kzn concourt case

7/30/2019 KZN ConCourt case

1/97

IGHYPAPVPAGHNL IGVZP GC YGVPM NCZAIN

Insf IIP 32'>:

_:2>9T [NII >2

Ah tmf dnttfr jftwffh;

OUN[VLV$HNPNL KGAHP LANAYGH IGDDAPPFF Npplainht

nh`

DFDJFZ GC PMF F]FIVPASF IGVHIAL,

@FRNZPDFHP GC F@VINPAGH, OUN[VLV$HNPNL Carst Zfspgh`fht

RZGSAHIANL MFN@ GC @FRNZPDFHP,

@FRNZPDFHP GC F@VINPAGH, OUN[VLV$HNPNL Yfigh` Zfspgh`fht

DAHAYPFZ CGZ JNYAI F@VINPAGH Pmar` Zfspgh`fht

nh`

IFHPZF CGZ IMAL@ LNU Ndaius Iuranf

Mfnr` gh ; :: Hgvfdjfr :2>:

@fia`f` gh ; :6 Npral :2>9

KV@EDFHP

INDFZGH K -Dgsfhfof @IK, Crghfdnh K, Omndpfpf K, Yowfyayn K nh` Qniggj K

ighiurrahe!;


2/97

INDFZGH K

:

_>T Pmf npplainht nh nssgiantagh gc ah`fpfh`fht simggls ah Own[ulu$Hntnl sffoslfnvf tg nppfnl nenahst n `fiasagh gc tmf Own[ulu$Hntnl Maem Igurt, Raftfrdnratzjure

-Maem Igurt! àsdassahe ats npplaintagh tg fhcgrif pnydfht gc ifrtnah dghafs at ilnads tg

jf ùf tg tmf simggls at rfprfsfhts( Lfnvf tg nppfnl wns rfcusf` jy jgtm tmf Maem Igurt

nh` tmf Yuprfdf Igurt gc Nppfnl(

_:T Pmf npplaintagh stfds crgd n sujsa`y tmf carst rfspgh`fht, tmf Dfdjfr gc tmfFxfiutavf Iguhial cgr Fùintagh ah Own[ulu$Hntnl -DFI!, ernhtf` tg ah`fpfh`fht

simggls ah tmf prgvahif ah niigr`nhif watm sfitagh 0= gc tmf Ygutm Ncrainh Yimggls Nit>

-Yimggls Nit!( Gh :: Yfptfdjfr :22=, tmf sfigh` rfspgh`fht, tmf @fpnrtdfht gc

Fùintagh ah tmf prgvahif gc Own[ulu$Hntnl -@fpnrtdfht!, assuf` n hgtaif -:22= hgtaif!

tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls ah Own[ulu$Hntnl sfttahe gut npprgxadntf cuhàhe lfvfls cgr

:221( Pmfsf rfspgh`fhts wfrf rfprfsfhtf` kgahtly ah tmf prgiffàhes watm tmf tmar`

rfspgh`fht, tmf hntaghnl Dahastfr cgr Jnsai Fùintagh -Dahastfr!(

_9T Pmf :22= hgtaif, rfprgùif` jflgw, wns àrfitf` tg prahiapnls gc ah`fpfh`fhtsimggls, gwhfrs gc ah`fpfh`fht simggls, nh` nssgiantaghs gc ah`fpfh`fht simggls ah

Own[ulu$Hntnl( At wns mfn`f` YVJYA@AFY PG AH@FRFH@FHP YIMGGLY

:221':2>2( Pmf hgtaif prgva`f` n tnjlf tg tmf rfiapafhts _tTg `ftfrdahf tmf lfvfl ah

wmaim ygur simggl smnll jf jnsf`( At wfht gh tg sny tmnt _aTh gr`fr cgr simggls tg

> =0 gc >113( Yff jflgw h >0 tg h >= cgr rflfvnht prgvasaghs gc sfitagh 0= gc tmf Yimggls Nit(


3/97

INDFZGH K

9

prfpnrf ju`efts cgr :221 npprgxadntf cuh`ahe lfvfls wall tmfrfcgrf jf: ns sft gut( Pmf

hgtaif ighilu`f` jy stntahe tmnt _aTt smgul` jf hgtf` tmnt sujsa`y nllgintaghs wall jf

rfvafwf` nhhunlly(

O[H F@VINPAGH Rravntf Jne ]1200

RAFPFZDNZAP[JVZE

9:22

PFL; 299 90> =366'06

CN]; 299 90> =30:

VDHQNHEG UF[FDCVH@G

AYACVH@N[UF YNOUN[VLV$HNPNLAZFC; Iariulnrs :22=

FH^VAZAFY; Y(L(H( OMFYUN @NPF; :: Yfptfdjfr :22=

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Nll;

Rrahiapnls gc Ah`fpfh`fht Yimggls

Gwhfrs gc Ah`fpfh`fht Yimggls

Nssgiantaghs gc Ah`fpfh`fht Yimggls ah Own[ulu$Hntnl

YVJYA@AFY PG AH@FRFH@FHP YIMGGLY :221':2>2

>( Pg `ftfrdahf tmf lfvfl ah wmaim ygur simggl smnll jf jnsf` -ah igdpnrasgh watm tmfKnhunry :220 simggl cffs!, tmf cgllgwahe tnjlf as prgva`f` ns n eua`f(

Rradnry Yfigh`nry

LfvflCffs -Knhunry

:220!Lfvfl

Cffs -Knhunry

:220!

> JflgwZ: 6:=(62

>Jflgw Z: 31=(22

: Z: 6:=(62

Z6 265(22

: Z: 31=(22

Z6 913(22

: Fdpmnsas ah graeahnl(


4/97

INDFZGH K

0

9 Z6 265(22

Z5 6=6(62

9 Z6 913(22

Z= 210(22

0 Z5 6=6(62

Z>: 30:(62

0 Z= 210(22

Z>9 012(22

6 Njgvf

Z>: 30:(62

6

Njgvf Z>9 012

Pmf njgvf caeurfs nrf jnsf` gh :226':223 stntf pfr inpatn fxpfhàturf gc Z6265 cgr

Rradnry lfvfl nh` Z6913 cgr Yfigh`nry lfvfl(

:( Ah gr`fr cgr tmf simggls tg prfpnrf juèfts cgr :221 npprgxadntf cuhàhe lfvfls walltmfrfcgrf jf ns cgllgws;

Lfvfl & gc stntf pfr

inpatn ndguht

Ndguht pfr

lfnrhfr

6 Rradnry 2& Z2(22

6 Yfigh`nry 2& Z2(22

0 Rradnry >6& Z> >95(06

0 Yfigh`nry >6& Z> >12(:6

9 Rradnry :6& Z> =16(56

9 Yfigh`nry :6& Z> 1=9(56

: Rradnry 02& Z9 299(:2

: Yfigh`nry 02& Z9 >50(22

> Rradnry 32& Z0 601(=2

> Yfigh`nry 32& Z0 53>(22

Pmf njgvf caeurfs nrf jnsf` gh tmf :221'>2 stntf pfr inpatn fxpfhàturf gc

Rradnry; Z5 6=9

Yfigh`nry; Z5 196

9( At smgul` jf hgtf` tmnt sujsa`y nllgintaghs wall jf rfvafwf` nhhunlly(

Qgurs sahifrfly

_YaehnturfT


5/97

INDFZGH K

6

Dr( Y(L(H( Omfswn _saehf` ::'21'2=T

Imafc Fùintagh Ypfianlast

Yimggls Nccnars

Mfn` Gccaif(9

_0T Pmas uh`frtnoahe tmf @fpnrtdfht lntfr qunlacaf` jy n curtmfr iariulnr tgah`fpfh`fht simggls( Pmas wns jy lfttfr `ntf` 6 Dny :221, wmaim tmf prgvahianl

Yupfrahtfh`fht Efhfrnl saehf` gh >= Dny :221, nh` tmf simggls ighifrhf` rfifavf` ghly

lntfr( Pmf lfttfr wns mfn`f` ZF@VIPAGH GC JV@EFPY AH PMF :221'>2 DPFC

nh` stntf` tmnt ns pnrt gc tmf prgvahifs turh nrguh` strntfey ah `fnlahe watm tmf iurrfht

insm irasas, tmf rfiapafhts mn` tg plfnsf fxpfit n iut hgt fxiffàhe 92& ah _tmfarT

iurrfht sujsa`y nllgintagh cgr tmf cahnhianl yfnr :221'>2(

_6T Pmf @fpnrtdfht rfifavf` n tgtnl juèft cgr tmf :221'>2 cahnhianl yfnr gcZ:0(= jallagh, gc wmaim Z>1(: jallagh wns nllgintf` cgr snlnrafs( Z:(5 jallagh wns cgr

gpfrntaghnl fxpfhsfs, Z>(3 jallagh cgr ahcrnstruiturf, dnimahfry nh` fquapdfht, nh`

Z>(0 jallagh cgr sujsaàfs tg pujlai gràhnry simggls, ah`fpfh`fht simggls, pujlai spfianl

simggls, nh` curtmfr fùintagh nh` trnahahe igllfefs( Umfh tmf :22= hgtaif wns assuf`,

ghly 15 simggls wfrf ahilu`f` ah tmf sujsa`y struiturf( Niigràhely, tmf sujsaàfs mn` tg

jf pna` gut crgd tmf tmfh juèftnry nllgintagh tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls gc

Z66(=3> dallagh(

9 Pmf :22= hgtaif(


6/97

INDFZGH K

3

_3T Pmf carst twg trnhimfs cgr :221 wfrf pna` ghly ah da`$Kuly( Pmfy rfclfitf` nrfùitagh gc 92& crgd tmf ndguhts ahàintf` ah tmf :22= hgtaif(

_5T Lntfr ùrahe :221, dfftahes wfrf mfl` nh` igrrfspgh`fhif fximnhef` jftwffh tmfnpplainht nh` tmf @fpnrtdfht rfenràhe tmf twg hgtaifs, tmf sujsaàfs nh` tmf smgrtcnlls(

@fspatf tmf npplainhts nttfdpts tg sfiurf pnydfht gc tmf cull sujsaàfs cgr :221, t mf

sujsaàfs fvfhtunlly pna` tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls cgr tmnt yfnr wfrf, gh nvfrnef, 92& lfss

tmnh tmgsf sft gut ah tmf :22= hgtaif(

_=T Ah Hgvfdjfr :2>2, tmf npplainht jrguemt prgiffàhes tg fhcgrif wmnt at sna` wfrftmf prgdasfs ah tmf :22= hgtaif(

Maem Igurt

_1T Ah ats cguhàhe pnpfrs tmf npplainht rflaf` gh tmf :22= hgtaif ns ighstatutahe nhfhcgrifnjlf prgdasf tg pny tmf ndguhts sft gut ah at cgr tmf wmglf simggl yfnr gc :221(

Mfhif at sguemt nh gr`fr àrfitahe tmf @fpnrtdfht tg pny tmf fxnit smgrtcnll ah tmf

sujsaàfs nitunlly rfifavf` ah :221 ns igdpnrf` tg tmnt sft gut ah tmf :22= hgtaif(

Nltfrhntavfly, tmf npplainht sguemt nh gr`fr cgr pnydfht gc n pfrifhtnef gc tmf smgrtcnll(

_>2T Nenahst tmas, tmf rfspgh`fhts nreuf` tmnt tmfrf wns hg niifptnjlf fva`fhif tmnt tmfprgdasf wns dn`f watm tmf ahtfhtagh gc irfntahe nh fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentagh(


7/97

INDFZGH K

5

_>>T Ns n stnrtahe pgaht, Ogfh K stntf` tmnt mf wns prfpnrf` tg niifpt ah cnvgur gc tmfnpplainht tmnt tmf :22= hgtaif wns dn`f watm tmf ahtfhtagh tg irfntf ightrnitunl

gjlaentaghs( Jut à` tmf :22= hgtaif ightnah tfrds succaiafhtly ifrtnah tg eavf rasf tg

fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentaghs7 Pmas `fpfh`f` gh tmf dfnhahe gc npprgxadntf ah tmf hgtaif(

Pmf Igurt cguh` tmnt tmf wgr` as uhndjaeugus ah tmnt at dfnhs nldgst fxnit gr vfry

ilgsf( At sna` tmnt tg ighilu`f tmnt tmf :22= hgtaif ighvfyf` n prgdasf tmnt tmf fxnit

ndguhts wgul` jf pna` wgul` fatmfr jf tg aehgrf tmf wgr` npprgxadntf gr tg nssaeh at

dfnhahe tmnt at `gfs hgt mnvf( Pmfrfcgrf, tmf npplainht wns hgt fhtatlf` tg tmf pnydfhts

at sguemt(

_>:T Pmf nltfrhntavf ilnad tg jf pna` n pfrifhtnef gc tmf smgrtcnll nlsg cnalf`( Pmf MaemIgurt wns hgt ighvahif` tmnt npprgxadntf igul` jf eavfh caxf` ightfht watm rfcfrfhif

tg tmf pragr ighùit gc tmf pnrtafs( Pg eavf caxf` dfnhahe tg npprgxadntf wgul` jf

nrjatrnry nh` wgul` ndguht tg dnoahe nh nerffdfht cgr tmf pnrtafs(

_>9T Pmf Maem Igurt tmfrfcgrf àsdassf` tmf npplaintagh, watm igsts gc twg iguhsfl( Nsnlrfn`y ahàintf`, tmf Maem Igurt nlsg rfcusf` lfnvf tg nppfnl, ns à` tmf Yuprfdf Igurt

gc Nppfnl(


8/97

INDFZGH K

=

Ah tmas Igurt

Npplainhtssujdassaghs

_>0T Pmf npplainht sffos lfnvf tg nppfnl tg tmas Igurt( At ightfh`s tmnt tmf Maem Igurtcguh` tmnt tmf pnrtafs nitf` watm tmf ahtfhtagh gc jraheahe fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentaghs ahtg

fxastfhif -nhadg ightrnmfhà!( At smgul`, tmfrfcgrf, mnvf fh`fnvgurf` tg upmgl` nh`

fhcgrif tmf ightrnit, nh` smgul` mnvf eavfh dfnhahe tg npprgxadntf( Pmas as fspfianlly

sg jfinusf tmf @fpnrtdfht mn` pnrtanlly pfrcgrdf` ah tfrds gc tmf ightrnit, nh` jfinusf

tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh as àrfitly adplaintf`(

_>6T Pmf npplainht sujdats tmf Maem Igurt wns wrghe hgt tg cax nh npprgxadntfpfrifhtnef nh` tg ighilu`f at wgul` jf dnoahe n ightrnit cgr tmf pnrtafs( Igurts

rfeulnrly `fcahf efhfrnlly adprfiasf tfrds ah n pnrtaiulnr ightrnitunl sfttahe( Ah tmf

prfsfht insf, tmf @fpnrtdfht ah prfvagus yfnrs pna` ndguhts vfry ilgsf tg tmgsf ahàintf`

ah prfvagus hgtaifs( Pmf Maem Igurt guemt tg mnvf rflaf` gh tmas tg eavf dfnhahe tg

npprgxadntf(

_>3T Pnoahe ahtg niiguht pnst prnitaif nh` tmnt tmf npplainhts simggls mn` juèftf` ahrflanhif gh tmf :22= hgtaif, pnydfht gc 52& wns hgt sujstnhtanl pfrcgrdnhif( Ah cnit,

mnvahe rfenr` tg tmf rfspgh`fhts pgsatagh, tmf npplainht sujdats tmnt ats nltfrhntavf rflafc,

tmguem stall igdpftfht, fssfhtanlly cnlls nwny, nh` tmnt at as dgst npprgprantf cgr tmas

Igurt tg àrfit tmf sfigh` rfspgh`fht tg pny tmf fxnit ndguhts stapulntf`(


9/97

INDFZGH K

1

_>5T Pmas Igurt mns mfl` tmnt tmf lnw gc ightrnit dust jf ahcusf` watm ighstatutaghnlvnlufs suim ns ujuhtu nh` mudnh àehaty, nh` tmnt ightrnitahe pnrtafs dust rflntf ah egg`

cnatm( Pmf npplainht nreufs tmnt tmas as nh ahstnhif pnr fxifllfhif(

_>=T Pmf npplainht iguhtfrs tmf rfspgh`fhts ahsuccaiafht cuh`s `fcfhif jyightfhàhe tmnt n lnio gc cuh`s as hg adpfàdfht tg nh gr`fr nenahst egvfrhdfht( Pmf

DFI igul` mnvf npplaf` tg tmf Dahastfr gr tmf Dahastfr gc Cahnhif cgr curtmfr dghfy(

