Microwave link design

Microwave link design

Table Of Contents

Approval------------------------------------------------------------1 Acknowledgment--------------------------------------------------2 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------3 Chapter 1: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.Objective--------------------------------------------------------------5 2. Foreword-------------------------------------------------------------6 3. Scope and Limitations--------------------------------------------7 4. Significance Of The Project--------------------------------------8 5.Review Related Literature----------------------------------------9

Chapter Two: ------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1 Terms And Definitions---------------------------------------------11 22 Pre-condition of choosing the sight------------------------------14Chapter 3: Site Description--------------------------------------------------------15 3.1 Importance of line of sight-----------------------------------------22

Chapter 4: Path Profile-------------------------------------------------------------23 Chapter 5: Link Calculation------------------------------------------------------30 B. Gain of Transmitter (Gt)-----------------------------------------31 C. Gain of Receiver (Gr)----------------------------------------------31 D. Gain Repeater (Grp)-----------------------------------------------32 E. Transmission Loss(TL)--------------------------------------------33 F. Recover Loss(RL)---------------------------------------------------35 G. Receive Signal Level(RSL)----------------------------------------36 H. Fade Margin(FM)---------------------------------------------------48Chapter 6: Conclusion And Recommendation----------------------------49Chapter 7: Reference--------------------------------------------------------------50

ApprovalThis is to certify that the group have designed, conducted studies a documented important parameters in this micro wave design which was prepared by the group entitled micro wave link system design from kombolcha to Bahir Dar, and this document has be submitted for final examination to Engineer. Jolan B.

Engineer. Jolan.B

I certify that I had examined this document hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the subject Micro wave design system.

Acknowledgment We would like to give our deep gratitude to Engr. Jolan B. who gave us the opportunity to gain practical knowledge about Microwave link system design and the way how do we do the project. We also give our warmest thanks to group because this project would not be done without the trust, participation and cooperation with in our group.And most especially, we give our thanks to our God who helps us to finish this project successfully with a given time.

IntroductionThe purpose of this design project to become more familiar with microwave link system design .The steps to achieving this goal will be described below.This being a class project, performed for a grade ,means that an end product must result .Here the end product will consist of microwave link system design with a report documenting the link design equation ,analysis ,and other analyzer measurement. Microwave link Design is a methodical systematic and sometimes lengthy process that include: Loss or attenuation Calculation. Fading and fade margins calculations. Frequency Planning and interference calculation. Quality and availability calculation.In applications where expandability is important, a microwave system can be installed initially with only a few carrier circuits. Then, as traffic increases, the capacity can be expanded by the addition of more channelizing equipment,. Several radio channels can be arranged to use the originally installed antennas, waveguides, supporting structures, buildings and standby protection facilities.A Path Profile is a graphical representation of the path traveled by the radio waves between the two ends of a link. The Path Profile determines the location And height of the antenna at each end of the link, and it insures that the link is free Of obstructions, such as hills (Microwave radio link must be on Line-of-sight (LOS)),and not subject to propagation losses from radio phenomena, such as Multipath reflections.

Chapter-1 1.Objective 2.Foreword 3.Scope and limitation 4.significance of the project 5.Review of related literature

1.ObjectiveTo be able to provide students a material that will serve as their reference or guide in making their own microwave design. To be able to know the general principle of microwave communication. To be able to design a " fully-operational" microwave link system having the idea of reliability of 99.9999%. To be able to design a reliable point-to-point microwave cellular communication system.

2. ForewordThis design focuses on microwave system designed for cellular communication.The system link's site A is located on Kombolcha, site B is located on Haik, and site C is located on Dessie to lalibela road, site D is located Deber Zebit, site E is located Revers Damote, site F is located Deber Tabore and site G is located Bahir dar. A 6 Ghz operating frequency is used for all hops and in each relay station in an SFN (single frequency network.), the coupling from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna causes loop interference. The interference must be reduced to an allowable level in order to avoid problems with distortion and oscillation so a coupling loop canceller was used. And we use 80dB output power by assumption.This paper describes and provides guidelines for the design and implementation of a Six-hop micro wave communications system in from kombolcha to Bahir Dar. Adherence to these guidelines should allow significant terrain and propagation dynamics as well as cost savings to be made for the pursuit of highly reliable system. The suggested procedure and considerations are presented with the fundamental components of micro wave path design: determining whether a proposed path is "line of sight", evaluating path clearance with regard to refractive effects, evaluating path clearance with regard to Fresnel Zones, considering path reflections, deriving a power budget and the fade margin as well as the path reliability.

