively.
27. Natural born (adj) Having a particular position by birth.
28. Decisiveness (n.) Having the power or quality of deciding and displaying no or little hesitation.
29. Willpower (adj) The ability to control your thoughts and behaviour in order to achieve something.
30. Compassionate (adj)
Feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others
31. Observant (adj) Quick to notice or perceive things.
32. Individual (n.) A single human being as distinct from a group.
33. Emotional (adj) Showing strong feelings.
34. Conform (v.) Comply with rules, standards, or laws.
35. Sensitivity (n.) The quality or condition of being sensitive.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-45-
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Sam Kept arguing for hours but no one could understand the …………….. behind his belief to ban private cars in the city.
a. logic b. intuition c. category d. criticism
2. Only great leaders who enjoy the ...............................to put an end to civil war among their people.
a. sensitivity b. decisiveness c. conflict d. conforming
3. Sam, the book that you are looking for is in the science fiction …………
a. personality b. category c. logic d. principles
4. Sometimes it is a must to .................. with the rules even though you Don't agree with them.
a. confined b. confirm c. conform d. confident 5. I can't resist Sushi, I am really .................. of it. I can eat it everyday. a. find b. found c. fond d. fined
6. The .................. between Elizabeth and Caroline is so deep that both can't stand the existence of one another.
a. Intuition b. sensitivity c. stability d. conflict
7. Some people can't accept....................... from others easily. They believe it is a way of interfering in their own business.
a. criticism b. communication c. logic d. change
8. Most mothers depend on their ................... when dealing with their new babies.
a. fascination b. intuition c. attention d. sensitivity
9. The fans felt that their team has …………..them ……. when they lost the final match.
a. cope….with b. conflict …with
c. let …..down d. live …..by
10. This year, Vodafone has spent ................. 1000,000 $ on advertising their services in Egypt.
a. trustworthy b. direct c. spontaneous d. mere
11. Greg is great when it comes to ........... ideas but he finds difficulty to put his ideas into actions
a. spontaneous b- theoretical c-popular d-rational
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-46-
12. I am on diet and it took me a great deal of .................... not to eat the chocolate that Carla offered me.
a. difficult b. confident c. willpower d. sensitive
13. Gillian is really ...................... She manages to come up with solutions to every problem she faces.
a. trustworthy b. quick-witted c. willpower d. emotional
14. William Wordsworth believed that poetry is ............... He believed that poetry cannot be planned.
a. individual b. spontaneous c. emotional d. theoretical
15. Sam was never ..................... person he used to like being with others. He became so when he lost his dog.
a. introverted b. extroverted c. disappointed d. observant
16. I am not interested in reading science fiction stories, I think they are very …………..
a. bored b. bore c. mere d. sense
17. Edmund was not a .......... person. he planned to get rid of his father and his brother as well.
a. confident b. extroverted c. introverted d. trustworthy 18. No ................. person would such a thing that he doesn't need. a. rational b. logic c. conforming d. compassionate
19. George will notice that you took his CD player from his room. He is very ……………
a. sensitive b. willpower c. observant d. compassionate
20. Mother Teresa was a very .................. person who spent her life volunteering to help others.
a. rational b. introverted c. trustworthy d. compassionate
21. The weather is really.................. this summer; it suddenly turns from being very hot to be mild.
a. mere b. rational c. unpredictable d. spontaneous
22. William Wordsworth is a ......................... poet. He had great talent and imagination
a. willpower b. natural-born c. observant d. compassionate
23. Our school is very proud of its talented students that it …………their artwork in the main hall.
a. exhibited b. expressed c. let down d. concentrated
24. One can't change his ..................... according to the circumstances.
a. principles b. principals c. responsible d. individual
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-47-
25. Joining the university ........................... Harry's parents. They felt extremely happy and proud of their son.
a. existed b. exciting c. excited d. existence
26. I couldn't understand their ....................... discussion about the real meaning of happiness
a. philological b. philosophical c. spontaneous d. compassionate
27. My sister Beranda is a ...................... person. She enjoyed travelling alone without being worried about what the future may bring.
a. rational b. free spirit c. quick-witted d. compassionate
28. Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham is a great ....................... who made great changes in the field of Optics.
a. rational b. dreamer c. scholar d. reliable
29. Don't talk about the diet matter , Sarah is so .................... about her weight and gets upset easily.
a. sensitive b. sensitivity c. senses d. sentimental
30. Despite being very cold outside but Sam is such a/ an …………. person who accepts my invitation to hang out.
a. observant b. dreamer c. introverted d. extroverted
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-48-
Module 6A Vocabulary P: 70
Adjectives Meaning
1. Aggressive (adj) Angry and violent
2. Ambitious(adj) Wanting to achieve success in something, life.
3. Conscientious(adj) Being responsible and making an effort to do things carefully and correctly.
4. Greedy (adj) Never being satisfied with what you have, always wanting more.
5. Selfish (adj) Caring only about one's own interest.
6. Snobbish(adj) Having the attitude of people who look down on others because they think they are better than them.
7. Stubborn (adj) Not willing to change.
8. Tolerant (adj) Able to accept other people's views or behavior.
9. Irritable (adj) Becoming angry or annoyed easily.
10. Generous (adj) Willing to give money, time, help, etc. to others.
Idiomatic expressions with the verb break:
Idiom Meaning
1. Break a promise To not do something that you should do
2. Break the news To make something known, usually unpleasant, to someone.
3. Break a / the habit To no longer practice or do something.
4. Break the ice To make people feel relaxed by saying or doing something especially at the beginning of a discussion, meeting, class, etc.
5. Break the law To do something illegal.
6. Break a/ the record To beat a previous record. 7. Break the rules To refuse to obey standard behavior.
8. Break the silence To say something or make noise after a period of
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-49-
quiet.
9. Break someone's heart
To make somebody feel very sad.
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. In spite of the fact that Ice hockey can be considered as a/ an ……………….. game, I enjoyed attending every match this season.
a. snobbish b. selfish c. generous d. aggressive
2. It was a brilliant idea to play a party game to break the .............. among the newcomers.
a. silence b. law c. ice d. record
3. “Was it ……………..to have ten pieces of cakes at a time.?” asked the little Tom.
a. generous b. greedy c. snobbish d. tolerant
4. Gertrude decided to replace her faithful husband with another soon after his death out of.................. reasons
a. selfish b. snobbish c. generous d. greed
5. The former Minister has decided to break the ............................ about the government corruption after a long period of quietness.
a. news b. ice c. silence d. law
6. Refusing to dance with village girls, Elizabeth thought that was a ……………… of Mr. Darcy.
a. selfish b. irritable c. stubborn d. snobbish
7. Sarah had finally broke the .................. and told her parents that she Couldn't pass the final exams.
a. news b. record c. rule d. silence
8. The journalist had been waiting for an hour to interview the movie stars and was starting to feel ................. He couldn't wait that long
a. snobbish b. conscientious c. irritable d. tolerant
9. Lisa broke the ..................... when she drove the wrong way on a one- way street.
a. silence b. law c. ice d. record
10. Mary Fisher was able to break the world ................ at the New Zealand short-course swimming championship in Auckland last Thursday 13th August.
a. rule b. record c. habit d. silence
11. Interrupting others while talking is really annoying, so try to break the
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-50-
……………...
a. rule b. habit c. record d. law
12. Listening to Darcy's cruel criticism really broke Elizabeth's…………. a. rule b. heart c. record d. news
13. It is said that parents are intensely ..................... for their children. They always wish them the best in life.
a. ambitious b. greedy c. tolerant d. generous
14. History is made by those who are able to break the ………… . People like Christopher Columbus.
a. record b. news c. promise d. rules
15. Everyone admired Nelson Mandela of South Africa as a real ………. leader who was able to lead his country to its independence.
a. aggressive b. greedy c. conscientious d. tolerant
16. Mahatma Gandhi had a …………………….character which enabled him to lead India to independence against the British rule. He refused to use any British goods or clothes.
a. tolerant b. stubborn c. aggressive d. irritable
17. Mother Teresa was a real ...................person who lived most of her life for others.
a. generous b. greedy c. conscientious d. selfish
18. I think parents become more .................................. of children in public places than being at home.
a. ambitious b. tolerant c. stubborn d. selfish
19. Listening to his constant criticism about everything in life made me really …………………
a. generous b. snobbish c. tolerant d. irritable 20. Laura said that she would help me but she broke her ……………….. a. rules b. promise c. law d. silence
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-51-
Module 6A Vocabulary P. 72-73
Words Meaning
Sibling (n.) A brother or a sister.
Spouse (n.) A husband or a wife.
Words Meaning
Inheritance (n.) The money that somebody gets when a friend or a relative dies.
Heritage (n.) Features like history, traditions or buildings that belong to a society.
Words Meaning
Ancestor (n.) A person that is a relative and lived in the past.
Descendant (n.) A person who lives after someone and is related to them, like children, grandchildren, great- grandchildren.
Words Meaning
Marriage (n.) A relationship between a husband and a wife that is legally accepted
Wedding (n.) The celebration and the ceremony in which two people get married.
Words Meaning
Bride (n.) A woman on the day of her wedding.
Groom (n.) A man on the day of his wedding.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-52-
Words Meaning
Nuclear family A family unit that includes a father, a mother and the children.