Nhymgw, tmf DFI mns nlrfn`y gvfrspfht tmf juèft jy Z>5>(=1: dallagh, nh` tmf

prgvahif jy Z>(=11 jallagh, sg tmfrf as hg rfnsgh wmy tmfy igul` hgt gvfrspfh` n lattlf

dgrf( Lnstly, tg niigddg`ntf tmf npplainhts simggls lfnrhfrs ah pujlai simggls wgul`

jf >5 tadfs ns fxpfhsavf(

Zfspgh`fhts sujdassaghs

_>1T Pmf rfspgh`fhts nreuf tmnt tmf npplainhts rfdf`y lafs hgt ah tmf lnw gc ightrnit,jut ah pujlai lnwwmaim tmf npplainht mns hgt plfn`f`( Ah nhy fvfht, tmfrf as hgt fhguem

fva`fhif tg `ftfrdahf wmftmfr at as kust nh` fquatnjlf tg gr`fr tmf @fpnrtdfht tg dnof

tmf pnydfhts(

_:2T Pmf rfspgh`fhts sny tmf insf as hgt njgut tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh, jut rntmfrtmf ighstatutaghnl prgvasagh pfrdattahe stntf sujsaàfs cgr ah`fpfh`fht simggls(0 Pmfy

ilnad tmnt tmf ighstatutaghnl assufs rnasf` nrf hgt tmgsf n`vnhif` jy tmf npplainht(

0 Yfitagh :1-0! gc tmf Ighstatutagh(


10/97

INDFZGH K

>2

Zntmfr, tmfy nrf; a! wmftmfr nh n`dahastrntavf uh`frtnoahe dn`f ah tmf fxfriasf gc n

stntutgry pgwfr eavfs rasf tg nh fhcgrifnjlf ightrnit? aa! wmftmfr suim nh uh`frtnoahe

eavfs rasf tg n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh? aaa! wmftmfr tmf rfdf`y lafs ah ightrnit gr pujlai

lnw? nh`, ac at lafs ah ightrnit, av! tmf rflfvnhif gc tmf rfspgh`fhts ighstatutaghnl nh`

stntutgry gjlaentaghs(

_:>T Pmf rflafc sguemt, wmftmfr cguh`f` ah ightrnit gr pujlai lnw, nccfits tmf stntutgrygjlaentaghs nh` juèftnry cuhitaghs gc tmf prgvahif( Yfitagh 0= gc tmf Yimggls Nit

fdpgwfrs tmf DFI tg ernht sujsaàfs tg n rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggl crgd cuh`s

npprgprantf` jy tmf prgvahianl lfeaslnturf cgr tmnt purpgsf( Yfitaghs 91 nh` 39 gc tmf

Rujlai Cahnhif Dnhnefdfht Nit6

-RCDN! gjlaef tmf Mfn` gc @fpnrtdfht -Mg@! nh` tmf

DFI tg fhsurf tmnt tmfar fxpfhàturf as ah niigr`nhif watm tmf juèft vgtf gc tmf

prgvahianl `fpnrtdfht(

_::T Pmf rfspgh`fhts ightfh` tmnt tmf :22= hgtaif dfrfly sfrvf` ns n eua`flahf tgah`fpfh`fht simggls( At wns hgt nh gccfr, wmaim simggls wfrf inllf` gh tg niifpt, hgr wns

tmfrf n raemt tg hfegtantf ah tfrds gc n ightrnit( Pmf fssfhtanl `fcahahe cnitgrs gc n

ightrnit nrf tmus hgt prfsfht, fvfh watmgut tmf àccaiultafs nssgiantf` watm npprgxadntf(

Dgrfgvfr, n ightrnit tmnt purpgrts tg jah` tmf DFI ah n dnhhfr tmnt ighclaits watm mas

gjlaentaghs tg pujlai simggls nh` mas àsirftagh tg ernht sujsaàfs ghly ah tfrds gc tmf

juèft vgtf wgul` jf ahigdpntajlf watm tmf lnw nh` uhfhcgrifnjlf(

6 > gc >111(


11/97

INDFZGH K

>>

_:9T Pmf rfspgh`fhts hgtf tmnt tmf `fvflgpdfht gc tmf igddgh lnw wns hgt nreuf`jfcgrf tmf Maem Igurt( Pmfy ightfh` tmnt, wmalf tmf ighstatutaghnl qufstaghs wmftmfr

uh`frtnoahes gc tmas oah` nrf ightrnits nh` wmftmfr tmf lnw gc ightrnit hff`s tg jf

`fvflgpf` nrf ilfnrly adpgrtnht, tmfy `g hgt wnrrnht ernhtahe lfnvf tg nppfnl(

_:0T Zfenràhe rfdf`y, tmf rfspgh`fhts sujdat tmnt ighsa`frntaghs gc kustaif nh`fquaty jfmgvf tmfd tg jrahe tmf npplainhts pgssajlf suiifss ah pujlai lnw tg tmf Igurts

nttfhtagh( Pmfrf mns jffh ahsuccaiafht nreudfht gh wmftmfr tmf uh`frtnoahe envf rasf tg n

lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh, nh`, ac sg, wmnt rfdf`y smgul` jf ernhtf`( Jut ac tmfsf qufstaghs

nrf rfnimf`, tmas Igurt smgul` fatmfr rfdat tmf dnttfr tg tmf Maem Igurt, gr inll cgr

igdprfmfhsavf cnitunl sujdassaghs(

Ndaius iuranf

_:6T Ah tmas Igurt, tmf Ifhtrf cgr Imal` Lnw -ndaius!, n rfeastfrf` lnw ilahai jnsf` nttmf Vhavfrsaty gc Rrftgran, wmgsf dnah gjkfitavf as tg fstnjlasm nh` prgdgtf imal` lnw

nh` tg upmgl` tmf raemts gc imal`rfh, wns n`dattf` ns ndaius iuranf(

_:3T At dnofs tmrff sujdassaghs( Carst, tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh ah tmf Jall gcZaemts fxtfh`s tg lfnrhfrs nt jgtm pujlai nh` ah`fpfh`fht simggls( Eavfh tmnt sujsaàfs

tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls nssast tmf rfnlasntagh gc tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh, at as

ahnpprgprantf tg rfenr` nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl nh` tmf stntf ns dfrf pnrtafs tg n ightrnit(


12/97

INDFZGH K

>:

Pmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh igdfs uh`fr tmrfnt wmfh tmf stntf rfùifs, gr `gfs hgt pny,

prgdasf` sujsaàfs( Pmf hfentavf gjlaentagh tmf stntf jfnrs tg rfspfit fxastahe niifss tg

raemts as mfaemtfhf` jfinusf tmf sujkfit gc tmf raemt as n imal`, nh` jfinusf tmf tfxt gc

sfitagh :1->!-n! gc tmf Ighstatutagh as, uhlaof gtmfr sgiag$fighgdai raemts, watmgut

ahtfrhnl qunlacaintagh(

_:5T Yfigh`, wmfh n prgvahianl fùintagh `fpnrtdfht prgdasfs n sujsa`y ah tfrds gctmf npplainjlf stntutgry nh` ighstatutaghnl crndfwgro, at irfntfs n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh

ah rfspfit gc tmf ndguht prgdasf`( Mfrf, tmfrf wns jgtm n prgdasf nh` pnst prnitaif ah

rflntagh tg tmf pnydfht gc tmf sujsa`y( Pmf hfifssnry vnluf kuèfdfht, at snys, dust jf

dn`f upgh tmf cguh`ntagh gc tmf lfeaslntavf crndfwgro, wmaim ahilu`fs tmf Ighstatutagh,

tmf Yimggls Nit, nh` tmf stntutgry Ndfh`f` Hntaghnl Hgrds nh` Ytnh`nr`s cgr Yimggl

Cuhàhe3 -Hgrds!(

_:=T Pmf ndaius tmar` nreudfht as tmnt tmf cnits rflntahe tg tmf prgdasf nh` pnstprnitaif tmnt eavf rasf tg n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh nrf n`fquntfly plfn`f` gh tmf pnpfrs(

Pmf Igurt smgul` hgt ahquarf cgrdnlastainlly wmftmfr tmf lnjfl lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh

wns usf`, jut dust rntmfr `ftfrdahf wmftmfr ats flfdfhts -n prgdasf nh`'gr sfttlf`

prnitaif nh` rfsultnht prfkuàif! nrf plfn`f` nh` suppgrtf` jy tmf cnits gh rfigr`( Pmf

Igurt as tmus ah n pgsatagh tg dnof n cahàhe rfenràhe tmf lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh gc tmf

nccfitf` simggls, nh` tg ernht npprgprantf rflafc(

3 Egvfrhdfht Enzfttf :1>51, Egvfrhdfht Hgtaif =31, 9> Nueust :223(


13/97

INDFZGH K

>9

Lfnvf tg nppfnl

_:1T Cgr lfnvf tg nppfnl tmfrf dust jf n ighstatutaghnl assuf, nh` tmf ahtfrfsts gc kustaifdust cnvgur ats ernht( Nt lfnst ghf ighstatutaghnl assuf as ah plnah vafw tmf raemt tg n

jnsai fùintagh gc tmf lfnrhfrs nt tmf npplainhts simggls nh` tmf ightfhtaghs tmf

npplainht n`vnhifs mnvf prgspfits gc suiifss( Pmf rfquasatfs cgr lfnvf mnvf jffh

fstnjlasmf`(

@a` tmf :22= hgtaif eavf rasf tg nh fhcgrifnjlf uh`frtnoahe7

_92T Pmf :22= hgtaif ilfnrly ighstatutf` nh uh`frtnoahe jy tmf @fpnrtdfht tg pny tmfsimggls, tg wmaim tmf hgtaif wns àrfitf`, tmf npprgxadntf ndguhts sft gut ah at( Ah

nreudfht, iguhsfl cgr tmf rfspgh`fhts ighcardf` tmnt tmf uh`frtnoahe wns eavfh watm nh

ahtfhtagh tg mghgur ats tfrds( Pmas as uh`gujtf`ly igrrfit( Pmf qufstagh as wmftmfr tmf

igurts inh fhcgrif tmf uh`frtnoahe, gr nhy pnrt gc at(

_9>T Igurts fhcgrif uh`frtnoahes wmfh pnrtafs nerff jy ightrnit tg jf jguh` jy tmfartfrds? wmfh tmf uh`frtnoahe eavfs rasf tg n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh nh` n`dahastrntavf

cnarhfss rfquarfs sgdf dfnsurf gc tmfar fhcgrifdfht?5

gr wmfh nhy gtmfr lfenl prahiaplf

5 Pmf iurrfht pgsatagh ah gur lnw as tmnt wmfrf n pnrty mns n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh mf gr smf as fhtatlf` tg prgifùrnl

cnarhfss( Pmnt as, nh gppgrtuhaty tg jf mfnr` jfcgrf nh n`vfrsf `fiasagh as dn f( Gur igurts mnvf fxprfssly lfct

gpfh tmf qufstagh wmftmfr n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh dny eavf rasf tg n sujstnhtavf jfhfcat( Yff cgr fxndplf Jfl

Rgrtg Yimggl Egvfrhahe Jg`y nh` Gtmfrs v Rrfdafr gc tmf Ufstfrh Inpf Rrgvahif nh` Nhgtmfr _:22:T [NII :?

:22: -9! YN :36 -II!? :22: -1! JILZ =1> -II! nt pnrn 13 nh` Ygutm Ncrainh Sftfrahnry Iguhial nh` Nhgtmfr v

Yzydnhsoa :229 -0! YN 0: -YIN! nt pnrn >6( Cgr n `ftnalf` àsiussagh gc sujstnhtavf lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh sff

@uhinh v Dahastfr gc Fhvarghdfhtnl Nccnars nh` Pgurasd nh` Nhgtmfr:2>2 -3! YN 950 -YIN! nt pnrn >9(


14/97

INDFZGH K

>0

gr rulf rfquarfs fhcgrifdfht( Ah ats ncca`nvats, tmf npplainht sna` ats insf wns tmnt at rflaf`

purfly gh n prgdasf gr uh`frtnoahe tg pny( At sna` tmnt at wns hfatmfr mfrf hgr tmfrf

wmftmfr tmas `fravf` crgd n`dahastrntavf nitagh gr sgdftmahe noah tg n ightrnitunl

gjlaentagh( Jut tmf cgrd gc tmf npplainhts insf as adpgrtnht( Ac fhcgrifdfht as sguemt

gh tmf jnsas gc n`dahastrntavf nitagh, tmf prgiffàhes smgul` mnvf jffh ahstatutf` uh`fr

tmf Rrgdgtagh gc N`dahastrntavf Kustaif Nit= -RNKN!, ah tmf cgrd gc n rfvafw, nh`

-sujkfit tg igh`ghntagh! watmah tmf >=2$`ny pfrag` RNKN nllgws(1

Hghf gc tmas wns

`ghf(

_9:T Hgr as tmas ghly n dnttfr gc cgrd( Pmf rfspgh`fhts `fcfhif wns tmnt tmfuh`frtnoahe ah tmf :22= hgtaif igul` hgt jf culcallf` jfinusf gc n juèftnry ohgio$gh(

Pmf @fpnrtdfhts juèftnry nllgintagh cgr tmf :221 simggl yfnr mn` jffh rfùif`, nh`

mfhif tmfy igul` hgt pny tmf ndguhts sft gut ah tmf :22= hgtaif( Pmf rfigr` gc tmf

juèft nllgintagh nh` `fiasagh$dnoahe wgul` mnvf jffh maemly pfrtahfht tg n ilnad tg

fhcgrif n prgdasf nt n`dahastrntavf lnw( At as hgt jfcgrf us(

_99T Pmf rfsult as tmnt, `fspatf tmf ndaius nreudfht tg tmf ightrnry, at as hgt pgssajlf tgighsa`fr tmf npplainhts ilnad cgr pnydfht cgr tmf wmglf gc tmf :221 simggl yfnr gh tmf

= 9 gc :222(

1 Yfitagh 5->! gc RNKN prgva`fs tmnt prgiffàhes cgr kuàianl rfvafw dust jf ahstatutf` watmgut uhrfnsghnjlf `flny

nh` ah nhy fvfht watmah >=2 `nys, tmguem sfitagh 1-:! prgva`fs tmnt n igurt dny fxtfh` tmf >=2$`ny pfrag` wmfrf

tmf ahtfrfsts gc kustaif sg rfquarf(


15/97

INDFZGH K

>6

jnsas tmnt tmf @fpnrtdfht jrfnimf` tmf raemt tg kust n`dahastrntavf nitagh wmfh at rfvgof`

tmf uh`frtnoahe ah Dny :221(

_90T Eavfh tmas `fnrtm gc fva`fhif, smgul` wf rfdat tmf dnttfr tg tmf Maem Igurt tggjtnah at7 A `g hgt tmaho sg( Iguhsfl cgr tmf npplainht àsigurnef` rfdattnl( Pmf

npplainhts dfdjfrs mnvf ruh gut gc dghfy nh`, mf adplaf`, fhfrey nh` tadf cgr curtmfr

lfenl ightfst gh tmas assuf( Pmfy mnvf simggls tg ruh( Mf strghely uref` tmnt tmf dnttfr

jf `fia`f`, `g gr àf, gh wmftmfr tmf :22= hgtaifs prgdasf wns fhcgrifnjlf( Pmf

npplainht as dnstfr gc tmf prgifss at mns ahatantf` -`gdahus latas!( A wgul` rfspfit ats

wasmfs( Pmf dnttfr smgul` hgt jf rfdattf`(

_96T Gh wmnt jnsas inh tmf npplainht ilnad fhcgrifdfht gc tmf uh`frtnoahe7 A `g hgttmaho tmnt tmf uh`frtnoahe as fhcgrifnjlf jfinusf gc nh nerffdfht( N ightrnit as nh

nerffdfht jftwffh pnrtafs, fhtfrf` ahtg watm tmf ahtfhtagh gc irfntahe jahàhe

gjlaentaghs, tg pfrcgrd niigràhe tg tmf tfrds nerff`( Egvfrhdfht gctfh ightrnits, gc

igursf, nh` tmf igurts eavf fccfit tg tmf gjlaentaghs at uh`frtnofs ah `gahe sg( Gur igurts

mnvf ah`ff` fhcgrif` nerffdfhts ighilu`f` ah rfspghsf tg iariulnrs gr hgtaifs sfttahe gut

tmf tfrds gh wmaim egvfrhdfhtnl sujsaàfs dny jf prgiurf`(>2

Jut mfrf tmfrf wns hg

>2 YffDahastfr gc Mgdf Nccnars nh` Nhgtmfr v Ndfrainh Hahkn AS Rnrthfrsmap nh` Nhgtmfr>119 ->! YN :65 -N@!,

wmfrf cald prgùifrs wmg rfeastfrf` tmfar calds cgr sujsa`y purpgsfs uh`fr n `fpnrtdfhtnl iariulnr sfttahe gut tmf

tnx nh` sujsa`y jfhfcats ùf tg tmfd, nh` tmfh prgùif` nh` dnroftf` tmf calds, wfrf mfl` tg jfhfcat crgd

ightrnitunlly fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentaghs gh tmf pnrt gc tmf stntf(


