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Suggestion for the development of the 2nd UMEKITA district

414Designing environment and scenery for public.

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Create a space like Central Park in OsakaSuggestion for the development of the 2nd UMEKITA district

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Yukiko ShinozakiManaging Director of the Kansai Association of Corporate Executives, President of City Life Institute

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Green innovation: Osaka Central ParkFrom "Umekita" the state-of-the-art city in the world

Mikiko IshikawaProf. Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering Department of Intergraded Science and EngineeringProf. Emeritus, University of Tokyo

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Vision of environment for global societybe proposed to the greening city rather than greening in the city

Isoya ShinjiProf. emeritus, Dr. Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture

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Interurban competitionInternational strategy of greening and water management in Singapore

Junichi InadaFormer Director of Planning & Development National Parks Board SINGAPORE,Beijing Tsinghua University visiting Professor, President WIN Landscape Planning & Design

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10 2 156 Garden City City in a Garden Gardens By e Bay 150 200 24 Greensward100 1 9

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Na-tional Parks Board 1859 Dr.Tan WOCWorld Orchid ConferenceDirector Planning and Development NATIONAL PARKS BOARD 3 Dr. Tan 1965 201550

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a City of Gardens and Water

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New vision of public space creationand greening city planning in the metropolis

Yoji SasakiProfessor at Kyoto university of Art and Design

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Theory of civilization about the beautiesFlower and greening raise the charm of the city

Nobuo ShirasunaProfessor Faculty of Economics, KOBE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Landscape Architect

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Greening and city management

Masayuki WakuiTokyo City University Professor, Department of Environment, President of Gifu Prefectural Forest Academy

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Portlands Pearl DistrictUrban Renaissance through Public Private Partnerships

Mitsuhiro YamazakiBuisiness & Industry Manager, Portland Development Commissintranslation by Maiko Shibuta

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The City of Portlands unique model for placemaking has made it one of the most de-

sirable cities in the United States. The city

uses public-private partnerships to leverage

each sectors respective expertise and share development responsibilities, ensuring that

projects provide public benefits and remain

financially solvent. The Citys proficiency in deploying such policy and planning tools as

land use and public financing, coupled with

the private sectors know-how in building development and construction, have created

a more sustainable and livable city.

In downtown Portland, nothing is more em-

blematic of that model than the Pearl District,

development on a district scale that has suc-

ceeded beyond expectation.

Lauded as one of the 10 best new neighbor-

hoods in the United States, the 245 acre

mixed-use neighborhood is strategically lo-

cated immediately north of the central busi-

ness district of Portland.

In 1980 the area was a dilapidated rail yard

ringed with rundown brick warehouses built

during the railroads heyday at the turn of the 20th century. Pedestrians were non-existent

and drivers locked their car doors at traffic

stops to discourage the approach of vagrants

near the train station.

How did Portland transform this decaying

rail yard to what has been called an oasis of new urbanism in 20 years? What created this urban renaissance?

True to the Portland model, the evolution

required tightly knit teamwork between the

city, private industry, and the community. The

Central City Plan of 1988 emphasized Port-

lands Central City as the economic and cul-tural center of the region, called out the need

for new market-rate housing downtown and

specifically identified the rail yards as a prime

area for change. Supported by that plan, a

visionary private developer Hoyt Street

Properties and the Portland Development

Commission, the citys urban redevelopment agency, purchased the 34-acre rail yard in

1990. With the land under control and the

Central City Plan as context, Hoyt Street

Properties and the City jointly prepared the

River District Vision Plan in 1992 and the Riv-

er District Development Plan in 1994. These

plans established the vision for the future

mixed-use neighborhood and created the

framework for the future development

agreement. Key themes of the plan were to:

recreate the street grid; link to the central

business district through transit; encourage

new housing; create a network of three new

parks as essential residential amenities; and

require active retail and other uses on the

ground level.

The integration of transportation, housing,

retail and parks is essential to the Portland

model of placemaking and creating good

neighborhoods, as is implementation based

on public-private partnership with each sec-

tor contributing its respective tools and per-

spectives. Working with a stakeholder group

of public and private representatives, the City

created the River District Urban Renewal Plan

which combined the previous two plans com-

pleted in the early 90s and provided tax in-crement financing for the districts improve-ments. The City used the financing tool to

construct the basic bones of the area transit

and infrastructure - and required the private

developer to incorporate public benefits such

as density, open space and affordable hous-

ing in the redevelopment plans.

