katie carlsons tudor notes

7/25/2019 Katie Carlsons Tudor Notes

1/44

THE END OF THE YORKIST MONARCHY AND THE TRIUMPH OF HENRY

TUDOR, 1483-7

WHY DID ED IVS DEATH IN 1483 CAUSE POLITICAL INSTABILITY?

FACTIONS Ed IV had marr!d E"#a$!%h W&&d'""!( a )&mm&*!r +%h a"ar,!( am$%&-. /am"0 2'a" W&&d'""!"&-)!.%!r /a)%&*. W&&d'""! 5

E"#a$!%h W&&d'""! 6Ed IV. +/!7( Ear" 2'!r. 6EW. /a%h!r7( Th&ma. a*d

2)hard r!0 6EW. .&*. /r&m a r!'&-. marra,!7 "&-)!.%!r /a)%&* 5

2)hard( D-9! &/ "&-)!.%!r( L&rd Ha.%*,.( D-9! &/ B-)9*,ham Ed V had

,r&+* - ar&-*d W&&d'""!.( .& +a. "&0a" %& %h!m Th! "&-)!.%!r /a)%&*

had m&r! *&$"! .-&r% a*d %h! W&&d'""!. +!r! -*&-"ar ED IVS WILL 14:;< arra*,!d /&r a* 8 ma* r!,!*)0 )&-*)" 6*)"-d*,

EW7 %& r-"! /&r Ed V / h! +a. * h. m*&r%0 148; am!*d!d +""( $-% %

dd *&% .-r''! W&&d'""!. ar,-!d %ha% "&-)!.%!r +a. * %h! 2!,!*)0

C&-*)"( "&-)!.%!r ar,-!d %ha% h! +a. L&rd Pr&%!)%&r TI=IN War. &/ %h! 2&.!. Y&r9.% %hr&*! had *&% $!!* *h!r%!d $!/&r!

a*d h!r +a. a m*&r 5 %hr&*! &!* %& )"ama*%. =INO2 HEI2S Ed V +a. 1>( 2)hard( D-9! &/ Y&r9 +a. 1( Ear" &/ War+)9

+a. 1 Y&-*, 9*, 5 !a."0 ma*-"a%!d F,h% &'!r m*&r%0 r-"! 6!, L&rd

Pr&%!)%&ra%! 2!,!*)0 )&-*)"7

WHY DID 2ICHA2D( DU@E OF LOUCESTE2( =A@E HI=SELF @IN IN 1483?

SEIED THE OPPO2TUNITY &+!r/-" ad-"% ma"! +%h ,&&d )"am %& %h!

%hr&*!( Ed V +a. 1>( "&-)!.%!r /a)%&* had *&$"! .-&r%( W&&d'""!.

+!r! *&% +!"" "9!d( a))!.. %& h!r. SECU2E THE TH2ONE ad-"% ma"! &* %hr&*! ra%h!r %ha* m*&r( .%r&*,

a*d +!"" %ra*!d .&"d!r( ,&&d m"%ar0 "!ad!r( r!d-)! %h! %hr!a% &/ /&r!,*

)"ama*%. !, Th! La*)a.%ra* H!*r0 T-d&r( r!d-)! d.-%!. a$&-%

2!,!*)0 C&-*)" Th&ma. a*d 2)hard r!0 had m&$".!d arm!. &-%.d!

L&*d&* %& r&%!)% %hr&*! r!m&'!d %h. %hr!a% BUC@INHA= INFLUENCE m!% +%h B-)9*,ham( %h! 9*,ma9!r &* 3 %h

Ar"( $!,a* %a9*, .%!. %& ma9! hm.!"/ 9*, a/%!r %h. arr!.%!d 2'!r.(

2)hard r!0( %&&9 .&"! )-.%&d0 &/ Ed V( )&*rm!d hm.!"/ a. L&rd

Pr&%!)%&r( +r&%! %& C%0 &/ Y&r9 a.9*, /&r arm!d m!* %& r&%!)% %h!m /r&m

%h! W&&d'""!. 6+h& +!r! a"" * .a*)%-ar0r.&*7( %&&9 2)hard D-9! &/Y&r9( had .!rm&* r!a)h!d a% S% Pa-". Cr&.. +h)h ra.!d hm a*d

a**&-*)!d %ha% Ed 2)hard +!r! ""!,%ma%! $!)a-.! Ed IV had a r!87 I* Fra*)! +%h Fr!*)h $a)9*, 6!!% m&*!07 S-&r%!d $0

Ed+arda* Y&r9.%. $!)a-.! &/ E&Y $!%r&%ha" L=B marr!d %& L&rd Th&ma.

S%a*"!0 "ar,! "a*d&+*!r * N&r%h N&r%h =d"a*d. T!*&-. )"am %&

%hr&*! B!.% La*)a.%ra* )"ama*% Ha. .-&r%!r. +%h hm "!.

Da-$!*!0( a.!r T-d&r 6-*)"!( ma* m"%ar0 )&mma*d!r7( &h* D! V!r!

Ear" &/ OG( Th&ma. r!0 =ar-. &/ D&r.!% I*/&rm!d $0 .!. @*&+. %ha%

2h0. a Th&ma. a*d Sr &h* Sa'a,! * Wa"!. +"" .-&r% hm N& ,r!a%

ma,*a%! d!)"ar!. /&r hm L&a*!d K /ra*). a*d 18 m!* "!d $0

Ph"$!r% d! Cha*d! $0 %h! Fr!*)h 9*, Char"!. VIII

=ID TE2=

2III .!*d. &-% a m-.%!r L!ar*. &/ HT. arr'a"(

.-mm&*. N&r/&"9( N&r%h-m$!r"a*d( L&'!""( Bra)9!*$-r0

EG!)%. 2aTS%a*"!0 %& )r-.h H!*r0( D!)"ar!. &h*

Sa'a,! a*d W""am S%a*"!0 %ra%&r. /&r d!/!)%*, %&H!*r0 =&'!. arm0 %& L!)!.%!r Cam. Am$!* H"" &*

>1.%A-,-.% HT .!%. .a" /r&m Fra*)! +%h 18 m!r)!*ar!.( 3


5/44

LON TE2= < HT had a )"am %& %h! %hr&*!( 2III had a r!-%a%&* a. a

-.-r!r a*d m-rd!r!r( r!"!d &* ,!*%r0 ra%h!r %ha* *&$"%0 /&r ad')!

+h)h )a-.!d r!.!*%m!*%( had *& h!r 6+!a9 %hr&*!7( a"!*a%!d .&-%h!r*

*&$"%0 $!)a-.! &/ NP( had a* !G!*.'! /& & +h)h d.%ra)%!d hm /r&m

HT( dd*% ha'! %h! .-&r% &/ h. .-$!)%. HT had a .ma"" .-&r% $a.! *

Br%%a*0 =ID TE2= Char"!. VIII .-"!d hm +%h 18 m!r)!*ar!.( Pd!C( .h.

a*d m&*!0 H!*r0. W!".h .-&r%!r. a""&+!d hm %& "a*d %h!r! 2aT

d!)"ar!d /&r H!*r0 a% N!+ha'!*( add!d > m!* WS a""&+!d HT *%&

E*,"a*d( )a""*, &Q $a"Q. * Shr!+.$-r0 H. .%!.&* add!d 8 m!*

"$!r% Ta"$&% add!d ; m!* TS .!*% 4 9*,h%. %& r!*/&r)! H!*r0.

%r&&. H!*r0 ar&a)h!d -)9"0 2III dd*% ha'! !*&-,h %m! %& m-.%!r

%r&&. SHO2T TE2= Pd!C !G!)-%!d )&m"!G 9! ma*&!-'r! +h)h r&%!)%!d

HT WS *%!r'!*!d %& h!" HT a% "a.% m*-%! TS N&r%h-m$!r"a*d dd*%

h!" 2III 2III mad! a r!)9"!.. )har,! +%h&-% %h! .-&r% &/ %h! 'a*,-ardD-9! &/ N&r/&"9( "!ad!r &/ 2III. arm0( +a. 9""!d * $a%%"!

HISTO2ICAL INTE2P2ETATIONS

P&""ard 2III /a"-r! %& ra""0 .-&r% . 9!0

Car!*%!r 2III. a"!*a%&* &/ .&-%h!r* *&$"%0 . 9!0

La*d!r "&.% % &* %h! $a%%"!!"d Th. da0 I +"" d! a 9*, &r +*

HEN2Y VIIS INITIAL ACTIONS 148;


6/44

&h* =&r%&*( B.h& &/ E"0( $!)am! Cha*)!""&r a*d Ar)h$.h& &/ Ca*%!r$-r0

A&*%!d h. %r-.%!d .-&r%!r. %& 9!0 &.%&*.

PUNISHIN OPPONENTS d!)"ar!d %ha% h. r!,* $!,a* &* >1 .%A-,-.%( a""&+!d

hm %& a%%a* %h&.! +h& /&-,h% /&r 2III a% B&.+&r%h a. %h!0 +!r! %ra%&r.

Imr.&*!d Ear" &/ S-rr!0 a*d Ear" &/ N&r%h-m$!r"a*d 2!"!a.!d N&r%h-m$!r"a*d148;( ,&'!r*!d /&r HVII * %h! N&r%h S-rr!0 r!"!a.!d 148J L!*!*% %&+ard.

Y&r9.%. < Ear" &/ W!.%m&r"a*d had a $&*d( .&* 9!% a% H!*r0. )&-r%( 9!% %%"!

a*d "a*d. Ear" &/ W"%.hr! /&r,'!* a*d 9!% %%"!( Ear" &/ Shr!+.$-r0 9!% %%"!

BOOSTIN PUBLIC P2OFILE ..-!d a r&)"ama%&* %ha% 2III +a. d!ad a*d HVII

+a. 9*, W!*% &* a r&0a" r&,r!.. 148K Cr!a%!d T-d&r r&.! $0 )&m$**,

Y&r9.% a*d La*)a.%ra* r&.!. Ad&%!d W!".h dra,&* a. a .-&r%!r &/ r&0a" )&a%

&/ arm. %& )"am d!.)!*% /r&m a*)!*% W!".h 9*, Cad+a"adr U.!d &r%)-"".