3. Scope and limitationThis part of the project proposal study about the scope and limitation of the design.The scope of the proposed project is as follows: The system is comprised of one transmitter, one receiver and one repeater. The designed microwave link system is to operate at a frequency of 6GHZ for all Hop1,Hop2,Hop3,Hop4,Hop5 and Hop6.The limitation of the project are as follows: The distance between sites of each hop is limited to: Hop1 15 miles, Hop2 50 miles, Hop3 15 miles, Hop4 30 miles, Hop5 20 miles and Hop6 45 miles. The distance between Kombolcha to Bahir Dare is 164 miles but we use for now, from Kombolcha institute of technology, Wollo university to Bahir dar city is 175 miles. The system is comprised of only 6 Hops. The microwave link covers from Kombolcha Institute of technology to Bahir dar city.

4. Significance of the project The project will help the students to design microwave link. This design will help students to understand what learned in theoretical. It used as a reference for students who will take the subject in the future. Other who wants the general principle and concept of micro waive communication and design.

5. Review of related literatureThis part of the project briefly talk about the concept of microwave communications system, the design consideration and the components behind a fully functional system that would work under the condition of being a microwave communications system design. There are different researches about Microwave Design System. Those specifies that there are so many factors to consider in designing an effective and efficient microwave system .

Electronics Communication System 5th Edition, 2004,p.1024 The free space path is the line of sight path directly between the transmitted the transmit and receive antenna. If a prospective path is not line of sight, then as alternate route is considered. The transmit and receive antenna a microwave system should have a line of sight to be able to transmit the intended signal and data. When evaluating a proposed path, the path profile should be developed first.This will identify path obstructions from terrain features. A field survey should follow, which offers the necessary visual confirmation that the height of man mad object will not be located in or too near the proposed path.Microwave link design covers a very range and field of study. A well planned system is very much required to reach the objectives in putting up a point to point link.

Chapter-2 Terms and Definitions

2.1 Terms and DefinitionsAntenna gain. A measure of directivity properties and the efficiency of the antenna. It is defined as ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction to the intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically. The difference between the antenna gain and directivity is that the antenna efficiency is taken into account in the former parameter. Antenna gain is measured in db, i.e decibels relative to isotropic antenna.Fading. Defined as the variation of the strengh of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and ground and water reflections in the propagation path. Four fading types are considered while planning link. They are all dependent on path length and are estimated as the probability of exceeding a given (calculated) fade margin. Fading Margin. Number of decibles of atunation which may be added to a specified radio-frequency propagation path before the signal to noise ratio of a specified channal falls below a specified minimum in order to avoid fading. Allowance made in radio system planning to accommodate estimated fading.Free Space Loss. The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing , diffracting, obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed so as to have no effect on propagation.Note: Free Space loss is primarily caused by beam divergence, i.e., signal energy spreading over larger area at increased distances from the source.Fresnel Zone. Circular portions of a wave front transverse to a line between an emitter and a point where the disturbance is being observed.

Line of Sight. An unobstructed view from transmitter to receiver.Microwave. These are the ultra high, super high and extremely high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges.Microwave Link Design. A methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that includes: Attenuation/loss Calculations. Fade margins calculations. Receive Signal level calculation.

Parabolic Antenna can be used as a transmit and receive antenna with both signal and Dual polarized feeds available.Propagation Losses. Losses due to Earth's atmosphere and terrain.Receive Signal Level. Is the actual received signal level(usually measured in negative dbm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receive from a remote transmitter.Transmit Power. Is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmitter. It is measured in dbm, Watts or milli Watt and does not include the signal loss of the coax cable or the gain of the antenna. 2.1 Pre-condition for choosing the site The site is chosen by Eng. Jolan B.and given for the group based on his consideration. For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment costs decrease. Before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment. First, it is better to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency, band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas. Frequency optionsThe objective of frequency planning is to assign frequencies to a network using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is minimally affected by interference.The following aspects are the basic considerations involved in the assignment of radio frequencies Determining a frequency band that is suitable for the specific link (path length, site location, terrain topography and atmospheric effects). prevention of mutual interference such as interference among radio frequency channels in the actual path, interference to and from other radio paths, interference to and from satellite communication systems. correct selection of a frequency band allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available radio frequency spectrum.