16/97

INDFZGH K

>3

ightrnit( Pmf uh`frtnoahe wns hgt fxtfh`f` ns pnrt gc n jalntfrnlly jahàhe nerffdfht,

wmaim as tmf mnlldnro gc ightrnitunlly fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentaghs(

_93T Hgr wns tmfrf nhy ahtfhtagh gh tmf pnrt gc tmf @fpnrtdfht, gr ah`ff` tmf simggls,tg jf ightrnitunlly jguh` jy n pravntf nerffdfht( Pmf @fpnrtdfht sffds tg df tg mnvf

jffh fxtfhàhe nh uh`frtnoahe tmnt at ahtfh`f` tg dnof pnydfhts ah niigr`nhif watm ats

stntutgry nh` ighstatutaghnl gjlaentaghs( Pmas as àstahit crgd nh ahtfhtagh tg fhtfr ahtg

lfenl gjlaentaghs cgr tmf purpgsf gc ighiluàhe nh fhcgrifnjlf ightrnit(

_95T Hfvfrtmflfss, tmf sfttahe ah wmaim tmf :22= hgtaif prgdasf` pnydfht tg atsrfiapafhts ahàintfs tmnt at wns sfragusly eavfh, ah tmf fxpfitntagh tmnt at wgul` jf rflaf`

upgh, nh` tmnt pnydfht ah ats tfrds wgul` ah`ff` jf cgrtmigdahe, sujkfit ghly tg tmf

pgssajalaty gc ùf rfvgintagh( Pmfsf ahàintaghs nrf sft gut ah tmf fhsuahe pnrnernpms(

_9=T Carst, uh`fr tmf Jall gc Zaemts, fvfryghf mns tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh(>> Pmfraemt as eavfh ah uhqunlacaf` tfrds

>:nh`, ah ightrnst tg gtmfr sgiag$fighgdai raemts ah tmf

Jall gc Zaemts, as hgt sujkfit tg prgerfssavf rfnlasntagh( Pmf Ighstatutagh fxprfssly stntfs

tmnt at `gfs hgt prfilu`f stntf sujsaàfs cgr ah`fpfh`fht fùintaghnl ahstatutaghs(>9

>> Yfitagh :1 gc tmf Ighstatutagh prgva`fs ah rflfvnht pnrt;

->! Fvfryghf mns tmf raemt

-n! tg n jnsai fùintagh, ahiluàhe nùlt jnsai fùintagh(

>: Yff Egvfrhahe Jg`y gc tmf Kudn Duska` Rradnry Yimggl nh` Gtmfrs v Fssny H(G( nh` Gtmfrs -Ifhtrf cgr Imal`

Lnw nh` Nhgtmfr ns Ndaia Iuranf! _:2>>T [NII >9? :2>> -=! JILZ 53> -II! nt pnrn 95(

>9 Yfitagh :1-0! gc tmf Ighstatutagh prgva`fs; Yujsfitagh -9! `gfs hgt prfilu`f stntf sujsaàfs cgr ah`fpfh`fht


17/97

INDFZGH K

>5

_91T Pmf Yimggls Nit fdpgwfrs tmf Dahastfr jy hgtaif ah tmf Egvfrhdfht Enzfttf tg`ftfrdahf hgrds nh` dahadud stnh`nr`s cgr ernhtahe sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls(

>0

Pmf DFI dny, gut gc cuh`s npprgprantf` jy tmf prgvahianl lfeaslnturf cgr tmnt purpgsf,

ernht n sujsa`y tg nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl(>6 Hgh$igdplanhif watm n ighàtagh, sujkfit tg

wmaim n sujsa`y wns ernhtf`, fdpgwfrs tmf Mg@ tg tfrdahntf gr rfùif tmf sujsa`y

crgd n `ntf `ftfrdahf`(>3

Pmf Mg@ dny hgt usf tmas pgwfr tg tfrdahntf gr rfùif tmf

sujsa`y watmgut mfnrahe tmf nccfitf` simggl,>5 nh` nh nppfnl nenahst tfrdahntagh gr

rfùitagh lafs tg tmf DFI(>=

fùintaghnl ahstatutaghs(

>0Yfitagh 0=->! gc tmf Yimggls Nit, uh`fr tmf mfnàhe _sTujsaàfs tg rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggls, prgva`fs;

Pmf Dahastfr dny, jy hgtaif ah tmf Egvfrhdfht Enzfttf, `ftfrdahf hgrds nh` dahadud

stnh`nr`s cgr tmf ernhtahe gc sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls nctfr ighsultntagh watm tmf Iguhial

gc Fùintagh Dahastfrs nh` tmf Cahnhianl nh` Casinl Igddassagh nh` watm tmf ighiurrfhif gc tmf

Dahastfr gc Cahnhif(>6 A` sfitagh 0=-:! prgva`fs;

Pmf Dfdjfr gc tmf Fxfiutavf Iguhial dny, gut gc cuh`s npprgprantf` jy tmf prgvahianl

lfeaslnturf cgr tmnt purpgsf, ernht n sujsa`y tg nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl(

>3 A` sfitagh 0=-9! prgva`fs;

Ac n ighàtagh sujkfit tg wmaim n sujsa`y wns ernhtf` mns hgt jffh igdplaf` watm, tmf Mfn` gc

@fpnrtdfht dny tfrdahntf gr rfùif tmf sujsa`y crgd n `ntf `ftfrdahf` jy mad gr mfr(

>5 A` sfitagh 0=-0! prgva`fs;

Pmf Mfn` gc @fpnrtdfht dny hgt tfrdahntf gr rfùif n sujsa`y uh`fr sujsfitagh -9! uhlfss

-n! tmf gwhfr gc suim ah`fpfh`fht simggl mns jffh curhasmf` watm n hgtaif gc

ahtfhtagh tg tfrdahntf gr rfùif tmf sujsa`y nh` tmf rfnsghs tmfrfcgr?

-j! suim gwhfr mns jffh ernhtf` nh gppgrtuhaty tg dnof wrattfh rfprfsfhtntaghs ns

tg wmy tmf sujsa`y smgul` hgt jf tfrdahntf` gr rfùif`? nh`

-i! nhy suim rfprfsfhtntaghs rfifavf` mnvf jffh ùly ighsa`frf`(

>= A` sfitagh 0=-6! prgva`fs;

Pmf gwhfr gc nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl dny nppfnl tg tmf Dfdjfr gc tmf Fxfiutavf Iguhial nenahst

tmf tfrdahntagh gr rfùitagh gc n sujsa`y tg suim ah`fpfh`fht simggl(


18/97

INDFZGH K

>=

_02T Pmf Hgrds nrf gc erfnt saehacainhif tg tmf npplainhts insf( Pmf Hgrds hgtf tmfvnlunjlf fùintaghnl sfrvaifs prgva`f` jy ah`fpfh`fht simggls(

>1Pmfy hgtf tmnt

ah`fpfh`fht simggl fhrgldfht ndguhts tg njgut twg pfrifht gc tmf tgtnl hntagh$wa`f jut

tmnt ac nll ah`fpfh`fht lfnrhfrs wfrf tg trnhscfr tg pujlai simggls, tmf igst gc pujlai

fùintagh ah ifrtnah prgvahifs daemt ahirfnsf jy ns duim ns cavf pfrifht(:2 Ah gtmfr

wgr`s, ah`fpfh`fht simggls ighstatutf n snvahe gh tmf pujlai pursf(

_0>T Nh` ah`ff` tmf prnitaif gc ernhtahe stntf sujsaàfs tg rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fhtsimggls as wfll fstnjlasmf` ah Ygutm Ncrain(:> Pmf Hgrds fxplnah tmnt tmf Dahastry jnsfs

ats sujsa`y pglaiy gh jgtm casinl nh` sgianl erguh`s( Gh casinl erguh`s, tmf stntf mns n

ighstatutaghnl nh` stntutgry rfspghsajalaty tg prgva`f simggl fùintagh tg nll lfnrhfrs(::

Ytntf sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls igst tmf stntf ighsa`frnjly lfss pfr lfnrhfr tmnh ac

tmf sndf lfnrhfrs fhrgllf` ah pujlai simggls( Pmf sujsa`y pglaiy as tmfrfcgrf igst

fccaiafht cgr tmf stntf(:9

_0:T Pmf Hgrds curtmfr hgtf tmnt tmf Yimggls Nit fhnjlfs tmf DFI tg ernht sujsaàfs tgrfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggls,

:0nh` rfigr`s tmnt tmf Hgrds tmfdsflvfs nrf ahtfh`f` tg

>1 Atfd 05 gc tmf Hgrds(

:2 A` Atfd 0=(

:> A` Atfd 01(

:: A` Atfd 60(

:9 A`(

:0 A` Atfd >5:(


19/97

INDFZGH K

>1

prgva`f n stnjlf nh` prahiaplf` jnsas cgr DFIs ah nll prgvahifs, tg `fia`f tmf flaeajalaty

cgr sujsa`y nh` tmf lfvfl gc sujsaàfs cgr rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggls(:6

_09T Yujsaàfs nrf inliulntf` gh n pfr$lfnrhfr jnsas niigràhe tg vfracaf` fhrgldfht nt nsimggl nt tmf jfeahhahe gc fnim tfrd(:3 N prgvahianl fùintagh `fpnrtdfht dny `fvantf

crgd tmf sujsa`y nh` cff lfvfls sft gut ah tmf Hgrds ghly gh egg` inusf smgwh tg tmf

hntaghnl @fpnrtdfht(:5

_00T Nt tmf prgvahianl lfvfl, tmf Ownzulu$Hntnl Yimggl Fùintagh Nit:= -O[H Nit! nswfll ns tmf rfeulntaghs sft gut ah tmf Hgtaif Zfenràhe tmf Zfeastrntagh gc nh` Rnydfht gc

Yujsaàfs tg Ah`fpfh`fht Yimggls:1

-O[H Zfeulntaghs! curtmfr dnof fxprfss prnitainl

prgvasagh cgr sujsaàfs tg jf pna` tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls(

:6 A` Atfd >59(

:3 A` Atfd >10(

:5 A` Atfd >19(

:= 9 gc >113( Yff, pnrtaiulnrly, sfitagh 95 gc tmf O[H Nit, wmaim prgva`fs;

->! N rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggl dny nhhunlly, gh gr pragr tg tmf prfsirajf` `ntf, npply tg

tmf Yfirftnry ah wratahe cgr tmf prfsirajf` sujsa`y(

-:! Pmf Yfirftnry dny nt mas'mfr àsirftagh ernht gr rfcusf nh npplaintagh rfcfrrf` tg ah

sujsfitagh ->!( Mf'smf smnll hgt ernht nhy npplaintagh uhlfss mf'smf as sntascaf` tmnt tmf

rfeastfrf` ah`fpfh`fht simggl igdplafs watm tmf prfsirajf` rfquarfdfhts(

-9! Ac tmf Yfirftnry as gc tmf gpahagh tmnt n rfquarfdfht, sujkfit tg wmaim n sujsa`y as ernhtf`

uh`fr sujsfitagh -:!, mns hgt jffh igdplaf` watm, mf'smf dny nt nhy tadf tfrdahntf gr

rfùif tmf sujsa`y crgd n `ntf `ftfrdahf` jy mad'mfr; Rrgva`f` tmnt tmf Yfirftnry smnll,

jfcgrf mf'smf tfrdahntfs gr rfùifs suim sujsa`y, eavf tmf gwhfr gc tmf ah`fpfh`fht

simggl gr mas'mfr rfprfsfhtntavf, nh gppgrtuhaty tg dnof rfprfsfhtntaghs tg mad'mfr ah

ighhfitagh watm tmf prgpgsf` tfrdahntagh gr rfùitagh(

:1 Rrgvahianl Enzfttf 69=5, Rrgvahianl Hgtaif :=5, := Gitgjfr >111(


20/97

INDFZGH K

:2

_06T Yg wmalf at as igrrfit tmnt tmf stntf as hgt gjlaef` tg pny sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fhtsimggls, wmfh at `gfs sg ah tfrds gc hntaghnl nh` prgvahianl lfeaslntagh at as plnahly nitahe

ah niigr`nhif watm ats ùty uh`fr tmf Ighstatutagh ah culcallahe tmf raemt tg n jnsai

fùintagh gc tmf lfnrhfrs nt tmf simggls tmnt jfhfcat crgd tmf sujsa`y( Nh` ghif

egvfrhdfht prgdasfs n sujsa`y, tmf hfentavf raemts gc tmgsf lfnrhfrs tmf raemt hgt tg

mnvf tmfar raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh adpnarf` as adplaintf`( Ns wall fdfref, ghif tmf

ùf `ntf cgr tmf pnydfht gc n prgdasf` sujsa`y mns pnssf`, tmgsf raemts nrf dgst niutfly

adplaintf`(

_03T Ah offpahe watm tmas ighstatutaghnl sfttahe, tmf :22= hgtaif atsflc ilfnrly fhvasnef`tmnt tmf simggls wgul` prfpnrf tmfar juèfts ah rflanhif gh at( Hgt ghly tmnt, jut at wns

fxprfssly assuf` gh tmf jnsas tmnt tmf simggls wgul` ahiur fxpfhàturf rflyahe gh ats

tfrds(

_05T Pmas ighstatutaghnl nh` stntutgry sfttahe dnofs at plnah tmnt tmf :22= hgtaif wns hgtn dfrf rfigr` gc fx erntan pnydfhts tmf @fpnrtdfht prgpgsf` tg nccgr` tmf npplainhts

simggls ns n cnvgur( Hg( Pmf hgtaif wns assuf` ah culcaldfht gc tmf @fpnrtdfhts ùty

uh`fr tmf Ighstatutagh, rfnlasf` ah tmf Yimggls Nit nh` O[H Nit, nh` pnrtaiulnrasf` ah tmf

Hgrds nh` O[H Zfeulntaghs, tg mflp tmf npplainhts simggls `g tmfar kgj gc fùintahe tmf

lfnrhfrs nttfhàhe tmfd( Pmnt ùty stfds crgd tmf cnit tmnt nll lfnrhfrs, ahiluàhe tmgsf nt

ah`fpfh`fht simggls, nrf fhtatlf` tg jnsai fùintagh(


21/97

INDFZGH K

:>

_0=T Fvfh tmguem tmf :22= hgtaif dny hgt mnvf eavfh rasf tg nh fhcgrifnjlf nerffdfhtjftwffh tmf npplainht nh` tmf rfspgh`fhts, at ighstatutf` n pujlaily prgdulentf` prgdasf

tg pny( Nh`, ghif tmf ùf `ntf cgr pnydfht gc n pgrtagh gc tmf sujsa`y mn` pnssf`, tmas

irfntf` n lfenl gjlaentagh uhalntfrnlly fhcgrifnjlf nt tmf ahstnhif gc tmgsf wmg wfrf

ahtfh`f` tg jfhfcat crgd ats prgdasf( Pmas as jy hg dfnhs hfw tg gur lnw( Jfcgrf tmf

Ighstatutagh, tmf Nppfllntf @avasagh cguh` hgtmahe pfiulanr ah tmf hgtagh tmnt tmf stntf

inh uhalntfrnlly dnof n prgdasf tg pny tmnt jfigdfs fhcgrifnjlf nt tmf ahstnhif gc tmgsf

ahtfh`f` tg jfhfcat crgd at( Ah cnit, tmf Igurt cguh` at strnhef tg tmaho tmnt tmf

egvfrhdfhts uh`frtnoahe ah tfrds gc _nT hgtaif inh jf dn`f fhcgrifnjlf ghly ghif at mns

jffh niifptf` nh` ighvfrtf` ahtg n ightrnit( Ah@algoghe Imrgdf Dahfs -F`ds! Jpo v

@arfotfur$Efhfrnnl, @fpnrtfdfht vnh Mnh`fl fh Hywfrmfa`,92

tmnt Igurt sna`;

Hnturnlly, at inh mnppfh tmnt n ightrnitunl rflntaghsmap dny jf irfntf` jftwffh tmf

fxfiutavf nh` n sujkfit, ns wmfrf n igddfrianl nerffdfht as ighilu`f`, jut ah tmf

prfsfht insf wf nrf `fnlahe watm tmf dnoahe nvnalnjlf gc cahnhianl nssastnhif tg sujkfits

crgd tmf Ytntf igccfrs jy wny gc n purfly jfhfcaianl ernht? sgdftmahe sg uhaquf tg tmf

n`dahastrntavf lnw rflntaghsmap tmnt A inh sff hg spnif cgr n cahàhe gc ightrnitunl lanjalaty

gh tmf pnrt gc tmf Ytntf( ( ( ( Nt cnif vnluf tmf hgtaif stntfs tmnt tmf fxfiutavf jah`s tmf