6B!a-/&r% .0m$&"7 %& .h&+ %ha% h! +a. a dr!)% d!.)!*da*% &/ &h* &/ a-*%

LAW AND O2DE2 Par"am!*% ar&'!d a *!+ &a%h &/ "&0a"%0 %& $! .+&r* $0r&0a" h&-.!h&"d( H&L( H&C Cr!a%!d %h! Y!&m!* &/ %h! -ard a. a !r.&*a"

r&%!)%&* .-ad


7/44

THE REIGN OF HENRY VII 1485-1509: POITICA PO!ER AND CONTRO

P2ETENDE2S( CLAI=ANTS AND 2EBELLIONS

LOVELL 2EBELLION( EASTE2 148K

Fra*). L&'!""( V.)&-*% L&'!"" a*d Sr H-mhr!0 a*d Th&ma. S%aQ&rd

L&0a" .-&r%!r. &/ 2III( had !d *%& .a*)%-ar0 Br&9! .a*)%-ar0 148K %&

"!ad *.-rr!)%&*. -.*, Ear" &/ War+)9. *am! a. a ra""0*, )r0 6War+)9

+a. * T&+!r7 Y&r9.% *&$"!. dd*% &* r!'&"% a/%!r "!*!*% %r!a%m!*% a/%!r

B&.+&r%h HVII arr!.%!d %h! S%aQ&rd. +h& had !d $a)9 *%& .a*)%-ar0

a*d )ha*,!d %h! "a+ .& %ha% .a*)%-ar0 dd*% a"0 * %r!a.&* )a.!.

H-mhr!0 S%aQ&rd !G!)-%!d( Th&ma. ard&*!d( L&'!"" !d %& F"a*d!r.

Y&r9.% r!$!". "!ar*!d %ha% %h!0 *!!d!d a Y&r9.% ,-r!h!ad %& .%a*d

a,a*.% H!*r0

SI=NEL CHALLENE( 148K !rma* m!r)!*ar!. "!d $0

=ar%* S)h+ar# ;%h=a0 L*)&"*( L&'!"" a*d Y&r9.% arm0 arr'! * D-$"*

A*,"&


8/44

ENSU2ED THAT 2EBELS COULD NOT 2E2OUP AFTE2 BATTLE &rd!r!d

!rma* m!r)!*ar!. &-% &/ )&-*%r0( h-*, r!ma**, Ir.hm!* A'&d!d

a"!*a%*, %h! *&$"%0( dd*% !G!)-%! "a*d!d r!$!". Im&.!d *!. a*d

,&&d $!ha'&-r $&*d. S!*% %h! r.% ar% &/ 148: -%%*, d&+*

)&*%*-*, -*r!.% * Y&r9.hr! a*d N&r%h-m$!r"a*d Pa..!d A)%. &/

A%%a*d!r a,a*.% >8 r!$!".( &*"0 )&*.)a%!d "a*d /r&m DLP +h& d!d *

$a%%"! Sm*!" )a%-r!d a*d -% %& +&r9 a. a %-r*.% * %h! @*,.

9%)h!*. E&/Y )r&+*!d %& -*%! !&"! SINIFICANCE OF SI=NEL 2EBELLION -*)&'!r!d Y&r9.% )&*.ra)0 a%

h!ar% &r ,&'!r*m!*% 6DLP +a. * %h! C&-*.!"7 I% $!)am! )"!ar %ha% .&m!

r!,&*. +&-"d .-&r% a*0 )ha""!*,! %& HVII a*d /&r!,* a%%a)9 +a. "9!"0(

!. W%h B-r,-*d0. a...%a*)! A""&+!d HVII %& a..!.. %h! -a"%0 &/

m*.%!r. a*d .!r'a*%. a*d -*d!r.%a*d %h! m&r%a*)! &/ )-"%'a%*, a

*!%+&r9 &/ "&0a" 9*,h%. * )&-*%!. C&.% &/ )ama,* "a)9 &/ m&*!0 5

mr&'!d )r&+* *a*)!. %hr&-,h $!%%!r *a*)a" ma*a,!m!*% -*d!r Sr

2!,*a"d Bra0 Sh&+!d *ad!-a%! "a+ma9*, a*d !*/&r)!m!*% S%arCham$!r -.!d %& .%r!*,%h!* %h. HVII .%ar%!d %& -.! $&*d. %& .-!!#!

r!$!""&-. *&$"!.

WA2BEC@ CHALLENE 14J1 < HVII .!*% arm0 %& Ir!"a*d a*d War$!)9 !d %& Fra*)! a/%!r

r!)!'*, "%%"! Ir.h .-&r% Char"!. VIII r!)!'!d hm a. a r*)! 6a% +ar

+%h E*,"a*d &'!r Br%%a*07 A/%!r Tr!a%0 &/ E%a"!. 14J>( !d %& B-r,-*d0

=&B %ra*!d hm a. a Y&r9.% r*)! 14J3 < HVII "a)!d a %rad! !m$ar,& &* %h! E*,".h +&&""!* )"&%h %rad! +%h

B-r,-*d0 14J4 < H2E =aGm"a* /!"% $!%ra0!d $0 T&/E( r!)&,*.!d War$!)9

I*.-)!*% m"%ar0 r!.&-r)!. %& $a)9 hm * %h! !"d Char"!. VIII +a,!d

+ar * I%a"0 a*d +%hdr!+ .-&r% %& .!)-r! Fra*)!. *&r%h!r* $&rd!r. 14J; a%%!m%!d %& *'ad! E*,"a*d( .a"!d /r&m %h! N!%h!r"a*d. a*d

"a*d!d a% D!a" * @!*% Sr 2&$!r% C"Q&rd %&"d HVII $!/&r!ha*d a*d ,ra..!d

&* W""am S%a*"!0 6.ad h! +&-"d*% ,h% a,a*.% War$!)9 $!)a-.! %h!r!

+a. *& r&&/ h! +a.*% 2)hard7 !G!)-%!d /&r %r!a.&* HVII. *%!"",!*)!

*!%+&r9 9!% hm */&rm!d &/ %h&.! m")a%!d a% h&m! a*d a$r&ad

Pa..!d a)%. &/ a%%a*d!r * Par"am!*% War$!)9. .ma"" /&r)! !a."0

)r-.h!d $0 "&)a" a-%h&r%!. PW dd*% !'!* d.!m$ar9 Sa"!d %& Ir!"a*d(

/a"!d %& "a*d * Wa%!r/&rd 6"a)9 &/ .-&r%7( .a"!d %& S)&%"a*d am!. IV

+!")&m!d hm( r&'d!d .h!"%!r( !*.&* a*d r&0a" +/! 6Lad0 Ca%h!r*!

&rd&*( h. )&-.*7 Ca.% d&-$% &* Ar%h-r a*d C&/A. $!%r&%ha" 14JK *'ad!d E*,"a*d +%h S)&%. arm0( /a"!d %& ra""0 .-&r% am!. IV

m&r! /r!*d"0 +%h E*,"a*d( *!,&%a%*, Tr!a%0 &/ A0%&* 14J:( : 0!ar %r-)!($!%r&%ha" %& Pr*)!.. =ar,ar!% PW )&-"d*% r!%-r* %& S)&%"a*d


9/44

14J:< r!%-r*!d %& Ir!"a*d( @"dar! +a. "&0a" %& HVII W!*% %& C&r*+a""(

.!'!ra" %h&-.a*d C&r*.hm!* &*!d h. arm0 d.&r,a*.!d( &&r"0 "!d(

-*d!r

a% EG!%!r F"!d *%& .a*)%-ar0 a% B!a-"!- A$$!0

*!ar S&-%ham%&*( ,a'! - a*d )&*/!..!d

L'!d a )&-r% 14J8 < %r!d %& !.)a!( m&'!d %& T&+!r

14JJ < "&% %& !.)a! +%h War+)9( $-r* d&+*

%h! T&+!r a*d !! %& F"a*d!r. B&%h !G!)-%!d

H.%&r)a" *%!rr!%a%&*.

Car!*%!r Sm*!" HVII +a. +!"" .-&r%!d( Sm*!" +a.*% War$!)9

=!m$!r. &/ h. &+* h&-.!h&"d *'&"'!d( m-.% ha'! a"!*a%!d r-"*,

)"a..!. %& ma9! %h! "&% a,a*.% hm La*d!r Sm*!" '!r0 "%%"! .-&r%( *& Y&r9.% /a)%&* * E*,"a*d

War$!)9 r!)&,*%&* $0 /&r!,* &+!r. d)%a%!d HVII. /& &( *dr!)%"0

r&d-)!d %h! m&.% da*,!r&-. r!'&"% &/ %h! r!,* 6C&r*.h7

TA 2EBELLIONS

@*, !G!)%!d %& "'! &/ h. &+* %hr&-,h )r&+* "a*d.( /!-da" d-!.(

)-.%&m. d-%!. !%) Ord*ar0 %aGa%&* "a%0 a0. a /%!!*%h 611; %h&/ %h! 'a"-! &/ %h!r

r&!r%0( $a.!d &* 1334 'a"-a%&*.7 C"!r,0 a0. a %!*%h 611 %h&/ %h!

'a"-! &/ %h!r r&!r%0( $a.!d &* 1334 'a"-a%&*.7 EG%ra&rd*ar0 %aGa%&* /&r +ar( * a* !m!r,!*)0( had %& $! ar&'!d $0

Par"am!*% P!&"! *!ar $&rd!r. !G!)%!d %& a0 /&r /&r%)a%&*. a*d

d!/!*d*, /&r)!. S-$.d0 $a.!d &* /r!-!*% r!a..!..m!*%. &/ a !r.&*. r&!r%0( ad a%

G!d ra%!( !)!*% *!+ 5 -*&-"ar

CO2NISH 2EBELLION 14J:

HVII a.9!d Par"am!*% /&r m&*!0 %& r!..% War$!)9 S)&%. *'a.&*

ra*%!d &*! .-$.d0 &/ %+& /%!!*%h. a*d &*! %!*%h 5 1> Far m&r!