Tax increment financing is a tool widely uti-

lized in the U.S to stimulate redevelopment.

In essence the financing program consists of

the following steps:

-Create the plan for the district

-Freeze existing property taxes to continue to

flow to the city, county and schools

-Sell bonds to be repaid by the increment of

new taxes in the district

-Invest the bond proceeds in projects to lev-

erage private investment and maximize new

tax generation

-Pay off the bonds after 20-30 years

-After the bonds are paid off all of the tax

revenue, both the original base and the sub-

sequent increment go to the traditional tax-

funded entities.

In this case the River District Urban Renewal

Plan created a capacity to borrow up to $225

million.

A key aspect of the public-private partner-

ship was a complex, 300-page Master Devel-

opment Agreement entered into by the de-

veloper, the City and PDC in 1997. It outlined

a series of reciprocal obligations of the devel-

oper and City that called for private sector

concessions with each public contribution.

For instance, the city demolished an old via-

duct and rebuilt streets while the developer

agreed to dedicate the right of way for all

streets and build to a minimum density of 87

units per acre. The city constructed the $60

million streetcar while the developer contrib-

uted $1 million and built to a minimum of

109 units per acre. The city built the districts

three new parks and the developer donated

the land and increased density to 131 units

per acre. Finally, the city subsidized afforda-

ble housing and the developer agreed to

build 25% of the units as affordable.

To date, the Portland Development Commis-

sion has invested more than $100 million in

urban renewal resources in the district, lever-

aging more than $2 billion in private invest-

ment. The streetcar began passenger service

in July 2001. Jamison Square, the first River

District park, was dedicated in 2002, and ten

years later, the City had completed all three

parks. Hoyt Street Properties completed the

first mixed use condominium building in

2002, and has subsequently built 10 more

mid- and high rise residential projects in the

Pearl.

Hoyt Street Properties successful develop-ment inspired other developers to renovate

the historic old buildings on the blocks sur-

rounding the rail yards, a mix of old brick

warehouses and former manufacturing

plants. These renovated turn of the century

warehouse buildings have become desirable

offices for the burgeoning high-tech sector,

further stimulating more than 6000 residen-

tial units in the larger Pearl neighborhood,

25% of which are for low-income residents.

The rest command some of the highest val-

ues in the region.

The success of Pearl District renovation relied

on the elements that have characterized ef-

fective placemaking in Portland new, green

construction combined with adaptive reuse

within the context of public-private partner-

ship which are illustrated notably by the

Brewery Blocks, a five-block parcel within the

district.

Today the Pearl neighborhood is home to

8000 new jobs at firms such as Ziba Design,

Keen Footwear and Vestas, and is known as

one of the citys most dynamic boutique retail districts, with two full service supermarkets,

several drug stores and a plethora of neigh-

borhood-serving amenities. It is truly a jewel

in Portlands urban planning crown, the pre-mier demonstration of the citys expertise in building a green city.

www.pearldistrict.org

035LD95 APRIL 2014

The creation of nature in the city."Ecology-Horticulture-Design"

PLAN

Text & Photos by Nigel Dunnet [Professor of Planting Design &Vegetation Technology, University of Sheffield, UK] . Edit cooperatin by Ayako Nagase [Assistant Professor, Division of Design Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University].

Translation by Mitsuyo Saito [PLAN Architects]