Ytntf tg igdpfhsntf sujkfits wmg dfft ifrtnah rfquarfdfhts( ( ( ( Ah ightrnst tg tmf

92 >11: -0! YN > -N! nt >=I$A( Pmf graeahnl tfxt rfn`s ns cgllgws;

@at onh hntuurlao efjfur `nt h oghtrnotuflf vfrmguàhe efsofp wgr` tussfh àf uatvgfrfh`f

efsne fh h gh`fr`nnh, sggs wnhhffr h ogddfrsalf ggrffhogds jfolaho wgr`, dnnr ah àf

muaàef efvnl as àf jfsoaojnnrstfllahe nnh gh`fr`nhf vnh efl`flaof jystnh` uat àf Ytnntsons `fur

da``fl vnh h suawfr jfeuhstaefh`f jfsoaooahe, afts wnt sg faf as nnh h n`dahastrntafcrfetflaof

vfrmguàhe `nt fo effh ruadtf `nnrah onh safh var h jfvahàhe vnh oghtrnotuflf nnhsprffolaomfa`

vnh Ytnntsonht haf( ( ( ( Gp àf gge nc vfrolnnr àf ofhhasefwahe `nt àf uatvgfrfh`f efsne àf

Ytnnt vfrjah` tgt àf vfregfàhe vnh gh`fr`nhf wnt nnh sfofrf vfrfastfs vgl`gfh( ( ( ( Nh`frs ns ah

àf efvnl vnh twff ahàvaùf wnt gp pravnntrfetflaof tfrrfah jfwffe, as `nnr haos vrffd`s ah àf

ef`netf `nt àf Ytnnt ffhsyàe nnhsprffolaomfa` tffhggr sy gh`fr`nhf gp`gfh haf( Ahtffh`ffl sgu

àt vrffd` wffs gd tf àho `nt àf gwfrmfa` sf gh`frhfdahe ahefvglef àf ofhhasefwahe slfes

`fur da``fl vnh nnhhndf fh gdsofppahe tgt h oghtrno nc`wahejnnr efdnno onh wgr`(


22/97

INDFZGH K

::

satuntagh wmfrf twg ahàvaùnls nrf gpfrntahe ah tmf nrfn gc pravntf lnw, tmfrf as hgtmahe

pfiulanr ah tmf a`fn tmnt tmf Ytntf inh uh`frtnof gjlaentaghs tgwnr`s ats sujkfits

uhalntfrnlly( Gh tmf ightrnry, at wgul` jf strnhef tg tmaho tmnt tmf egvfrhdfhts

uh`frtnoahe ah tfrds gc tmf hgtaif inh jf dn`f fhcgrifnjlf ghly ghif at mns jffh

niifptf` nh` ighvfrtf` ahtg n ightrnit( -Dy trnhslntagh(!

Zftrgnitavf rfùitagh gc sujsaàfs nctfr `ntf cgr pnydfht mns cnllfh ùf

_01T N egvfrhdfht prgdasf tg pny sujsaàfs ah nh npprgxadntf ndguht inh sfl`gd jfahinpnjlf gc rftrnitagh gr rfùitagh( Pmf prahiapnl rfnsgh wall usunlly jf juèftnry

ighstrnahts( Ah`ff`, ah tmas insf tmfrf as hg ah aintagh tg enahsny tmf rfspgh`fhts

fva`fhif tmnt tmf @fpnrtdfht wns mat watm n 5(6& gvfrnll juèftnry iut cgr :221, nh`

tmnt ats ohgio$gh fccfit sadply mn` tg jf adplfdfhtf`( Ns tmf @fpnrtdfht fxplnahf` ah

tmf Dny :221 iariulnr nh` tmf rfspgh`fhts nhswfrahe ncca`nvat, tmf 5(6& iut, ns wf ll ns

tmf n`àtaghnl cuh`s rfquarf` tg intfr cgr tmf hfwly rfeastfrf` := ah`fpfh`fht simggls,

lf` tg tmf 92& rfùitagh nhhguhif`(

_62T Cgr tmfsf rfnsghs, at sffds tg df tmnt tmf lfttfr gc Dny :221 ighstatutf` nhfccfitavf saehnl jy tmf @fpnrtdfht tmnt simggls mfhifcgrtm igul` hg lghefr rfly gh tmf

uh`frtnoahe ah tmf :22= hgtaif( Umftmfr tmnt saehnl igul` jf gvfr$ra``fh ah lnw jy nhy

lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh gh tmf pnrt gc tmf simggls as hgt n qufstagh wf inh `fia`f ah tmas

insf(9>

9> Yff _9>T$_99T njgvf(


23/97

INDFZGH K

:9

_6>T Jut at `gfs hgt cgllgw crgd tmas tmnt tmf @fpnrtdfht as hgt lanjlf cgr pnrt gc tmfpnydfhts prgdasf` cgr :221(

_6:T Ah Rrfdafr, Dpudnlnhen, nh` Nhgtmfr v Fxfiutavf Igddattff, Nssgiantagh gcYtntf$Na`f` Yimggls, Fnstfrh Prnhsvnnl9:-Rrfdafr, Dpudnlnhen!, tmas Igurt sueefstf`

tmnt at dny jf tmnt ah dnhy insfs n rftrgnitavf tfrdahntagh gc jfhfcats wall hgt jf cnar hg

dnttfr wmnt prgifss as cgllgwf` uhlfss tmfrf as nh gvfrraàhe pujlai ahtfrfst(99

Pmas

stntfdfht wns dn`f nlghe tmf wny gc tmf Igurts rfnsghahe -gjatfr!, nh` wns hgt pnrt gc

ats jahàhe jnsas gc kuèdfht( Jut ah dy vafw at rfclfits n sguh` prahiaplf gc gur

ighstatutaghnl lnw( At as tmnt n pujlai gccaianl wmg lnwcully prgdasfs tg pny spfiacaf`

ndguhts tg hndf` rfiapafhts inhhgt uhalntfrnlly àdahasm tmf ndguhts tg jf pna` nctfr tmf

ùf `ntf cgr tmfar pnydfht mns pnssf`( Pmas as hgt jfinusf gc n lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh gc

pnydfht( Lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh rflntfs tg fxpfitf` ighùit( Zntmfr, tmas prahiaplf

ighifrhs nh gjlaentagh tmnt jfindf ùf jfinusf tmf `ntf gh wmaim at wns prgdasf` mn`

nlrfn`y pnssf` wmfh at wns rftrnitf`(

9: _>11=T [NII :2? >111 -:! YN 1> -II!? >111 -:! JILZ >6> -II!(

99 A` nt pnrn 0>, watm tmf cggthgtf` igddfht jy tmf Igurt tmnt _aT t as hgt surprasahe tmnt tmf Furgpfnh Igurt gc

Kustaif mns tnofh tmf vafw tmnt tmf rftrgnitavf adplfdfhtntagh gc pglaiy imnhefs jy egvfrhdfht wall jf uhlnwcul

uhlfss at inh jf smgwh tmnt tmf rftrgnitavaty as kustacaf` jy nh gvfrraàhe pujlai ahtfrfst ( Pmf Ighstatutaghnl Igurt

iatfÒnrl Ypnel v Mnuptzgllndt Zgsfhmfad _>112T FIZA$0691 nh`K Dul`fr v Dahastfr vnh Lnh`jguw fh Sassfrak

_>1==T FIZ :9:> wmfrf tmf Furgpfnh Igurt gc Kustaif mn` tg `fia`f tmf vnlaàty gc ndfh`dfhts ladatahe tmf

ernhtahe gc spfianl rfcfrfhif qunhtatafs tg `nary cnrdfrs( Pmf iruianl ighsa`frntagh gh tmf ndfh`dfhts wns tmfar

rftrgnitavf fccfit gh tmf lfeatadntf fxpfitntaghs gc tmf nccfitf` cnrdfrs( Pmf Furgpfnh Igurt gc Kustaif rfnsghf`

tmnt tmf lfeatadntf fxpfitntaghs gc tmf cnrdfrs ighifrhf` dust jf jnlnhif` watm tmf efhfrnl ahtfrfst gc tmf

Furgpfnh Igdduhaty, jut ah tmnt Igurts fyfs tmf àsiradahntagh igul` hgt jf kustacaf`( Yff nlsg tmf àsiussagh ah

YimwnrzfFurgpfnh N`dahastrntavf Lnw -Ywfft nh` Dnxwfll Ladatf`, Lgh`gh >11:! nt =35$=(


24/97

INDFZGH K

:0

_69T Pmf prahiaplf npplafs ah tmas insf( Pmf simfdf gc tmf Hgrds nh` tmf O[HZfeulntaghs prgva`f cgr tmf `ftfrdahntagh nh` igdduhaintagh gc sujsaàfs gh nh nhhunl

jnsas sg ns tg fhnjlf simggls tg juèft, plnh nh` sft tmfar cff struiturfs cgr tmf cgllgwahe

yfnr( Adpgrtnhtly, tmf simfdf `gfs hgt dfrfly sueefst efhfrnl eua`flahfs cgr pnydfht gc

sujsaàfs prgdasfàt sfts `fn`lahfs(

_60T Atfd >16 gc tmf Hgrds, pgsataghf` uh`fr tmf mfnàhe @ntf gc sujsa`y pnydfhts,rfn`s;

_Rrgvahianl Fùintagh @fpnrtdfhtsT dust fhsurf tmnt tmf carst tfrds sujsa`y as pna` hg

lntfr tmnh > Npral ah fnim simggl yfnr( Yujsfqufht sujsaàfs dust jf pna` hg lntfr tmnh

sax wffos nctfr tmf jfeahhahe gc fnim simggl tfrd(

_66T Yfitagh 62->! gc tmf Yimggls Nit prgva`fs tmnt nh DFI dust jy hgtaif ah tmfRrgvahianl Enzfttf `ftfrdahf rfquarfdfhts cgr ndghest gtmfrs iratfran gc flaeajalaty,

ighàtaghs nh` dnhhfr gc pnydfht gc nhy sujsa`y tg nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl -fdpmnsas

n``f`!( Pmas tmf DFI à` ah tmf O[H Zfeulntaghs( Pmgsf prgva`f tmnt pnydfht gc

sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls wall jf dn`f rftrgnitavfly fnim qunrtfr(90 Pmas

ighcgrds fxnitly watm Atfd >16 gc tmf Hgrds(

90 Zfeulntagh 0-9! gc tmf O[H Zfeulntaghs(


25/97

INDFZGH K

:6

_63T Pmas dfnhs tmnt ghif nh DFI mns, gut gc cuh`s npprgprantf` jy tmf prgvahianllfeaslnturf cgr sujsaàfs, ernhtf` n sujsa`y tg nh ah`fpfh`fht simggl,

96mas gr mfr

`fpnrtdfht mns n lfenl gjlaentagh tg pny hg lntfr tmnh > Npral(93

Pmas gjlaentagh as

fhcgrifnjlf nt tmf ahstnhif gc tmgsf ah cnvgur gc wmgd n prgdasf wns dn`f tg pny n

sujsa`y ghif tmf ùf `ntf cgr tmf pnydfht mns pnssf`( Pmnt gjlaentagh as fhcgrifnjlf

mfrf(

_65T Umfh tmf @fpnrtdfht assuf` ats Dny :221 lfttfr, at wns nlrfn`y gjlaef`, uh`fr tmfHgrds nh` O[H Zfeulntaghs, tg mnvf pna` tmf carst tfrds sujsa`y ns prgdasf` ah tmf

:22= hgtaif( Ats `flny ah `gahe sg ighstatutf` n jrfnim gc ats gjlaentaghs uh`fr tmf Hgrds

nh` tmf Yimggls Nit( At sffds jgtm lfenlly nh` ighstatutaghnlly uhighsiaghnjlf tmnt,

dgrf tmnh n dghtm nctfr tmf carst trnhimf gc tmf prgdasf` sujsa`y mn` nlrfn`y cnllfh ùf

uh`fr tmf hntaghnl Hgrds nh` tmf prgvahianl rfeulntagh, tmf @fpnrtdfht smgul`

pfrfdptgraly rfùif at(95

_6=T At as truf tmnt tmas wns hgt tmf ilnsp gh wmaim tmf npplainht graeahnlly pfeef` atsmgpfs( Pmf npplainht rflaf` ah ats cguhàhe nh` sujsfqufht pnpfrs gh wmnt at sadply nh`

pfrsastfhtly `fsirajf` ns nh fhcgrifnjlf uh`frtnoahe tg pny tmf fhtarf yfnrs sujsa`y

watmgut nhy rfùitagh( Pmas inst tmf ilnad ah ightrnitunl, gr gstfhsajly ightrnitunl,

96 Yfitagh 0=-:! gc tmf Yimggls Nit njgvf h >6(

93 Atfd >16 gc tmf Hgrds(

95 Ah`ff` sgdf simggls, wmfh tmfy fvfhtunlly wfrf pna` tmf carst$trnhimf sujsa`y, wfrf eavfh fvfh lfss tmnh mnlc gc

tmf nhtaiapntf` npprgxadntf ndguht -`fspatf tmf ahàintagh tmnt tmf rfùitagh ah sujsaàfs wgul` hgt jf dgrf tmnh

92&!(


26/97

INDFZGH K

:3

tfrds( Ah dy vafw tmf uh`frtnoahe as ah`ff` fhcgrifnjlf, jut gh jrgn`fr pujlai lnw nh`

rfeulntgry erguh`s rntmfr tmnh jalntfrnl nerffdfht(

_61T Zfigehasahe tmnt tmf jnsas cgr fhcgriahe npgrtagh gc tmf npplainhts ilnad mn` hgtfxprfssly jffh plfn`f`, tmas Igurt nctfr tmf grnl mfnrahe ahvatf` n`àtaghnl wrattfh

sujdassaghs( Pmf pnrtafs vafws wfrf sguemt gh wmftmfr tmf npplainht wgul` jf fhtatlf`

tg nh gr`fr cgr pnydfht gc tmf npprgxadntf sujsaàfs ah tmf laemt gc Atfd >16 gc tmf

Hgrds nh` Zfeulntagh 0-9! gc tmf O[H Zfeulntaghs(9= Curtmfr, tmfy wfrf nccgr`f` nh

gppgrtuhaty tg prfsfht sujdassaghs gh wmftmfr at wgul` jf pfrdassajlf cgr tmf Igurt, ah

tmf laemt gc tmf insf tmf npplainht n`vnhif` nh` tmf fva`fhif, tg ernht pnrtanl rflafc ah

rfspfit gc tmf pgrtagh gc tmf sujsa`y tmnt cfll ùf gh > Npral :221(91

_32T Ah rfspghsf, tmf npplainht nh` tmf ndaius strghely ightfh` tmnt, nt dahadud, Atfd>16 gc tmf Hgrds nh` Zfeulntagh 0-9! gc tmf O[H Zfeulntaghs gjlaef` tmf rfspgh`fhts tg

pny tmf carst$trnhimf pnydfht( Pmf ndaius sujdats tmnt tmf simfdf gc tmf Hgrds

9= Pmf àrfitaghs `ntf` 92 Knhunry :2>9 rfn` ah rflfvnht pnrt ns cgllgws;

As tmf npplainht fhtatlf` tg nh gr`fr cgr pnydfht gc tmf npprgxadntf sujsaàfs cgr tmf wmglf gc tmf

:221 simggl yfnr gr, nt lfnst, tmnt pgrtagh tmnt mn` cnllfh ùf cgr pnydfht gh > Npral :221, gh tmf

jnsas tmnt tmf carst rfspgh`fht as gjlaef` tg `g sg ah tmf laemt gc

n! Atfd >16 gc tmf Hgrds nh` Ytnh`nr`s cgr Yimggl Cuhàhe gc :223? nh`j! Zfeulntagh 0-9! gc tmf Own[ulu$Hntnl Hgtaif Zfenràhe tmf Zfeastrntagh gc nh`