Extended family The part of the family unit that includes members like aunts, uncles, grandparents.
Words Meaning
Grow To increase in size.
Grow up To gradually become an adult.
Raise To take care of a person until he becomes an adult.
Phrase Meaning
A good judge of character Somebody who has a good instinct about understanding another person's character.
In his DNA A part of his personality/ character. At heart Basically.
In his nature In agreement with his character or personality.
Deep down Basically.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. The problem of housing is ......................... worse and worse everyday. The government needs to find an effective solution.
a. raising b. growing c. growing up d. getting
2. One of the Indian tradition is that the ......... is dressed in red on her wedding day
a. ancestor b. descendant c. pride d. bride
3. Though Gamal Abd Elnasr is a great Egyptian leader but his ……………are from the Sudan.
a. groom b. ancestors c. heritage d-descendants
4. In 60 percent of the households it is said both …… went out to work.
a. grooms b. spouses c. brides d. extended family
5. I got such a big nuclear family; I have five …………………
a. brides b. grooms c. spouses d. siblings
6. Ismail Pasha “Khedive Of Egypt” is a/an… ............. of great Mohamed Ali; the founder of modern Egypt.
a. ancestor b. descendant c. nuclear family
d. inheritance
7. In 1960 UNESCO started a project to try to save the temple of Isis from Philae, as it is considered as one of the greatest ................. of the world.
a. Inheritance b. ancestor c. heritage d. descendant
8. The happy couple has finally announced their ....................... date to be next Friday.
a. marriage b. wedding c. bride d. groom
9. Successful ................................. needs to be built on mutual understanding and real respect.
a. wedding b. extended family
c. marriage d. inheritance
10. King Lear deprived his youngest daughter Cordelia the right to have any ...................... after his death.
a. descendant b. culture c. heritage d. inheritance
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-53-
-54-
11. Cinderella never considered her stepmother and her greedy stepsisters as her …………………………..
a. spouses b. siblings c. extended family
d. nuclear family
12. After losing her mother Snow white expected her stepmother would be able to ................... her as her natural daughter.
a. raise b. grow up c. grow d. rise
13. In some countries it is a tradition to find a spouse among your ………….family.
a. nuclear b. inheritance c. sibling d. extended
14. Failing to build ................... family means losing the basis of any social organization.
a. extended b. nuclear c. heritage d. spouse
15. Some ..................... have to go through some difficult experiences as a tradition of some tribes to gain his bride.
a. siblings b. marriages c. grooms d. brides
16. Although Sam would never admit it, but ....................................... Sam learnt that he was a real criminal for murdering his cat.
a. hardly b. in his DNA c. deep down
d. concept
17. You shouldn't judge people on their appearance, or you wouldn't have a good……………………………………………
a. Judgment of a character
b. judge of a character
c. Judgment of personality
d. judge of personality
18. Although William Shakespeare started his career as an actor but he learnt that he was a writer ……………….
a. in hand b. in heart c. in his nature
d. at heart
19. Believing in ghosts was not ………….. Hamlet's ............................ but he couldn't resist his father's ghost request.
a. at …hand b. in….nature c. deep…down d. at… heart 20. Alan has always dreamt to be a pilot. It is ………….. his …………... a. at …hand b. in….DNA c. deep…down d. at… heart
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-55-
Module 6B A reunion of identities Reading P: 74-75
Word Meaning
1. Stereotype is a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing.
2. Geek Unfashionable person with hardly any social skills.
3. Nerd A person who lacks social skills and studies all the
time. 4. Joke A person who is really athletic and into sports. 5. Loner A person who prefers being on his own.
6. Bookworm A person who spent most of his time reading.
7. Socialite A person who likes to spend his time in a fashionable social events.
8. Class clown A person who likes to entertain the rest of the class by being funny and silly most of the time.
9. Reunion The act of meeting up again and uniting to after a long time.
10. Identities Who somebody is , personality and characteristics
11. Takes pleasure in
To enjoy something.
12. Blabbing the news
to talk carelessly or too much, often telling others something you should keep secret.
13. Desperately Used to show that somebody wants or need something very much.
14. Bond with To get closer to somebody.
15. Rumor A piece of information about somebody or something that might not be true.
16. Crave To want something a lot.
17. Made fun of To laugh at somebody or something
18. Messed up Not neat and not clean.
19. bassoon A large long instrument with a metal piece for blowing through.
20. Bowling alley A building in which you can go bowling, or the narrow track along which balls are rolled during a bowling
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-56-
game.
21. Outcast back Someone who doesn't belong in his main social area (work, school, the street) Has only a few friends, but usually doesn't really hang out with them.
22. Encyclopedia A book or a set of books providing information in alphabetical order about different subjects.
23. Bully To harm somebody physically or with words.
24. Look down on To underestimate someone.
25. In awe of To be totally fascinated and amazed by somebody or
something. 26. Muscular Having big muscles.
27. Confidence The quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in people, plans, or the future.
28. Rely on To need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed.
29. Adjust To change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable.
30. Trophy A cup or other prizes given to a team or a person fore winning at something.
31. Misanthrope A person who doesn't like other people and
avoids involvement with society.
32. Miserable Very sad and unhappy.
33. Fit into to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them .
34. Grumble to complain about someone or something in an annoyed way .
35. Groan to make a deep long sound showing great pain or unhappiness .
36. Inspire to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it .
37. Fearful frightened or worried about something
38. 39. To one‟s
Satisfaction
Doing something very well with a pleasing results.
40. Flaw A fault, mistake or weakness
41. Idealist Someone who believes that very good things can be
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-57-
achieved, often when this does not seem likely to others
42. Honk one's horn
To make a loud sound with your car.
43. judgmental Having an opinion 44. Realization When something becomes real
45. Adulthood The time in your life when you are an adult and not a child
46. Attitude a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this .
47. Affection Care and love
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verb Meaning
1. Cling on something To try very hard to keep something
2. Go on To move to the next step.
3. Sign up for something To officially join something; a gym or a course at the university.
4. Work out To deal with something successfully; to solve a problem.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-58-
❖ Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Gandhi's confident leadership ................. his Indian followers to achieve stability.
a. went on b. inspired c. worked out d. meant
2. It's no surprise she's leaving - she never really ............ into our community.
a. groaned b. fitted c. failing her health d. grumbled
3. It's often very difficult to change people's .................. towards accepting criminals into the society again.
a. closeness b. farewell c. attitude d. realization
4. I can't believe it, Steven wasn't ...................... of staying alone in New York without his parents.
a. fearful b. fear c. frightening d. frighten 5. You cannot call Jack a nerd person. He doesn't fit that ……………. a. reunion b. stereotype c. bassoon d. satisfaction 6. Diana held her new baby with great …………………….. a. affect b. effect c. effective d. affection
7. Jack used to be a/ an ..................... when he was younger. He used to exercise a lot.
a. nerd b. geek c. athletic d. loner
8. Mary was different from other girls. She spent most of her time in the library. She is a real ………………...
a. nerd b. geek c. joke d. bookworm 9. Smith used to ........... his little brother because he was small and shy. a. realize b. bully c. rely on d. adjust
10-All his friends call him ............. He keeps all his classmates laughing all the time. a. class clown b. geek c. nerd d. loner
11-Susan ………on her friends all the time but sometimes it seems very annoying
a. pays b. help c. clings d. makes fun
12-It is the teachers‟ roles to encourage their students to gain ................. to achieve success. a. confidence b. realization c. affection d. rumor
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
13- Hamlet is looking ................ for an evidence to reach the truth about his father's death. a. judgmental b. fearful c. desperately d. miserable
14- All teachers and students were ..................... of Roy's ability to give a hand to everyone. a. fascination b. in awe c. fearful d. spouse
15- Suddenly, Sarah .................... her horn to warn the dog the crossing the street before she hits it.
a. clicks b. honks c. groans d. makes
16- You can't call Jane a dreamer for seeing good in people. She is rather a /an ............. person
a. idealistic b. nerd c. geek d. sensitive
17- The fingerprint on the murder weapon made it easy to find out the murderer's…………………….
a. character b. identity c. person d. personality
18-At First school day, little children usually keep .......................... until they meet their mothers .
a. take pleasure b. kicking and screaming
c.honk their horns d. cling on
19-I wanted to ..................... a computer course but the fees were very expensive.
a. work out b. sign up c. go on d. cling on 10. Jason got his degree in Art and ......... to become a real painter
a. went on b. signed up c. worked out d. at… heart
20-History cannot be considered as objective. It always leads people to ……………..attitude towards events, leaders.. etc...
a. miserable b. fearful c. aimless d. judgmental
21-Some people like to follow Hollywood's ................ about their favorite Celebrities
a. flaw b. realization c. rumors d. encyclopedia
22-At the first school day, little children usually keep ......................... until they meet their mothers.
a. take pleasure
b. kicking and
screaming c.honk their horns d. cling on
23-Bill Clinton has became social ....................... since rumors about him being dishonest spread in the White House.
a. nerd b. outcast back c. geek d. jock
24-Sam had to take the final exam twice to reach his ……………….