Microwave System in the 2GHZ to 6GHZ frequencies can transmit over longer distance, which make them more suitable for rural areas. High frequency systems are a better fit for suburban and urban environments.The most important goal of frequency planning is to allocate available channel to the different links in the network without exceeding the quality and availability objectives of the individual links because of radio interference.Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for large networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission design tool.

Terrain and Weather Due to line of sight is a microwave requirement, terrain such as mountains, hills, trees and buildings can block a microwave signal and the distance of a microwave path. You will use a large antenna(low frequency) when the path is longer. Large antenna requires large towers and have higher wind factors. As a result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing or planned towers and structures. You also must take into attenuation, transmission lines or air.

Chapter 3 Site Description

Site A-kombolcha(Komcha Institute of technology compound)Kombolcha is a city and woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region with an elevation between 1842 and 1915 meters above sea level. Some guide books describe Kombolcha as the twin city of Dessie which lies some 13km to the Northwest.Kembolcha Institute of Technology is one of the young institutes which are contributing to the socio-economic and industrial development of Ethiopia. It provides higher education in basic fields for sustainable development and fair economic growth. It is educating undergraduate students in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, Information System, Electrical Engineering, Civil and Urban Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Textile and Leather Engineering. Site B-HaikeLake Hayq or Lake Haik is a freshwater lake of Ethiopia. It is located north of Dessie, in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region (or kilil). The town of Hayq is to the west of the lake.Lake Hayq is 6.7km long and 6km wide, with a surface area of 23km. It has a maximum depth of 88 m and is at an elevation of 2,030 meters above sea level. It is one of two lakes in the Tehuledere woreda.

Fig . Lake Haik

Site C-Road from Dessie to LalibelaFrom Dessie the trip to Makdala via Tenta should take six hours altogether. To get to Tenta from Dessie, you must follow the road to Wegel Tena for about 70 km (not 95 km as indicated in the Bradt Guide). You pass the village of Kutaber (ca. 20 km northwest of Dessie) and then you descend in the valley of the Beshlo River. The 50 km stretch of road from Kutaber to the junction to Tenta is very scenic, but also in a very bad condition. In fact parts of the road and a bridge over the Beshlo are washed away, so you have to drive for some km in the river bed! You can handle this road in a 44 only during the dry season, and probably not at all in the rainy season. When I took this road alone in my Nissan Navara the 15th of April 2013, I didnt meet a single car for ca. 70 km, so it is definitely not for the fainthearted!After about 70 km, when the road leaves the river to ascend to Wegel Tena, you must turn left to Tenta. There is no sign, but the road to Tenta is clearly visible. This gravel road was recently completed and is in an excellent condition (comparable to the road from Gashena to Lalibela).After about 30 km you will reach Tenta. At the main square of Tenta (if you like to call it a square), signposted by the equestrian statue of Ras Mikael and the Tenta branch of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, you turn right and you will see a sign Bon voyage to Makdala. Follow this road for 17 km and you will arrive on Makdala Hill.The road from Tenta to Makdala is was under construction in April 2013. The first part is already completed, the second part is still at least in some parts in a very bad condition, but you can handle it with a 44 without problems. Above all, you dont need anymore a permission from the police station in Ajibar or a police escort!At Makdala you will be asked a negotiable entrance fee. Originally I was asked 100 birr, but I negotiated it down to 50 birr. You can pitch a tent close to the so-called lodge and sleep there overnight, as I did. Sebastopol, the famous cannon, is not directly situated on Makdala Hill, but at the feet of another small pinnacle, called Selassie and separated from Makdala by a small saddle. Anyway you can reach it also by road and the locals, living on Makdala, are generally very helpful. And dont forget to visit the local tella-beth, really a unique experience!From Tenta you drive back to the Beshlo River on the new gravel road. After crossing the river over a new bridge, the road starts ascending to Wegel Tena. After ca. 30 km (from Tenta) you will reach the mentioned T-junction. Take the left turn to Wegel Tena (reccommended), which you will reach ascending after about 25 km. The right turn leads back to Dessie.If you want to continue from Wegel Tema to Lalibela or Woldia, you must take the road to Gashena (74 km). This road is also under construction and some parts are in quite bad condition, too, but it is easily passable in a 44, and should not take more than 2.5 to 3 hours.When you reach the main road from Bahir Dar/Gonder to Woldia you can go straight on for another 64 km to Lalibela or turn right for another 112 km to Woldia.