Rnydfht gc Yujsaàfs tg Ah`fpfh`fht Yimggls pujlasmf` uh`fr Rrgvahianl Hgtaif

Hg( :=5 `ntf` := Gitgjfr >111, assuf` uh`fr sfitaghs 03-:! nh` 62->! gc tmf

Ygutm Ncrainh Yimggls Nit =0 gc >113(

91 Pmf àrfitaghs `ntf` 92 Knhunry :2>9 rfn` ah rflfvnht pnrt ns cgllgws;

Ah tmf laemt gc tmf insf tmf npplainht n`vnhif` gh tmf pnpfrs nh` ah grnl nreudfht, nh` tmf

fva`fhif, as at pfrdassajlf cgr tmf Igurt tg ernht pnrtanl rflafc ah rfspfit gc tmf pgrtagh gc tmf

sujsa`y tmnt cfll ùf gh > Npral :221 gh tmf jnsas tmnt tmf rfùitagh ah sujsa`y igul` hgt jf

npplaf` rftrgnitavfly tg tmnt pgrtagh7


27/97

INDFZGH K

:5

-darrgrf` ah tmf O[H Zfeulntaghs! fhsurfs ahirfnsahe ifrtnahty ns pnrtaiulnr dalfstghfs

nrf rfnimf` ah tmf simggl nh` cahnhianl yfnr( Pmf fhtatlfdfht tg rfifavf n sujsa`y

sglaàcafs crgd nh fxpfitntagh, wmfh ahàintavf ndguhts nrf nhhguhif`, tg nh niiruf`

raemt ghif tmf pnydfht `fn`lahf mns pnssf`( Ghif tmnt `ntf mns pnssf` tmfrf as hg lghefr

n lnwcul jnsas gh wmaim tmf sujsa`y ndguhts inh rftrgnitavfly jf rfùif` ns mnppfhf`

mfrf( A nerff watm tmas sujdassagh(

_3>T Pmf rfspgh`fhts niifpt tmnt prgvahianl Zfeulntagh 0-9! dfnhs tmf pnydfht gc nsujsa`y tg n pnrtaiulnr simggl as npprgvf` ah prahiaplf gh nh nhhunl jnsas( Jut tmfy

sujdat at `gfs hgt eunrnhtff tmf lfvfl gc tmf sujsa`y ah nll iariudstnhifs( Pg tmf fxtfht

tmnt tmfrf wns n rftrgspfitavf rfùitagh gc sujsaàfs nlrfn`y ùf nh` pnynjlf, tmf fccfit gc

tmnt rftrgspfitavaty as tg jf tfdpfrf` jy tmf npplainhts ohgwlfèf tmnt tmf ndguht wgul`

jf rfùif` gwahe tg juèftnry ighstrnahts nh` gtmfr fxaefhiafs(02

_3:T Jut tmas nhswfr cnlls erafvgusly smgrt( Pmf rfspgh`fhts prgva`f hg igdpfllahenhswfr tg tmf lfenlly fhcgrifnjlf gjlaentagh tmf Hgrds nh` O[H Zfeulntaghs adpgsf` tg

pny tmf ndguhts prgdasf` ah tmf :22= hgtaif jy > Npral( At inhhgt jf iguhtfhnhif`,

lfenlly gr ighstatutaghnlly, tmnt tmf ndguht gc tmf sujsa`y jf rfùif` uhalntfrnlly nctfr tmf

`ntf cgr pnydfht mns jy rfeulntagh nlrfn`y cnllfh ùf( Pmas as sg rfenr`lfss gc wmftmfr

tmf ahtfh`f` jfhfcaianry daemt mnvf jffh njlf tg àvahf tmf pgssajalaty gc n iut( Pmf

02Pmf rfspgh`fhts rfcfr mfrf tg tmf npplainhts nttfdpts tg mnvf := n`àtaghnl simggls gjtnah sujsaàfs( Yff _5:T

jflgw(


28/97

INDFZGH K

:=

rfspgh`fhts mnh`s wfrf taf` ghif tmf ùf `ntf cgr pnydfht stapulntf` ah tmf rfeulntagh

mn` pnssf`(

_39T Pmf rfnsghs laf ah rflanhif, niiguhtnjalaty nh` rntaghnlaty( Carst, rflanhif( Pmfsimggls juèftf` cgr tmf wmglf yfnr ah rflanhif gh tmf :22= hgtaif( Pmf rfùitagh ah

sujsa`y nhhguhif` ah tmf lfttfr gc Dny :221 wgul` sfvfrfly àsnppgaht tmfd( Jut tmfy

igul` n`kust tmfar cuturf gutlnys( Pmfy igul` hgt `g sg ah rfenr` tg tmf trnhimf tmnt mn`

nlrfn`y cnllfh ùf( Pmfar fhtatlfdfht smgul` tmfrfcgrf jf tnofh tg mnvf irystnllasf`(

_30T Yfigh`, niiguhtnjalaty( Egvfrhnhif as mnr`( Nh` tmf mnr`fst pnrt, hg `gujt, asjuèftahe( Egvfrhdfht gccaianls nrf slnvfs tg tmf rfsgurifs nllgintf` tg tmfd( Juèft

iuts inh lnifrntf tmfar `fpnrtdfhtnl spfhàhe plnhs nh` prgkfitaghs( Mfhif igurts smgul`

rfspfit tmf fccfit gc juèft iuts(0> Jut tmfar adpnit gh tmgsf tg wmgd uh`frtnoahes mnvf

jffh dn`f smgul` jf nhhguhif` quaioly( Ns sdnrtly ns pgssajlf( Ighstatutaghnl

niiguhtnjalaty nh` rfspghsavfhfss `fdnh` tmas(0: At inh hfvfr jf niifptnjlf ah n

0> Yff cgr fxndplf Yggjrndghfy v Dahastfr gc Mfnltm -Ownzulu$Hntnl! _>115T [NII >5? >11= ->! YN 536 -II!?

>115 ->:! JILZ >313 -II! nt pnrn :1, wmfrf tmas Igurt stntf`;

Pmf prgvahianl n`dahastrntagh wmaim as rfspghsajlf cgr mfnltm sfrvaifs ah Own[ulu$Hntnl mns tg

dnof `fiasaghs njgut tmf cuhàhe tmnt smgul` jf dn`f nvnalnjlf cgr mfnltm inrf nh` mgw suim

cuh`s smgul` jf spfht( Pmfsf imgaifs ahvglvf àccaiult `fiasaghs tg jf tnofh nt tmf pglatainl lfvfl

ah caxahe tmf mfnltm juèft, nh` nt tmf cuhitaghnl lfvfl ah `fiaàhe upgh tmf pragratafs tg jf dft( N

igurt wall jf slgw tg ahtfrcfrf watm rntaghnl `fiasaghs tnofh ah egg` cnatm jy tmf pglatainl grenhs

nh` dfàinl nutmgratafs wmgsf rfspghsajalaty at as tg `fnl watm suim dnttfrs(

0: Yfitagh >16 gc tmf Ighstatutagh prgva`fs ah rflfvnht pnrt;

Jnsai vnlufs nh` prahiaplfs egvfrhahe pujlai n`dahastrntagh

->! Rujlai n`dahastrntagh dust jf egvfrhf` jy tmf `fdgirntai vnlufs nh` prahiaplfs

fhsmrahf` ah tmf Ighstatutagh, ahiluàhe tmf cgllgwahe prahiaplfs;

( ( (


29/97

INDFZGH K

:1

`fdgirntai ighstatutaghnl stntf cgr juèft iuts tg jf nhhguhif` tg tmgsf tg wmgd

uh`frtnoahes mnvf jffh dn`f nctfr pnydfht mns jy rfeulntagh nlrfn`y cnllfh ùf(

_36T Lnst, rntaghnlaty( Egvfrhdfht gccaianls dust, ah `fnlahe watm tmgsf wmg nit ahrflanhif gh tmfar uh`frtnoahes, nit rntaghnlly( N juèft iut nhhguhif` ah rflntagh tg

pnydfhts prgdasf` jut hgt yft dn`f wgul` jf rferfttnjlf( Jut at dny jf rntaghnl(

Jfmnvagur nh` fxpfitntaghs inh jf tnalgrf` tg at( Jut at as adpgssajlf tg tnalgr jfmnvagur

nh` fxpfitntaghs tg n prgdasf dn`f ah rflntagh tg n pfrag` tmnt mns nlrfn`y pnssf`(

Zfvgoahe n prgdasf wmfh tmf tadf cgr ats culcaldfht mns nlrfn`y fxparf` `gfs hgt

ighstatutf rntaghnl trfntdfht gc tmgsf nccfitf` jy at(

_33T Pmfsf prahiaplfs npply mfrf( Pmf sujsaàfs prgdasf` ah tmf :22= hgtaif igul` hgtjf sujkfit tg rftrgnitavf àdahutagh ah tmf njsfhif gc nh gvfrraàhe pujlai ahtfrfst(09

Npnrt crgd juèftnry iuts, tmfrf nppfnrs tg jf hghf( Nh`, ah`ff`, tmf cnit tmnt tmf

Hgrds nh` O[H Zfeulntaghs gjlaef` tmf pnydfht gc tmf sujsa`ys carst pgrtagh jy

> Npral :221 dfnht tmnt tmfrf igul` jf hg gvfrraàhe pujlai ahtfrfst ah tmf fx pgst cnitg

rftrnitagh gc tmf prgdasf(

-f! Rfgplfs hff`s dust jf rfspgh`f` tg, nh` tmf pujlai dust jf fhigurnef` tg

pnrtaiapntf ah pglaiy$dnoahe(

-c! Rujlai n`dahastrntagh dust jf niiguhtnjlf(

-e! Prnhspnrfhiy dust jf cgstfrf` jy prgvaàhe tmf pujlai watm tadfly, niifssajlf

nh` niiurntf ahcgrdntagh(

09 YffRrfdafr, Dpudnlnhen njgvf h 9: nt pnrn 0>(


30/97

INDFZGH K

92

_35T Pmf npplainht ighif`fs tmnt at à` hgt spfiacainlly nreuf cgr rflafc gh tmf jnsas gctmf gjlaentagh irfntf` jy tmf rfeulntagh( Mgwfvfr, ats cguhàhe ncca`nvat fxprfssly

ahvgof` Atfd >16 gc tmf Hgrds, nh` rflanhif gh stntutgry gjlaentaghs wns cgrfsmn`gwf`

ah ats pnpfrs(

_3=T Ah suppgrt, tmf ndaius sujdats tmnt n ilnad nrasahe crgd tmf Hgrds rfn` watm tmfO[H Zfeulntaghs as n`fquntfly plfn`f`( Nh`, at snys, tmf fva`fhif gh rfigr` lnys n

succaiafht jnsas tg cah` tmf npplainht simggls mn` n raemt tg jf pna` tmf carst$qunrtfr trnhimf

ùf gh > Npral :221(00 Curtmfr, tmas Igurt mns prfvagusly n`gptf` rfdfàfs cgr n

satuntagh wmfrf n ilnad as nppnrfht crgd tmf pnpfrs nh` tmf fva`fhif, fvfh ac at wns hgt

tmf inusf gc nitagh fxprfssly n`vnhif` gr nreuf`(06

Uatm tmas A nerff( Ns ah tmf insfs tmf

ndaius dfhtaghs, tmfrf as hg prfkuàif tg tmf rfspgh`fhts mfrf(

_31T At cgllgws tmnt tmf npplainht mns fstnjlasmf` nh fhtatlfdfht tg pnydfht gc tmfuh`frtnoahe sft gut ah tmf :22= hgtaif up tg > Npral :221( At as hgt hfifssnry tg `fia`f

wmftmfr, mn` tmf dnttfr jffh plfn`f` gr fva`fhif` àccfrfhtly, tmfrf dny mnvf jffh n

lfeatadntf fxpfitntagh fhtatlahe tmf npplainht tg pnydfht gc tmf cahnl tmrff trnhimfs gc tmf

:221 simggl yfnr sujsa`y(

00 Pmf ndaius rfcfrrf` tmf Igurt tg pgrtaghs gc tmf rfigr` ah wmaim tmf jnsas cgr n ilnad ah pujlai lnw wns plfn`f`

nh`, tmfy ightfh`, fstnjlasmf` gh tmf cnits(

06Dnpmnheg nh` Gtmfrs v Nfheus Lacfstylf Rrgpfrtafs -Rty! Lt`_:2>:T [NII :? :2>: -9! YN 69> -II!? :2>: -6!

JILZ 001 -II! nh`Dnsftlmn v Rrfsa`fht gc tmf Zfpujlai gc Ygutm Ncrain nh` Nhgtmfr_:225T [NII :2? :22= ->!

YN 633 -II!? :22= ->! JILZ > -II!(


31/97

INDFZGH K

9>

_52T Pmf rfspgh`fhts uref` tmnt ac tmf Igurt cah`s tmnt tmf npplainht plfn`f` succaiafhtcnits tg cguh` n rfdf`y ah pujlai lnw, tmfy jf ernhtf` nh gppgrtuhaty tg prfsfht curtmfr

fva`fhif rflfvnht tg nccgr`njalaty( Ah dy vafw, tmfrf as hg hff` cgr curtmfr fva`fhif( Pmf

rfspgh`fhts wfrf hgt fhtatlf` tg rfùif, rftrgnitavfly, sujsaàfs tmf pnydfht `ntf cgr

wmaim mn` pnssf`, rfenr`lfss gc juèftnry n`kustdfhts( Gc igursf nccgr`njalaty as n

dnkgr assuf ah egvfrhnhif( Jut pnydfht `ntfs nrf nlsg gc erfnt saehacainhif tg iatazfhs

nh` gtmfrs rflyahe gh pnydfht crgd tmf pujlai igccfrs( Umfh hntaghnl hgrds nh`

spfiacai rfeulntaghs rfquarf pnydfht jy n pnrtaiulnr `ntf, egvfrhdfht as lfenlly gjlaef` tg

pny(

_5>T Pmas as jy hg dfnhs n rnàinl ahtfrvfhtagh( Niiguhtnjalaty nh` rntaghnlaty `fdnh`tmnt egvfrhdfht prfpnrf ats juèfts tg dfft pnydfht `fn`lahfs( At inhhgt rfnim jnio nh`

àdahasm niiruf` raemts ah gr`fr tg dnhnef ats gwh smgrtcnlls( Nhy curtmfr fva`fhif

rflntahe tg juèftnry ighstrnahts as tmfrfcgrf uhhfifssnry(

Pmf := fxtrn simggls

_5:T At wns n tmfdf gc tmf rfspgh`fhts nhswfrahe ncca`nvats tmnt tmf npplainht mn`sguemt, nctfr tmf :22= hgtaif, tg n`` := fxtrn simggls tg tmf 15 dfdjfrs at prfvagusly

rfprfsfhtf`( At sffds tg df tmnt ghly tmgsf simggls tmnt wfrf nitunlly nccalantf` watm tmf

npplainht nt tmf tadf tmf :22= hgtaif wns àstrajutf`, nh` tmfrfjy rfifavf` hgtaif gc tmf

prgdasf` sujsaàfs, inh jfhfcat crgd at(


32/97

INDFZGH K

9:

Npprgxadntf

_59T Pmf :22= hgtaif sfts gut npprgxadntf cuhàhe lfvfls spfiacaf` ah Znh` ndguhts(Ah dy vafw tmfrf as hg rfnsgh wmy tmas Igurt inhhgt gr`fr n pnrty tg pny nh ndguht gc

dghfy tmnt as npprgxadntf tg n spfiacaf` sud(03

_50T Pmfrf nrf hfatmfr prnitainl hgr laheuastai gjstnilfs tg ernhtahe nh gr`fr tmnt n pnrtydust pny nh gppgsahe lataenht nh npprgxadntf ndguht spfiacaf`( Ns nh n`kfitavf,

npprgxadntf, niigràhe tg tmf Ighiasf Gxcgr` Fhelasm @aitaghnry,05 dfnhs cnarly

niiurntf jut hgt tgtnlly prfiasf( Ah ats vfrjnl sfhsf, at dfnhs tg fstadntf cnarly

niiurntfly( Pmfrf as hg rfnsgh wmy n igurt gr`fr dust jf tgtnlly prfiasf( Igurts

crfqufhtly eavf gr`frs tmnt nrf vfry efhfrnl ah`ff`(0=

Pmf ghly hgvflty mfrf as tmnt tmf

gr`fr rflntfs tg nh npprgxadntf ndguht gc dghfy, nh` at as usunl tmnt ndguhts gc dghfy

pnynjlf jy igurt gr`fr nrf prfiasf(

_56T Pmf :22= hgtaif spfiacaf` fxnit suds, nh` uh`frtggo tg pny tmfd npprgxadntfly(Pmnt as nh gjlaentagh tmnt as igmfrfht nh` lfenlly fhcgrifnjlf( Nh` tmf @fpnrtdfht as

03 Yff, cgr fxndplf, Cluxdnh v Jrattnah >10> N@ :59 nt :19, wmfrf tmf Nppfllntf @avasagh mn` tg ahtfrprft tmf

dfnhahe gcdg`frntf ndguhts ah nh nerffdfht ah wmaim tmf fdplgyff mn` nerff` tg lfnvf mas uh`rnwh smnrf ah

prgcats ah tmf jusahfss( Pah`nll KN cguh` tmf ighàtagh hgt vga` cgr vneufhfss( Gh tmf ightrnry, mf stntf` tmnt n

`ftfrdahntagh gc wmnt dg`frntf ndguhts wgul` dfnh wgul` jf pgssajlf gh fva`fhif gc tmf vnragus rflfvnhtcnits, suim ns, cgr fxndplf, tmf cahnhianl pgsatagh nh` rfquarfdfhts gc tmf jusahfss nt suim tadf( Pmf rfnsghahe jy

tmf gtmfr dfdjfrs gc tmf Igurt dn`f at uhhfifssnry tg n``rfss Pah`nll KNs vafw rfenràhe tmf fhcgrifnjalaty gc

dg`frntf ndguhts( Mgwfvfr, hghf gc tmf gtmfr kuèfs fxplaiatly àsnerff` watm mas ighilusagh gh tmas(