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037LD95 APRIL 2014

Ecology: Horticulture: Design

TEXT by Professor Nigel Dunnett

For the past 20 years Professors Nigel Dun-nett and James Hitchmough of the Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield, have been developing innovative and sustainable approach-es to the design and management of urban parks and gardens, with a focus on planting design and vegetation. The objectives of this programme have been to develop vegetation types that have very high aesthetic value and public appeal, but which require low inputs of resources such as water and carbon for their management. One of our main priorities is to support a large amount of native biodiversity, and to promote the deliv-ery of many other ecosystem services by urban landscapes. This program has become known as The Sheffield School of Planting Design. One of the main elements of our work has been the development of the Urban Meadows concept as a very important method for achieving our objectives: meadows and the meadow aesthetic form a constant theme. As a result of this work and its application, we have been involved in many high-profile European landscape projects, including the London Olympic Park, where our methods and principles formed the basis of the vegetation design for the whole park, generating an overwhelmingly positive public response.We have developed these approaches for many reasons. Partly it has been in response to the public funding context in the UK and many other Western countries, in which the funding for high quality horticulture has been reduced, and we need to find ways of achieving very high standards in a very cost-effective way. Partly it is because of the great need to reduce the amount of irrigation, chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and intensive maintenance for public landscapes. But increasingly, it is also because of the urgent urban environmental agenda. A key element of our work is to move landscape architecture and landscape planting design away from a predominantly decorative, functional and amenity role, to one in which it becomes an essential element in the delivery of healthy cities and liveable places.The nature in cities and ecological landscape design movement in the 20th and 21st Centuries has been dominated by ideas related to a restora-tion ecology philosophy that have at their basis the assumption that native species and ecosystems are fully and best adapted to a local and regional climate, geology and soils, and are therefore the best candidates for an ecological approach. But the highly modified nature of the urban climate, and the disrupted nature of urban soils, means that comparison with the environmental condi-tions in undisturbed natural areas of the local region is not meaningful. Native plant commu-

nities may not be the best match. And even if they are able to establish, they may not function to their optimum.But perhaps the greatest consideration is that much ecological design thinking has concentrated most on the ecology, and relatively little on the design. There has been a low focus on aesthet-ics, or a real consideration of what the public will be at ease with in terms of an ecological landscape. This has perhaps been of relatively little importance to date, when many of the ap-plications of an ecological approach have been in easy to achieve or obvious locations. But if we want to embed ecological approaches into the mainstream, as the default position, and for this approach to be applicable in as many contexts and locations as possible, then we also need to change what is seen as the basic elements and compo-nents of ecological design.In our work we have emphasised the visual drama of colourful and dynamic herbaceous vegetation, and we use the meadow as the basis of our work. We learn from beautiful and visu-ally attractive natural herbaceous vegetation and grasslands from around the world, and adapt the principles gained from these observations into our designed landscapes. Our approach is to create designed plant communities that will be self-sustaining as much as possible, with low maintenance inputs. We undertake very careful plant selection so that the competition between the different species can be kept in balance. It is very important that we understand the long-term behaviour of the species we are working with, so that we are not introducing potentially invasive species into new environments. Typically, we will identify the species that we want to work with in a particular plant community, and investigate their landscape potential as individuals and their culture and propagation. But the core of our research is to monitor how the species interact with each other in an ecological sense. All of this is based upon very intensive research at a range of scales, from small-scale research plots through to large-scale real landscapes with a whole range of project partners.A unique aspect of our work is that we create large and small-scale landscapes not just through traditional planting, but also by seeding, or a mix-ture of seeding and planting. Seeding allows very large areas to be created at low cost, it gives a very spontaneous and natural effect, and it also pro-duces a very ecological outcome, in that different species will be successful across a site according to their precise ecological needs. We have developed reliable techniques that allow high control over the numbers of each species that will appear in the created vegetation; and in reliable methods for weed control and vegetation establishment. There are several fundamental principles that lie underneath our design approach.

1.Ecological fitness. Our designed plant commu-

nities must be suited to the exact environmental

conditions within a site, rather than needing to

significantly modify the site to meet the require-

ment of the vegetation.

2.We work with the idea of plant succession,

so that there is a very long period of visual inter-

est from the same area of land. This is achieved

through different layers of vegetation rising

through lower layers to continue the visual inter-

est.

3.We develop a clear vegetation structure, of a

matrix of lower growing plants, through which

taller vertical emergent species provide visual

drama. This is done on a large scale, and part of

the excitement of this type of the planting is the

visual impression created by repetition of these

simple elements over large scales.

4.Although our plantings might be diverse in

terms of the total numbers of species that they

contain, at any one time the main visual display

might be generated by just one or two species

flowering across a whole area.