Site D-Debere ZebiteDebre Zebit is a village in northern Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, about 240 kilometres north of Addis Ababa, this village has a latitude and longitude ofWikiMiniAtlas 1149N 3835E / 11.817N 38.583E / 11.817; 38.583Coordinates: 1149N 3835E / 11.817N 38.583E / 11.817; 38.583 and an elevation of 2928 meters above sea level. The Central Statistical Agency has not published an estimate for this village's 2005 population. It is one of three towns in Meket woreda.Debre Zebit was the location of the Battle of Anchem, on 31 March 1930 between (then) Ras Teferi's forces under the command of Dejazmach Mulugeta Yeggazu (which consisted of 20,000 riflemen with 6 cannons and about 30 machine guns) over those of Ras Gugsa Welle (consisting of 10,000 riflemen with 2 cannons and about 10 machine guns). Ras Gugsa was defeated and killed. Site E-Reverse Damote Revers Damote is a village in north Ethiopia. Located in the semien Wollo Zone the Amhara Region about 250 Kilimeter northen o Addis Abeba.

Site F-Debere TaboreDebra-Tabor is a town and a woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, about 100 kilometers southeast of Gondar and 50 kilometers east of Lake Tana, this historic town has a latitude and longitude of WikiMiniAtlas1151N 381E / 11.850N 38.017E / 11.850; 38.017 with an elevation of 2,706 metres (8,878ft) above sea level. The presence of at least 48 springs in the area contributed to the development of Debre Tabor. Debre Tabor was the capital of Ethiopia under two Emperors: Tewodros II, before he moved the capital to Magdala; and Yohannes IV. As a result, in the 19th century the population of this town varied depending on whether the emperor was in residence. If he was present, the population could reach 30,000 as it did under Emperor Yohannes; if he was not, it would be around 5,000 people. Authorities differ over the facts of its founding. Mordechai Abir states that it was founded by Ras Ali I; however, Richard Pankhurst gives a detailed account of its foundation by Ras Gugsa, and includes the tradition that the location was selected with supernatural help. In either case, Debre Tabor was the seat of the Regents of the Emperor in the 18th and 19th centuries, from which periods several churches and the ruins of two palaces survive.Debre Tabor was sacked by an army from the province of Lasta in 1835. The Battle of Debre Tabor was fought nearby on February 6, 1842; although Dejazmach Wube Haile Maryam and his allies defeated the armies of Ras Ali II and sacked Debre Tabor once again, they were surprised while celebrating their victory by Birru Aligas, an ally of Ras Ali, who captured Wube and his son and extracted concessions from them in return for their release. Ras Ali built four churches in Debre Tabor: Iyasus on the mountain to the southeast, Ennatitu Maryam and Legitu Maryam to the east, and Tegur Mikael to the north. A second palace was built for his mother, the Empress Menen Liben Amede, which was not as large as Ras Ali's. Although he burnt the town in May 1853, following Ras Ali's defeat, Emperor Tewodros used Debre Tabor as his capital until his situation weakened so badly that he was forced to abandon the town (October 1867) for his stronghold on Maqdala. The Emperor Yohannes IV often resided at Debre Tabor, and during his reign Heruy Giyorgis church was built. Here the Emperor met with General Gordon in October 1878, who was representing the Egyptian government, about Ethiopian demands for access to the Red Sea. It was also in Debre Tabor that Tekle Haymanot was crowned Negus of Gojjam in January 1881. When the Bank of Ethiopia was created in 1931 it opened a branch office with two employees at Debre Tabor. During the Second Italian-Abyssinian War, Debre Tabor was occupied by unit which advanced from Bahir Dar on 28 April. During the occupation, a telegraph office was opened in the town and postal service restored. The Italians also constructed a road from Gondar via Debre Tabor to Dessie. The first mosque in Debre Tabor was constructed and eucalyptus planting extended. Despite these improvements, as early as August 1937, there were almost simultaneous but apparently uncoordinated attacks by arbegnoch on garrisons near Debre Tabor and near Bahir Dar. After several months of attacks, the British convinced Colonel Angelini to surrender the town 6 July 1941, allowing the British to advance towards the organized Italian resistance around Gondar under the command of Guglielmo Nasi, who by this point was the acting Viceroy and Governor-General of Italian East Africa. In 1958, Debre Tabor was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township.Near the beginning of Derg rule, Debre Tabor was seized by a group of local landlords and their followers in opposition to the government September 1975, killing the provincial governor and expelling both a Chinese road-building team and missionaries of the Seventh Day Adventist Church who ran a local hospital. Government control was reestablished within a month. In late December 1989, Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) forces captured Debre Tabor, claiming that they killed or wounded more than 8,000 government troops. Around 20 January 1990, the Ethiopian News Agency announced that government forces had recaptured Debre Tabor. A few days later, the clandestine radio of the TPLF claimed a major victory in battles near Debre Tabor on 2224 January 1990, claiming their soldiers had killed 3,914 government troops and captured 270. Although the town was retaken by government troops a few days later, the TPLF, announced the recapture of the town after a three-day battle in late February. About a year later, on 23 February 1990, the town was used as the jumping-off point for Operation Tewodros.