05Ighiasf Gxcgr` Fhelasm @aitaghnry >> f` -Gxcgr` Vhavfrsaty Rrfss, Gxcgr` :221!(

0= Yff, cgr fxndplf, Znal Igddutfrs Nitagh Ergup nh` Gtmfrs v Prnhshft Lt` t'n Dftrgrnal nh` Gtmfrs _:220T

[NII :2? :226 -:! YN 961 -II!? :226 -0! JILZ 92> -II! nt pnrn >>>, wmfrf tmas Igurt dn`f n `filnrntgry gr`fr

stntahe tmnt tmf carst nh` sfigh` rfspgh`fhts wfrf gjlaef` tg fhs urf tmnt rfnsghnjlf dfnsurfs nrf tnofh tg prgva`f

cgr tmf sfiuraty gc rnal igddutfrs(


33/97

INDFZGH K

99

gjlaef` tg fhenef watm tmf simggls tg cah` cahnlaty ah igdplyahe( Pmf @fpnrtdfht wall

tfh`fr pfrcgrdnhif ah tfrds gc tmf Igurts gr`fr( Ac tmf rfiapafht simggls ighsa`fr ats

tfh`fr ahn`fquntfly npprgxadntf tg tmf Znh` ndguhts spfiacaf`, tmfy inh npply tg tmf

Maem Igurt cgr npprgprantf rflafc(

_53T A wgul` gh tmas ladatf` jnsas ernht lfnvf, nllgw tmf nppfnl, nh` eavf nh gr`fr cgrtmf pnydfhts wmaim cfll ùf gh > Npral :221, watm igsts ah tmas Igurt nh` jflgw(

Igh`ghntagh

_55T Pmas Igurt, jy wny gc àrfitaghs `ntf` :0 Gitgjfr :2>:, ahvatf` pnrtafs tg rfspgh`tg sujdassaghs gc tmf ndaius jy 1 Hgvfdjfr :2>:( Pmf rfspgh`fhts fxplnah tmnt ùf tg

nh n`dahastrntavf frrgr tmfy ghly tggo hgtf gc tmas ahvatntagh gh = Hgvfdjfr :2>:,

wmaim as wmfh tmfar iguhsfl jfindf nwnrf gc tmf àrfitaghs( Pmf rfspgh`fhts tmfrfcgrf

sffo igh`ghntagh cgr tmf lntf calahe gc tmfar rfspghsf( Igh`ghntagh as hgt gppgsf` nh`

lattlf prfkuàif, ac nhy, wns succfrf` jy tmf `flnyf` rfspghsf( A wgul` tmfrfcgrf ernht

igh`ghntagh cgr tmf lntf calahe gc tmf sujdassaghs ah rfspghsf tg tmf ndaius wrattfh

sujdassaghs(

Gr`fr

_5=T Pmf cgllgwahe gr`fr as dn`f;>( Igh`ghntagh as ernhtf`(:( Lfnvf tg nppfnl as ernhtf`(


34/97

INDFZGH K ' CZGHFDNH K

90

9( Pmf nppfnl suiiff`s(0( Pmf gr`fr gc tmf Maem Igurt as sft nsa`f nh` ah ats plnif, tmfrf as

sujstatutf

Pmf sfigh` rfspgh`fht as àrfitf` tg pny tg tmf simggls nccalantf` watm tmf

npplainht gh :: Yfptfdjfr :22= tmf npprgxadntf ndguhts spfiacaf` ah tmf

hgtaif gc tmnt `ntf wmaim mn` cnllfh ùf cgr pnydfht gh > Npral :221(

6( Pmf rfspgh`fhts nrf gr`frf` tg pny tmf npplainhts igsts, ah tmas Igurt nh` ahtmf Maem Igurt, ahiluàhe tmf igsts gc twg iguhsfl(

CZGHFDNH K;

_51T Mgw adpgrtnht as tmf lfenl lnjfl ghf nttnimfs tg n sft gc cnits upgh wmaim n pnrtyrflafs cgr n rfdf`y uh`fr tmf lnw7 Hgt `fiasavfly sg, A wgul` sueefst, ah n dnttfr wmfrf

tmf cnits nrf hgt fssfhtanlly àsputf` nh` hg dntfranl prfkuàif tg nhy pnrty clgws crgd

wmntfvfr lnjfl as nssaehf` tg tmfd jy tmf cgrdnlaty gc tmf lnw( Pmas as tmnt oah` gc insf,

jut tmf gppgsahe pnrtafs uref` us tg nttnim àccfrfht lnjfls tg tmf cnits upgh wmaim rflafc

wns sguemt, nh` `ftfrdahf tmf gutigdf niigràhe tg tmf lnjfl( Pmf ahvatntagh smgul` jf

rfsastf`sujstnhif smgul` iguht, hgt cgrd(

_=2T Cgrdnlasd mns dnhy dfnhahes, jut Rrgcfssgr Igrn Mgfxtfr mflpcully `fsirajfsghf gc ats dfnhahes ns n kuàianl tfh`fhiy tg nttnim uhùf adpgrtnhif tg tmf

paefghmglahe gc n lfenl prgjlfd nh` tg ats supfrcaianl gr gutwnr` imnrnitfrastais? nh` n


35/97

CZGHFDNH K

96

ighigdatnht kuàianl tfh`fhiy tg rfly gh tfimhainlaty rntmfr tmnh sujstnhtavf prahiaplf gr

pglaiy, nh` gh ighifptunlasd ahstfn` gc igddgh sfhsf(01

-Cggthgtf gdattf`(! Ymf

fxplnahs;

Ah insfs àsplnyahe cgrdnlastai lfenl rfnsghahe tmf dfrats gctfh sffd strnhefly àvgrif`

crgd tmf gutigdf gc tmf insf, sg tmnt at as àccaiult nh` pfrmnps fvfh fdjnrrnssahe tg

fxplnah tmf insf tg n lnypfrsgh( Pmfrf as gctfh n rflanhif gh wmnt ghf daemt inll ig`f;

lfenlastai smgrtmnh` tmnt lnwyfrs dny uh`frstnh`, mgwfvfr àdly, jut tmnt gtmfrs wall cah`

adpfhftrnjlf nh` nltgeftmfr dystacyahe( Njgvf nll, ns Nlcrf` Igiorfll mns gjsfrvf`,

tmfrf as n tfh`fhiy tg nvga` sujstnhtavf rfnsghs ah tmf cgrd gc dgrnl, fighgdai,

pglatainl, ahstatutaghnl gr gtmfr sgianl ighsa`frntagh_sT nh` ahstfn` tg put up n sirffh gccgrdnl rfnsghs(

62Pmus cgrdnlasd ns A `fsirajf at mfrf crfqufhtly fhtnals n oah` gc

dasàrfitagh; hgt n`vfrtahe tg tmf rfnl gr cuh`ndfhtnl rfnsghs jfmah` n pnrtaiulnr rfsult,

hgt snyahe wmnt ghf rfnlly tmahos(6>

_=>T Pmf cnits mfrf nrf hgt ah àsputf( Ns mn` jffh tmf insf ah prfvagus yfnrs tmfDfdjfr gc Fxfiutavf Iguhial, @fpnrtdfht gc Fùintagh Own[ulu$Hntnl -DFI! ernhtf`

n sujsa`y tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls ah Own[ulu$Hntnl( Gh :: Yfptfdjfr :22= tmf

@fpnrtdfht gc Fùintagh, Own[ulu$Hntnl -@fpnrtdfht! assuf` n hgtaif tg ah`fpfh`fht

simggls -simggls! sfttahe gut npprgxadntf cuhàhe lfvfls cgr tmf yfnr :221( Ns ah tmf

pnst, tmf simggls rflaf` gh tmf prgdasf` sujsa`y cgr tmfar gpfrntagh( @urahe Dny :221

tmf @fpnrtdfht sfht n iariulnr tg tmfd ahàintahe tmnt juèftnry ighstrnahts hfifssatntf` n

rfùitagh gc hgt dgrf tmnh 92& ah tmf sujsa`y nllgintagh cgr tmf cahnhianl yfnr :221'>2(

01Mgfxtfr Ightrnits ah N`dahastrntavf Lnw; Lacf nctfr Cgrdnlasd -:220! >:> YNLK616 nt 615(

62 Igiorfll Znahjgw Kuraspru`fhif ->113! >: YNKMZ > nt 6, rfcfrrahe tg Ntaynm nh` Yuddfrs Cgrd nh`

Yujstnhif ah Nhelg$Ndfrainh Lnw; N Igdpnrntavf Ytu`y gc Lfenl Zfnsghahe, Lfenl Pmfgry, nh` Lfenl Ahstatutaghs

-Ilnrfh`gh Rrfss, Gxcgr` >1=5! nt > cc(

6> Mgfxtfr njgvf h 01 nt 615(


36/97

CZGHFDNH K

93

Pmf sujsaàfs pna` cgr :221 gh nvfrnef rfclfitf` n rfùitagh gc 92& crgd tmf ndguhts

ahàintf` ah tmf ahatanl hgtaif( Pmf npplainht, rfprfsfhtahe tmf simggls, tmfh sguemt tg

fhcgrif tmf uh`frtnoahe tg pny tmf cull ndguht dfhtaghf` ah tmf hgtaif gr n pfrifhtnef

tmfrfgc, ns `ftfrdahf` jy tmf igurt( Ah tmas Igurt, tmf npplainht ightfh`s tmnt n 92&

rfùitagh cnlls gutsa`f nhy uh`frstnhàhe gc npprgxadntf( Cahnlly, nh` dgst

adpgrtnhtly, tmf dnttfr ighifrhs tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh(6:

_=:T Ah tmf dnah kuèdfht Indfrgh K fsimfws cgrdnlasd nh` cah`s cgr tmf npplainht ghtmf jnsas tmnt tmf rftrnitagh gc tmf uh`frtnoahe tg pny dny ghly gpfrntf prgspfitavfly nh`

inhhgt npply tg tmgsf ndguhts cgr wmaim tmf `ntf gc pnydfht mn` pnssf`, tmnt as, cgr tmf

carst tfrd gc :221(69

Mf eavfs sujstnhtavf rfnsghs cgr mglàhe tmf @fpnrtdfht tg ats wgr`

ah rflntagh tg tmnt ladatf` pfrag`(60

_=9T Pmf sujstnhtavf kustacaintagh tmf dnah kuèdfht eavfs cgr prfvfhtahe n pujlaigccaianl crgd rftrnitahe n lnwcul prgdasf tg pny nh ndguht tg sgdfghf nctfr tmf `ntf cgr

pnydfht mns pnssf` as tmnt at as lfenlly nh` ighstatutaghnlly uhighsiaghnjlf66

wmfh

tfstf` nenahst tmf stnh`nr`s gc rflanhif, niiguhtnjalaty nh` rntaghnlaty(63

Jut tmf sndf

dny jf sna` gc tmf prgdasf tg dnof pnydfhts cgr tmf wmglf yfnr, fvfh nctfr tmf

6: Yfitagh :1 gc tmf Ighstatutagh(

69 Yff dnah kuèdfht _3:T njgvf(

60 A` _39T$_5>T njgvf(

66 A` _65T njgvf(

63 A` _39T$_36T njgvf(


37/97

CZGHFDNH K

95

@fpnrtdfht ahàintf` gh 6 Dny :221 tmnt at wns rfùiahe tmf nllgintf` sujsa`y tg pny jy

hgt dgrf tmnh 92&( Pmf npplainht nlsg rflaf` gh tmf prgdasf tg pny tmf lntfr ndguhts?

tmf carst nh` sfigh` rfspgh`fhts rfdnahf` niiguhtnjlf cgr wmnt tmfy mn` `ghf? nh` tmfar

rftrnitagh stall hff`f` tg jf rntaghnl( Yg wmnt prfvfhts tfstahe tmf pnydfht gc tmf lntfr

ndguhts nenahst tmf stnh`nr`s gc rflanhif, niiguhtnjalaty nh` rntaghnlaty7

_=0T Niigràhe tg tmf dnah kuèdfht tmf fhcgrifdfht gc tmas pnrt gc tmf ilnad smgul`mnvf jffh jrguemt uh`fr tmf prgvasaghs gc tmf Rrgdgtagh gc N`dahastrntavf Kustaif Nit65

-RNKN!( Ah n`àtagh, tmf rfigr` gc tmf juèftnry nllgintagh nh` `fiasagh$dnoahe prgifss

wgul` mnvf jffh maemly pfrtahfht tg fhcgrif n ilnad nt n`dahastrntavf lnw(6=

_=6T A nerff watm tmf rfnsghahe tmnt at as kust nh` fquatnjlf tg fhcgrif tmf prgdasf dn`fjy tmf @fpnrtdfht, jut A ighsa`fr tmnt tmas rntaghnlf nlsg npplafs tg tmf prgdasfs dn`f cgr

tmf wmglf gc tmf yfnr, hgt ghly cgr tmf carst tfrd( At as cgr tmas rfnsgh tmnt A tnof assuf watm

tmf dnah kuèdfht( Ah n`àtagh, tg tmf fxtfht tmnt n lnjfl eavfh tg n ilnad as `fiasavf, tmf

npplainhts wmglf ilnad dny igdcgrtnjly jf niigddg`ntf` watmah tmf lnw gc ightrnit,

ns at as plfn`f`( Pmf carst rfnsgh sffos tg fhenef watm tmf rfnsghahe gc tmf dnah kuèdfht

nh` niifpts ats prfdasfs, jut nttfdpts tg pusm ats rfnim curtmfr gh tmf jnsas gc ats gwh

lgeai( Pmf sfigh` `fnls watm tmf cgrdnlastai nreudfht, hgt dn`f ah tmf dnah kuèdfht,

65 9 gc :222(

6= Yff dnah kuèdfht _9>T$_9:T njgvf(


38/97

CZGHFDNH K

9=

tmnt tmf gutigdf as àitntf` jy lnjfls n prgpgsatagh A rfsast, jut hfvfrtmflfss cffl

igdpfllf` tg dfft gh ats gwh tfrds(

Rrgifùrf nh` sujstnhif

_=3T Pmf npplainht jrguemt ats npplaintagh jy wny gc hgtaif gc dgtagh( Fvfh ac at imgsfrfvafw gc n`dahastrntavf nitagh ns tmf cgrdnl lnjfl at wns hgt gjlaef` tg usf rulf 6961

61 Zulf 69 gc tmf Vhacgrd Zulfs gc Igurt prgva`fs;

Zfvafws(

->! Ynvf wmfrf nhy lnw gtmfrwasf prgva`fs, nll prgiffàhes tg jrahe uh`fr rfvafw tmf

`fiasagh gr prgiffàhes gc nhy ahcfragr igurt nh` gc nhy trajuhnl, jgnr` gr gccaifr

pfrcgrdahe kuàianl, qunsa$kuàianl gr n`dahastrntavf cuhitaghs smnll jf jy wny gc hgtaif

gc dgtagh àrfitf` nh` `flavfrf` jy tmf pnrty sffoahe tg rfvafw suim `fiasagh gr

prgiffàhes tg tmf dneastrntf, prfsaàhe gccaifr gr imnardnh gc tmf igurt, trajuhnl gr

jgnr` gr tg tmf gccaifr, ns tmf insf dny jf, nh` tg nll gtmfr pnrtafs nccfitf

-n! inllahe upgh suim pfrsghs tg smgw inusf wmy suim `fiasagh gr prgiffàhes

smgul` hgt jf rfvafwf` nh` igrrfitf` gr sft nsa`f, nh`

-j! inllahe upgh tmf dneastrntf, prfsaàhe gccaifr, imnardnh gr gccaifr, ns tmf insf

dny jf, tg `fspntim, watmah cactffh `nys nctfr rfifapt gc tmf hgtaif gc dgtagh, tg

tmf rfeastrnr tmf rfigr` gc suim prgiffàhes sguemt tg jf igrrfitf` gr sft nsa`f,

tgeftmfr watm suim rfnsghs ns mf as jy lnw rfquarf` gr `fsarfs tg eavf gr dnof,nh` tg hgtacy tmf npplainht tmnt mf mns `ghf sg(

-:! Pmf hgtaif gc dgtagh smnll sft gut tmf `fiasagh gr prgiffàhes sguemt tg jf rfvafwf` nh`

smnll jf suppgrtf` jy ncca`nvat sfttahe gut tmf erguh`s nh` tmf cnits nh` iariudstnhifs

upgh wmaim npplainht rflafs tg mnvf tmf `fiasagh gr prgiffàhes sft nsa`f gr igrrfitf`(