This last point, which relates to the visual flowering display can be the most important consideration. In our experience, people respond most to the flowering and colourful displays that we produce, and this appears to be a universal response, regardless of background or culture.We work in a very wide range of contexts, from small-scale domestic gardens and courtyards, urban parks and housing areas, through to urban highways and large-scale green infrastructure. A very important application of our techniques is in urban design locations: green roofs and roof gardens, rain gardens and water-sensitive design applications, and commercial and business loca-tions. Depending on the context, we vary our approach. In contexts that are highly people-focused in the public or private realm, the balance between ecological purity and the use of native species, and aesthetic quality in terms of what excites and satisfies people, needs to be tuned in favour of people. We tend to use native species in situations where rural character is dominant, or in landscape that have strong physical or perceptual relationships with natural landscapes. We work across the whole range of plant types: using annuals, perennials, bulbs, shrubs and trees. Our approach is to create naturalistic vegeta-tion structures of forest, woodland, meadow and wetland, but to not be constrained by the use of native species within these vegetation types. The meadows are the most visible element of our work within this wider vegetation framework. Annual meadows create very colourful areas that create an incredible positive public response, and we use them extensively in public places or temporary sites. Perennial meadows have long-term pres-ence, and mixed with bulbs and geophytes can have a long display season.

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Olympic Gold Meadows

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50 hectares of native wildflower meadows.The largest areas of urban meadows made in one place.

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039LD95 APRIL 2014

The London Olympic Park

TEXT by Professor Nigel DunnettThe London 2012 Olympic Park represents the most coherent and large-scale application of our techniques and approaches. As well as being a showcase for the best in world sport, the London 2012mOlympic Park was also designed as a showcase for the innovation in in British landscape design and horticulture. At 250 hect-ares, The London Olympic Park is the largest new urban park to be developed in Europe for 150 years and contains extensive garden areas, wildflower meadows, woodlands and wetlands, as well as the sporting venues and recreation facilities. We (Nigel Dunnett and James Hitch-mough) were appointed as lead horticultural and planting design consultants for the project in 2008, and we retain an ongoing role in vegeta-tion development from 2014 onwards.We have introduced a whole new style of planting in the park that is highly designed but has a very naturalistic appearance. The wider park areas are unique for a major new park in that they are composed entirely of wildf lower meadows, woodlands (including the largest area of wet woodland ever to have been created in the UK) and wetlands. Even the lawned areas are species-rich lawns with creeping and low-grow-ing wildflowers. Throughout we have thought hard about the visual appearance. In terms of meadows and the meadow aes-thetic, we used four basic approaches, which represent a nature-culture gradient from pure restoration ecology through to stylized and ab-stracted design.

1.Native Wildflower Meadows. Native species only, in typical plant community mixes representative of those communities that would be native to the site. Created by seeding.

2.Enhanced Native Wildflower Meadows. Use of native species only, created by seeding. The wildf lower meadows were made as plant communities that had maximum floral display particularly for visitors during the Games week in late July 2012. We saw this as an opportunity to create a real sense of festival, and to excite the millions of visitors into the idea of how beauti-ful the native wildflower meadows were, and to then go on to argue for more native wildflowers in public parks across Britain and beyond. The meadows were created as flower-rich meadows without grasses to maximize the flowering dis-play.3.Non-native urban meadows and Pictorial Meadows These are new, designed plant communities with the meadow aesthetic and function, but not composed of native species. The largest applica-tion of this approach concerned the annual wild-flower meadows wrapping around the stadium, interspersed with close-planted clumps of birch trees to provide highly colourful and very experi-ences during the Games period. The meadows contain a mix of European species and North American Prairie Annuals. The colour impres-sion from these meadows was so great that many people had very strong emotional responses to the beauty of these landscapes.4.Stylised and Abstrated Naturalistic Perennial Plantings. These are planted areas, not seeded, and are highly designed. But they have the meadow aesthetic in a very abstract sense. The 2012 gardens in the London Olympic Park are a spec-tacular celebration of contemporary horticulture and planting design, comprising of half a mile of naturalistic perennial plantings. While the main focus in the Olympic Park as a whole is on native biodiversity, the 2012 gardens explore

