know how english grammar guidebook2-rules

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Rules

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Know How English Grammar Guidebook 2

[KNOW HOW ENGLISH GRAMMAR] Rules

a / some / any

a (an) + countable nouns

Използва се с броими съществителни имена. Означава

едно. Когато пред съществителното име има прилагателно,

което го определя, неопределителният член се поставя

пред прилагателното име.

half, home, heavy, house, uniform, union,

universal, university

heir, hour, umbrella, uncle

some +

N.B.: Singular & uncountable nouns (without “a”):

advice, hair, furniture, information, luggage,

news, weather, work

some = a number of

We’ve got some bottles of milk left.

some = a quantity of

They need some water.

a

an

countable (count) nouns in plural

uncountable (non-count) nouns


any

any +

Използва сe във въпросително и отрицателно изречение и

означава няколко/някакъв или никакви, в зависимост от

вида на изречението. Използва се както с броими, така и с

неброими съществителни имена (в единствено и

множествено число).

We bought some apples and pears yesterday.

We didn’t buy any apples and pears yesterday.

Did we buy any apples and pears yesterday?

There is some water in the bottle.

There isn’t any water in the bottle.

Is there any water in the bottle?

Interrogative sentence

Negative sentence

countable (count) nouns in plural

uncountable (non-count) nouns

+

–

?

–

?

+


There is/are

There is + singular noun

Използва се, когато първото съществително име в

изречението е в единствено число.

Означава има, намира се.

There is a notebook and pencils on the desk.

There is some sugar in the jar.

There is much water in the bottle.

There is some information about the event.

There are + plural noun

Използва се, когато първото съществително име в

изречението е в множествено число.

Означава има, намира се.

There are some pencils and a notebook on the

desk.

There are many pencils and a notebook on the

desk.


N.B.: Plural uncountable nouns:

arms, clothes, customs, goods, groceries,

police, regards, remains, thanks, etc.

jeans, pajamas, pants, scissors,

spectacles, trousers, etc.

There are clothes and shoes in the wardrobe.

Where are my pajamas?

These scissors need sharpening.

The police are searching for physical evidence of

a crime.

There is/are introduces new things,

usually with a or some.

There is a small blue house in the left.

There are some new things you should know.

There isn’t a small blue house in the left.

Is there a small blue house in the left?

There aren’t any specific things you

should know.

?

–

There are no specific things you should

know.

–


much / many / a lot of

many + countable nouns in plural

much + uncountable nouns (it takes a singular verb)

В разговорния английски еднословните изрази за

количество се използват само в отрицателни и

въпросителни изречения. В съобщителни изречения

количество обикновено се изразява с a lot of или с някой от

следните изрази:

lots of, a number of, plenty of, a great deal of,

a great many, a quantity of

many

a great many

a number of

much

a great deal of

a large amount of

a quantity of

a lot of

lots of

plenty of

+ countable nouns

+ uncountable nouns

+ countable & uncountable nouns


Singular or plural (uncountable nouns)

Събирателни (колективни) съществителни имена:

army, audience, cabinet, class, club, congress,

committee, company, corporation, council,

department, crowd, family, firm, government,

group, jury, majority, minority, organization,

public, team etc.

Изброените съществителни обикновено са в единствено

число. Ако в изречението се подразбира, че членовете

(представителите) действат поотделно, същите тези

съществителни са в множествено число.

Example:

The majority of students want a new educational

approach.

Our family is going to Africa for a year.

N.B.: Remember!

flock of birds/sheep pride of lions

herd of cattle school of fish pack of dogs


Събирателни съществителни имена, означаващи време,

пари и мерни единици, ако се използват като цяло, са в

единствено число.

Three kilometers is too much to walk.

A hundred dollars is a sum I cannot afford to

pay right now.

N.B.: Always take singular verbs:

any, anybody, anyone, anything

no*, nobody, no one, nothing

some, somebody, someone, something

every, everybody, everyone, everything

each, either, neither

*no може да бъде последвано и от глагол в множествено

число, в зависимост от съществителното име, използвано

след него

No answer is right.

No answers are right.

none може да бъде последвано от глагол в единствено или

множествено число, в зависимост от съществителното име,

използвано след него

None of the news is good.

None of the marks are good.


Either/Neither… or/nor…

Either or

Neither nor

Either Dave or his sisters need to attend the

course.

Either Jane or Paul is going to visit her.

Neither Roger nor his friends care about school.

Neither Frank nor Sam lives in the country.

Either/Neither or/nor

We could either ride or walk.

They could neither write nor read

properly.

+ noun

+ plural noun + plural verb

+ singular noun + singular verb

+ verb 1 + verb 2


Agreements (too/so; either/neither)

>>> Affirmative agreement

… too. so … .

We are happy, and you are too.

We are happy, and so are you.

They will work on the project next week, and she

will too.

They will work on the project next week, and so

will she.

>>> Negative agreement

… either. neither … .

George isn’t tall, and Frank isn’t either.

George isn’t tall, and neither is Frank.

Sam doesn't work there, and Ann doesn't either.