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-59-
-60-
a. realization b. affection c. satisfaction d. ceremony 25-In our family it is a tradition my grandpa had started to have a big family ………………. in the Lesser Bariam.
a. Identity b. fight c. affection d. reunion
26-Hamlet is a typical tragic hero of William Shakespeare whose ……………….. “Revenge” led to his down fall.
a. realization b. rumor c. stereotype d. flaw
27-Hamlet made a .............. attempt to murder his mother but he couldn't resist his gentle nature.
a. misfit b. pathetic c. fearful d. pointless
28-No one can stand Jason anymore because he keeps ................. almost about everything in his life. a. persuading b. bullying c. groaning d. grumbling
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-61-
Module 6B Writing P: 76-77
Word Meaning
1. Initially In the beginning or at first.
2. Determine To decide
3. Gene part of a cell that is passed on from a parent to a child and that particular characteristics
4. Factor One of many reasons
5. Sociology The study of society and the relationship between people in society
6. Psychology The study of the human mind and feelings
7. Shed the light To make something clear
8. Physical Relating to the body
9. Cultural Relating to the habits, traditions, and beliefs of a society
10. Circumstances The facts or events of a situation
11. Develop To change into a different stage 12. Education T and learning in a school or college
13. Beliefs A strong feeling that something is true or real
14. Custom Traditions
15. To a great extent Used to say that something is true, but is not the whole truth
16. Will The power to control your thoughts and actions
17. self- improvement
The process of making yourself better than before.
18. Combination A mixture of different people or things
19. Take into consideration
To have something in mind that help to take the right decision.
20. Ignore To not give attention to something or someone
21. Keep in mind To remember someone or something that may be useful in the future.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-62-
Choose the correct answer:
1. The British army's desire to keep the Indian people in ignorance
……………….on their lies.
a. brought up b. shed the light c. took into consideration
d. kept in mind
2. After great .................... Jessie succeeded in changing her personality from being shy into a shiny extroverted person.
a. combination b. develop c. self-improvement d. circumstances
3. Sarah showed great interest in studying ................ in the university. She desires to be a psychiatric.
a. psychology b. sociology c. physics d. realization
4 ................. we thought that would be a great failure, but the plan worked out to achieve exceptional success.
a. Initially b. Finally c. Although d. Despite
5. One can't determine the identity of the American society. It is originally formed of a wide ..................... of different nations.
a. realization b. combination c. consideration d-satisfaction
6. A study was made to ............... the factors that led to bullying among teenagers in schools.
a. deny b. determine c. consist of d. play
7. Jack took into ................... the medical benefits to accept the offer to work for Vodafone.
a. mind b. consideration c. factor d. genes 8. Safety is an important ........................... in car design. a. role b. gene c. influence d. factor 9. Smith is a real artist. It is in his …………………… a. circumstances b. environment c. gene d. factor 10. To some ................. genes are responsible for our personalities. a. extent b. extract c. exact d. exist
11. Susan found it difficult to give up her country .................. whenshe moved to India. She even couldn't understand theirs.
a. ideas b. customs c. costumes d. will
12. for some ....................... reasons, Ahmed felt at home when he travelled to Turkey. He felt they share us some habits and traditions
a. physical b. cultural c. fearful d. pointless
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-63-
13. Hamlet found it impossible to ignore the ................. in which his father died.
a. society b. factor c. circumstances d. knowledge
14. All teachers and friends advised Thomas not to join the championship this year but he .............. them
a. determined b. Influenced c. ignored d. remained 15. In my ................... I think stereotype shouldn't exist. a. mind b. belief c. gene d. idea
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Grammar Revision Sheet
-64-
Rewrite the following sentences using the word(s) between brackets:
1. We had a party last Thursday. (Every Thursday)
-------------------------------------------------------------
2. I went to the club yesterday. (sometimes)
----------------------------------------------------------------
3. She lives at 12 Grant Street. (Where…?)
----------------------------------------------------------------
4. Ann does the washing up twice a week. (now)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
5. The canary sings in the morning. (Listen!)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. I am crying because I haven't passed the exam. (Why…?)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. I was sleeping and my sister entered the room. (while)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. While we were doing the homework, the pen fell. (when)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. She didn't wash the dishes. (yet)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. He lived in England in 1995. (since)
---------------------------------------------------------------
11. They haven't studied English since 2000. (for)
---------------------------------------------------------------
12. The tailor finished the dress at the end of the month. (by)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. The phone is ringing. I want to answer it. (will)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-65-
14. The ladder is broken. He is going to fall. (think)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. The Adams family watched Harry Potter film yesterday. (today)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. We have just run out of fuel. (few seconds ago)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. The students have the intentions to participate in the charity
campaign.(are)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Joe is talking to his friends now. (yet)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. He has found a job at a travel agency for this summer. (is)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. I studied Math last night. (What…?)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rewrite the Following Sentences:
=============================
1- The sky is full of dark clouds. (rain).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- She has the intention to join the faculty of Medicine. (is)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------
3- He has made all the necessary arrangements to move to London.(is)
………………………………………………………………………………………. 4-
He comes home .I will finish studying (by the time)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5- The train to London leaves at 9 o'clock (tomorrow)
………………………………………………………………………………..
6- They plan to buy a new flat, They buy it (next winter)
……………………………………………………………..
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-66-
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Short Answer
I eat I don't eat Do I eat? I do
You eat You don't eat Do you eat? You do
They eat They don't eat Do they eat? They do
We eat We don't eat Do we eat? We do
She eats
She doesn't
eat
Does she eat?
She does
He eats Hedoesn'teat Do he eat? He does
It eats It doesn't eat Does it eat? It does
SPELLING RULES:-
3rd person singular (he, she, it)
In the affirmative, the 3rd person singular takes the ending -s: sleep ~ sleeps, take it takes the ending –s
sleep sleeps
When the verb ends with a consonant + y we change the y toi , and then add–es:
cry Cries study studies BUT: play plays
Verbs ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o take –es watch watches go goes
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-67-
TIME EXPRESSIONS
EVERY - AFTER - BEFORE - ONCE... - IN - ON - AT
EVERY afternoon, Sunday, week, summer, year, ... AFTER – BEFORE: work, school, breakfast, lunch, ..
ONCE/TWICE/THREE... TIMES (once a week, twice a month, three times a
year, .. in July, on my birthday, at (mid)night, ...
NEGATIVE –INTERROGATIVE
He grows vegetables in his garden.
N: -He doesn't grow vegetables in his garden.
I: - Does he grow vegetables in his garden?
We use the Present Simple:
1. To describe habitual / regular actions, daily routines
• Dad drinks coffee with breakfast.
• I play tennis twice a week.
2. For general truths or natural phenomena
• Cuckoos don't build nests.
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3. For permanent situations: where we live, study or work
• My brother works in a hospital.
• Her sister studies History in Vienna.
4. For fixed timetables and programs such, as journeys, exhibitions, performances, etc. There is often a future time reference
• The plane leaves at 10.15.
• The TV programme starts at 8.00.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
5. For successive actions in the present (eg. when broadcasting athletic events, games...)
• He passes the ball to Johnson, who shoots and scores a goal.
• He gets up, has breakfast and leaves for school.
6.When making suggestions
• Why don't we take a taxi?
• Why don't you call her?
7.In exclamatory sentences beginning with Here or There
• Here comes the train!
• There he goes!
• ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
In the Present Simple, adverbs of frequency come before the main verb and after the auxiliary (am/is/are). • He always works hard. • My friend is never late for school.
Always, Often, Usually, Sometimes, Rarely/Seldom, Hardly, Never
Notice: Because the adverbs: rarely, seldom, hardly and never have a negative meaning, we always use them in affirmative sentences. • He never phones me.
-69-
Present Progressive Tense
A F F I R M A T I V E N E G A T I V E INTERROGATIVE
I am / I'm sleeping I Am not / I'm not sleeping Am I sleeping?
You are / You're sleeping You are not / You aren't sleeping Are You sleeping?
He is / He's sleeping He Is not / He isn't sleeping Is He sleeping?
She is / She's sleeping She Is not / She isn't sleeping Is She sleeping?
It is / It's sleeping It Is not / It isn't sleeping Is It sleeping?
We are / We're sleeping We are not / We aren't sleeping Are We sleeping?
You are / You're sleeping You are not / You aren't sleeping Are You sleeping?
They are / They're sleeping They are not / They aren't sleeping Are They sleeping?
SHORT ANSWER
I- • Is thebaby sleeping?
-Yes, he is.
-No, he isn't .
II- • Are the boysworking?
-Yes, they are.
-No, they aren't.
Spelling Rules:
1) When verbs end with an -e, after a consonant, we drop the -e before
adding -ing
2) When verbs end with a consonant (except -w, -x) after a vowel which is
stressed, we double the consonant before adding -ing.
But: fix - fixing, mix - mixing, vow - vowing, enter - entering
3) When verbs end with -I, which comes after a vowel (even if not stressed), we
double the -I before - ing.
-70-
4) When verbs end with -ie (lie, die, tie), we change the -ie to -y before
adding –ing
TIME EXPRESSIONS
We use the following time expressions and adverbs with the
Present Progressive (having the meaning of now):
at the moment /at present/right now/nowadays
for the time being/these days/still
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE &TIME EXPRESSION
My sister/work/at home/present
My sister is working at home at present.
We use The Present Progressive:
1. For actions happening now/at the moment of speaking
• The children are playing now.
• Bill is having lunch at the moment.
2. for actions/situations happening temporarily but not necessarily
at the time of speaking
• I am studying for an exam this week.