the horticultural diversity of British gardens and take visitors on a tour of the biodiversity hotspots of the world that have been the major source of plants for UK gardeners over the past 600 years. There are four zones or separate areas within the gardens: Western Europe, North America, The South Africa, and Temperate Asia. These gardens, which have been co-designed by Nigel Dunnett, James Hitchmough and Sarah Price, consist of three main elements: formal clipped hedges which provide permanent struc-ture within the gardens; strips which are long-running single species plantings of tall upright grasses or perennials which give a strong vertical aspect to the gardens; and the field plantings which are the main element in the gardens and consist of mixed naturalistic perennials. These field plantings have been carefully designed for visual drama and each one is a representation of a particularly beautiful plant community found in that region. In the South Hemisphere garden, for example, it is a high altitude Drakensberg Grassland, in the North America garden it is a mesic-dry prairie. For the Asian garden it is the edges and glades of temperate forests, while for the European garden, it is lowland species-rich hay meadows and wildf lower grasslands. The meadow-like effect is achieved in all the gardens by the technique of random planting. The composition of the perennial mixes in each area is carefully worked out according to heights and colours and flowering times, but the plants are placed randomly within the planting areas, at regular spacing or density (as opposed to be being planting in groups or drifts of one type of plant next to another), with no planting plan. This technique gives a truly spontaneous effect. The interaction between the two field plantings and the more formal strips and hedge elements is both thought provoking and extremely beauti-ful.

040

North Park

South Park

[North Park Concept]Ecological park Dramatic landforms emphasise the valley settingRiver banks re-profiled to open up views to the River LeaConcourse trees provide shelter and shade

[South Park Concept]Natural AppearanceBut mix of native and non-native speciesVery dramaticAnnual species1.1 kilometre continuous length

1.1km

North Park

The perennial wildflower meadows were created using native UK species, but with an emphasis on creating flower-rich meadows with very high visual impact.

View from the Northern end of the North Park, with the Olympic Stadium 3 kilometres away in the South Park. The complete naturalistic landscape was created from a cleared bare site in a period of five years. 3 5

041LD95 APRIL 2014

South Park

The 2012 gardens were a designed representation of biodiversity hotspots around the world. Created through planting, they were based on a complex 'meadow aes-thetic'.2012

The annual Olympic Meadows covered a continuous length of 1 kilometre and are composed of both native and non-native species to create a spectacular aesthetic impression, and also an important resource for pollinating insects.1

Visitors to the park entered the site through the colourful meadow areas. The public response has been hugely positive and enthusiastic.

Planting work

The main areas of the Olym-pic Park were created through seeding. Here, Nigel Dunnett is training the contractors in wildflower meadow sowing techniques.

Landscape contractors sowing seed by hand on steep slopes. The seed is mixed with saw-dust to ensure even coverage.

The seed is raked to incorpo-rate into the soil surface.

Nigel DunnettProfessor of Planting Design and Vegetation Technology. Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Shef-field, UK.

[http://www.nigeldunnett.info]

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Possibility of grassland in urban greening

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New School building in the woodsReitaku University "ASUNARO"Hikarigaoka, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba

Landscape by KEIKAN SEKKEI TOKYO Co., Ltd.Photos by Tooru Miyakoda, Naomichi SodeSS Tokyo Co.,Ltd.*

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053LD95 APRIL 2014

Environmental Sensitivity and Sustainability In considering how a structure becomes truly

integrated within a forest, one will realize that the

proximity of a building to large mature trees cre-

ates a unique opportunity for people to see and

experience the grandeur of the trees. We rarely

are able to get up close from various vantage

points and elevations to have such an intimate

association with a verdant green environment.

The experience is almost as if becoming a bird.

By carefully orienting indoor and outdoor spaces,

students become part of the forest ecosystem,

ranging from ground level outdoor spaces to

exterior terraces and classrooms carefully placed

directly into the tree canopy. Because the building

is not occupied during the extreme summer and

winter seasons the landscape and structure are

designed to maximize opportunities for passive

heating, cooling, and lighting. These techniques

provide a quality educational environment, im-

proving student health and learning, as well as

conserving resources during construction, and

continuing to reduce the resources required to

maintain and operate the building. Each floor

contains a Community Circle, or interior common,

which functions as a space for social interaction.

Each Community Circle features floor to ceiling

windows oriented around the south facing Relief

Courtyard, providing natural lighting and a strong

visual as well as sensual connection between in-

terior and exterior spaces. Deciduous trees in the

Relief Courtyard block direct summer sunlight,

creating a more comfortable summer microcli-

mate while allowing warm winter sun to permeate

the interior. Wood from trees that were removed

from the site was used to construct tables, bench-

es, and window frames to reduce waste and pre-

serve the history of the site for future generations.