Sam doesn't work there, and neither does Ann.


Time prepositions: at, on, in

at

on

in

at 7 o’clock

at twenty past eleven

at midnight

on Saturday

on Christmas Eve

on November the tenth

in November

in summer

in 2014

in the 16th

century

N.B.: Idiomatic expressions of time:

on time, in time, at last, at once,

at noon, at night, at breakfast,

at the weekend, in the daytime (during the

in the end, at first glance, in the pats/future,

in the morning/evening, in the past/future,

in the beginning/end

+ exact time

+ day

+ longer period

day),


Common usage of prepositions

in

in the street, in the way, in the event that(if),

in case(if), get in touch/contact (with)

on

on the way, on the corner (of), on the way,

on the sidewalk, on the right/left, on ,

on the whole, on the other hand, on sale, on foot

at

at once, at first, at last, at present/the moment,

a room/building

month/year/longer periods of time

+

day/date

a street

the ___th floor

a(the) bus, bike, train, plain, ship

the telephone/television/radio

+

+

address

specific time

home/school/work

at times


by

by then, by the way, by means/way (of),

by accident/mistake

out of

out of town, out of date, out of work,

out of the question, out of order

from to

from time to time

during

during the day/night,

during the whole week,

during the interval

+

specific time

bus/train/plain/ship

the agent (in passive sentences)[by Shakespeare]

+ noun

time

place

time

place

+ noun


Proper nouns: With or without the

With the Without the

hotels The Victoria Palace

ships The Queen Elizabeth II

rivers The Thames

newspapers The Times

canals The Suez Canal

seas The Black Sea

deserts The Sahara Desert

oceans The Pacific Ocean

islands (groups) The Canaries

(Canary Islands) mountains

(groups) The Himalayas

countries and regions (suggesting groupings) The United Kingdom

The United States

stations Victoria Station

lakes Victoria Lake

queens Queen Elizabeth II

squares Times Square

towns, cities Atlantic City

individual islands Mallorca

individual mountains Rila

most countries and regions Great Britain

America

Hampshire


Word order

За разлика от българския език, в английския редът на

думите е строго определен.

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Object

4. Adverbials

a) Manner

b) Place

c) Time

1 2 3 4a 4b

Elmo put the book carefully on the shelf

4c

after reading the last chapter.

Обстоятелството за време често е в началото на

изречението, за да уравновеси фразата (ако има повече

обстоятелства) или да подчертае факта.

In June they went to see how she is getting on

and gave her a hand with housework and the

household maintenance.

In the evening he did his homework and went to

sleep.


Когато има повече обстоятелства за време, те се изреждат,

като се започне от най-точното време (най-малката

времева единица).

She arrived at 5 o’clock in the afternoon on

Wednesday.

След глаголите за движение (go, come, run etc.) често

следват обстоятелствата за място.

We ran to the next station after missing the bus.

>>> Подреди думите в правилно изречение:

saw, one, in, John, her, ago, in,

evening, two, last, over, years,

August


Verbs + Infinitive (v. in basic form)

agree – съгласен съм

attempt – опитвам се

claim – изисквам

decide – решавам

demand – настоявам

desire – желая

fail – не успявам

forget – забравям

hope – надявам се

intend – възнамерявам

learn – уча се

need – нуждая се

plan – планирам

prepare – подготвям се

pretend – преструвам се

refuse – отказвам

offer – предлагам

seem – изглеждам

strive – стремя се

tend – склонен съм

try – опитвам се

wish – желая

We learn to speak English fluently.

He doesn’t pretend to be an expert.

Sue has forgotten to lock the door.

Jason demanded to see her immediately.

There is no need to go to town right now.


Verbs + Gerund (v. + ing)

admit – признавам

appreciate – ценя

avoid – избягвам

can’t help – не мога да не

(се)...

consider – обмислям,

смятам

delay – отлагам

deny – отричам

enjoy – радвам се

finish – свършвам

mind – имам нещо против

miss – пропускам

postpone – отлагам

practice – упражнявам

quit – преставам

recall – припомням,

напомням

regret – съжалявам

resent – негодувам

resist – съпротивлявам се,

противопоставям се

resume – подновявам,

продължавам

report – съобщавам

risk – рискувам, решавам

suggest – предлагам

Rick resented being told what to do.

They were considering opening an office abroad.

He denied doing anything illegal.

(се)

(се)


Verbs + Gerund or Infinitive

begin – започвам

can’t stand – не мога да понасям

continue – продължавам

dread – страхувам се, опасявам се

hate – мразя

like – харесвам

love – обичам

prefer – предпочитам

start – започвам

We began working at 7 o’clock.

We began to work at 7 o’clock.

I like playing the guitar.

I like to play the guitar.


(Verbs + Preposition) + Gerund

approve of – одобрявам

be better off – по-добре е да...

confess to – признавам (си)

count on – разчитам на...

depend on – разчитам на...

give up – отказвам се

insist on – настоявам за...

keep on – продължавам да...

look forward to – очаквам с нетърпение да...

object to – възразявам, протестирам срещу...

put off – отлагам

rely on – разчитам на...

succeed in – успявам да...

think of/about – мисля да/за...

worry about – тревожа се за...