• Ann's working in a cafe for the summer.
Present PROGRESSIVE WITH FUTURE MEANING
We also use the Present Progressive for actions already planned/arranged for the near future. In this case, the Present Progressive has a future meaning.
• They are moving to Spain next week.
• Jim and Susan are getting married at six.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-71-
Stative Verbs
- Some verbs are not usually found in progressive tenses, even when they describe the moment of speaking. They are called
stative verbs and the most common are: 1. Senses:
(see – hear – taste – smell) 2. Emotions / Feelings:
(like – love – hate – want – dislike – need – prefer – care – forgive)
3-PERCEPTION - OPINION – THINKING:
( Forget - remember - remind - know – believe - understand - realize – suppose) OTHER STATIVE VERBS
Other verbs, also found in simple tenses, showing possession, permanent state, etc. are the following:
belong to – cost – matter – notice – possess – contain - look -
mean - own - seem
STATIVE VERBS (SIMPLE / PROGRESSIVE TENSES)
Some of these verbs, however, can be used in progressive tenses
as well as in simple tenses but there is a change in the meaning.
1• She has a fast car. (=owns, possesses) He is having lunch. (=eating)
2• I seesomeone. I hope it's Father Christmas. (=sense of sight) We are seeing Jacknext weekend. (=meeting)
3• This jug holds 1 liter. (=can contain) • Anne is holding the jug. (=has in her hands now)
4. I think youare right. (in my opinion) Heis thinking about his problems. (considering)
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-72-
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1. They always remember to dotheir homework. (never)
2. What time is your plane scheduled to arrive at Heathrow? (does)
3. Helen rarely goes to the theatre. (often)
4. John never stops crying. (always)
5. He plays table tennis once a week. (at the moment)
6. Eric has a bath every morning. (at the moment)
7. He doesn't study at weekends. (at present)
8. The canary sings in the morning. (Listen!)
9. He always arrives early for work. (never)
10. I have a meeting with Liana tonight. (seeing)
11. Marry seldom visits her grandfather. (does)
12. I always forget to lock the door. (remember)
13. Look! The London train is coming. (comes)
14. These flowers are very expensive. (cost)
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
This/ That/ He... + be + superlative degree + Pr. Perfect
The Present Perfect Simple is often used after adjectives in the
Superlative degree as follows:
➢ I have never answered such an easy question.
➢ This the easiest question I have ever answered
-73-
Module 3-a
Present Perfect
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE + PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
This is the most important thing I've ever done.
He's the best work I've ever accomplished in my life.
This is the most beautiful baby I haveever seen.
I HAVEN'T DONE Sth. FOR/SINCE...
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
The Present Perfect Simple is also used to express absence
of an action.
The Present Perfect Simple is also used to express absence of
action.
-74-
He hasn't worked for 3 weeks.
I haven't seen her since my birthday.
I HAVEN'T... THE LAST TIME IT'S (BEEN)... SINCE
• I haven't seen them for a week.
I haven't cooked lamb for 2 years.
The last time I cooked lamb was 2 years ago.
It's (been) two years since I (last) cooked
lamb.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
However, we can express the same meaning in two
other ways: No
te
-75-
A. I HAVEN'T = THE LAST TIME + PAST SIMPLE
1. The last time He drove a car was two years ago.
He hasn't driven a car for two years.
2. The last time you helped me was ages ago.
You .....................................................................................................
3. John hasn't used this camera for two months.
The last time ......................................................... ............................
3. I haven't spoken to her for three years.
The last time .........................................................................................
5. My father hasn't smoked for three months.
The last time ........................................................................................
6. I haven't had a pizza for ages.
The last time ........................................................................................
7. The last time we had so many guests was two years ago.
We haven't ....................................................................................
8. The last time I bought a new shirt was three months ago.
I .................................................................................................
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
B. I HAVEN'T IT'S (BEEN)... SINCE... + PAST SIMPLE
1. I haven't read an English magazine for a long time.
It's (been) a long time since I (last) read an English magazine
2. I haven't watched the news on CNN for a week.
It's ..................................................................................................
3. It's a long time since she ate any fruit.
She ............................................................................................. ....
4. I haven't heard from her for a month.
It‟s ..............................................................................................
5. It's been a long time since I last took an aspirin.
I .....................................................................................................
6. It's been four months since it last rained.
It ...................................................................................................
-76-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-77-
Present Perfect
{Special Cases}
HAVE BEEN IN
We've been in this flat for two years.
I have been in America since 1990.
Tom has been in his office since the noon.
HAVE GONE TO
The children have gone to school.( they are still outside, they are not at
home)
Dad has gone to work. ( He is still out or may be on hisway home)
We've been in this flat for two years.
Where have you been? It's a long time since I've seen you.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
is used to show that someone has been in a
place (living, working, etc.) from a specified
time in the past up to now. No
te
-78-
HAVE BEEN TO
We've been to England twice so far.
Have you ever been to Australia?
The children have been to school.
A. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (been/gone - to/in)
1. Have you ever ..........been to……..Sweden? Yes, I've ........been…….
there twice.
2. Tom isn't in. He.................................... the park again.
3. Which places ...................... you ......................... since you arrived?
4. I ......................................... Athens since I left school.
5. "Where's Pam?" "She's ......................................... Paris for a few days."
6. "Are you going to the baker's?" "I've already ......................................
the baker's."
7. Tom has ........................................ the zoo today. He'll be back soon.
8. She's .......................................... the same flat since 1999.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
is used to show that someone has visited a place
but is no longer there.
No
te
When we refer to the first,
second, third... time we have
done something, we use the
Present Perfect Simple in the
following structure:
-79-
II. THIS/THAT/IT IS THE FIRST, SECOND, ... TIME + PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
I have never been to a circus
before.
This the first time I have been to the
circus
I have watched to this film before
This is the second time I have watched this film.
This is the first time I've driven such a big car.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
However, when we refer to the
last time we ever do something
we use the Present Simple or
Future Simple.
• This/That/It is the last time I
go/will go there. (Promise
(for the present or future)
BUT • That was the last time 1
went there. (for the past)
Present Perfect Progressive is used to
Express actions beginning in the past and still continuing
(focus is on the action) - mostly with since (point of time) or
for (period of time)
-80-
❖ Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the brackets
1. I haven't had a party for a whole year. ( This is …)
………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The last time he had a car accident was three years ago. (This is )
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. He hasn't been abroad for more than ten years. (It's )
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The last time she went to the dentist was a whole year ago. (It's )
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Elizabeth has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)
The boys have been playing PS3.
The students have been doing their homework.
Present Perfect Progressive is used to
Express Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)
❖
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
YOU will be responsible for your learning as much
as WE are. We will put forth a 100% effort to assist you
in your learning.
-81-
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the brackets.
1. David started working for the company fourteen years ago (been).
…………………………………………………………………………………… ……
2. Louis always enjoys painting since he was a young boy. (has)
…………………………………………………………………………………… ….
3. When did you start learning English? ( How long)
…………………………………………………………………………………… ……
4. Well, I began taking lessons in March. (been)
……………………………………………………………………………………
…… 5- I started to clean the house from nine o’clock and now I’m
exhausted. (all day)
……………………………………………………………………………………
…… 6- Anne and her husband moved to their flat ten years ago
(living )
..................................................................................................
7- Dad started running grandpa’s business when he was twenty. ( has)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-82-
Choose the correct answer:
1. Have you been to Latin America ................... ?
a- before b- already c- never d- ever
2. We ................... for the manager for ages but he hasn't
arrived yet .
3. a- waited b- are waiting c- have
been waiting d- wait
4. When people see Becky and Jane together, they think they .......... each
other for ages, but in reality they have just met.
a- know b- knew c- have been knowing d- have known.
5. The applicants who haven't been interviewed ...... are waiting in room C.
a- now b- ever c- already d- yet.
6. Julie................. to be star in a Hollywood film.
a- wanted always c- has always wanted
b- has always been wanting d- is always wanting
7. How long… ............... Since you last heard from your cousin?
a- it was b- was it c- has it been d- it is
8. This is Mrs. Edwards, whose husband has ..................been elected vice
president of the city council.
a- ever b- recently c- before d- so far.
9 ....................... yesterday's film? I personally thought it was boring.
a- Have you liked b- You have liked
c- Did you like d- You like
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
FUTURE SIMPLE
The Future Simple (I shall/will (I'll) phone, You will (You'll) phone, He
will not (won't) phone, Will they phone?...) is used to make promises,
threats, predictions, requests and on-the-spot decisions.
TIME ADVERBS/EXPRESSIONS
SHALL /WE... ?
We use Shall I/we...? when we offer to do sth for sb else, ask for
instructions or advice or make suggestions.
-83-
Future Simple Vs Future Progressive
I will buy you a magazine later. (promise)
I'II tell your mother! (threat)
Will you do me a favaur? (request)
They will be here soon. (prediction)
I'll open the windows. (on-the-spot decision)
Shall I, get you a drink? • What shall I do now?
Shall we call him now or later on?
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-84-
OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE
PRESENT SIMPLE / PROGRESSIVE
BE GOING TO
We can also use the Present Simple or : Progressive with future meaning in the following
We use the phrase be going to for future plans or personal intentions which we have been
cases:
Present Simple: for timetables and programs. • The banks close at 1.00 tomorrow. Present Progressive: for definite actions already arranged for the near future (often with time adverbs/expressions).
already decided.