-9! Pmf rfeastrnr smnll dnof nvnalnjlf tg tmf npplainht tmf rfigr` `fspntimf` tg mad ns

ncgrfsna` upgh suim tfrds ns tmf rfeastrnr tmahos npprgprantf tg fhsurf ats sncfty, nh` tmf

npplainht smnll tmfrfupgh inusf igpafs gc suim pgrtaghs gc tmf rfigr` ns dny jf hfifssnry

cgr tmf purpgsfs gc tmf rfvafw tg jf dn`f nh` smnll curhasm tmf rfeastrnr watm twg igpafs

nh` fnim gc tmf gtmfr pnrtafs watm ghf igpy tmfrfgc, ah fnim insf ifrtacaf` jy tmf npplainht

ns truf igpafs( Pmf igsts gc trnhsiraptagh, ac nhy, smnll jf jgrhf jy tmf npplainht nh` smnll

jf igsts ah tmf inusf(

-0! Pmf npplainht dny watmah tfh `nys nctfr tmf rfeastrnr mns dn`f tmf rfigr` nvnalnjlf tgmad, jy `flavfry gc n hgtaif nh` niigdpnhyahe ncca`nvat, ndfh`, n`` tg gr vnry tmf tfrds

gc mas hgtaif gc dgtagh nh` supplfdfht tmf suppgrtahe ncca`nvat(

-6! Ymgul` tmf prfsaàhe gccaifr, imnardnh gr gccaifr, ns tmf insf dny jf, gr nhy pnrty

nccfitf` `fsarf tg gppgsf tmf ernhtahe gc tmf gr`fr prnyf` ah tmf hgtaif gc dgtagh, mf

smnll

-n! watmah cactffh `nys nctfr rfifapt jy mad gc tmf hgtaif gc dgtagh gr nhy

ndfh`dfht tmfrfgc `flavfr hgtaif tg tmf npplainht tmnt mf ahtfh`s sg tg gppgsf

nh` smnll ah suim hgtaif nppgaht nh n``rfss watmah faemt oalgdftrfs gc tmf gccaif


39/97

CZGHFDNH K

91

tmf prgifùrnl dfimnhasd cgr n rfvafw cgr tmnt purpgsf( Pmf rulf fxasts prahiapnlly ah

tmf ahtfrfsts gc nh npplainht, nh` nh npplainht inh imggsf tg wnavf n prgifùrnl raemt(32

Ah

tmas insf, wmfrf n lataenht jrahes prgiffàhes nenahst tmf stntf, tmf lnttfr inh nlwnys, ah

nhswfr tg nh gràhnry npplaintagh, supply tmf rfigr` gc tmf prgiffàhes nh` tmf rfnsghs

cgr ats `fiasagh(3> Pmfrf wns tmus hgtmahe ah tmf cgrd gc tmf prgiffàhes ah tmf Maem

Igurt tmnt prfvfhtf` tmf carst nh` sfigh` rfspgh`fhts crgd prgùiahe tmf rfigr` gc tmf

juèft nllgintagh nh` `fiasagh$dnoahe ah rfenr` tmfrftg, gr nhytmahe flsf tmfy ighsa`frf`

rflfvnht( Pmfy igul` mnvf `ghf at wmftmfr tmf ilnad wns jnsf` ah ightrnit gr ah

n`dahastrntavf lnw( Pmf jlndf cgr tmfar cnalurf tg `g sg inhhgt jf lna` nt tmf npplainhts

`ggr(

_=5T Pmf rflanhif tmf npplainht plnif` gh tmf prgdasf tg pny wns n rflanhif tmnt tmfprgdasf` ndguhts wfrf cgr tmf wmglf cahnhianl yfnr, hgt ghly cgr tmf carst tfrd(3: Pmf

simggls juèftf` cgr tmf wmglf yfnr ah rflanhif gh tmf hgtaif( Pmfrf as hgtmahe gh rfigr`

gc tmf rfeastrnr nt wmaim mf wall niifpt hgtaif nh` sfrvaif gc nll prgifss ah suim

prgiffàhes? nh`

-j! watmah tmarty `nys nctfr tmf fxpary gc tmf tadf rfcfrrf` tg ah sujrulf -0! mfrfgc,

`flavfr nhy ncca`nvats mf dny `fsarf ah nhswfr tg tmf nllfentaghs dn`f jy tmf

npplainht(

-3! Pmf npplainht smnll mnvf tmf raemts nh` gjlaentaghs ah rfenr` tg rfplyahe ncca`nvats sft gut

ah rulf 3(

-5! Pmf prgvasaghs gc rulf 3 ns tg sft `gwh gc npplaintaghs smnll dutntas dutnhàs npply tg tmf

sft `gwh gc rfvafw prgiffàhes(

32Kgiofy Iluj gc Ygutm Ncrain v Cgrjfs >119 ->! YN 301 -N@! nt 33>(

3>Ygutm Ncrainh Cggtjnll Nssgiantagh v Ytnhtgh Ugg`rusm -Rty! Lt` t'n Ytnh Yda`t # Yghs nh` Nhgtmfr :229 -9! YN

9>9 -YIN! nt pnrn 6(

3:Pmf hgtaif as mfn`f YVJYA@AFY PG AH@FRFH@FHP YIMGGLY :221'>2( O[H Fùintagh Yujsa`y hgtaif

`ntf` :: Yfptfdjfr :22=( Yff nlsg dnah kuèdfht _9T njgvf(


40/97

CZGHFDNH K

02

tg ahàintf tmnt tmfy wfrf prfkuàif` ghly ah rfspfit gc tmf fnrlafr trnhimfs pna` jut hgt ah

rfspfit gc tmf lntfr ghfs(

_==T Pmf niiguhtnjalaty gc tmf rfspgh`fhts sadalnrly à` hgt stgp nt tmf fh` gc tmf carsttfrd( Niiguhtnjalaty as nh ghegahe nh` cuh`ndfhtnl rfspghsajalaty uh`fr tmf

Ighstatutagh(39

_=1T Umnt rfdnahs ah tmf sujstnhtavf nhnlysas as tmf qufstagh gc rntaghnlaty( Gh tmfrfspgh`fhts gwh vfrsagh, tmf igst gc niigddg`ntahe tmf lfnrhfrs ah pujlai simggls

wgul` ahirfnsf tmf juèft jy nt lfnst 6& ah Own[ulu$Hntnl nlghf, ns gppgsf` tg offpahe

tmfd ah tmf ah`fpfh`fht simggls( Zfdfdjfr tmnt uh`fr tmf Jall gc Zaemts, fvfryghf mns

tmf raemt tg n jnsai fùintagh(30

At as nh uhqunlacaf` raemt(36

Pmfrf as hg rntaghnl jnsas tmnt

A inh àsifrh mgw tmf dfnhs usf`rfùiahe tmf sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls inh

rntaghnlly n`vnhif gr ightrajutf tg tmf fh` tmf n`vnhifdfht gc tmf raemt tg n jnsai

fùintaghac at wall fccfitavfly rnasf tmf igst gc pujlai jnsai fùintagh(

39 Yfitagh > gc tmf Ighstatutagh ah tmf rflfvnht pnrt prgva`fs;

Pmf Zfpujlai gc Ygutm Ncrain as ghf, sgvfrfaeh, `fdgirntai stntf cguh`f` gh tmf cgllgwahe

vnlufs;

-`! Vhavfrsnl nùlt succrnef, n hntaghnl igddgh vgtfrs rgll, rfeulnr flfitaghs nh` n dulta$

pnrty systfd gc `fdgirntai egvfrhdfht, tg fhsurf niiguhtnjalaty, rfspghsavfhfss nh`

gpfhhfss(

Yfitagh >16->! gc tmf Ighstatutagh ah tmf rflfvnht pnrt prgva`fs;

Rujlai n`dahastrntagh dust jf egvfrhf` jy tmf `fdgirntai vnlufs nh` prahiaplfs fhsmrahf` ah tmf

Ighstatutagh, ahiluàhe tmf cgllgwahe prahiaplfs;

-c! Rujlai n`dahastrntagh dust jf niiguhtnjlf(

30 A` sfitagh :1->!(

36 Yff Egvfrhahe Jg`y gc tmf Kudn Duska` Rradnry Yimggl nh` Gtmfrs v Fssny HG nh` Gtmfrs _:2>>T [NII >9?

:2>> -=! JILZ 53> -II! nt pnrn 95(


41/97

CZGHFDNH K

0>

_12T Pmnt as tmf carst rfnsgh cgr dy àsnerffdfht watm tmf ladatf` ndjat gc tmf dnahkuèdfhts cahàhe, hndfly tmnt ats sujstnhtavf lgeai gr rfnsghahe rfnimfs curtmfr tmnh at

as prfpnrf` tg iguhtfhnhif(

_1>T Pmf sfigh` as tmnt ac wf mnvf tg usf cgrdnl lnjfls, wmaim tmf pnrtafs uref` us tg `g,tmf npplainhts imgaif gc ightrnit as plnusajlf nh` niifptnjlf( Jut cgr tmnt tg jf `ghf

sgdf igjwfjs hff` tg jf ilfnrf`(

Rujlai'pravntf lnw àva`f

_1:T Pmf àstahitagh jftwffh pujlai nh` pravntf lnw igdfs tg us crgd Zgdnh lnw( 33 Pgtmf fxtfht tmnt tmf àstahitagh rfstf` gh tmf ùnl nssudptaghs tmnt pujlai lnw `fnlt watm

uhfqunl pgwfr rflntaghsmaps nh` wns pglatainl ah hnturf, wmalf pravntf lnw wns npglatainl

lnw jftwffh fqunls,35 at hff`s jfttfr kustacaintagh, jut tmnt as hgt gur ighifrh mfrf( Cgr

prfsfht purpgsfs at succaifs tg stntf tmnt tmas Igurt mns rfigehasf` tmnt uh`fr tmf

Ighstatutagh tmf àva`f jftwffh pujlai nh` pravntf lnw as dgrf àccusf,3=

nh` tmnt gur

33Igiorfll Inh Qgu Rnrnàed7 Nhgtmfr Rfrspfitavf gh tmf Rujlai Lnw'Rravntf Lnw @ava`f ah Jfhhftt nh`

Gtmfrs -f`s!N`dahastrntavf Lnw Zfcgrd -Kutn # Ig, Lt`, Inpf Pgwh >119!(

35 A` nt ::=(

3=Znal Igddutfrs Nitagh Ergup nh` Gtmfrs v Prnhshft Lt` t'n Dftrgrnalnh` Gtmfrs _:220T [NII :2? :226 -:! YN

961 -II!? :226 -0! JILZ 92> -II! nt pnrn 5= nh` MgfxtfrN`dahastrntavf Lnw ah Ygutm Ncrain : f` -Kutn, Inpf

Pgwh :2>:! nt 003$6>(


42/97

CZGHFDNH K

0:

igurts mnvf fhcgrif` nerffdfhts ighilu`f` ah rfspghsf tg iariulnrs gr hgtaifs sfttahe gut

tmf tfrds gh wmaim egvfrhdfhtnl sujsaàfs dny jf prgiurf`(31

_19T Pmfrf as tmus hgtmahe ah prahiaplf tmnt mah`frs ghf crgd fhquarahe wmftmfr tmf cnitsjfcgrf us dny nttrnit tmf lnjfl gc jfahe n ightrnit uh`fr gur lnw( Ah tmnt fhquary at wall

jf usfcul tg fxndahf wmftmfr tmfrf as nhytmahe tmnt prfvfhts ighstruitahe tmas dnttfr ns

ghf cnllahe uh`fr tmf lnw gc ightrnit crgd jgtm pfrspfitavfs, tmf lnw gc ightrnit gh tmf

ghf mnh` nh` n`dahastrntavf lnw gh tmf gtmfr(52 Pmfsf pfrspfitavfs gvfrlnp nh` nrf

ahtfrighhfitf`, jut ighvfhafhif pfrdats sfpnrntf àsiussagh jfcgrf `rnwahe tmf strahes

tgeftmfr ah ighilusagh(

Rurf ightrnit

_10T Gur lnw gc ightrnit, uhlaof Fhelasm lnw, fhcgrifs prgdasfs sfragusly dn`f, hgtjnrenahs(5> Hgt nll prgdasfs nrf fhcgrif`, ghly tmgsf dn`f sfragusly nh` `flajfrntfly

nh` watm tmf ahtfhtagh tmnt n lnwcul gjlaentagh smgul` jf fstnjlasmf`, ah tmf wgr`s gc

Ufssfls NKN ah Ighrnàf v Zgssguw(5:

Pmfrf mnvf jffh àccfrfht cgrdulntaghs gc tmas

rf`flaof ggrsnno gr uh`frlyahe inusf cgr n ightrnit,59

jut wmnt Ighrnàf sfttlf` dgrf

31 YffDahastfr gc Mgdf Nccnars nh` Nhgtmfr v Ndfrainh Hahkn AS Rnrthfrsmap nh` Nhgtmfr>119 ->! YN :65 -N@!

-Hahkn!(

52Igdpnrf Cfrrfarn Pmf ûfst cgr Ilnraty; Nh Fxndahntagh gc tmf Lnw Egvfrhahe Rujlai Ightrnits -:2>>! >:=

YNLK>5: nt >56(

5> Yff Imrastaf Pmf Lnw gc Ightrnit ah Ygutm Ncrain 6 f` -LfxasHfxas Juttfrwgrtms, @urjnh :223! nt =(

5: >1>1 N@ :51 nt 9:0(

59 A`, @f Sallafrs NKN, wratahe cgr tmf dnkgraty gc tmf igurt sna`, nt 9:2;


43/97

CZGHFDNH K

09

tmnh 12 yfnrs neg wns tmnt ighsa`frntagh as hgt n rfquarfdfht cgr n vnla` ightrnit ah gur

lnw(50

Nh` nltmguem tmf uh`frlyahe rntaghnlf cgr rfkfitahe ighsa`frntagh ns n sfpnrntf

rfquarfdfht cgr tmf vnlaàty gc n ightrnit as tmnt dfrf sfragus nerffdfht jftwffh pnrtafs

as succaiafht tg ighstatutf n ightrnit, gur lnw as nlsg prnitainl fhguem tg rfigehasf tmnt at

dust, ns n efhfrnl rulf, ighifrh atsflc watm tmf fxtfrhnl dnhacfstntaghs, nh` hgt tmf

wgroahes gc tmf dah`s gc pnrtafs tg n ightrnit(56 Umfh n pfrsgh tmus fxprfssfs mas gr mfr

ahtfhtagh ah rflntagh tg tmf cgrdntagh gc n ightrnit tmf `fiasavf qufstagh as gctfh hgt wmnt

mf gr smf sujkfitavfly ahtfh`f`, jut wmnt at lfn`s tmf gtmfr pnrty, ns n rfnsghnjlf pfrsgh,

tg jflafvf wns mas gr mfr ahtfhtagh(53 Ghif nenah, tmas mns jffh cgrdulntf` ah dnhy wnys

jy gur igurts( Rfrmnps tmf dgst cndgus nh` fhùrahe as tmnt gc Ahhfs K ahRaftfrs # Ig v

Ynlgdgh;55

Umfh n dnh dnofs nh gccfr ah plnah nh` uhndjaeugus lnheunef, wmaim as uh`frstgg` ah

ats gràhnry sfhsf jy tmf pfrsgh tg wmgd at as n``rfssf`, nh` niifptf` jy mad jghn ca`f

ah tmnt sfhsf, tmfh tmfrf as n ighilu`f` ightrnit( Nhy uhfxprfssf` rfsfrvntaghs ma``fh ah

Niigràhe tg gur lnw ac twg gr dgrf pfrsghs, gc sguh` dah` nh` inpnjlf gc ightrnitahe, fhtfr

ahtg n lnwcul nerffdfht, n vnla` ightrnit nrasfs jftwffh tmfd fhcgrifnjlf jy nitagh( Pmf

nerffdfht dny jf cgr tmf jfhfcat gc tmf ghf gc tmfd gr gc jgtm - Ergtaus 9(3(:!( Pmf prgdasf dust

mnvf jffh dn`f watm tmf ahtfhtagh tmnt at smgul` jf niifptf` -Ergtaus 9(>(0=!? niigràhe tg Sgft

tmf nerffdfht dust mnvf jffh fhtfrf` ahtgsfrag ni `flajfrntg nhadg( Nh` tmas as wmnt as dfnht jy

snyahe tmnt tmf ghly flfdfht tmnt gur lnw rfquarfs cgr n vnla` ightrnit as ighsfhsus, hnturnlly

watmah prgpfr ladatsat smgul` jf ah gr`f rf laiatn ni mghfstn(

Yglgdgh NIK wns dgrf suiiahit, nt :==;

Nh nerffdfht jftwffh twg gr dgrf pfrsghs fhtfrf` ahtg sfragusly nh` `flajfrntfly as fhcgrifnjlf

jy nitagh(

Yff nlsg Ynndjgu$Hnsaghnlf Jguvfrfhaeahe v Craf`dnh >151 -9! YN 15= -NN! -Ynndjgu! nt 112$>(