%ha* a*0 &%h!r 0!ar a*d .h&r%"0 a/%!r a )&""!)%&* &/ a /&r)!d "&a* Th!C&r*.h +!r! a**&0!d a$&-% % F!"% %h! %aG aQ!)%!d %h!m -*/ar"0 6m"!.

a+a0 /r&m %h! S)&%%.h $&rd!r( %h&-,h% "&)a". .h&-"d a0( )&""!)%&* +a.

d.&r,a*.!d a*d )&rr-% * .&m! ar%. &/ C&r*+a""( *& !G!m%&* /&r

&&r!r !&"! * C&r*+a"" a"%h&-,h %h!r! +a. * .&m! ar%. &/ E*,"a*d( %*

m*!r. $ad"0 h%( HVII had a"!*a%!d C&r*.h a$&-% r!,-"a%&* &/ r'"!,!.

&/ C&r*.h %* m*!.7 War$!)9 %&&9 ad'a*%a,! a*d &*!d r!$!". L!d $0

Th&ma. F"a*a)9 a*d =)ha!" &.!h &*!d $0 "&)a" ,!*%r0 a*d )"!r,0m!*(

mar)h!d !a)!/-""0 %&+ard. L&*d&* 1K%h-*! r!a)h!d B"a)9h!a%h *!ar

L&*d&* +%h &'!r 1; m!* S-r!..!d( ma*0 r!$!". 9""!d( "!ad!r.

)a%-r!d a*d !G!)-%!d S&m! h.%&ra*. .-,,!.% +d!.r!ad r!.!*%m!*%a,a*.% %h! %aG!. *&%h*, .!!m!d %& .%a*d * %. +a0 P!&"! &*!d &r


10/44

.0ma%h.!d L&)a" *&$"!. .%&&d a.d! .h&-"d ha'! a)%!d mm!da%!"0 %&

!.%a$".h "a+ a*d &rd!r /&r 9*,

YO2@SHI2E 2EBELLION 148J

HVII *!!d!d m&*!0 %& .!*d %r&&. %& Br%%a*0 6-*d!r %hr!a% /r&m Fra*)!7Par"am!*% ,ra*%!d H!*r0 a .-$.d0 6*!+7 N&r%h-m$!r"a*d &'!r.a+

)&""!)%&* * %h! N&r%h Pr&%!.% * N&r%h-m$!r"a*d

a*d Y&r9.hr! $!)a-.! Fra*)! . $"&&d0 m"!. a+a0

a%h!r!d *!ar Thr.9( m!% $0 N&r%h-m$!r"a*d +h&

+a. 9""!d $0 r!$!". Had r!r!.!*%!d r&0a"

a-%h&r%0 .& .h% +!*% d&+* 2!$!". a.9!d /&r a

ard&*( d!*!d HVII .!*% a "ar,! arm0 %& %h! N&r%h

"!d $0 %h! Ear" &/ S-rr!0 &h* Cham$r! 6%h!r

"!ad!r7 ha*,!d /&r %r!a.&* 2!$!". /&-*d a *!+

"!ad!r( Sr &h* E,r!m&*% 6""!,%ma%! m!m$!r &/P!r)0 /am"0 a*d Y&r9.% .0ma%h.!r7 +h& r&m%"0 ..!d &Q %&

B-r,-*d0 HVII dd*% %r0 %& ra.! %aG /r&m N&r%h-m$!r"a*d a*d Y&r9.hr!

a,a*

HEN2Y VII AND THE COUNT2IES OF EU2OPE

EU2OPE IN 148;

B2ITTANY *d!!*d!*% d-)h0 * %h! NW &/ Fra*)!( r-"!d $0 Fra*). II

HVII had .!*% m&.% &/ h. !G"! %h!r!( .& &+!d %h! D-9! a d!$% &/

,ra%%-d! F2ANCE r-"!d $0 Char"!. VIII -*%" 14JK( %h!* L&-. II Had *)r!a.!d

-)9"0 * .#! a*d &+!r &'!r 1;%h)!*%-r0 S%r&*, < .%a%! had

)&*.d!ra$"! &+!r. * %h! )&""!)%&* &/ %aG!.( "ar,!.% &-"a%&* * E-r&!

61;m .h7 Wa*%!d %& .!)-r! Br%%a*0 a*d )"am ="a* a*d Na"!. SPAIN r-"!d $0 F!rd*a*d &/ Ara,&* a*d I.a$!""a &/ Ca.%"! a/%!r %h!r

14:J marra,! -*%!. Sa* S%r&*, arm0( Wa*%!d %& dr'! =-."m. &-% &/

ra*ada * .&-%h!r* Sa*( .!)-r! *&r%h!r* $&rd!r. $0 r!%a9*, C!rda,*!

a*d 2&-..""&* a*d )a%-r*, Na'arr! /r&m Fra*)! F had *h!r%!d )"am %&

Na"!. ITALY +!a"%h0 a*d )&m!%*, .%a%!. !, ="a*( V!*)!( F"&r!*)!( Na"!.

a*d %h! Paa" .%a%!. Cr-)a" &"%)a" %ar,!% &/ 1; %h)!*%-r0 +!a9 a*d

d'd!d( ,!&,rah)a""0 a*d )&mm!r)a""0 a% %h! )r&..r&ad. &/ E-r&!(

h-,!"0 +!a"%h0 a*d * mdd"! &/ 2!*a..a*)! 6)-"%-ra" r!'&"-%&*7 Fra*)!

a*d Ha.$-r,. had d0*a.%) )"am. * I%a"0 HOLY 2O=AN E=PI2E S%r!%)h!d &'!r )!*%ra" E-r&! >m *ha$%a*%.

a*d "&%. &/ .%a%!. Em!r&r 5 Fr!d!r)9 III 1448


11/44

)!*%r! /&r E*,"a*d Ed IV2III. ..%!r( =ar,ar!% &/ B-r,-*d0( had % * /&r

HVII SCOTLAND &-"a%&* &/ 4 .h( *)&m! &/ 8 6"&"7 @*, am!.

III r!"a*% &* )&&!ra%&* &/ *&$"%0 a*d '-"*!ra$"! %& '&"!*% -.-ra%&*.

Va.% )&-*%r0.d! m&..$"! %& )&*-!r( d)-"% %& *'ad! Trad%&*a""0

a""!d +Fra*)!( )&-"d "a-*)h a > r&*,!d *'a.&* &* E*,"a*d Thr!a% &/$&rd!r rad. 5 > *a*)a""0 dra**, !rma*!*% ,arr.&*. a% B!r+)9 a*d

Car"."! I2ELAND E*,".h r-"! "m%!d %& %h! Pa"!( d!a" .r*,$&ard /&r *'a.&*

a%%!m%.( d!! Y&r9.% .0ma%h!.( r-"!d $0 *d!!*d!*% )h!/.( m&.%

m&r%a*% F%#,!ra"d &/ @"dar! ENLAND "%%"! *'&"'!m!*% * E-r&! .*)! %h! H-*dr!d Y!ar. War

6133:


12/44

14JK =a,*-. I*%!r)-r.-. B-r,-*d0 a*d E*,"a*d L/%!d %rad*, $a*(

mr&'!d )&mm!r)a" r!"a%&*.( E*,".h m!r)ha*%. a""&+!d %& .!"" ,&&d.

+h&"!.a"! 6+%h&-% %&"". &r )-.%&m. d-%!.7 a*0+h!r! * %h! D-9! &/

B-r,-*d0. "a*d.( $ar F"a*d!r. 14J: Tr!a%0 &/ A0%&* S)&%"a*d a*d E*,"a*d HVII. da-,h%!r =ar,ar!%

marr!. am!. IV( am!. d&!.*% a%%a)9 E*,"a*d7 1;; Tr!a%0 &/ B"&. Fra*)! a*d Sa* F!rd*a*d marr!. L&-. *!)!

a* 1;K Tr!a%0 &/ W*d.&r B-r,-*d0 a*d E*,"a*d EDLP ha*d!d &'!r(

H!*r0 %& marr0 =ar,ar!% &/ Sa'&0 6Ph"". ..%!r7( H!*r0 r!)&,*.!d Ph"

a*d &a*a a. r-"!r. &/ Ca.%"! =a"-. I*%!r)-r.-. 6*!+ %rad*, a,r!!m!*%(

/a'&-ra$"! %& E*,"a*d7 Ph" +&-"d ha*d &'!r EDLP a. "&*, a. h! +a. *&%

9""!d

INVASIONS AND C2ISES

Br%%a*0 Cr.. 148:

Ca.%"a* S-))!..&* Cr.. 1;4

B2ETON C2ISIS 148:

1483 Char"!. VIII a.)!*d. Fr!*)h %hr&*! =*&r( .& ..%!r( A**! &/

B!a-!- a)%. a. 2!,!*% 148: Fra*). II ""( A**! +a*%. %& marr0 Char"!. %& h. h!r A**! 61>7 %&

%a9! &'!r Br%%a*0 Sa* a*d B-r,-*d0 a"arm!d =a0 148: Fr!*)h .!*% 1; %r&&. %& Br%%a*0( =aGm"a*

.!*% 1;( Sa* .!*% 1( Fr!*)h *&$"!ma* A"a* dA"$r!%

6a".& +a*%!d %& marr0 A**!7 .!*% 4 HVII .!*% -*&)a"

/&r)! &/ a /!+ h-*dr!d m!* -*d!r L&rd S)a"!. OQ!r!d %&

m!da%! $!%+!!* Fra*). a*d %h! Fr!*)h Fra*).

r!/-.!d HVII r!*!+!d h. 148; %r-)! +%h Fra*)! 1488 Fra*)! d!/!a%. Br%%a*0 a% Ba%%"! &/ S% A-$* d-

C&r$!r Fra*). /&r)!d %& .,* Tr!a%0 &/ Sa$"! 6A**! +&-"d *&% marr0

+%h&-% Fr!*)h !rm..&*7 S!% Fra*). d!d( Fra*)! )"am!d +ard.h

&'!r A**!( Sa* a*d H2E !*,a,!d !".!+h!r! HVII .,*!d Tr!a%0 &/D&rdr!)h% +%h H2E 6a,r!!d %& .!*d 3 %r&&. %& r!"!'! a F"!m.h

,arr.&* a% DGm-*d! +h)h +a. -*d!r .!,!( H2E r&m.!d %& .!*d

%r&&. %& Br%%a*07 148J < HVII .,*. =DC +%h Sa* 6Sa* a,r!! %& .!*d %r&&. %& h!"