• He's going to look for a new job. • We're going to get married in two months. We can also use be going to when we have signs from the present situation that something will probably happen now or in the near future. It's going to rain. NOTE: There is little difference
between be going to and the Present Progressive (with future meaning) except that with the Present Progressive our plans more definite.
He's flying back with British
Airways next week.
We're meeting after school.
We're going to play at 4. We're playing at 4.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
The Future Progressive [I will/shall (I'll) be trying, You will (You'll) be trying,
We will/shall not (won't/shan't) be trying, Will they be trying?] is used for an
action which will be in progress at a given future period of time.
-85-
Future Progressive
I'll start work at 8 o'clock. (from ….to …. • then)
I'll be working from 8 to 3.00 and I'll finish at 3.00.
TIME ADVERBS/EXPRESSIONS
• At this/that time (tomorrow)
• This/next week
• After school/work
Choose the correct answer
1. I think he ............... to Cairo next week.
a- travelled b-has travelled c-will travel d-is travelling
2. Watch that runner! He ..................... win the race.
a- will b-is going to c-is d-must
3. sorry, I can't come to the cinema tonight. I .................. over time
a- am working b-will work c-will be working d-will have
worked
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-86-
4. Sara's plane ……………. at 8 tomorrow morning, so she has to be in
the airport at 6 in the morning .
a- Has flown b-will fly c-will have flown d-flies
5. Experts expect that the Earth ...................... severe water shortage.
a. will face b. faces c. will be facing d. will have faced
6. They ...................... chemistry next year. They have planned that.
a-study b-is studying c-are studying d- are going to study
7. The train… ..................... to Aswan at 6 pm tomorrow.
a-is leaving b–leaves c-will leave d-is going to leave
8. Please mum, let me go to the dancing party, I promise, I ……home late.
a. am not going to come b. am not coming c. won't come d.
will be coming
9. Hennery will have a shower as soon as he ..............cleaning his room.
a. will finish b. finishes c. is finishing
d. will have been finishing
10. liz ............. Law in Paris next year. It's arranged.
a. Will study b. is going to study c. will be studying d. is studying
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1- He comes home .I will finish studying (by the time)
................................................................................
2- I will write Sam a letter tomorrow. (at this time)
................................................................................
3- I packed my bags to travel to Rome. (am )
................................................................................
4- He has made all the necessary arrangements to move to London.(is)
................................................................................
5- We are going to be at Paris next week ( by the next week )
................................................................................
6- She will write the essay at 4 o'clock . ( by six o’clock )
................................................................................
7- Tom will do his homework tonight. (at nine o'clock)
................................................................................
8- She plans to join the faculty of Medicine. (is)
................................................................................
9- The ladder is broken , he is going to fall. ( I think )
................................................................................
10- The phone is ringing. (will)
................................................................................
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-87-
Use future (Simple/Progressive)
1. You ....................... (regret) this. I give you my word.
2. Come to the cinema with me. You ............. (love) the film.
3. (you, post) this letter for me, please?
4. It's getting hot. ...................... we ............... (switch on) the air
conditioner?
5. I'll be very busy tomorrow. I ....... (make) phone calls to all our clients.
6. John believes he ............................. (get) a job soon.
7. Do you think Paul .................... (know) the answer to the quiz?
8. I ...................................... (still/play) on my computer at 5.
9. Don't call me between 10 and 11. I ........... (drive) to London at that
time.
10. “We've run out of coffee.” “OK. I ...................... (buy) some at the
supermarket tomorrow."
11. Susan: Andy, hurry up. Time to go.
Andy : I ........................... (be)ready in a minute .
12. Ray: Has Collin phoned yet?
Gwen: No, he ……………….. (call) as soon as the train................. (arrive).
13. Sam: Call me tomorrow afternoon at five?
Brad: Tomorrow at five I .................... (fly) to
Paris.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-88-
Grammar Revision Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1.I haven't played tennis since I was on holiday. (When)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I've never heard such a sad story.(ever)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. When has Peter found a job? (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. When did he leave? (ago)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5.It's the best movie I have ever watched.(never)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6.She got married at the age of 25.(when)
………………………………………………………………………………
7.Soha has just told me the news.(ago)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8.She has never read this novel before.(ever)
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. We've never been to Canada before. (first)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10-The last time Mona ate Pizza was in 2005.(since)
………………………………………………………………………………………..
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-89-
11- Mum bought me a shirt. It's in the cupboard. (The shirt)
………………………………………………………………………………..……
12-This is the library. I borrowed the books from it. (which)
This is the library ………………………………………………………
13- The architect has designed the bridge. He is far intelligent. (who)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
14- Mrs. Carter is a professor in the university. Her daughter won a
scholarship. (whose)
…………………………………………………………
15- Vienna is a fantastic destination. My Uncle lives there. (where )
………………………. ………………………………………………………..
16-My brother broke the shelf. I like to put my books on it. (which)
……………………………………………………………………………….
17-My friend is from Canada. He studies engineering. (who)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
18-She is reading a useful book. (The book)
…………………………………………………………………………………
19-I prefer to spend my vacation in Hurgada as it is a nice place.
(Hurgada)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20-A lot of people like winter. They spend a nice time then. (Winter)
………………………………………………………………………………….
21-This is my friend. I trust her so much. (whom)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Is there any difference in the meaning between the two verbs in bold?
No, there is no difference in the meaning between the two verbs
What is the speaker doing in each sentence?
The speaker is giving general advice.
• In which sentence does the verb mean is expected to?
In the second sentence, the verb means a piece of advice.
• What does the verb in the other sentence mean?
It is used to suggest an action or express advice for a particular
situation.
-90-
Modal verbs Should- ought to – had better
Read the examples below and answer the questions that below
You ought to call the police if he threatens you again.
You should see a doctor if the pain continues.
I think he’d better stay in bed for another day, or else he will get worse.
Alex should study before the exam.
I should have handed in my research paper yesterday.
We should have done our homework yesterday.
The students should have paid attention to the school policy.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Did the speaker hand in his research paper yesterday?
No, he didn't
How does the speaker feel about it? Why?
He regrets it, because he or they didn't do an action in the past.
• Did Rod eat all the chocolate?
Yes, he did.
• Does his mother think he did the right thing?
No by using this structure she expresses her criticism about something
that happened in the past and was wrong.
-91-
“Mum my stomach hurts.”
“You know, Rod, you shouldn't have eaten all that chocolate”
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
THE VERB OUGHT TO CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF SHOULD IN ALL THE ABOVE CASES.
E.G You ought to have let me know you weren't coming NO
TE
Students are required to sign and
adhere to a behavior contract with the
school for the benefit of both student’s
-92-
Choose the correct answer
1. You .............. tell your mother the truth about the broken vase.
a. ought b. should c. better d. ought have
2. You ............................... lectures more often.
a. should attended b. had better attend c .ought attend
d. ought to attended
3. You had.............................. visit your grandmother before you leave
for England.
a. should b. had c. ought to d. should have
4. I ............... tell the caretaker that the elevator is out of order.
a. ought b. better c. should d. ought to have
5. You ......................... me yesterday that you can't come to dinner
a. should tell b. should have told c. ought to tell d. ought told.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-93-
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the brackets :
1. It is not a good idea to eat so much before going to bed. (not)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. I wasn't able to get a table at that restaurant because I hadn't made a reservation. (should)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Mathew made a terrible mistake to trust a stranger with all his money.
(ought)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Candice eats a lot of chocolate and she's putting on weight. ( better)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Jack makes lots of spelling mistakes when he writes a composition. (should)
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Add some butter before serving this dish. (You)
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You ought to study harder for your exams if you want to pass this year. ('d better)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. It was necessary for him to do his homework but he didn't. (should)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. You shouldn't wasteyour time. (better)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. My advice to you is to sleep early. (had) …………………………………………………………………………………………….
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-94-
Must – Have to – need- Don't Have to - Don't need to - /needn't
Must+inf
Personal obligation or prohibition
in the present or future
Have to+inf
External obligation in the
present or future.
Negative Past \Don't have to
had to
Present
Doesn't have to
Didn'thave to Past
I must finish this by tonight. (I say so) personal obligation
You have to drive on the left when you are in London (it's the law)
The teacher said, “You have to study well for tomorrow's quiz.”
External obligation
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Need to +inf : expresses necessity in the present or future
Don't have to / don't need to / needn't +inf: expresses absence of
necessity in the present or future
Didn't have to / didn't need to /: expresses absence of neceesity in the past
(something wasn't necessary and may or may not have been done.)
Needn't have : expresses absence of necessity in the past (something
wasn't necessary but it was done.)
-95-
When I was at school, I had to wake up at 7 o'clock everyday.
Expressing necessity and absence of necessity:
I need to know how many people will be at the party.
You don't have to call us again. (it's not necessary) She
doesn't need to send her CV again.
You needn't to buy some more soft drinks, we went to the supermarket.
I didn't have /didn't need to pick the kids from school. They will come by
the bus.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-96-
There's a lot of sugar in the kitchen. You needn't have bought any
more. (it wasn't necessary, but you did it.)
Rewrite the following sentences:
1. He took a taxi though it was a short distance. (not)
…………………………………………………………………………….