Design Value The siting and design of the Asunaro building

with its embrace of the adjacent forest provides

a place for students to not only learn from their

teachers but also from nature. This environment

clearly reflects the educational philosophy of

Chikuro Hiroike. The project is one that he would

be proud of for achieving the ecological steward-

ship he established many years ago and continues

today. The Asunaro Building in the Woods serves

as the centerpiece of Reitaku Universitys philoso-phy of coexistence between man and nature. It

achieves this by successfully preserving and pro-

tecting the woods and creating new woods with

material transplanted from the site. The result is

a forest ecosystem in harmony with a dynamic

new educational facility linking the old and new

campuses and students with nature. In assessing

the project an administrator commented that the

design team successfully created a facility in the forest rather than a forest around the facility. Another noted the humble approach to site plan-

ning, observing that the forest shapes the facilities

and circulation rather than the other way around.

The same university official stated that he is look-ing forward to watching the campus grow into the

forest.

2-1-1

0.8ha2008 32010 122009 42010 12

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054

RLA

KUMAMOTO SHINTOSHINKumamoto-shi, Kumamoto

Landscape Design by OHTORI CONSULTANTSArchitecture by RIA + ICHIURA HOUSING & PLANNINGText by Kenichiro Noguchi [OHTORI CONSULTANTS, RLA]Photos by OHTORI CONSULTANTS

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Landscape Lighting

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Landscape Lighting

Designing of visual performance and methods for the visual performance

The Lighiting design world of Yukio ONODA

Only a few lighting designers are specializing in lighting design for landscapes.

But there are a few who have considerable experience in lighting design for landscape lighting.

Yukio Onoda is one of them.

With a landscape lighting project for a resort in Shimukappu village in Hokkaido as a start in 1983,

he has been involved in many landscape lighting projects since.

Light that is natural like the moon light, light that is spilling out from buildings, light that is reflected

on the ground and light that appears out of nowhere, landscape lighting counts every matter in

the surroundings as an essential factor for the landscape design.

This special issue explores the world of landscape lighting through the works of and an interview

with Yukio Onoda who have rich experience in collaborating with many landscape architects.

Special Issue-

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Nightscape in downtown releases us from the din of the daytime. Twinkling illuminations ornament the long night of winter.

Roadside trees without leaves become the greatest feature by the illuminations. The downtown is filled with the colorful light and the atmo-

sphere is visionary. The world illumination used to be associated with the image of social events or theme parks.But it is nowadays a common feature that brings a gorgeous atmosphere to downtowns by night and enriches our lives in winter.

The more people come to the downtown, the more vitalized it gets and the more it generates economic activities.

Lighting design will continue evolving by the spread of LED.

Let us enjoy the nightscapes ornamented by lighting design.

Special Issue-

Landscape Lighting

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Waterscapes

5 SW12th Avenue

10

2WSUD:

, 3

5

(Visible Water)

Invisible Water

1

58

930

155

(Urban

Growth Boundary)

(Livable City)

Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland Kevin Robert Perry (City of Portland)

098

New 'Green Street' integrates sustainable stormwater management. Photo by Kevin Robert Perry, City of Potland)

'Juncus patens ' performs essential role for quick infiltration and reduc-ing runoff speed as well as capturing sediment.Photo by Kevin Robert Perry, City of Potland)

099LD95 APRIL 2014

SW12th Avenue SW12th Avenue

SW12th Avenue

138,850

30cm

1 5cm

18cm

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17cm

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Nyssa sylvatica

SW12th Avenue SW12th Avenue 2006

SW12thAvenue

680KL4

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Typical cross section for stormwater planters.

Image courtesy of Sustainable Stormwater Management Program

100

Project site plan showing the stormwater planter at SW 12th Avenue. Stormwater is collected from road and sidewalk, and treated as water flows in and out of planters.

Image courtesy of Sustainable Stormwater Management Program

Existing conditions of SW 12th Av-enue (above) and after renovation to 'Green Street' through addition of stormwater planters.Photo by Kevin Robert Perry, City of Potland)

Map indicating location of 'Green Streets' (green) and future implementation location (red).

