Key TermsCounty unit systemCounty unit system Independent movementIndependent movementDr. William FeltonDr. William Felton Farmers alliance & the Farmers alliance & the GrangeGrangePopulist movementPopulist movement Tom WatsonTom WatsonDisfranchisementDisfranchisement Poll taxPoll taxLiteracy testLiteracy test Grandfather ClauseGrandfather ClauseWhite primaryWhite primary Jim Crow lawsJim Crow lawsPlessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson Atlanta Race Riot of Atlanta Race Riot of 19061906Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. DuboisJohn HopeJohn Hope Lugenia HopeLugenia HopeProgressive MovementProgressive Movement Settlement HousesSettlement HousesRebecca Latimer FeltonRebecca Latimer Felton Women’s SuffrageWomen’s SuffrageProhibition Prohibition Child LaborChild LaborLeo Frank CaseLeo Frank Case Convict Lease SystemConvict Lease System

Changes in Georgia and the Nation

1869-19171869-1917•Politics

•Segregation and Discrimination

•The Progressive Movement

Politics• The Bourbon Triumvirate and the

Democratic Party ruled the state of Georgia.

• In 1877 the Georgia legislators rewrite the state constitution and create the county unit system.

• This gave smaller rural counties an advantage in elections to the state legislature.

Politics• The Democratic Party leaders were

supported by white landowners and successful businessmen (rich)

• Small farmers, tenant/sharecroppers, blacks and poor whites felt unrepresented by the government.

• This feeling gave rise to an independent

movement.

Politics

• Independent Movement the Independent candidate, Dr. William Felton, from Georgia, won a seat in the US Congress by supporting the small farmers over the large landowners. (1874-1882)

• The formation of small farmer organizations started getting involved in politics. (Grange and Farmers Alliance had over a million members nationwide)

Politics• The Populist Movement- created in 1890

by northern and southern farmers to represent their concerns.

• Populist party supported the following reforms:

-an income tax-vote for women-government control of railroads-programs to provide credit to

farmers-direct elections of U.S. Senators

by popular vote

Politics

• Populist party in Georgia and Texas also worked with the African-Americans.

• Tom Watson won a legislative office in Georgia thanks to both black and white small farmer votes.

• Watson uniting black and white voters concerned the Democratic Party.

• Watson later wins a U.S. Senate seat and becomes very hostile toward African-Americans, Jews, and Catholics.

Segregation and Discrimination• The 13th-15th amendments were passed

to assure African-Americans of their rights.

• The Democratic party wanted to assure that they stayed in power so they severely restricted the black vote.

• The right to vote was seen as a means to social equity the white south did not want to occur.

Segregation and Discrimination• Disfranchisement means depriving a

person of one of the rights of citizenship, such as the right to vote.

• Some of the ways whites kept Georgia’s African-Americans disfranchised:-poll tax -a fee paid to vote-literacy test -determine if people could read-Grandfather clause -could vote if father or grandfather voted.-White Primary- blacks could only vote in general election, not primary.

Segregation and Discrimination• Before the Civil War, slavery had

separated the races.• After the war, southern states passed

Jim Crow Laws to keep them apart.• The government ruled that the 14th

amendment applied only to governments and not private citizens and businesses.

• Public places such as restaurants, trains, waiting rooms, and even drinking fountains became segregated.

Segregation and Discrimination• African-Americans and their white

supporters felt this was unconstitutional and took their complaints to the supreme Court.

• In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities were not unconstitutional. (It wouldn’t be until 1954 that it was reversed)

• Separate but Equal became the law of the land. All society was segregated.

Segregation and Discrimination(Racial Violence)

• From Reconstruction until the 1950’s lynching (shooting or hanging) was used to control African-Americans.

• Many times these lynchings were started by nothing more than a rumor

• The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 was started when two candidates running for the governors office (Hoke Smith & Clarke Howell) used their newspapers to spread racial rumors. This caused a racial riot in Atlanta with hundreds wounded , 30 dead and thousands leaving Atlanta for safety of countryside.

Segregation and DiscriminationEarly Civil Rights Leaders

• Booker T. Washington (teacher) would promote racial acceptance through “earning the respect and right to demand equality.”

• W.E.B. DuBois (professor) believed that African- Americans “deserved” the rights that whites had.

• John Hope (college president) Believed blacks should receive same education as whites. His wife Lugenia Hope also championed African-American causes and programs.

Segregation and Discrimination

Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois

Segregation and Discrimination

John Hope Lugenia Burns Hope

The Progressive Movement• The Industrial Revolution

creates great wealth, but also causes major social problems.

• Progressive Movement —groups working together to improve society

• Goals: reform government, promote social welfare, economic reform.

The Progressive Movement(Reforms)

• Railroad RegulationFarmers complain of unfair rates, Progressives work for fair treatment

• Disease ControlBetter disease treatment, prevention; sanitation; food inspection

• Settlement HousesSettlement houses help immigrants, poor - free health care, kindergarten, legal aid, laundry

The Progressive Movement• Women’s Rights

Rebecca Latimer Felton campaigns for many causes in Georgia

-anti-lynching; opposes drinking, smoking; supports child care -Wants equal status for women, first woman to

serve in U.S. Senate• Women active in churches, clubs, temperance

leagues. They find new jobs as teachers, sales clerks, journalists

The Progressive Movement• Women’s Suffrage

Georgia’s leaders not interested in giving the vote to women

-grant suffrage only when U.S. passes

Nineteenth Amendment, 1920

The Progressive Movement• Prohibition

Georgia progressives campaign to ban drinking before 1919 national banGeorgia is first Southern state to outlaw sale of alcohol, 1907

The Progressive Movement• Child Labor

Georgia bans businesses from hiring young children by 1916Factories ignore laws, continue to hire children as young as 10

The Progressive Movement• The Leo Frank Case in

AtlantaLeo Frank, Jewish factory manager, convicted of murdering girl, 1913

• Frank kidnapped, lynched; gets 1986 pardon based on new evidence

The Progressive Movement

The Progressive Movement• Convict Lease System

Newspapers, farm and labor groups, churches fight convict lease system (horrible treatment)

Georgia abolishes system in 1908, creates new system

-adult and child convicts separated-Prisoners live in state prison farms,

work on public roads

The Progressive Movement• Progressive Movement helps to

bring North and South together by tackling problem America shares as a whole.