It would be better off taking the bus instead of

driving your car.


(Nouns + Preposition) + Gerund

choice of – избор на...

excuse for – извинение за...

intension of – намерение да...

method for/of – метод за/на

possibility of – възможност за/да...

reason for – причина за...

He needed an excuse for being absent at school

for a week.

John didn’t have the choice of doing the job he

wanted.

Employers often ask you to list your work history

and reasons for leaving your previous

employment on job applications.

Is there a possibility of finding a cure for modern

diseases?

There is a method for estimating capacity and

predicting remaining useful life of lithium-ion

battery.


Adjectives + Infinitive

able – способен, умел,

сръчен

anxious – загрижен

boring – отегчителен

common – общ

dangerous – опасен

difficult – труден

eager – нетърпелив, готов,

ревностен

easy – лесен

good – добър

hard – труден

pleased – доволен

prepared – готов,

подготвен

ready – готов

strange – странен

usual – обичаен,

обикновен

Bob has been able to swim since he was six.

They were very anxious to find out what really

happened.

It is common to see adults returning to study.

Pleased to meet you.

It is not usual for Linda to be late.

We are ready to go.

It was strange to see her sad or disappointed.


(Adjectives + Preposition) + Gerund

(be/get) accustomed to – свикнал/привикнал да...

(be) afraid of – страхувам се да...

(be) capable of – способен на...

(be) interested in – интересувам се от...

(be) intent on – решен съм да..., възнамерявам да...

(be) fond of – обичам

(be) successful in/at – успял (успявам) в...

(be) tired of – уморен (съм) от...

I was accustomed to going to the beach during

the summer.

Charlie was afraid of feeding his dog.

The workers were perfectly capable of running the

organization themselves.

They're only interested in finding out the facts.

He was tired of playing cards.

Jeff and Jill were fond of doing things together.

You are successful in learning foreign languages.


Confusingly Related Words

accept – приемам except – с изключение на...

access – достъп excess – излишък

advice – съвет advise – съветвам

affect – влияя, засягам effect – въздействие,

последица

again – отново against – срещу

already – вече all ready – всичко е готово

among – измежду (≥3 неща) between – между (2 неща)

beside – до

≠ aside – настрана

besides – освен това

compare – сравнявам,

съпоставям

contrast –противопоставям,

противореча

consecutive –

последователен, непрекъснат

successive – пореден,

последващ

considerable – значителен considerate – внимателен,

деликатен, грижовен

credible – правдоподобен creditable – похвален

detract – накърнявам,

намалявам

distract – разсейвам,

тревожа, развличам

device – устройство, уред,

механизъм

devise – измислям,

озобретявам

elicit – извличам, изтръгвам

предизвиквам, разкривам

illicit – незаконен, забранен

emigrant – емигрант immigrant – имигрант

example – пример sample – образец, мостра

formerly – по-рано, някога,

преди

formally – официално,

тържествено

hard – труден, трудно;

усилено; строг,-о

hardly – едва, едва ли,

с мъка


helpless – безпомощен useless – безполезен,

напразен

imaginary – въображаем,

нереален

imaginative – надарен с

въображение, образен, художествен

immortal – безсмъртен immoral – неморален,

безнравствен

implicit – косвен, скрит;

безрезервен, безусловен; подразбиращ се

explicit – изричен, ясно

изразен; недвусмислен; подробен, пълен

industrial – промишлен industrious – работлив,

усърден, прилежен

inspiration – вдъхновение,

импулс, подбуда

aspiration – стремеж,

амбиция, желание, цел

Intelligent – интелигентен

≠ intelligible – ясен,

разбираем

intellectual –

интелектуален, интелектуалец

intense – силен,

прекомерен, дълбок, напрегнат, страстен, прочувствен

intensive – интензивен,

концентриран, усилен

late – късен,-но lately – напоследък

learn – уча се teach – обучавам,

преподавам

lend/loan – давам назаем borrow – вземам назаем,

заимствам

liquefy – втечнявам liquidate – ликвидирам,

закривам, убивам

lonely – самотен alone – сам

near – близо до, наблизо nearly – почти,

приблизително

observation – наблюдение, observance – обичай,


забележка, спазване честване

persecute – преследвам,

гоня, потискам

prosecute – давам под съд,

законно преследвам

precede – предшествам,

предхождам

proceed – продължавам,

напредвам, процедирам

quantity – количество number – брой, число

remember – помня,

спомням си, запомням

remind – напомням,

подсещам

sensible – разумен,

практичен, значителен, осезаем, подходящ

sensitive – чувствителен,

прецизен, обидчив

special – специален especially – особено

use – използвам; употреба,

полза, нужда

usage – начин на употреба

know how english grammar guidebook2-rules

Education

plural uncountable nouns

singular uncountable

english grammar rules

english grammar guidebook

plural noun

singular noun

new things

small blue house