Green Street Map provided by Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland

101LD95 APRIL 2014

SW12th Avenue 1.5m5.5m35cm438,850 40002005 5 62006

10

100

1) http://www.asla.org/awards/2006/06winners/341.html2) Hoyer, Jacqueline.,Wolfgang,Dickhaut.,Kronawitter,Lukas.,Weber, Bjoern,Water Sensitive Urban Design, Jovis, 20113) http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/345984) http://urbanraindesign.com/

Sectional diagramme showing relationship between road level and stormwater planter.

Image courtesy of Sustainable Stormwater Management Program

Runoff from road enters stormwater planter during an intense autumn

storm event. Photo by Kevin Robert Perry, City of Potland)

102

[Series] Waterscapes

[5] From Grey to Green: City of Portlands innovative Green Infrastructure SW12th Avenue Green Street Project and Sustainable Stormwater Management Text by Takanori Fukuoka(Research Associate Professor, Kobe University)Photography Copyright: City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, Kevin Robert Perry (City of Portland former employee)Coordinator: Jeremy Anterola

Introduction As the fifth issue in a series of articles entitled

Waterscapes, innovative Green Street projects and Sustainable stormwater mangement in Port-

land, USA is featured. In this article, both city scale

green street projects vision and specific project, SW12th Avenue Green Street introduced. As a

Landscape Architect, we often discuss where we can find water on site. Although it is very at-tractive to use water in design, there is no promise

whether you can have water on site or not. There

are two types of water, one is always visible such

as water feature, pool fountain and the other is

invisible one. To think of invisible water requires

broader vision for healthy water cycle in urban

condition, and knowledge to integrate storm-

water management system into real project. In

simple description, Green Street is GreenWay inte-

grated with sustainable stormwater management.

At city scale, this Green Street can act significant

role as part of Green (or Blue) Infrastructure. In

this article, I would like to introduce how invisible

water performs essential role in a small Green

Street.

City of Portland and Green Street Projects City of Portland has been started implementing

Green Infrastructure and sustainable stormwater

management for over 10 years. Citys big vision is From Grey to Green, and they promoted city scale green Open Space planning and sustainable

stormwater management integrated as Green

Infrastructure vision, and implemented many

pilot projects as part of this framework. Green

Street has been very successful and recognized as

excellent example piece to make part of Green In-

frastructure. Main purposes of Green Street are to

reduce amount of stormwater runoff, slow runoff,

and improve quality of water. By promoting Green

Street projects, City can save money to build new

sewer lines. Listed below are recognized as posi-

tive effect of Green Street. 1) Restore healthy wa-

ter cycle in urban condition through sustainable

stormwater management 2)Reduce amount and

speed of runoff into the River, and prevent flood-

ing 3) Transform into Livable city, Environmental

Value to raise real estate price 4) Microclimatic

Benefits, Improve Air Quality 5) Promote healthy

lifestyles by renovating pedestrian and vehicular

spaces 6) Enhance biodiversity by renovating both

private and public green spaces

Green Street then can be classified into following

4 categories. 1) Extended planter: Residential area

or less traffic area is suitable to extend curb, and

convert road into Green Street. This also helps to

slower driving speed, and to increase safety of

road. 2)Stormwater Planter: Can be implemented

at limited space in between sidewalk and curb.

This helps to function as reducing runoff, im-

proving water quality, and slower runoff. 3) Rain

Garden: Utilize spaces on pedestrian walkways or

intersection to collect stormwater and infiltrate

into ground. 4) Simple Green Street: Renovate ex-

isting street planter by cutting curb and bringing

stormwater into planter

SW12th Avenue Green Street Perfect case model is SW12th Avenue Green

Street, which renovated part of existing pedes-

trian walkways into stormwater planter. Four

stormwater planters (planer size is approximately

1.5m wideX5.5m longX35cm deep)implemented

at space in between sidewalk and road curb and

receive stormwater both from road, and sidewalk.