2. We are obliged to follow the rules. (must)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. It wasn't necessary for him to attend the party, but he did. (not)
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Dad said that it's necessary for me to eat healthy food. (have)
………………………………………………………………………………
5. I want to know who will go on this trip. (need)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. It was important for them to revise their lessons. (had)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Ahmed didn't have to paint the wall. (not)
…………………………………………………………………………….
8. It's not necessary to buy stationery. I have enough. (not)
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. It's not necessary for her to go shopping today. (She)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Main verb
You need to go out
Modal verb
I don't need to go out. I needn‟t go out.
Do you need to go out? Need you go out?
(No difference in meaning.)
NO
TE
Can Is used to express ability in the present
Could Is used to express ability in the past
-97-
10. It wasn't necessary for Sandra to buy a new mobile phone. ( didn't)
……………………………………………………………………………………..
11. It was necessary for Mandy to attend the meeting. (had)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Choose the correct answer
1. You ............... pay attention to your teachers.
a-had better b-ought c–should d-could
2. Yesterday I parked my car in a no parking sign. I ................. that.
a-couldn't do b–shouldn't do c-shouldn't have done d–mustn't do
3. It's the most useful lesson I ...................... since I joined this class.
a-was attended b-have ever attended c-attended d-attend
4. You .................. worry about the money. I have enough with me.
a. need b. have to c. needn't d- don't
5. John is grown up now. You ................... worry so much about him.
a. don't have to b. must c. had to d-needn't
Can /could
Tom can drive a car though he is only ten years old.
Sam could speak clearly when he was five.
I have some free time tomorrow, so I'll be able to work on this project.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
1. Can / Will When asking someone to do something: When you are asking
someone to do something, use “can” or “will” (more informal):
-98-
Sorry, I won't be able to go to the party on Thursday. I have school
next day.
Don't say “will can” or “won't can” – it's another common error in English!
I could draw well when I was five. ( general ability)
I was able to leave work a little early yesterday. (ability in particular
situation)
Could you bring me a glass of water, please?
Can you bring me a glass of water, please?
Can / Will, Could/ May / Would (Request)
Can you help me with the ironing?
Will you please put out your cigarette?
Can/ May I have some coffee, please?
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
2. Be able to/ could Could express a general ability in the past.
Was/ were able to express ability in a particular situation.
1. Be able to
Is used to express ability and forms all tenses, it is used when can and could can't be used.
NO
TE
N
OT
E
3. Could / May / Would When asking someone to do something: When you are asking
someone to do something, use “Could”, “may” or “would l” (more formal and polite request)
-99-
Will you pass me the salad, please?
Can / Could, May, Might
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now.
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
:
May I ask a question please? May we go home now?
You can go home now if you like. You can borrow my pen if you like.
You may go home now, if you like.
We can go out whenever we want. Students can travel free.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
We use can to ask for permission to do something.
Could is more formal and
polite than can
May is another more formal
and polite way of asking for
We use can to give permission
May is a more formal and
polite way of giving
We use canto say that someone
has permission to do something
-100-
Students may travel free.
Mustn't / Can't (prohibition)
You mustn't enter into the room (not allowed)
We can't park here. (not allowed)
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.
1. A: What are your plans for the weekend?
B: We are going to / about to visit my aunt and uncle in Bristol.
2. A: Can you do me a favour?
B: Sure, as soon as I finish / will finish cooking dinner.
3. Look at those clouds. I think it is raining / going to rain soon.
4. In two months I am going to work / will have been working in this
company for four years.
Mustn't/ can't +inf
They express that something is prohibited, not allowed,
forbidden or against the law in the present or future
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
May is a more formal and polite
way of saying that someone has
permission
Vandalism is prohibited.
Student/teacher desks and chairs are school
property. Any misuse of such items will be
considered vandalism and should be treated
-101-
5. By the time you wake up, I will arrive / will have arrived in Barcelona.
6. A: I really feel very sleepy.
B: I make / will make you some coffee.
7. When will your train have left / does your train leave?
8. My neighbour will have travelled / is going to travel to Paris.
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the brackets:
1. I don't think John is able to pass the driving test. (can't) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. It is not allowed to attend school without the proper uniform. (can't) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. I'm sure someone helped you. You didn't do it by yourself. (must) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Billy looks unhappy. Mam wants you to help him? (Can) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Why did you speak to her so rudely? (should) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. I gave him much more information than necessary. (need) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. There was no need to have made such a fuss in public. (needn‟ t) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. You don't need to pay him. (is) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Without doubt it is against the law to have a bribe. (not)
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. They don't have to ask before they go out. (necessary)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. It wasn't necessary for you to drive me to work. (have)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. It's impossible that you hear what the little boy is saying because of the loud noise. (not) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. It is possible that Sue will be late this evening. (might) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. I'm sure Davidisn't going to the party tonight. (can't) ----------------------------------------------------------------------
15. We are obliged to wear a uniform for school. (have) ----------------------------------------------------------------------
16. It was your duty to inform the authorities. (should)
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Who and that refer to people.
They are used to combine sentences
-102-
Relative Clauses
(Defining / Non –defining Relative Clauses)
The woman who lives across the road is my aunt.
I read the news about a lucky man who made the grade.
I read the news about a lucky man that made the grade.
That's the woman who bought my car.
She has got a smile that reminds me of childhood memories.
A film study, which is a branch of Media Studies, is a very popular optional
course.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Which and that refer to things.
They are used to combine sentences .
Note
N
ote
This is a professor whose laptop was stolen.
This is my friend whose mother is my teacher.
Tom whose car was broken, couldn't attend the class today.
Relative Clauses Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who,
which, that, whose) and relative adverbs ( where, when )
Adverbs Place time Where When
I am working in Cairo where I was born.
Brad and Angelina always spend their holidays in Florida where they got
married.
Sam moved to London in 1999 when he got his first baby.
Samantha got her new post last month when she presented the new
project.
-103-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-104-
1. Defining Clauses
Paris is a city I've always wanted to visit.
2. Non-Defining Clauses
Tom's mother, who is 78, goes swimming every day.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Defining clauses tell us which person or thing, or which
kind of person or thing, is meant.
Non-defining clauses add extra information, separated by
commas in writing, and intonation in speaking. Note
N
ote
-105-
Omitting the relative pronoun
Object Clauses
“That's the flat I was looking for”
➢ 2. Non-Defining Clauses
Join the sentences using who, which, whose, that or where:
1. My colleague is from Wales. He plays tennis every weekend there.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. This is Mrs. Carter. Her daughter won a collegescholarship.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Their album was released last year. It went to number 1 in the charts.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. My sister is moving to New York. She will study Fine Artsthere.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. This is the library. I borrowed the book from It.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Jessica was talking to a man. He bought the house next to hers.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
“I poured him a glass of wine, which he drank at once”
The relative pronoun cannot be left out in a non-
defining clause.
The relative pronoun can be left out in object
clauses in both speaking and writing if they are
defining.
N
o
t e
Note
-106-
7. They were building a school. It was destroyed by the fire.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. I am driving Emma's car. Emma is away on holiday.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. These actors live in London. Most of them have studied there.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. The Lord of the Rings was filmed in New Zealand. New Zealand is a
wonderful country.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-107-
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
Singular Plural one dog two dogs
one horse two horses one man two men one idea two ideas
one shop two shops
1. There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.
2. Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon.
3. Your book is on the kitchen table.
4. How many candles are on that birthday cake?
5. You have several paintings to study in art appreciation class.
6. There's a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the
determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the
plural countable noun. NO
TE
Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They
may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a
plural form.
-108-
1. There is no more water in the pond.
2. Please help yourself to some cheese. You will like it.
3. I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.
4. You seem to have a high level of intelligence.
5. Please take good care of your equipment.
6. Let's get rid of the garbage.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Uncountable nouns can be paired with words expressing plural concept. Using these words can make your writing more specific. Here are some examples of how to format interesting
sentences with uncountable nouns.
-109-
Garbage – There are nine bags of garbage on the curb.
Water – Try to drink at least eight glasses of watereach day.
Advice – She gave me a useful piece of advice.
Bread – Please buy a loaf of bread.
Furniture – A couch is a piece of furniture.
Equipment – A backhoe is an expensive piece of equipment.
Cheese – Please bag ten slices of cheese for me.
Some common uncountable nouns:
Fluids: water -coffee- tea – milk….
Gases: stream – air – oxygen- smoke – smog- pollution……
Solid materials: ice – bread- butter- meat – cheese- gold- iron –
silver- glass- paper……
Particles: rice – sand - salt - chalk – corn- dirt- dust- flour-
Pepper- sugar
Abstract nouns: beauty –confidence- courage- education-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-110-
enjoyment- fun- happiness- health- help- honesty-
knowledge- justice- laughter- luck- music-
patience- peace- pride- progress- recreation-
significance- sleep- truth- violence- wealth- slang
advice- information- news- evidence- vocabulary
proof- time space- energy- homework- grammar
Languages: Arabic –English – Chinese.
Fields of study: chemistry- engineering- history- literature-physics.
Recreation : baseball- soccer- chess- tennis.
General activities: driving – studying- swimming- travelling- walking
Natural phenomena: weather – fog – hail- lightning – rain- sleet- snow-
thunder- wind- darkness- sunshine- electricity-
fire- gravity….