Br%%a*07 S,*!d Tr!a%0 &/ 2!d&* +%h Br%%a*0 6a,r!!d %& a0 /&r K

E*,".h .&"d!r. %& ,h% Fr!*)h7 HVII d.a%)h!d %r&&.( *!%h!r Sa* *&r

H2E 9!! r&m.!. 14J1 A**! marr!. =aG $0 r&G0 Fr!*)h *'ad! Br%%a*0( Br%%a*0 a))!%

d!/!a%( A**! marr!. Char"!. VIII * D!)!m$!r A+9+ard HVII had

r&m.!d %& ,& %& +ar %& d!/!*d Br!%&* *d!!*d!*)!

Br%%a*0 )r..


13/44

O)% 14J> HVII .!*d >K .&"d!r. %& $!.!,! B&-"&,*! .h&+!d

.%r!*,%h &/ E*,".h arm0 La%! * %h! )ama,**, .!a.&*( .h&+!d %h!

Fr!*)h %ha% h! +a. &!* %& *!,&%a%&* Char"!. VIII a".& +""*, %&

*!,&%a%! 6r!ar*, /&r +a. * I%a"07 J da0. "a%!r( Fra*)! a*d E*,"a*d

.,* Tr!a%0 &/ E%a"!.

OTHE2 FO PO ISSUES 148;

BU2UNDY =aG r-"!d a. r!,!*% /&r Ph" -*%" 14J4 6!"!)%!d H2E7

Na%-ra" a""0 /&r HVII Fr!*)h +a*%!d %& a**!G Fr!*)h ar% &/ B-r,-*d0(

"&*, .%a*d*, %rad! "*9. +%h E*,"a*d 148: =aG .!*d. %r&&. %& a...%

Br!%&*. a,a*.% Fr!*)h $-% .&&* -""!d &-% 148J T&/D( HVII 9!!. h.

+&rd( =aG d&!.*% 6mad! .!ara%! !a)! +%h Fra*)! .-mm!r 148J7

A""!. )&-"d*% $! r!"!d &* 2!"a%&*.h mad! +&r.! $0 =&/B 6148:

r&'d!d m"%ar0 a*d /&r!,* $a)9*, /&r Sm*!" *'a.&*( 14J>

+!")&m!d PW a% )&-r%7 SPAIN Na%-ra" a""0 /&r E*,"a*d r'a"r0 +%h Fra*)! &'!r

2&-.""&*C!rda,*! 1488 HVII .%ar%!d *!,&%a%&*. /&r AC&/A marra,!

a""a*)! N!,&%a%&*. )&*%*-!d &'!r .#! &/ d&+r0 !%)( a,r!!m!*%

r!a)h!d * =DC 148J SCOTLAND 1488 am!. III 9""!d $0 r!$!" S)&%.( S)&%"a*d r-"!d $0 am!.

IV 6m*&r7 14J> r& d!m&*.%ra%!. .%r!*,%h &/ E*,".h arm0( a'&d.

)&.%"0 +ar( ma9!. - /&r h-m"a%&* &/ Br%%a*0 %a9!&'!r =DC 148J &+!r/-" a""a*)!

14J3 J 0!ar %r-)! +%h S)&%"a*d

14J: ,a*!d =aG. h!" +%h Br%%a*0

148K 3 0!ar %r-)! +%h S)&%"a*d

148K )&mm!r)a" %r!a%0 +%h B-r,-*d0

Fa"-r!.

L!% d&+* $0 a""!. =aG $r&9! %!rm. &/ T&/D( Sa* $r&9!

%!rm. &/ =DC Br%%a*0 %a9!* &'!r $0 Fra*)!

A%%!m% %& *%!r'!*! * 148: $0 .!*d*, &'!r L&rd S)a"!. dd *&%h*,

HVII had %& h!" Sa* )&*-!r C!rda,*! a*d 2&-.""&* -*d!r =DC Fra*)!

-*"9!"0 %& ,'! - N&rma*d0 a*d A-%a*!

FO PO 14J>

S-))!..!.

A**! &/ Br%%a*0


14/44

14JK C&mm!r)a" %r!a%0 +%h Fra*)!

2!"a%&*. +%h B-r,-*d0 mr&'! a/%!r PW. /a"!d D!a" *'a.&* 14J;

14JK =a,*-. I*%!r)-r.-.( mr&'!d )&mm!r)a" r!"a%&*. +%h B-r,-*d0

14JK /-r%h!r a,r!!m!*% &* AC&/A marra,! F!rd*a*d arra*,!d /&r

E*,"a*d %& &* H&"0 L!a,-! 6a""a*)! &/ P&!( Sa*( H2E( V!*)! a*d

="a* a,a*.% Fra*)!7 HVII &*!d &* %h! )&*d%&* %ha% E*,"a*d dd*%ha'! %& ,& %& +ar +%h Fra*)! =arra,! %r!a%0 .,*!d 14JJ 1;1(

marra,! %&&9 "a)! 1;1 Ph" marr!d &a*a &/ Ca.%"!( )!m!*%!d Sa*E*,"a*dB-r,-*d0

r!"a%&*.h ; +!!9. a/%!r Ar%h-r. d!a%h % +a. a,r!!d %ha% C&/A +&-"d

marr0 Pr*)! H!*r0( ra%!d $0 /&rma" %r!a%0 S!% 1;> 14J: Tr-)! &/ A0%&* +%h S)&%"a*d

14J4 H2E ,a'! PW *& m"%ar0 .-&r%

Fa"-r!.

14J3 =&/B )&*%*-!d %& .-&r% PW

14J3 Ba* &* %rad! +%h B-r,-*d0( dama,!d )"&%h %rad!

14J4 =aG $!)am! H2E( Ph" %&&9 &'!r B-r,-*d0 C&*%*-!d %& har$&-r

Y&r9.%. 14JK Trad! d.-%!d +%h B-r,-*d0 Ph" %r!d %& m&.! *!+ d-%!.

a*d )&**! E*,".h m!r)ha*%. %& %rad*, * F"a*d!r. &*"0 1;> Ar%h-r d!d ; m&*%h. a/%!r +!dd*,

14J; am!. IV )am! &/ a,!( +!")&m!d PW h!"!d hm *'ad! E*,"a*d

> 0!ar. &/ -*)!r%a*%0 $!/&r! T&/A 14J: am!. IV +&-"d *&% a$a*d&* a""a*)! +%h Fra*)! -*d!r T&/A

14J4 =aG r!)&,*.!d War$!)9. )"am

FO PO 1;3


15/44

*'ad! Ca.%"! %& %r0 %& !r.-ad! hm %& .-rr!*d!r EDLP %& .!)-r! $!%%!r

%rad*, r,h%. +%h A*%+!r L!d %& &&r!r r!"a%&*. +%h FHVII )&*.d!r!d

marra,! %& =ar,ar!% &/ Sa'&0 6Ph". ..%!r7 +h)h a*%a,&*.!d F!rd*a*d

6E&/Y had d!d 1;37 F %hr!a%!d HC&/A marra,! a""a*)! a*d 9!% d&+r0

F r!a".!d h! +a. "&.*, Ha.$-r, a*d E*,".h a""a*)!( $!)am! r&>: m!*

a%%!*d!d C&-*.!" d-r*, %h! r!,*( HVII %r-.%!d K &r :

Nam!d %h! &%h!r. a. )&-*.!""&r. %& ,'! .%a%-. a*d .!*%

%h!m %& /&r!,* !m$a..!. &r &-%"0*, ar%. &/ %h! r!,&*

A)%!d a. %h! "*9 $!%+!!* %h! 9*, a*d )!*%ra"

,&'!r*m!*%( a*d h. .-$!)%. a*d "&)a" ,&'!r*m!*%

Adm*.%ra%&* &/ -.%)!

HVII r!.!)%!d -d)a" *d!!*d!*)!( 9!% %h! .am! -d,!. a. -*d!r 2III !, Sr

W""am H-.! +a. .%"" Ch!/ -.%)! &/ %h! @*,. B!*)h S&m! h.%&ra*. )r%).!

hm /&r )&rr-%*, adm*.%ra%&* &/ -.%)! %& .!)-r! h. m&*ar)h0( $-% dd %r0 %&

mr&'! -.%)! !, Pa..!d a)%. %& .%r!*,%h!* "a+ a,a*.% !r-r0r&%&-.

a..!m$"0( .%a%-%! * 14JK a""&+!d &&r m!* %& .-! * /&rma a-!r. 6dd*%

ha'! %& a07

=a*a,!m!*% &/ %h! )h-r)h

@!% %,h% )&*%r&" &'!r Ch-r)h a&*%m!*%.( .!"!)%!d "&0a"( +!""

)h-r)hm!* /&r m&r%a*% .%a%! a*d !.)&a" &.%. !, &h* =&r%&* +a.