fig- Partial view of Debere Tabore city

Site G- Bahir DarBahir Dar or Bahar Dar is a city in north-western Ethiopia. It is the capital of the Amhara Region . Administratively, Bahir Dar is a Special Zone, a designation in between a chartered city (astedader akabibi, a first-tier division, like a kilil) such as Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, and cities like Debre Marqos and Dessie, which are organized as districts (woredas).Bahir Dar is one of the leading tourist destinations in Ethiopia, with a variety of attractions in the nearby Lake Tana and Blue Nile river. The city is known for its wide avenues lined with palm trees and a variety of colorful flowers. In 2002 it was awarded the UNESCO Cities for Peace Prize for addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization.

fig- Bahir Dar

3.1 Importance of line of sight Accurate radio transmission depends on a clear path between radio antennas known as the line of sight. If any obstructions, including buildings, trees, or terrain, interrupt the visual path between antennas, the obstructions will also interfere with the radio signal transmission, resulting in multi-path fade or increased signal attenuation.Multi-path fade is the result of radio signals reaching the receiver via two or more paths. In industrial settings, a received signal may include the line of sight signal in addition to signals reflected off buildings, equipment, trees, or outdoor terrain. Signal attenuation is the decrease in signal strength as a result of travel through the medium, in this case the air.Despite a clear line of sight, obstructions in the Fresnel zone, a three-dimensional ellipsoid formed with the two antennas as the foci, will still interfere with the radio signal and cause multi-path fade. Raise the antennas high enough to clear any obstructions. Ideally there should be no obstructions anywhere in the Fresnel zone, even if line-of-sight is preserved.If a radio network site is spread over a large area with multiple obstructions or a variety of terrain, conduct a site survey to determine optimum antenna locations, antenna mounting heights, and recommended gains for reliable performance.

Chapter 4 Path profile

4.1 Path profileA Path Profile is a graphical representation of the path traveled by the radio waves between the two ends of a link. The Path Profile determines the location and height of the antenna at each end of the link, and it insures that the link is free of obstructions, such as hills (Microwave radio link must be on Line-of-sight (LOS)), and not subject to propagation losses from radio phenomena, such as multipath reflections.The endpoints of link must have unobstructed radio line-of-sight. Radio line-of-sight is not the same as optical line-of-sight (that is, the ability to see one end of a link from the other). Microwaves have a lower frequency than visible light and, therefore, behave differently in response to environmental conditions. Radio line-of-sight requires more clearance than optical line-of-sight to accommodate the characteristics of microwave signals. An electromagnetic wave does not travel in a straight line: the wave spreads out as it propagates. Also, the individual waves that make up a radio signal do not travel at the same phase velocity. A French physicist, Augustin Fresnel, defined the propagation of a radio wave as a three-dimensional elliptical path between the transmitter and receiver. Fresnel divided the path into several zones based on the phase and speed of the propagating waves. The size of each Fresnel Zone varies based on the frequency of the radio signal and the length of the path. As frequency decreases, the size of the Fresnel Zone increases. As the length of the path increases, the size of the Fresnel Zone also increases. A Fresnel Zone radius is greatest at the midpoint of the path. Therefore, the midpoint requires the most clearance of any point in the path.