Using (a few- few & a little- little)
A few Ex: She has been her only two
weeks, but she has already
made a few friends.( positive
idea)
A few& A little give a positive idea;
they indicate that something exists.
A little Ex: I am very pleased. I have
been able to save a little money
this month. (Positive idea; (I
have saved some money
instead of spending all of it.)
Few Ex: I feel sorry for her. She has
very few friends. ( negative
idea; she doesn't have many
friends; she has almost no
friends)
Few &Little (without a) give a
negative idea. They indicate that
something is largely absent.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-111-
Little Ex: I have very little money. I
don't even have enough money
to buy food for dinner. (
negative idea: I don't have
much money; I have almost no
money)
Complete the sentences with (a few- few- a little-
little-much- many)
1. Do you have .............. minutes? I'd like to ask you ……questions. I need ………….. more information.
2. Ann's previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she
makes ............ mistakes in her work.
3. After Rodeny tasted the soup, he added ................. salt to it.
4. I don't like a lot of salt in my food. I add .............. salt to myfood.
5. The professor lectured very clearly. As a result, ............ students had
questions at the end of the period.
6. I like music. I like to listen to ......................music after dinner before
I begin studying.
7. Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to grade 8. He seems to be
unpopular. Unfortunately, he has ........... friends.
8. I have to go to the post office because I have ................. letters to mail.
9. Everyday Max goes to his mailbox, but it is usually empty. He gets
………..mail.
10. We're looking forward to our vacation. We're planning to
spend……………………..days with my folks and then .................... days
with my husband's folks. After that, we're going to go to a fishing resort in
Canada.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-112-
11. Driving down town to the stadium for the baseball game was easy. We
got there quickly because there was ....................... traffic.
12. My friend arrived in the United States................... months ago.
13. I think you could have some help. Let me giveyou… ................... advice.
14. Because the family is very poor, the children have ................ clothes.
15. I waited for ................. minutes and then tried to call him again.
16. We have very .................... chance of reaching London before
lunchtime; it's still another 100 miles away.
17. Unfortunately, he has ……money to live on, as his salary is quite low.
18. There wouldn't be so many accidents if there was ............. traffic on the
roads.
19. Last month was a good month for the company. We found ................ new
customers and also increased our profit.
20. The taxi driver spoke ................... English. I couldn't understand him.
21. We have to speed up as there is very ..................... time to finish the
project. The deadline is next Friday.
22. There were ..................... people than usual in the supermarket.
23. I have ....................... money but more than I did ten years ago.
24. It will take me ................... time, but I'm sure everyone will learn how to
use the new software
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-113-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-114-
Rubric for composition correction:-
SP. Spelling mistakes
ST. Structural(sentences &
paragraphs )or
grammatical mistakes
PI. Poor ideas
PV. Poor vocabulary
Punc. Wrong punctuation
T.S Too short
T.L Too long
IR. Irrelevant
Rep. Repetition
Prep Wrong prepositions
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Tips
Tips
Tips
Tips
-115-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
An e-mail
An informal e-mail is usually sent to a friend, a relative or an acquaintance.
Note lay out below.
A brief phrase
that indicate what
the content of the
e-mail is.
Greeting: on the left hand
side of the page. Put
comma after the name
Paragraphing: write in
blocked paragraphs
leaving blank line in
between the paragraphs
Singing off: on
the left hand
side of the
page. Use your
first name
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Dear Elieen,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
To:
From:
Subject
:
Send
-116-
Greeting Set phrases for opening
paragraph
Set phrases for
closing paragraph
Signature ending
Dear Tom,
Dear Mum,
How are you (keeping/
doing)?
Well, that's all for
now.
Yours
Love
Dear Aunt Sue,
Hi Karen!
It was nice to hear from you.
Thank you / thanks for your
e-mail.
Well, I'd better finish
off here.
I must go now.
All the best
Take care
Hello Bill!
Note :
It's taken me ages to reply,
but…..
See you soon.
Keep in touch.
Bye for now
Dear brother I've been meaning to get
back to you, but….
Dear friend
Dear cousin
Just thought I'd drop you a
line.
Informal letter
Greeting: on the left
hand side of the
page. Put comma
after the name.
Indent paragraphs:
start the first line of
each paragraph
under the comma.
92 Park Lane
Epsom
Surry KT18
18 June 20….
Dear Betty,
………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
……………………………………….
…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
……………………………………..
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
………………………………………….
Your address:
on the right
hand side of
the page (not
always
necessary).
Date:
Below the
address
Singing off: towards the middle of the page (e.g. love, best wishes).Don't forget the comma followed
by the first name written underneath
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
2nd Pre p. Booklet Date: / /
Formal letter
Address of the
person or company
you are writing to.
Your address: on
the right hand side
of the page (not
always
necessary).
Position of the
person you are
writing to and / or
name of company
(start one line below
the date).
Greeting: on the left
hand side of the
page. Put comma
after the name.
leave a blank line
before and after the
greeting
92 Park Lane
Epsom
Surry KT18
18 June 20…
The personal Manger
Waterstone Bookstore
103 Brunswick St
Canterbury
Kent KT20 68R
Date: Below the
address
Paragraphing: you
can indent or write
in blocked
paragraphs leaving
a blank between the
paragraphs. Note
that when using
blocked
paragraphs,
everything begins
Singing off: on the
left hand side of the
page, followed by a
comma
Dear sir or Madam, /Dear Mr. Jones,
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
on the left hand
side of the page,
except your
address and the
date
Your signature and
your full
nameclearly written
underneath
In a formal letter, when you don't know the name of the person you are writing to, begin with Dear Sir /
Madam and end with Yours faithfully. When you know the name of the person you are writing to, begin
with Dear Mr. /Miss / Mrs./ Ms. /Dr + surname and end with Yours sincerely. In American English, Yours
truly and Yours sincerely are commonly used in both cases.
-117-
Writing techniques
Introduction Strategies
-118-
Guiding lines for writing
There are varieties of writing techniques you can use to make your composition more interesting to the reader.
To begin or end your easy you can;
Address the reader directly. I.e.: write as if you were speaking to her/him.
Ex: You can imagine what life would be like without water.
Use direct speech. To give somebody's exact words, quotation from a famous person or someone who has influenced your life, a proverb or saying. I.e (a well-known phrase)
Ex: After all “a friend in need is a friend indeed.”
Use a rhetorical question I.e. a question that does not expect a reply.
Ex: What would modern societies be like without computers?
You can start a narrative by setting scene. I.e: by using the senses to describe the weather, atmosphere, surroundings and also to create mystery and suspense.
Ex: It was a cold winter's night. The wind was blowing hard as Jack was walking down the dark empty street.
You can also use a variety of adjectives, adverbs and verbs to make your composition attractive to the reader.
Ex: “Hold on!” Helen screamed to Bob as she desperately tried to help him get out of the freezing water.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-119-
Use summary Information I.e A few sentences explaining your topic in general terms can lead the reader gently to your thesis. Each sentence should become gradually more specific, until you reach your thesis.
Ex: Which is better, classical or pop music? Some people believe that classical music is superior. However, I believe that these types of music offer something different to the world of entertainment.
Finish the paragraph with your thesis statement.
Ex: It was a bright, sunny morning when Jill Wilson waved goodbye to her mother. “Have a nice day at school- and be careful!” called Mrs. Wilson. The birds were singing as Jill stopped on the old wooden bridge to look down at the ducks on the water below. She sighed deeply and said, “What a wonderful day.”
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-120
Read the following beginnings and endings and identify which
writing technique(s) the writer has used in each.
Why are people so
obsessed with the
weather? Inmyopinion,
the climate plays a major
role in the way we behave
…………………………………
…………………………………
I am sure that most of you, at
some point in your lives, have
considered starting your own
business. However, I doubt
that many of you have actually
done so …………………..
………………………………
It was a dark stormy night.
Fran was alone in the wooden
cabin at the top of the snow-
covered mountain. The wind
was howling and Frank was
afraid. Suddenly, there was a
strange scratching at the
door. …………………..
Mason woke up to the sound of rain
drumming on rooftop. Exhausted
from the previous day, he slowly got
out of bed and made himself a cup
of coffee and some breakfast. He
decided to call in sick as he felt too
weak to go to work.
…………………………………………..
No doubt, teenage years difficult can be time. But as George
Bernard Show once said, „life is not meant to be easy; but take
courage, it can be delightful.”
………………………………………………………………………………..
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-121-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Writing techniques
Conclusion Strategies
• Stress the importance of the thesis statement, • Give the essay a sense of completeness, and • Leave a final impression on the reader.
• Play the “So What” Game. If you're stuck and feel like your
conclusion isn't saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to
read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your
conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should
anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Here's
how it might go:
You: Basically, I'm just saying that education was important to
Douglass.
Friend: So what?
You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like
a free and equal citizen.
Friend: Why should anybody care?
You: That's important because plantation owners tried to keep
slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control.
When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control
personally.
You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself “So what?”
as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings
the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing ascenario,
you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in
creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory
-122-
paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you
also used in the introduction.
• Synthesize, don't summarize: Include a brief summary of the paper's
main points, but don't simply repeat things that were in your paper.
Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and
examples you used fit together. Pull it all together.
Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading
you did for your paper.
• Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for
further study. This can redirect your reader's thought process and help
her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader
implications.
Point to broader implications. I.e, if your paper examines the revolutions
or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its
impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
1 All in all, even though Mr. Norton looks like a mad
scientist, he is one of the kindest and most understanding
teacher I've ever had. I am sure that if you had met him,
you would agree with me.
It was 4 pm and she was exhausted but happy.
“Well, I suppose what they say is true – The early
bird catches the worm,” she thought to herself as
she turned off her laptop.
2
-123-
Match the beginning to the suitable ending. What type of
writing are the extracts from?
❖ Beginnings A
It was autumn morning. Margarita is still in her pajamas. Turned
on her laptop and sat at the kitchen table. Thinking of the
amount of work she had to do, she sighed. “How am I ever going
to get this done?”
I am sure most of you have been influenced by advertisement at
B some point in the past. In my opinion, advertising simply
persuade people to buy things they don't need.
Mr. Norton is our chemistry teacher. I'll never forget the first time we
met him. He was in the school lab wearing a long white coat,
and he was about to mix two very strong- looking liquids. “Keep
back. He said “this is a very dangerous experiment.” C
Endings
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
3 In conclusion, I think that advertising should be controlled
so that consumers are not misled and persuaded to
purchase goods they don't need. After all, as Alan H.
Meyer, an advertising executive, said „The best as is a good
product.”
-124-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
Writing style
The writing style you are using depend on the type of composition
you are writing, the situation and the intended reader. Therefore,
you should not use the same style of writing for every composition.
The two main types of writing style are formal and informal.
However, not all styles of writings fall under these categories. For
example, in a letter to somebody you don't know very well or in an
article for student's magazine, the style used is neither formal nor
informal, but a blind of the two, Known as
semi- formal.
➢ Formal style is characterized by:
1. Formal expressions, advanced vocabulary, longersentences.
Ex: Taking everything into considerations, it can be said that the
facilities offered are of poor quality
2. Formal Linking words or phrases:
List points
Add more points
Give an example
Emphasize
Set Phrases
Firstly, to begin/ start with, in the first place,
finally, last but not least
In addition to this, furthermore, what is more,
also, apart from this, besides, another point
worth mentioning is, moreover, furthermore, ….
For example, such as, particularly, especially,
take for instance
In fact, as a matter of fact….
-125-
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-126-
Express contrast Although, in spite of, despite, however, but
Express cause/
reason
Because of, as since, due to, owing to
Express results /
consequence
Therefore, in this case, for this reason,
consequently , as a result
Sum up In conclusion , to sum up, all in all, on the whole,
taking everything into account
Ex: Mobile phones are extremely useful for people who travel frequently.
However, it can be dangerous.
3. No use of short forms ( I'm there's I've)
Ex: I would be grateful if ………….. (instead of : I'd be grateful if…….)
4. Impersonal tone, I.E use of passive, no description of feelings.
Ex: late this evening, twenty –year old Tim Mc Cormack was pulled to
safety after being trapped under debris for more than ten hours.
5. Factual presentation of the information.
Ex: The Town Hall, constructed in the late 1800s, was seriously damaged
by fire in 1909.
➢ Informal style is characterized by:
1. Everyday expressions, vocabulary and idioms.
Ex: I thought I'd drop you a line……, Thanks a million….
2. Frequent use of short forms ( I'm there's I've)
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-127-
Ex: I won't be able to come to your party as I'll be away on business trip.
3. Informal phrasal verbs.
Ex: Lucie takes after her father
4. Simple linking words of phrase; ( I.e BUT , SO BECAUSE , AND )
Ex:It
Ask for information I'd like to know
I was wondering about…………..
I want to find out……….
Could you tell me
Give information I want to tell you …….
About the information you asked for
You should know………………
I have to say………………
Express agreement I agree that………………..
You are right about…………….
Offer to do
something
I could……………..
I'd be more than glad to
If you don't mind, I'll …………….
rains a lot her so it's better take an umbrella with you.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-128-
5. Short sentences:
Ex: Thanks a lot for the invitation. I'd love to come.
6. Personal tone :I.e use of first personal pronouns :
Ex: I've got great news. I found a new job.
7. Descriptive tone ( use of adverbs andadjectives)
Ex: It was a bitterly cold winter morning.
➢ Semi formal style is characterized by:
1. Less formal language
2. Less frequent use of short forms, formal linking words or phrases or
the passive.
3. Respectful polite tone.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
ar B
A
Which is better, classical or pop music? Some people believe
that classical music is superior. However, I believe that these
types of music offer something different to the world of
entertainment.
-129-
❖ Read the extracts below and answer the questions that follow:
I would be grateful if you could attend to this matter as soon as possible. I hope to he from you soon
Anyway, that's my news for now. I hope you're enjoying the holidays as much as I am. Write back and let me know how you are getting on.
regarding the outcome of the situation. Yours sincerely Mathew Drake
The purpose of this report is to assess the gymnastic room in our school. This report
describes and evaluates three important features of the
Love, Harry
C
The rescue team began their search for the lost skiers at dawn. The missing family was located a few hours later by a search helicopter, and they were lifted to
safety. No one was so E
gymnastic room D injured, but they were taken to hospital suffering from the cold.
Which extracts use:
Short forms? Factual presentations of the information? Everyday expressions, idioms and informal?
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
You have seen this announcement in an international magazine.
Outline
-130-
Module 1 An Article
Title
Think of an
interesting title.
1. Dream job.
2. The ideal job: dream or
reality?
Introduction
Making an
opening
comment about
the topic you are
writing about:
E.g ”The ideal
job”
1. Everybody dreams of
having the perfect job,
but……
2. Which job allow you
to… ....... ?.
3. What comes to mind when
you think about the ideal
job.
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-131-
Main part
( paragraph
(1-2)
Refer to one
aspect of the job
you are
describing
Refer to another
aspect of the job
1. What is special about the
job that makes it ideal for
you?
2. Do you need any
requirements or
qualifications for this
job?
3. What personal qualities
or skills do you have that
make you suitable for the
job?
Conclusion
paragraph
Make general
statement to
sum up your
ideas and say
how you feel.
1. In a nutshell, this job
…………….
2. Call me a dreamer, but
…………..
3. My next step is to ….
4. I plan to…….
5. Of course, I will have to
…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-132-
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-133-
Module 5 A formal letter/ an email asking for information
You have seen this advertisement in the Dally News and you are
interested in making some inquiries to obtain additional information.
Outline
Greeting
Use formal
greeting,
not first name.
1. Dear Sir /Madam,
2. Dear Mr. / Mrs./ Miss + last
name.
Opening
paragraph
Use set of
phrases to
refer to the
advertisement
you have seen
and state why
you are
1. I am writing with regard to
your advertisement about……
in (+ name of the newspaper/
magazine + date ) / on 9+
website)
2. I am interested in requesting
further / additional
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-134-
writing. information.
3. I am writing as I would like
you to inform me about……
4. I would like to make some
inquiries about…..
Main part
( paragraph
(2)
Ask for the
information in
a formal, polite
and organized
manner.
Remember
indirect
questions are
more formal
and more
polite than
direct
questions.
1. I would like to know if /
whether …………….
2. I would be interested in
knowing………………….
3. I would be grateful if you
could inform me
about…………….
4. Could/ would you please
provide me with further
information concerning
……………
Closing
paragraph
State anything
you want to
emphasize.
1. I would be grateful if you
could / would reply me as
soon as possible.
2. Thanking you in advance for
your time and assistance.
3. I look forward to hearing from
you at your earliest
convenience.
Signing off Use formal
signature ending /
closing.
Your sincerely,
Yours truly,
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-135-
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
1. Personality
2. Common interests No
te
➢ No man is an island and we all need
friends.
➢ What is important when choosing a
friend?
-136-
Module 6 An Essay
In your English class you have been talking about friends and
friendships. Now your teacher has asked you to write an essay. Write
your essay using all the notes given and give reasons for your point of
view.
Outline
Introduction Main body Conclusion
Briefly
introduce the
topic of the
essay.
a. Refer to the personality
traits you consider
important.
b. Refer to whether it is
important for friends to
have common interests.
c. Refer to your own idea.
Summarize your
opinion and make a
general comment on
the issue. .
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-137-
Set Phrases
List points Firstly, to begin/ start with, in the first place,
finally, last but not least
Add more points In addition to this, furthermore, what is more,
also, apart from this, besides, another point
worth mentioning is
Give an example For example, such as, particularly, especially,
take for instance
Express contrast Although, in spite of, despite, however, but
Express cause/
reason
Because of, as since, due to, owing to
Express results /
consequence
Therefore, in this case, for this reason,
consequently , as a result
Sum up In conclusion , to sum up, all in all, on the whole,
taking everything into account
Give your In my opinion/ view, personally, I believe, the way
I see it, from my point of view, I am in favour of,
Use
phrases
like:
• Many people believe / think / argue/ claim that…….
• It is very common view….
• It is often said that…….
• There is no doubt that………….
• It is common knowledge that……………
• There are those who believe that……………..
• Although it is true……………..
• …..must take into consideration ……
• ………….is something that cannot be ignored …………
• Something else that we should keep in mind is the fact that………….
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /
-138-
opinion my belief is that
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2nd Prep. Booklet Date: / /