Cha*)!""&r a*d Ar)h$.h& &/ Ca*%!r$-r0 S%r!*,%h %hr&-,h adm* ar)h$.h&.

a*d $.h&. r!.&*.$"! /&r r-***, )h-r)h!. * %h!r d&)!.! P-*.h!d

d."&0a"%0 a*d r!+ard!d "&0a" .!r')! !, Th&ma. La*,%&*( B.h& &/ Sa".$-r0

-*d!r 2III( !G)"-d!d /r&m Par"am!*% a*d C&*'&)a%&* a*d .%r!d &/ h. "'*,.(

mad! B.h& &/ W*)h!.%!r $0 14J3 /&r "&0a" .!r')!

2!"a%&*. +%h %h! aa)0

N& d.-%! $!%+!!* HVII a*d %h! 3 &!. d-r*, h. r!,* 2!)!'!d aa"

.-&r% a*d ,a'! P&! .-&r% %& r!..% Fr!*)h a*d Sa*.h a,,r!..&* * I%a"0

A/%!r B&.+&r%h( H d!)"ar!d h. &$!d!*)! %& P&! I**&)!*% VIII +h& r&'d!d

d.!*.a%&* /&r @*, %& marr0 E&/Y a*d "!,%m.!d %h!r )h"dr!* P&! dd*%

&$!)% %& %h! 148K )ha*,*, &/ .a*)%-ar0 "a+. %& *&% a"0 * %r!a.&* )a.!. HVII

r&'d!d 4 * 1;1 %&+ard. A"!Ga*d!r VI. )r-.ad*, "!'0


23/44


24/44

HENRY VII"S FINANCES

SOU2CES 6!&"! ar! O@ +%h7 )r&+* "a*d.( "&a*.( %r!a%!. !,!*.&*.(

d&+r!.( *!.( )-.%&m. d-%!. 6!&"! ar! *&% O@ +%h7 $!*!'&"!*)!.( ")!*)!. !, 2!%a**,( %aG

6,ra*%!d $0 ar"am!*%7( /&r)!d "&a*.( $&*d. a*d r!)&,*.a*)!. EPECTATION OF @IN .&m! ,&'!r*m!*% !G!*d%-r! !, La+ a*d &rd!r(

d!/!*)!( "'! &/ h. &+* 6.-&r% hm.!"/7( "a*d -.!d a. a r!+ard(

m*ma" %aGa%&* * !m!r,!*)!.( !G!)%a%&* &/ +!a"%h a*d &-"!*)!( -.!

m&*!0 /&r a%r&*a,! EPENDITU2E a%r&*a,! 6!G!)%a%&* &/ "ar,!..!7( d!/!*)! !, .h.(

.&"d!r.( S)&%%.hFr!*)h $&rd!r /&r%)a%&*( ma*%a**, "a+ a*d &rd!r(

$-"d*, a"a)!. a*d )h-r)h!.( !*%!r%a*m!*%( "/!.%0"!( h&-.!h&"d(

)r-.h*, r!$!""&*

Ord*ar0 2!'!*-!

Cr&+* "a*d. < m&.% m&r%a*% .&-r)! &/ *)&m! HVII had m&r! "a*d %ha*

a*0 &%h!r m&*ar)h d-! %& a%%a*d!r a*d r!.-m%&* Dd *&% ,'! a+a0

m-)h "a*d I*h!r%!d "a*d +h)h $!"&*,!d %& Y&r9( La*)a.%!r( "a*d. &+*!d

$0 T -&* h. d!a%h F"-)%-a%!d "a*d -*d!r +ard.h *h!r%!d +h!*

h!r %-r*!d >1( "a*d .!#!d $0 a%%a*d!r r!%-r*!d -&* a0m!*% 2!.-"%

-*d!r 2B( a**-a" *)&m! *)r!a.!d /r&m 1> * 148K %& 4> *

1;8 La*d. ; %m!. "ar,!r * 1;J %ha* 14;. C-.%&m. d-%!. d-%!. "!'!d &* )"&%h( +&&"( "!a%h!r( +*!( a"-m Cra)9!d

d&+* &* )&rr-% &)a". Uda%!d %h! B&&9 &/ 2a%!. &/ C-.%&m. d-%!.

a*d * 148K %r!d %& r!d-)! r'"!,!. h!"d $0 /&r!,* m!r)ha*%. 2!.-"%*%a""0 HVII. ma* .&-r)! &/ *)&m!( &'!r%a9!* $0 )r&+* "a*d. Ed IV1

EG%ra&rd*ar0 2!'!*-!

Par"am!*%ar0 ra*% ar"am!*% ,ra*%!d m&*ar)h a .-$.d0 +h!*

*a%&*a" *%!r!.% %hr!a%!*!d Ba.) %aG &/ 1;%h. a*d 1%h. 148J( HVII %r!d%& "!'0 a *!+ 9*d &/ *)&m! %aG( Y&r9.hr! r!$!""&*( N&r%h-m$!r"a*d

9""!d O*"0 13rd&/ %h! 1 "!'!d +a. )&""!)%!d 2!.-"% r!"-)%a*% %&

%aG -*"!.. % +a. *!)!..ar0 Ea)h .-$.d0 5 >J .h E)!*% %aG

)&""!)%&* 2a.!d %aG!. /&r +ar. %ha% *!'!r %&&9 "a)! !, 14JK r!)!'!d

,ra*% a/%!r a /a"!d S)&%. *'a.&* 6ma0 ha'! .%"" *!!d!d m&*!0 %& .!)-r!

%hr!a%7 U.!d .&m! %& .-r!.. C&r*.h r.*, * 14J: L&a*. '&"-*%ar0 "&a*d /r&m r)h!r .-$!)%. * a* !m!r,!*)0 !,

=!r)ha*%.( %h! )%0 &/ L&*d&* I/ a "&a* +a. a.9!d /&r % +a. 'r%-a""0

m&..$"! /&r a .-$!)% %& r!/-.! HVII a!ar. %& ha'! ad %h!m $a)9

$!)a-.! .-$!)%. +h& +!r! &+!d $0 HVII m&r! "9!"0 %& .-&r% )"ama*%.

2!.-"%148; &'!r 1 ra.!d * "&a*. 2!,*< >3 B!*!'&"!*)!. /&r)!d "&a*( *&% r!ad 2!.-"% 14J1 ra.!d 48 %&

/-*d Fr!*)h *'a.&* O*! "ad0 &Q!r!d ; *.%!ad &/ > %hr!a%!*!d +%h

$!*, .-mm&*!d $!/&r! %h! @*,. C&-*)" B&*d. a*d r!)&,*.a*)!. $!)am! %h! *&rma" +a0 &/ !*.-r*, a0m!*%.

&/ "!,a" d!$%. &+!d %& %h! )r&+* 4KK> *&$"! /am"!. h!"d( : -*d!r

a%%a*d!r( 3K $0 r!)&,*.a*)!.( 3 &%h!r. HVII %r0*, %& ma*%a* "&0a"%0

ra%h!r %ha* m&*!0 !, N&r%h-m$!r"a*d )har,!d 1( ad >

2!.-"% a0m!*%. !*/&r)!d $0 CLIL 1.%1 0!ar. &/ r!,* 1J1 $&*d.

)&""!)%!d( *)r!a.!d a. r!,* +!*% &* 14J3 < 3( 1;; < 3; 14J1

=&D. /r!*d. .,*!d $&*d. %&%a""*, 1 a. a r&m.! &/ ,&&d

$!ha'&-r 148; d!ma*d!d a r!)&,*.a*)! &/ 1 /r&m V.)&-*%

B!a-m&*% &/ P!+)9! C"!r)a" %aG!. r!)!'!d .-$.%a*%a" .-m. /r&m Ch-r)h C&*'&)a%&*

ma%)h!d !'!r0 ar"am!*%ar0 .-$.d0 U.!d .m&*0 %& /-*dra.! Dd*%

!G"&% 'a)a*% $.h&r).( rar!"0 "!/% &!* /&r m&r! %ha* a 0!ar 2!.-"%

!a)h C ra.!d J .h( )h-r)h )&*%r$-%!d >; %& )&.% &/ Fr!*)h +ar

Char,!d 3 /&r Ar)hd!a)&*r0 &/ B-)9*,ham Ka /&r 'a)a*%

$.h&r). Fr!*)h !*.&* 14:; Ed IV a,r!!d a !*.&* +%h Fra*)! -*d!r Tr!a%0

&/ P)-*,0 2!*!+!d -*d!r T&E 2!.-"% r&m.!d 1;J %&)&m!*.a%! /&r )&.% &/ +ar( ;a

H!*r0 VIII +a. '!r0 ,&&d a%

"ar,!..!


26/44

I**&'a%&r &r %rad%&*a" m&*ar)h?

Trad%&*a" -.!d %rad%&*a" m!%h&d. %& ra.! m&*!0 !, Ord*ar0

r!'!*-! . .am! a. a*0 &%h!r m!d!'a" m&*ar)h A$a*d&*. **&'a%&*

6%aG *)r!a.!7 a. % )a-.!. r!$!""&*

I**&'a%&r !G"&%!d a*d !*/&r)!d %rad%&*a" m!%h&d.( mr&'!d!)!*)0 I*)r!a.!d -.! &/ Cham$!r( m&r! !)!*% %ha* EG)h!-!r

U.!d )&*)"ar )&mm%%!!. %& !*/&r)! /!-da" d-!. a*d B2( !, CLIL

2!"!. &* r&/!..&*a". !, 2B a*d *!+ a))&-*%*, m!%h&d. 6!a.!r %&

9!! %ra)9 &/ *)&m! a*d !G!*d%-r!7 A .0.%!m +h)h )a* +&r9

+%h&-% %h! 9*, 6,&&d /&r HVIII7

=.!r &r *&%?

S!!. m&*!0 a. a r&-%! %& &+!r a*d .!)-r%0

EG"&%. r,h%. %& )&m$a% *)r!a.*, *a*)a"

d!ma*d. &* %h! m&*ar)h0 +%h&-% *d*,

*!+ .&-r)!. &/ *)&m! O%h!r T-d&rS%-ar%

m&*ar)h. d& %h! .am! A"" &/ %h! har.h

*a*)a" a)%&*. r!"a%! %& %h!