fig: Line of sight from Kombolcha to Bahir Dar

From site A to Site B051015

Elevation6431770579496382

Growth of tree20202020

Earth bulge025250

Total6451775079946402

Minimum total45117501994402

Fresnel Zone053.7453.740

Kombolcha to Bahir Dar Microwave Link Design Page-24

fig. Path profile Kombolcha to Haike From site B to Site C0511520253035404550

elevation75997868902784707310683371117173786782228663

Growth of trees2020202020202020202020

Earth bulge0112.5200262.5300312.5300200262.5112.50

Total76198000.592478752.576307165.5743173938149.58354.58683

total Mini 61910002247752.5630165.54313931149.51354.51683

Fresnel Zone062.4483.2595.37101.96104.06101.9695.3783.2562.440

fig. Path profile Haike to Road to(Dessie to Lalibela)Kombolcha to Bahir Dar Microwave Link Design Page-25

From Site C to Site D051015

elevation8613869585727047

g tree20202020

earth bulge025250

total8633874086177067

Minimum total16331740161767

Fresnel zone053.7453.740

fig. Path profile of Road of (Dessie to Laibela) to Debere Zebite From Site D to Site E051015202530

elevation89288987705683338532103919864

growth tree20202020202020

earth bulge062.5100112.510062.50

total89489069.571768465.5865210473.59884

Minimum total19482069.51761465.516523473.52884

Fresnel zone060.087680.67660.080

fig. path profile of Debere Zebite to Reverse Damote From Site E to Site F05101520

elevation998410764996988878070

g tree2020202020

e b037.55037.50

total1000410821.5100398944.58090

Min total200428212039944.590

Fresnel zone05765.8570

fig. path profile of Revers Damote to Debere Tbore From Site F to Site G051025202530354045

elevation6117653665346687657764876442656567637612

g o trees2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2o20

e bulge01001752252502502251751000

Fresnel zone062829398989382620

total6137665667296932684767576687676068837632

m of total1376567299328477576877608831632

fig. path profile of Debere Tabor to Bahir Dar

Chapter 5 Link Calculation

Link design calculation Hop1From Kombolcha(KIOT) to Haik city is Hop1. They are site A and site B respectively. It has 15 miles.051015

Elevation6431770579496382

Growth of tree20202020

Earth bulge025250

Total6451775079946402

Minimum total45117501994402

Fresnel Zone053.7453.740

For 5milesFSL=96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =126.14dBFor 10 milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log10 =132.16dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in GHZ)Gt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dBKombolcha to Bahir Dar Microwave Link Design Page-30

RLT==(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Grf-FSL-TLT-TLR-FSL =80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4-3dB-126.1dB-132.16dB, assume output power 80dB. = -19.7dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT =-37.6dB-(-91dB) = 71.46dB where Fm is fade margin and RPT is R=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.The reliability of FM is 99.999%

Hop2From haike to (Road from Dessie to Kombolcha) is Hop2. They are site B and site C respectively.It has 50 miles.0511520253035404550

elevation75997868902784707310683371117173786782228663

Growth of trees2020202020202020202020

Earth bulge0112.5200262.5300312.5300200262.5112.50

Total76198000.592478752.576307165.5743173938149.58354.58683

total Mini 61910002247752.5630165.54313931149.51354.51683

Fresnel Zone062.4483.2595.37101.96104.06101.9695.3783.2562.440

For 10milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log10 =132.16dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in 6GHZ)For 40milesFSL=96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log40 =144.20dBGt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.Kombolcha to Bahir Dar Microwave Link Design Page-32

TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dBRLT==(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Grf-FSL-TLT-TLR-FSL, assume output power 80dB.