As shown in plan diagram, first planter take run-

off from road, infiltrate water into the ground

in speed of 5cm per 1hour and can store upto

18cm deep water. Once exceeding capacity, water

moves into second planter. Stormwater repeats

same process for third and fourth, and overflow

will run into existing sewer line. Soil in planter is

layered with 2 different types. Bottom layer is laid

out with similar material with existing soil, and

top 20cm is combined with sand, top soil, and

compost. For Planting, Juncus patens is planted

densely to reduce runoff speed, and helps infiltra-

tion. Selected tree is Nyssa sylvatica which is toler-

ant to water, and give beautiful color in Autumn.

Total construction cost of SW12th Avenue Green

Planter is $38,850.

SW12th Avenue project received ASLA honor

award in 2006. One of jurors comment is "This is very relevant and will be influential in the pro-

fession. The best executed example of this type

of work we've ever seen." Stormwater planter at

SW12th Avenue can treat 670KL of stormwater in

1year, which is almost equal to annual stormwater

runoff in this area. It was also proved that 4 plant-

ers can infiltrate water 5cm per hour into ground

in average, and can reduce runoff speed up to

70%. Measurable such fact helps to promote

Green Street projects. For maintenance, removal

of sediment requires 7times per year, and cutting

grasses require once or twice per year.

Urban Scale Strategies- Green Street into Green Infrastructure City of Portland started Green Street as part of

flooding problem which mostly happened in CSO

(combined sewer overflows) area. To solve this,

City of Portland started holistic green infrastruc-

ture and sustainable stormwater management

program such as Green Street program, Eco

Roof program, Downspout Disconnection pro-

gram, and Wet Weaher program. In 2008, City

of Portland started Grey to Green Initiative, and

5million US dollar spent for Green Open Space

and sustainable stormwater management within

city. By 2013, 174,000 Eco Roof, 50,000Street Trees, and 920 Green Streets implemented. As

a pre-phase experiment from 2002 to 2007,

City received 2million US dollar funding from

EPA(Environmental Protect Agency), and built 25

pilot projects to see how Green Street works and

to promote and make public experience this idea.

City of Portland is also successful in educating

public. They successfully created visually powerful

communication tools such as website, guidelines,

case study cut sheets, and diverse education pro-

gram to promote citys vision for Green Infrastructure. In summary, City of Portland started Green Street

program as part of problem solving strategies in

order to reduce flooding in CSO area. In 10 years,

diverse program which integrates green open

space and stormwater management provided

positive results; however, this is not enough and

city is projecting further implementation of Green

Streets as shown in City Green Street Map. Big-

gest problem for the city is maintenance. Green

Street is living infrastructure. Therefore city tries

to stay minimum level maintenance in order to

maintain Green Infrastructure, because this is not

a garden or park. However, level of maintenance

still varies in different districts, and clear frame-

work for maintenance needed. One key might

be inviting and engaging more public into Green

Street building and management process. By

getting everyones power for small green street, City may find further success in creating city with

functional Green Infrastructure filled with healthy

everyday lives in it.

Hargreaves Associates, Gustafson Guthrie Nichol LtdAtelier Dreiseitl GmbH PM2012 6

Takanori Fukuoka, RLA, is a Research Associate Professor at Kobe University Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Sustainable Living Environmental Design Program. He is a landscape architect trained in the United States and Germany. He has worked at Hargreaves Associates in San Francisco, California, Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd in Seattle, Washington, and Atelier Dreiseil in Ueberlingen, Germany. He holds a Masters of Landscape Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania, School of Design.

References:1)http://www.asla.org/awards/2006/06winners/341.html2)http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/3)http://urbanraindesign.com/4)Hoyer, Jacqueline.,Wolfgang,Dickhaut.,Kronawitter,Lukas.,Weber, Bjoern,Water Sensitive Urban Design, Jovis, 2011

103LD95 APRIL 2014

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123LD95 APRIL 2014

No.1-4 No.6-8 No.23-25 No.41 No.48 No.61

No.5 No.9-22 No.26-40

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No.422005 6

No.412005 4

No.442005 10

No.452005 12

No.462006 2

No.472006 4

No.492006 8

No.502006 10

No.512006 12

No.522007 2

No.532007 4

No.542007 6

No.552007 8

No.482006 6 DNA

No.562007 10

No.572007 12

No.582008 2

No.592008 4

No.602008 6

OLIN

No.612008 8

No.622008 10

No.632008 12

No.642009 2

124

No.652009 4 1,995 : Works 2

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127LD95 APRIL 2014

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