*&$"%05)&*%r&" Aar% /r&m h. %r!a%m!*% &/

*&$"%0( h! . /ar !, W%h %h! Ch-r)h D!d

.&"'!*% *)&m! +a. 113a $0 1;J 6> ,r!a%!r %ha* r)h!.%

*&$"!7 Far a$&'! rm-. *%!r ar!. D!%!rm*!d %& $! a r)h 9*,

/&rm!r !**"!.. !G"!

Th! EG)h!-!r

Trad%&*a" m!%h&d &/ adm*.%!r*, *a*)!. C!*%r! &/ Cr&+*. *a*)a"

adm*.%ra%&* C&""!)%!d r!'!*-! /r&m r&0a" r&!r%0 a*d %aG!. a*d

)-.%&m. A-d%!d %h! a))&-*%. I* &rd!r %& r!'!*% /ra-d a*d

!m$!##"!m!*%( %h!r! +a. a )&m"!G h!rar)h0 &/ &)a". a*d a d!%a"!d

a!r %ra" A))-ra%! a*d .-$!)%. &/%!* %&&9 0!ar. %& )&""!)% -*ad .-m.

U.-a""0 d!a"% +%h *a*)!. r!)&rd!d &* a!r ra%h!r %ha* )a.h

Th! Cham$!r

D!'!"&!d $0 Ed IV( -.!d $0 2III HVII -.!d ma*0 &/ %h! .am! &)a". a.Y&r9.% r!,m! U.! &/ %h! Cham$!r %& adm*.%!r %h! 9*,. *a*)!. "!d %&

r!&r,a*.a%&* &/ %h! 9*,. h&-.!h&"d Th! PC %&&9 &'!r adm*.%ra%&* &/

%h! 9*,. r'a%! !G!*d%-r! !, )"&%h!.( !+!".( !*%!r%a*m!*% B0 14J.

had $!)&m! %h! )!*%r! &/ m&.% r&0a" *a*)! )&""!)%&*. a*d a))&-*%*,

T&&9 &'!r m-)h &/ r&0a" *a*)! /r&m %h! !G)h!-!r( a"%h&-,h %h!r! +a.

.&m! &'!r"a C"&.! )&&!ra%&* $!%+!!* %h! %+& &r,a*.a%&*. U.!d

r!)!'!r. a*d &)a". %& r-* ,r&-. &/ !.%a%!. Dr!)%"0 .-!r'.!d $0 %h!

9*,( a. r-* $0 9*,. )ham$!r Ch!.%. &/ )-rr!*)0 9!% * a))!..$"!

.%r&*,h&"d. I*/&rma" a*d !G$"! U.!d r!)!'!r. a*d &)a". %& ,!% m&r!

r&% /r&m !.%a%!. Par% &/ %h! r&0a" h&-.!h&"d @*, had dr!)% )&*%r&"

Ba.)a""0 HVII( r,h%?


27/44

&'!r "a*d r!'!*-!. a*d a r!ad0 .-"0 &/ )a.h / h! *!!d!d % Fa.%!r %ha*

%h! !G)h!-!r I*)&m! /r&m )r&+* "a*d. 5 1484 < >; -*d!r Cham$!r 6!)!*%7

148K < 11: -*d!r EG)h!-!r 6"!.. !)!*%7( 1;8 4> -*d!r

Cham$!r 6m&r! !)!*%7 B0 "a%! 14J.( )ham$!r a% %h! )!*%r! &/ r&0a" *a*)!( ha*d"!d a* a**-a"

%-r*&'!r &/ &'!r 1 HVII !*.-r!d %. !)!*)0 $0 )r!a%*, C&-r% &/

%h! !*!ra" S-r'!0&r. a"" "a*d r!'!*-! r!)!'!r. a))&-*%!d %& %h! C&-r%

a*d !'!r0&*! %&&9 a $&*d %& ,-ara*%!! %h!r +&r9 /&r %h! 9*, HVII r!"!d

&* "&0a" .!r'a*%. +%h* Tr!a.-r0 Tr!a.-r!r &/ %h! )ham$!r 5 Sr Th&ma.

L&'!"" -*%" 14J>( Sr &h* H!r&* -*%" 1;J U*d!r %h!r *-!*)!(

Cham$!r .)r-%*.!d a ra*,! &/ *a*)a" d&)-m!*%. ".% &/ d!$%. &+!d(

r!)&,*.a*)!.( a0m!*%. /&r "a*d .a"!.( +ard.h.( )&""!)%&*. &/ *!.

2!"!d &* 2B -*%" 14J>( a&*%!d 9*,. *a*)a" ad'.&r I*/&rma" $-%

9!0 *%r&d-)!d *!+ m!%h&d. &/ a))&-*%*, a*d a-d%*,( d.)-..!d a*d

!Gam*!d Cham$!r a))&-*%. +%h L&'!"" a*d H!r&*( *)r!a.!d !)!*)0 &/Cham$!r EG)h!-!r r!%a*!d )&*%r&" &/ )-.%&m. d-%!. a*d a))&-*%. &/

.h!rQ. Cham$!r a""&+!d HVII m-)h )"&.!r )&*%r&" &'!r h. *a*)!.

)h!)9!d a))&-*%. hm.!"/ a*d )&-*%!r .,*!d %h!r a))-ra)0

A2ICULTU2E AND INDUST2Y

A2ICULTU2E < HVII. rmar0 am 5

.%a$".! !)&*&m0 a*d !*.-r! *a*)a" ,a*

/&r !r.&*a" +!a"%h.%a%! &/ %h! !&"!

JX &/ &-"a%&* 5 !a.a*%. +h& "'!d &Q

%h! "a*d( ad r!*%( %%h!.( %aG!.(

.-"!m!*%!d *)&m! +%h )&%%a,! *d-.%r0

!, .***, a*d +!a'*, =&r! %ha* -.%

.-$..%!*)! /arm*, O!* !"d .0.%!m 6.%r.( 3 )&-r.! r&%a%&*(

)&mm&* "a*d7 d!)"**, Pr&%a$"%0 &/ +&&" !*)&-ra,!d !*)"&.-r! a*d

!*,r&..m!*% B&%h mad! /arm*, "!.. "a$&-r *%!*.'! a*d )a-.!d

r-ra" d!&-"a%&* HVII a..!d "!,."a%&* * 1488 a*d 148J %& r!'!*%

d!&-"a%&* *!'!r !*/&r)!d E*)"&.-r!5 !*d*, %h! &!* !"d .0.%!m a*d .har!d "a*d

E*,r&..m!*%5 ama",ama%&* &/ .ma""!r /arm*, .%r. *%& &*! "ar,!r

&*! H&-.!. &* "a*d "!/% %& d!)a0 La*d"&rd. $!*!%!d /r&m !*)"&.-r! mad! m&r! m&*!0 %hr&-,h %h!

+&&" *d-.%r0( m&r! &r,a*.!d )&-"d )"!ar"0 .!! +ha% "a*d $!"&*,!d

%& +h&( )a* ra)%)! .!"!)%'! $r!!d*, a*d d!'!"& *!+ /arm*,

%!)h*-!. &* &+* "a*d( )a* !m"&0 /!+!r m!* P!a.a*%. .-Q!r!d /r&m !*)"&.-r! !')%!d /r&m %h!r h&m!. 6"a*d

r!)"am!d &r /!+!r m!* *!!d!d /&r a.%&ra" /arm*,7( )&-"d *& "&*,!r

-.! )&mm&* ,r&-*d( )a* "&.! &$m&*!0 a*d %-r* %& 'a,ra*)0 E*)"&.-r! )&-"d $!*!% )&-*%r0 +h!* d&*! "!,a""0( .had0 d!$a%! &'!r

+ha% +a. "!,a" Pra)%)!d /&r )!*%-r!. $!/&r! HVII( d-r*, 1;%h)!*%-r0

&-"a%&* +a. "&+ a*d +&r9/&r)! .ma"" =a*0 "a*d"&rd. %-r*!d %&a.%&ra" /arm*, *!!d!d /!+!r "a$&-r!r.( -.!d "a*d -( *)r!a.!d


28/44

d!ma*d /&r +&&" I* %h! md"a*d.( +h!r! r&$"!m +a. m&.%

)&*)!*%ra%!d( "!.. %ha* 3X &/ "a*d +a. !*)"&.!d =&.% !*)"&.-r! d&*!

+%h )&*.!*% &/ "&rd a*d %!*a*% E*/&r)!d !*)"&.-r! +a. rar!( m&.% &/

%h! +&r.% )a.!. r! HVII A)%. a,a*.% !*)"&.-r! 148J .!))a""0 am!d a% I."! &/ W,h%

6d!&-"a%&* 5 %hr!a% %& d!/!*)! &/ r!a"m7 Dd*% d.%*,-.h $!%+!!*!*)"&.-r! a*d !*,r&..m!*%( m&r! %& d& +%h *%!r!.%. &/ )r&+* 148J

m&r! ,!*!ra"( dd*% m!*%&* !*)"&.-r!( )r%).!d )&*'!r.&* &/ ara$"!

"a*d %& a.%-r!( d!)a0 &/ '""a,!.( )h-r)h!.( d!/!*)!.( -*!m"&0m!*%

6aQ!)%!d "a+ a*d &rd!r7 Ba**!d %h! d!.%r-)%&* &/ h&-.!. a%%a)h!d %&

&'!r > a)r!. &/ "a*d %& r!'!*% d!&-"a%&* N&% .-))!../-""0

m"!m!*%!d !*/&r)!m!*% "!/% %& "a*d&+*!r. INDUST2Y E*,"a*d rmar"0 a,r)-"%-ra"( *d-.%r0 &*"0 !m"&0!d 1X

&/ &-"a%&* N&% a ma&r .&-r)! &/ )r&+* *)&m! -.% )-.%&m.

d-%!. =a* $-"9 &/ *d-.%r0 . %h! +&&" a*d )"&%h %rad!5 JX &/

!G&r%. 148; !G&r% &/ ra+ +&&" had ha"'!d W&&" r!..!d *%&$r&ad)"&%h( ma* *,r!d!*% * F"!m.h )"&%h *d-.%r0 * A*%+!r

I*)r!a.! * d!ma*d /&r $r&ad)"&%h 5 ra.!d r)!. &/ E*,".h +&&"(

mad! % +&r%h )&*'!r%*, %& a.%&ra" /arm*, Br&ad)"&%h r&d-)%&*

*)r!a.!d !m"&0m!*% &&r%-*%!.( &Q.!% &$ "&..!. a*d !')%&*.