=80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4-3dB-132.12dB-144.20dB = -37.6dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT =-37.6dB-(-91dB) =53.4dB where Fm is fade margin and RPT is R=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.

The reliability of FM is 99.999%

Hop3From Road from the road of Dessie to lalibela to Debere Zebite is Hop3. They are site C and site D respectively. It s 15miles.051015

elevation8613869585727047

g tree20202020

earth bulge025250

total8633874086177067

Minimum total16331740161767

Fresnel zone053.7453.740

For 10milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log10 =140dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in 6GHZ)For 5milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =132dBFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =126.14dBGt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.

TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dBRLT==(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Grf-FSLfTLT-TLR-FSL, assume output power 80dB. =80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4dB-3dB-132dB-126.14dB = -19.54dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT = -19.54dB-(-91dB) = 71.46dB where Fm is fade margin and RPT is R=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.

The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Hop4From Debere Zebit to Revers Damote is Hop4. They are site D and site E respectively. It has 30 miles.051015202530

elevation89288987705683338532103919864

growth tree20202020202020

earth bulge062.5100112.510062.50

total89489069.571768465.5865210473.59884

Minimum total19482069.51761465.516523473.52884

For 25milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log25 =140dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in 6GHZ)For 5milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =126.14dBGt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dB

RLT==(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Grf-FSL-TLT-TLR-FSL, assume output power 80dB. =80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4-3dB-140dB-126.14dB = -27.8dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT = -27.8dB-(-91dB) = 63.2dBR=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.

The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Hop5From Revers DamoteDebere Tabore is Hop5. They are site E and site F respectively. It has 20 miles.05101520

elevation998410764996988878070

Growth of trees2020202020

Earth Bulge037.55037.50

Total1000410821.5100398944.58090

Minimum total200428212039944.590

For 5milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =126.14dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in 6GHZ)For 15milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log15 = 135.68dBGt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.

TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dBKombolcha to Bahir Dar Microwave Link Design Page-38

RLT==(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Grf-FSL-TLT-TLR-FSL, assume output power 80dB. =80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4-3dB-126dB-135.68dB = -23.08dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT = -23.08dB-(-91dB) = 67.92dBR=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.

The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Hop6From Debere Tabor to Bahir Dar is Hop6. They are site F and site G respectively.051025202530354045

elevation6117653665346687657764876442656567637612

g o trees2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2o

e bulge01001752252502502251751000

Fresnel zone062829398989382620

total6137665667296932684767576687676068837632

At 5 miles passive repeater are needed.For 5milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log5 =126.14dB where D is distance(in mile) F is frequency(in 6GHZ)FSL for 40 milesFSL= 96.6+20logF+20logD =96.6+20log6+20log40 =140.14dB Gt=Gr=7.5+20logB+20logF =7.5+20log6+20log6 =38.6dB where Gt=Gr are gain of transmitter and receiver antenna respectively. B is antenna type in feet.Grp= 22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.4dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.TLT=(2dB/100ft)*200ft=4dBRLT=(2dB/100ft)*150ft=3dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL=Po+Gt+Gr+Gr-FSL-TLT-TLR-FSL, assume output power 80dB. =80dB+38.6dB+38.6dB+88.4dB-4-3dB-126dB-144.20dB =-31.6dB where RSL is receiver signal levelFM= RSL-RPT =-31.6dB-(-91dB) =59.4dB where Fm is fade margin and RPT is R=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.

The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Chapter 7 Conclusion and recommendation

Conclusion and recommendation Micro wave link design is a specific sort or engineering in the broader field or communication. Most installers know that clear line of sight is required between two antennas , but there is a lot more to it than that. To have some certainty as to weather your wireless link will be reliable, an RF path analysis needs to be performed.Upon the completion of this design project, we were able to meet the needed outcomes and condition regarding the design. We were able to make a point to point cellular link design having a 99.9999% reliability. Due to the importance of a design like this, we highly recommend this project paper to the students who are interested in micro wave communication system design and to those who are required to take the subject Micro wave Engineering and make their own link design.

Chapter 8 Reference

Reference[1][2] www.evansengsolutions.com[3] ben@evansengsolutions.com[3]

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