50Ighrnàf njgvf h 5: nt :=1(

56Ygutm Ncrainh Znalwnys # Mnrjgurs v Hntaghnl Jnho gc Ygutm Ncrain, Lt`>1:0 N@ 520 -YN Znalwnys! nt 5>6$3(

53 Yff nlsg, cgr n curtmfr fxndplf, Yghnp Rftrglfud -YN! -Rty! Lt` -cgrdfrly ohgwh ns Yghnrfp -YN! -Rty! Lt`! v

Rnppn`geanhas >11: -9! YN :90 -N@! nt :91(

55 >1>> N@ >:> nt >95(


44/97

CZGHFDNH K

00

tmf dah` gc tmf prgdasgr nrf ah suim iariudstnhifs arrflfvnht( Mf inhhgt jf mfnr` tg sny

tmnt mf dfnht mas prgdasf tg jf sujkfit tg n ighàtagh wmaim mf gdattf` tg dfhtagh, nh`

gc wmaim tmf gtmfrpnrty wns uhnwnrf(

_16T Ah Ynndjgu5= at wns stntf` tmnt at wgul` lfn` tg erfntfr ilnraty ac tmf ighifpts gcrf`flaof ggrsnno nh` tmnt gcnhadus ightrnmfhà -ahtfhtagh tg ightrnit! jf sfpnrntf`, sg

tmnt tmf lnttfr smgul` hgt gvfrlnp watm tmf cgrdfr(51 Pmf ahtfhtagh tg ightrnit wgul` tmfh

jf cguh` ah tmf fxprfss gr adplaf` ahtfhtagh tg jf jguh` jy tmf niifptnhif gc nh gccfr

dn`f( Ah tmf ightfxt gc nssfssahe tmf ahtfhtagh gc tmf gccfrgr, Rrgcfssgr Imrastaf snys;

_PTmf pmrnsf lnio gc nhadus ightrnmfhà as npprgprantf tg `fsirajf tmgsf insfs ah

wmaim crgd tmf surrguhàhe iariudstnhifs gr tmf dnhhfr ah wmaim tmf gccfr wns dn`f,

gr jgtm, at as ilfnr tg tmf igurt nh` wns gr guemt tg mnvf jffh ilfnr tg tmf gccfrff tmnt tmf

gccfr wns hgt ahtfh`f` tg jf tnofh sfragusly( =2

_13T At inh mnr`ly jf enahsna` tmnt tmf prgdasf jy tmf @fpnrtdfht tg pny tmf sujsaàfswns dn`f watm tmf sfragus ahtfhtagh tg mghgur tmf prgdasf( Pmnt tmf uh`frlyahe inusf cgr

dnoahe at wns ats stntutgraly uh`frtnofh gjlaentagh dnttfrs hgt nt tmas stnef, nltmguem at

daemt plny n rglf lntfr ah `ftfrdahahe tmf lfenlaty gc tmf ightrnit(

_15T Ns cnr ns tmf ahtfhtagh tg ightrnit -nhadus ightrnmfhà! as ighifrhf`, at sffds tgdf tg jf sgdfwmnt nrtacaianl tg sny tmnt fvfh tmguem tmf prgdasf tg pny tmf sujsaàfs wns

5=Ynndjgu njgvf h 59(

51 A` nt 11>(

=2 Njgvf h 5> nt 92(


45/97

CZGHFDNH K

06

dn`f sfragusly watm tmf ahtfhtagh tg mghgur tmf prgdasf, at wns dn`f watm hg ighifrh ns

tg wmftmfr tmf simggls wgul` niifpt tmf sujsa`y( A nerff watm tmf cahàhe dn`f ah tmf

dnah kuèdfht tmnt tmf simggls nitf` ah rflanhif gh tmf prgdasf tmnt tmf sujsa`y wgul` jf

pna` tg tmfd( Pmf @fpnrtdfht wns, gr smgul` mnvf jffh, nwnrf gc tmas( A wgul` n`` tmnt

tmas ahcfrfhif as strfhetmfhf` jy tmf ighùit gc tmf pnrtafs ah rflntagh tg tmf pnydfht gc

sujsaàfs ah prfvagus yfnrs nctfr sadalnr prgdasfs gc pnydfht( Ah purfly ightrnit lnw

tfrds, uhnccfitf` jy pgssajlf n`dahastrntavf lnw ighsa`frntaghs, at sffds tg df tmnt tmf

pnst nh` prfsfht ighùit gc tmf @fpnrtdfht wgul` mnvf sntascaf` tmf rfquarfdfht gc

ahtfhtagh tg ightrnit mn` tmf prgdasf jffh dn`f jy at ns n pravntf pfrsgh(

_1=T Jy pnraty gc rfnsghahe tmf sndf dust jf sna` ah rflntagh tg niifptnhif gc tmfprgdasf tg pny tmf sujsa`y jy tmf simggls( Pmfar ighùit ah rfnitagh tg tmf prgdasf dn`f

ah :22=, tmf sndf ns wmnt at wns tg sadalnr sujsa`y prgdasfs dn`f nh` fxfiutf` ah

prfvagus yfnrs, as dgrf tmnh n`fquntf fva`fhif gc niifptnhif(=>

_11T Pmf ightfht gc tmf prgdasf as fhcgrifnjlf, cgr tmf rfnsghs sft gut ah tmf dnahkuèdfht(

=:

_>22T Ightrnit lnw, uhnccfitf` jy n`dahastrntavf lnw ighsa`frntaghs, as tmus hg jnr tgcahàhe cgr tmf npplainht ah ightrnit( @g n`dahastrntavf lnw gr gtmfr pujlai lnw

=> Gccfr nh` niifptnhif dny jf `fdghstrntf` jy ighùit; sff YN Znalwnys njgvf h 56(

=: Yff dnah kuèdfht _52T$_5>T njgvf(


46/97

CZGHFDNH K

03

ighsa`frntaghs prfvfht tmf prgdasf gc tmf sujsa`y nh` ats niifptnhif jfahe rfigehasf` ns

n ightrnit7

Ightrnit nh` pujlai n`dahastrntagh

_>2>T Pmf pgtfhtanl ahtfrplny jftwffh prahiaplfs gc ightrnit lnw nh` tmgsf gcn`dahastrntavf lnw as n ightfstf` nh` ightrgvfrsanl sujkfit gh wmaim, A tmaho at as cnar tg

sny, tmf cahnl wgr` mns yft tg jf spgofh(=9

Pmas insf `gfs hgt ahvglvf prgiurfdfht, n

dnkgr nrfn gc àsputf( Cgr prfsfht purpgsfs wf smgul` rfstrait tmf ahquary ahtg tg wmftmfr

n`dahastrntavf lnw prahiaplfs adpnit gh; carst, tmf cgrdntagh gc n ightrnit jftwffh tmf

simggls nh` tmf @fpnrtdfht? sfigh`, tmf ightfht gc tmf ightrnit? nh` tmar`, tmf

tfrdahntagh gc tmf ightrnit(=0

Crgd wmnt cgllgws at wall jf nppnrfht tmnt ah npplainjlf

ahstnhifs n`dahastrntavf gr pujlai lnw ighsa`frntaghs dny igdf ahtg plny nt fnim gc tmfsf

lfvfls, jut gh tmf cnits jfcgrf us at as ghly hfifssnry tg ighsa`fr tmf carst, hndfly tmgsf

rflfvnht tg tmf cgrdntagh gc tmf ightrnit(

=9@fiasaghs ah tmf Yuprfdf Igurt gc Nppfnl `g hgt nppfnr tg jf nltgeftmfr mnrdghagus; igdpnrf Egvfrhdfht gc tmfZfpujlai gc Ygutm Ncrain v Pmnjasg Imfdainls -Rty! Lt` :221 ->! YN >39 -YIN!? Lgejrg Rrgpfrtafs II v

Jf``frsgh HG nh` Gtmfrs :229 -:! YN 032 -YIN!? nh` Inpf Dftrgpglatnh Iguhial v Dftrg Ahspfitagh Yfrvaifs

-Ufstfrh Inpf! II nh` Gtmfrs :22> -9! YN >2>9 -YIN!( Cgr nin`fdai àsiussagh sff; Jgltgh Pmf Lnw gc

Egvfrhdfht Rrgiurfdfht ah Ygutm Ncrain -LfxasHfxas Juttfrwgrtms, @urjnh :225!? Mgfxtfr njgvf h 01? Mgfxtfr

njgvf h 3=? Cfrrfarn njgvf h 52? nh` ûahgt Ytntf Igddfrianl Nitavaty; N Lfenl Crndfwgro-Kutn # Ig( Lt`, Inpf

Pgwh :221!(=0 Igdpnrf Cfrrfarn njgvf h 52 nt >50 cc(


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CZGHFDNH K

05

_>2:T At as nh n`kuhit gc tmf rulf gc lnw, gr lfenlaty, tmnt tmf stntf inhhgt nit gutsa`f atsighstatutaghnl gr lfeaslntavf pgwfrs(

=6Pmfrf as hg àsputf mfrf tmnt tmf stntf dny nwnr`

sujsaàfs tg ah`fpfh`fht simggls ah tfrds gc tmf Ighstatutagh(=3

Hgr as at àsputf` tmnt tmf

sujsa`y wns ernhtf` tg tmf simggls ah tfrds gc sfitagh 0= gc tmf Ygutm Ncrainh Yimggls

Nit(=5 Nh` ns wf mnvf sffh crgd tmf Hahkn insf,== pnydfht gc pujlai sujsaàfs dny jf

`ghf jy wny gc ightrnit ah gur lnw( Pmf ighstrnaht `fravf` crgd n`dahastrntavf lnw mfrf

as tmus hgt ghf jnsf` gh tmf stntf nitahe jfygh` ats ighstatutaghnl gr lfeaslntavf pgwfrs,

jut sgdftmahe flsf(

_>29T Umnt flsf dny at jf7 At sffds tg jf sgdftmahe tg tmf fccfit tmnt hg ahtfhtagh tgightrnitdny jf ahcfrrf` wmfrf tmf pradnry sgurif gc tmf stntfs gjlaentagh `fravfs crgd

lfeaslntagh nh` dny jf fhcgrif` jy n`dahastrntavf lnw rfdfàfs( Jut tmnt clafs ah tmf cnif

gc tmf niifptnhif ah gur lnw tmnt tmf sndf cnits dny eavf rasf tg àccfrfht inusfs gc

nitagh(=1

=6Rmnrdnifutainl Dnhucniturfrs Nssgiantagh gc YN nh` Nhgtmfr; Ah rf Fx pnrtf Rrfsa`fht gc tmf Zfpujlai gc Ygutm

Ncrain nh` Gtmfrs _:222T [NII >? :222 -:! YN 350 -II!? :222 -9! JILZ :0> -II! nt pnrn >5? Rrfsa`fht gc tmf

Zfpujlai gc Ygutm Ncrain nh` Gtmfrs v Ygutm Ncrainh Zuejy Cggtjnll Vhagh nh` Gtmfrs _>11=T [NII :>? :222 ->!

YN > -II!? >111 ->2! JILZ >261 -II! nt pnrn >0=? nh` Cf`surf Lacf Nssurnhif Lt` nh` Gtmfrs v Erfntfr

Kgmnhhfsjure Prnhsataghnl Dftrgpglatnh Iguhial nh` Gtmfrs _>11=T [NII >5? >111 ->! YN 950 -II!? >11= ->:!

JILZ >06= -II! nt pnrn 6=(

=3 Yfitagh :1-9! nh` -0! gc tmf Ighstatutagh(

=5 =0 gc >113( Yfitaghs 91 nh` 39 gc tmf Rujlai Cahnhif Dnhnefdfht Nit > gc >111 gjlaef tmf carst nh` sfigh`

rfspgh`fhts tg fhsurf tmnt tmfar fxpfhàturf as ah niigr`nhif watm tmf juèft vgtf gc tmf prgvahianl `fpnrtdfht(

== Njgvf h 31 nt :3=(

=1Lallairnp, Unssfhnnr nh` Rnrthfrs v Raloahetgh Jrgtmfrs -YN! -Rty! Lt`>1=6 ->! YN 056 -N@! nt 013(


48/97

CZGHFDNH K

0=

_>20T Pmfrf dny, mgwfvfr, jf n sujstnhtavf nh` vnla` rfnsgh uh`frlyahe tmf purpgrtf`fxilusagh gc gtmfr rfdfàfs ah n dnttfr watm pujlai lnw gvfrtghfs( Pmf ahirfnsahe

gvfrlnp jftwffh pravntf nh` pujlai lnw ah tmf dg`frh ightrnitahe stntf as n rfnlaty nlsg ah

gtmfr iguhtrafs( Ah tmf Vhatf` Oahe`gd tmf efhfrnl rulf tmnt at wgul` jf ightrnry tg

pujlai pglaiy nh` nh njusf gc tmf prgifss gc igurt tg pfrdat n pfrsgh tg fhcgrif raemts

prgtfitf` jy pujlai lnw jy wny gc nitagh nh` hgt jy rfvafw, fhuhiantf` jy Lgr` @aplgio

ah GZfally nh` Gtmfrs v Dniodnh nh` Gtmfrs,12

as sujkfit tg fxifptaghs wmfrf àsputfs

ahvglvf n dax gc pujlai lnw nh` pravntf lnw aherfàfhts( Pmf fxifptaghs smgul` jf `fnlt

watm gh n insf$jy$insf jnsas(1> Dgrf rfifhtly tmf cgllgwahe wns stntf` ah Dfriury

Igdduhaintaghs Lt` v @arfitgr Efhfrnl gc Pflfigdduhaintaghs nh` Nhgtmfr;1:

Pmf rfigehatagh jy Lgr` @aplgio tmnt fxifptaghs fxast tg tmf efhfrnl rulf dny ahtrgùif

sgdf uhifrtnahty, jut at as n sdnll praif tg pny tg nvga` tmf gvfr$raea` `fdnrintagh

jftwffh prgifùrfs rfdahasifht gc fnrlafr àsputfs ns tg tmf cgrds gc nitagh, nh` gc

àsputfs ns tg tmf igdpftfhif gc kurasàitaghs nppnrfhtly fhiguhtfrf` ah iaval lnwiguhtrafs wmfrf n àstahitagh jftwffh pujlai nh` pravntf lnw mns jffh rfigehasf`( At as gc

pnrtaiulnr adpgrtnhif, ns A sff at, tg rftnah sgdf clfxajalaty, ns tmf prfiasf ladats gc wmnt as

inllf` pujlai lnw nh` wmnt as inllf` pravntf lnw nrf jy hg dfnhs wgrof` gut( Pmf

fxpfrafhif gc gtmfr iguhtrafs sffds tg smgw tmnt tmf wgroahe gut gc tmas àstahitagh as hgt

nlwnys nh fnsy dnttfr( Ah tmf njsfhif gc n sahelf prgifùrf nllgwahe nll rfdfàfs

qunsmahe, ahkuhitavf nh` `filnrntgry rflafc, `ndnefssgdf clfxajalaty ns tg tmf usf gc tmf

àccfrfht prgifùrfs as hfifssnry( At mns tg jf jgrhf ah dah` tmnt tmf gvfrraàhe qufstagh

as wmftmfr tmf prgiffàhes ighstatutf nh njusf gc tmf prgifss gc tmf igurt(19

12 _>1=9T : NI :95 nt :=6(

1> A`(

1: _>113T > Nll FZ 656(

19 A` nt 6=>( Cgr n efhfrnl àsiussagh sff Jrgwhswgr` Ightrnit Lnw $ Pmfdfs cgr tmf Pwfhty$Carst Ifhtury : f`

-Gxcgr`, :223! nt ::1$02(


49/97

CZGHFDNH K

01

_>26T Yg tmfrf daemt jf sujstnhtavf ighifrhs tmnt jy usahe ghf prgifùrf fhcgriahe nightrnitunl ilnadn lataenht dny enah nh uhcnar n`vnhtnef, tg tmf `ftradfht gc tmf stntf,

wmaim mf gr smf wgul` hgt mnvf mn` ac nhgtmfr prgifùrf rfvafw mn` jffh usf`(

Umftmfr tmnt daemt jf n egg` sujstnhtavf `fcfhif tg n ilnad jnsf` gh ightrnit as,

mgwfvfr, hgt pgssajlf tg `ftfrdahf watmgut ahvfstaentagh gc tmf cnits gc fnim insf(

_>23T Pmf lnio gc nh ahtfhtagh tg ightrnit wns tmf ghly rfnl `fcfhif tmnt tmf @fpnrtdfhtgccfrf` tg tmf ightrnitunl ilnad gc tmf npplainht( Pmf prgdasf tg pny tmf sujsaàfs tg tmf

simggls as rfnsghnjly susifptajlf tg n ighstruitagh tmnt at w

kzn concourt case

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