)a-.! $0 !*)"&.-r! C&%%a,! *d-.%r0( )ard!d $0 ha*d( .-*( +&'!* &*

ha*d"&&m Vr%-a""0 *& ma*-/a)%-r!d ,&&d. $!.d!. $r&ad)"&%h C"&%h

%rad! 5 ma)% &* %rad! a*d !m"&0m!*% A" m!m$!r. &/ /am"0

*'&"'!d * r&d-)%&*( .-%!d %& h&m! !*'r&*m!*% W&&" d.%r$-%!d

%& +&r9!r. $0 )"&%h!r( &r,a*.!d a*d

*a*)!d &!ra%&* 5 h!rar)h0Em!r,!*)! &/ m!r)ha*% )"&%h!r.

a"%!r!d r&d-)%&* &/ )"&%h I*d-.%r0 a%

r.9 /r&m da*,!r &/ +ar a$r&ad( &&r

har'!.%.( "a,-! Dr& * d!ma*d 5 "!..

m&*!0 %& .!*d 5 -*!m"&0m!*% O%h!r *d-.%r!.

C&a" m*!d .*)! 13%h)!*%-r0

EG&r%!d /r&m D-rham a*d

N&r%h-m$!r"a*d O-%-% &/ )&a" a))!"!ra%*,( !. I* ar!a. .h&r% &/

+&&d 5 !a.!r %& %ra*.&r% )&a" $0 +a%!r %ha* $r*, +&&d /r&m a*&%h!rar!a U.!d d&m!.%)a""0 m&r%a*% .&-r)! &/ /-!" /&r &&r L&*d&*!r.

Ir&* r&d-)!d * F&r!.% &/ D!a*( W!a"d &/ @!*%( S-..!G 14JK( Cr&+*

.&*.&r!d $-"d*, &/ a $"a.% /-r*a)! a% N!+$rd,!( %h! @!*%.h W!a"d(

a. ar% &/ r&* .m!"%*, +&r9. %& ma9! armam!*%. /&r S)&%%.h +ar

1;J 1.%%m! )a.% r&* ,-*. +!r! mad! =!%a". !*&-,h %& .a%./0 "&)a" mar9!% a*d !G&r% L!ad /r&m

P!***!.( N&r%h a*d )!*%ra" Wa"!. T* /r&m D!'&* a*d C&r*+a"" S&m!

$ra..


29/44

HVII. a)%&*.

2!/&rm!d )&*a,! /&r !)&*&m) a*d &"%)a" -r&.!. L%%"!

d!'!"&m!*% * )&*a,! .*)! Ed III N&' 148; D mad! =a.%!r &/

=&*!.( 9!!!r &/ EG)ha*,! * %h! T&+!r 6%r-.%!d /r!*d a*d

ad'.&r7 T%"!. h!"d -*d!r *d!*%-r!. %ha% .!% &-% %h! 'a"-! a*d+!,h% &/ *!+ )&*. * ,r!a% d!%a" I*%r&d-)!d a .h""*, !)!( 1.%

!'!r )&* %& ha'! a %r-! &r%ra% &/ %h! @*,( .h&+* +!ar*, a

)"&.!d )r&+* 6.0m$&" &/ m!ra" &+!r7( a d!"$!ra%! )&0 &/

=aGm"a*. )&* )a.% * 148: /&r Ph" N!+ )&*.5 A*,!"( A*,"!%(

20a" &/ &"d( Ha"/ 20a"( R-ar%!r 20a" O'!ra"" 5 **&'a%&*. *

dQ!r!*% ar!a. $-% .%"" *d-.%ra""0 $a)9+ard )&mar!d %& E-r&!a*

*a%&*.

HVII AND TRADE

ENLISH T2ADE IN EU2OPE

E*,"a*d5 ma&r r&d-)!r &/ $r&ad)"&%h B-r,-*d0 5 ma* r!)!*% &/ E*,".h

$r&ad)"&%h 6A*%+!r7 Ha*.!a%) L!a,-! 5 '!r0 &+!r/-" ,r&- &/ m!r)ha*%.

)&m$*!d %& )&*%r&" %rad! ar&-*d %h! Ba"%) S!a V!*)!5 '!r0 +!a"%h0 a*d

)&*%r&""!d %h! h,h"0 "-)ra%'! %rad! * .+!!% +*!.( .9. a*d .)!. /r&m %h!

=dd"! Ea.% Fra*)!5 m&r%a*% %rad*, ar%*!r( !. W*! /r&m a.)&*0( +&ad

6$"-! d0!7 /r&m T&-"&-.! Sa*5 m&r%a*% *!+ %rad*, ar%*!r( %rad! !Ga*d!d

* %& N!+ W&r"d 6&%!*%a""0 '!r0 "-)ra%'!7

HEN2Y VII AND OVE2SEAS T2ADE

A"+a0. -% d0*a.%) .!)-r%0 a$&'! *%!r!.%. &/ %rad!

C"&%h %rad!5JX &/ E*,"a*d. !G&r%.( m&.%"0 )"&%h

ra%h!r %ha* +&&" 6ra+ +&&" h!a'"0 %aG!d7 EG&r% &/ ra+

+&&" d!)"*!d 3X d-r*, HVII. r!,* EG&r% &/ )"&%h

*)r!a.!d $0 KX D!"$!ra%! m&'! %& r&%!)% d&m!.%)

)"&%h *d-.%r0 A)% &/ 148J m&.!d h!a'0 %aG!. &* +&&"

a*d mad! % ""!,a" /&r /&r!,*!r. %& $-0 +&&" /&r

ma*-/a)%-r! *%& )"&%h &-%.d! E*,"a*d C"&%h !G&r%!d/r&m L&*d&* &r !a.%!r* &r%. !, I.+)h S!*% %&

A*%+!r %& $! d0!d( *.h!d a*d mad! *%& )"&%h*,

Ca"a. S%a"! a".& m&r%a*% /&r )"&%h %rad! Im&r%. a".&

r&.! a% $!,***, &/ 1;.( !. W*! *!!d a %hr'*, )"&%h *d-.%r0 %& $a"a*)!

"!'!" &/ m&r%. C-.%&m. d-%!. r&0a" *)&m! < 4 d-r*, HVII

@EY DEVELOP=ENTS IN T2ADE 148;


30/44

$-.*!.. %& Ca"a. N!,a%'! ma)% &* %rad! a*0+a0 14JK P&/B +%hdr!+

.-&r% /&r PW a*d .,*!d =I E*,".h m!r)ha*%. )&-"d .!"" ,&&d. +h&"!.a"!

+%h&-% )-.%&m. d-%!. &r %aG a*0+h!r! * B-r,-*d0 !G)!% F"a*d!r. Wh!*

d.-%!. ar&.!( E*,".h m!r)ha*%. )&-"d $! -d,!d mar%a""0 * "&)a" )&-r%.

D.-%!. )&*%*-!d( !. Wh!* P&/B %r!d %& m&.! *!+ m&r% d-%0 &* E*,".h

m!r)ha*%. a*d "m% %rad! %& A*%+!r a*d &'!r EDLP 6.h!"%!r*, * B-r,-*d071;K< =a"-.I A,r!!d /r!! %rad! $!%+!!* E*,"a*d a*d B-r,-*d0( E*,".h

m!r)ha*%. a""&+!d %& a*)h&r &r .%a0 * B-r,-*da* har$&-r. a*d %ra*.&r% ,&&d.

+%h&-% )har,! -*"!.. .&"d &r "&ad!d a.h&r!( B-r,-*d0 )&*%*-! %& a0 )-.%&m.

d-%!. &* ,&&d. .&"d %& E*,"a*d Ph" a*d h!r. +&-"d *&% !G)"-d! E*,".h )"&%h

%rad! /r&m %h!r d&m*&*. &r m&.! a*0 d-%!. &* E*,".h )"&%h P d!d =a"-.I

-*r!a".%) a*d m&r! a$&-% EDLP Fr&m 1;:( =I r!ma*!d $a.. &/ A*,"&

CONT2OLLED OPC .!*% a$r&ad a. am$a..ad&r. P!a)! * 1;>; !*d!d %h.

%a)%) C"am!d %ha% %h!0 had *&% ".%!*!d %& h. ad')! a/%!r A )r..


34/44

ELTHA= O2DINANCES r!d-)!d *-m$!r &/ OPC /r&m 1> %& K H&.%"! OPC !,

W""am C&%&*( r&&m &/ %h! S%&&"( r!"a)!. N!+ @*,. C&-*)" &/ > .!% -

9!% %h!m &))-!d !".!+h!r! a*d a+a0 /r&m H m&.% &/ %h! %m!

NOBILITY -.!d %& ma*%a* "a+ a*d &rd!r @!% a )h!)9 &* *&$"!. =ad!

!*!m!. &/ N&r/&"9 a*d S-Q&"9

=AINTAININ WEALTH AND STATUS Ham%&* )&-r%( !"a$&ra%! da"0 r&)!..&*

* h. "!,a%*! r&$!.

DEFEATIN BUC@INHA= W&".!0. !*!m0 Dd *&% $-"d - .-&r% a% )&-r%(

)&m"a*!d a$&-% )&-*)""&r.( a.9!d /&r a ")!*)! %& '.% h.

W!".h "a*d. +%h arm!d m!* 1;>1 H a.9!d W %& 9!! a*

!0! &* B( S-Q&"9( N&r%h-m$!r"a*d( D!r$0( W"%.hr! B

arr!.%!d( /&-*d ,-"%0 &/ %r!a.&*( !G!)-%!d 1;>1 W&".!0

m&.% "9!"0 *-!*)!d H &'!r %h.

WOLSEYS DO=ESTIC POLICY

DISC2EDITIN OPPONENTS *&$"%0 .a+ hm a. a -.-r!r &/

%h!r r,h% %& ad'.! %h! @*, H! +a. "&+ $&r* a*d %h! r&"! &/ *&$"%0 . %& h!"

%h! 9*, r-"! rm-. *%!r ar!.

SUCCESSES E"%ham Ord*a*)!.( r!d-)!d *-m$!r &/ )&-*)""&r. * PC( $&&.%!d

h. )&*%r&" &/ )&-*.!" a*d PC I*)r!a.!d a-%h&r%0 &/ SC a*d a""&+!d !a.a*%. %&

$r*, )a.!. /&r+ard a,a*.% .!*&r m!m$!r. &/ )&-*)" !, r&.!)-%!d H!*r0

S%a*d.h( B.h& &/ A.ah( /&r ra!m-*r! * SC r!'!*,! /&r r!'&-. "!,a"

d.-%! E*)"&.-r! &")0 +!a9!*!d h. +!a"%h0 &&*!*%. +h& r&%!d /r&m!*)"&.-r!

FAILU2ES 1;>K( H d!ma*d. r!/&rm &/ r&0a" h&-.!h&"d( ar,-!d %ha% h! +a.

d!*!d a))!.. %& .-)!*% )&-*)""&r. $!)a-.! &/ W&".!0. )&*%r&" &/ &&*!*%.

A )r.. d.)r!d%!d W Ca.!"&ad &/ SC $a)9. - !m$arra..*, Pr&$"!m.

ma*a,*, ar"am!*% !, 2!/-.!d %& *)r!a.! .-$.d0 1;>3 1;>3 .-.!*d!d

!*)"&.-r! &")0

=AINTAIN 2ELATIONSHIP WITH @IN &"%)a" &+!r r!"!. &* H!*r0( / h! )a*%

ha'! !r.&*a" )&*%a)% h! *!!d. a .0 a% )&-r%

SUCCESSES * HVIII. /a'&-r r!"!'!. hm &/ h. adm* d-%!. A-d!*)! &*)!

a +!!9( Br*,. a"" P. %& )&-r% a*d ma9!. %h!m .+!ar a* &a%h &/ a""!,a*)! %& H

+h"! h! .a% &* %hr&*! -*d!r ,&"d )a*&0 EO r!"a)!d m*&*. +%h h.

.-&r%!r. EG!)-%!d B-)9*,ham( r!d-)!d &+!r &/ *&$"%0

2AISE STANDA2DS IN PUBLIC AFFAI2S AND AD=INIST2ATIONS OF USTICE

*%!r!.%!d * "a+ a*d "!,a" r!/&rm L&rd Cha*)!""&r h!ad &/ "!,a" .0.%!m

SUCCESSES "!,a" r!/&rm. a"" .h&-"d $! !-a" $!/&r! %h! "a+ U.!d SC %& %r0

*&$"!. a. +!"" a. )&mm&*!r. !, Sr 2&$!r% Sh!!"d 6)&*')%!d &/ $!*,

a))!..&r0 %& a /!"&*0( mr.&*!d( *!d7 Ca.!"&ad r&.! /r&m 1>a %& 1>a


35/44

S%r&*, )&*%r&" &'!r P. "&)a" -.%)!"a+ a*d &rd!r !a.!r %& )&*%r&" /r&m )!*%r!

&/ ,&'% W&".!0. h&-.!h&"d %ra*. adm*.%ra%&r.

FAILU2ES 1;>J SC a"m&.% )&""a.!d -*d!r +&r9"&ad 6W dd*% "a* ah!ad7

-d)a" %ra". .&m!%m!. $a.!d !, H!*r0 S%a*d.h U.!d )&-r% .0.%!m %& .!%%"!

&+* ,r-d,!.

P2OVIDE =ONEY TO FUND HVIIIS FO PO

SUCCESSES a%%!m%!d %& r!/&rm %aGa%&* 61;%h.1%h.7 I*%r&d-)!d %& d!a &/ a

.-$.d0 a..!..!d &* )-rr!*% +!a"%h ( !a)h *d'd-a" !G)!% marr!d +&m!*

a*d %h&.! -*d!r a )!r%a* *)&m! "!'!" C&""!)%!d 3

FAILU2ES 1;>; A )r.. Par"am!*% +&-"d *&% ,ra*% a*&%h!r .-$.d0(

+d!.r!ad &&.%&* !. * Ea.% A*,"a a*d S-Q&"9 N&$"!. +&-"d *&% )r-.h

r!$!""&* ar,-!d %ha% %h!0 )&-"d*% a. !&"! )&-"d*% a0 W&".!0 had %&

a&"&,.!a0 )&.%. 1;>3 .-$.d0 ,ra*%!d $0 Par"am!*%("!.. %ha* ha"/ )&""!)%!d

APPLY HU=ANIST P2INCIPLES mr&'! .&)!%0( h!" %h!

&&r( r&* &-% a$-.!( *)r!a.! "!ar**,( )r!a%! a

)&mm&*+!a"%h

SUCCESSES E*)"&.-r! &")0 1;1:( W&".!0 "a-*)h!d

!*-r0 *%& %h! !Q!)%'!*!.. &/ !*)"&.-r! "!,."a%&* >K4

"a*d"&rd. *'!.%,a%!d( m&.% /&-*d ,-"%0( :4 "a*d&+*!r. !*%!r!d *%&

r!)&,*.a*)!. %& r!.%&r! ara$"! /arm*, 6!m"&0!d

m&r!7 C&-r% &/ SC d!a"% +%h /&&d ra)9a%!!r. FG!d&-"%r0 a*d m!a% r)!. Pr&)"am!d a,a*.% ,ra*

d!a"!r. +h& r&%!!r!d /r&m ,ra* %rad!

FAILU2ES 1;>3 !*)"&.-r! &")0 a$a*d&*!d %& a!a.! "a*d&+*!r. .& W&".!0

)&-"d )&""!)% .-$.d0 %& /-*d /& & ra*%!d am*!.%0 a*d a""&+!d "a*d&+*!r. %&

!*)"&.! a,a* P&")!. %& r&%!)% %h! &&r had *& "&*, %!rm !Q!)% &* r)!. B0

1;>( +a. %&& $-.0 %& d!a" +%h /&&d ra)9a%!!r. .!*% $a)9 %& $! %r!d $0 "&)a"

)&-r%.

H%&'( VIII") *+'%& .+/( 1511-159

1;11 H!*r0 &*. a*%


36/44

1;1; L&-. II d!.( .-))!!d!d $0 Fra*). I )a%-r!. ="a* a*d r!%-r*.D-9! &/ A"$a*0 %& S)&%"a*d 6a..-m!. r!,!*)0 a*d ma9!. R-!!* =ar,ar!%!! %& E*,"a*d * 1;1K7

1;1K F!rd*a*d d!.( .-))!!d!d $0 Char"!. I Tr!a%0 &/ N&0&* $!%+!!*Fra*)! a*d Sa* =aG ma9!. !a)! +%h Fra*)!

1;18 Tr!a%0 &/ L&*d&* ..!. &Q L&r!*#& Cam!,,& 6)am! %& ,!%.-&r% /&r P&!. a*%< O%%&ma* &")07 > )&-*%r!. A*,"& da0. "a%!r < r!%-r*. T&-r*a =ar0( da-,h%!r &/ HVIII( $!%r&%h!d %& %h!Da-h*

1;1J =aG d!. Char"!. V .-))!!d. )&*%r&". Sa*( A-.%ra( B-r,-*d0a*d N!%h!r"a*d. 6.-rr&-*d. Fra*)!7

1;> FOCO< W&".!0 m!!%. Char"!. V * .!)r!%( d&!.*% )&mm% %& +ar

1;>1 Fra*). d!)"ar!. +ar &* Char"!. W&".!0 $r&9!r. !a)! %r!a%0 a%Ca"a. )&*/!r!*)! Tr!a%0 &/ Br-,!. +%h Char"!. V A,r!!d %& d!)"ar! +ar&* Fra*)! / % dd*% 9!! %h! !a)! $!%r&%h!. Char"!. %& =ar0

1;>> Char"!. H!*r0 *'ad! Fra*)! -*d!r %!rm. &/ Tr!a%0 &/ Br-,!.Char"!. %a9!. ="a*( d!.!r%. H!*r0 *& .&". ,'!*< Fr!*)h )ama,*( *!ar"0 r!a)h!. Par. -*d!r Char"!. Bra*d&*( $-% "!%

d&+* $0 D-9! &/ B&-r$&* Char"!. "&.!< 1K 0!ar %r-)! +%h S)&%"a*d r!/-.!d H!*r0 .!*d. rad*, ar%!.

1;>; Ba%%"! &/ Pa'a Char"!. %a9!. Fra*). C&-"d*% ra.! m&*!0 %&a%%a)9 Fra*)! 6A )r..7 Char"!. a**-""!d =ar0 $!%r&%ha"( had*%.-&r%!d Fr!*)h *'a.&*. &r ,'!* %a"a* r!+ard. 5 ,!*!ra""0 a .h% a""0< Tr!a%0 &/ =&r! +%h Fra*)!( !*.&*< D!a%h &/ D-9! &/ A"$a*0

1;>K L!a,-! &/ C&,*a) E*,"a*d ad h&!d %& $! ar$%!r. &*)!Char"!. .-rr!*d!r!d H! dd*%

1;>: Sa)9 &/ 2&m! Char"!. )&*%r&""!d P&!< Tr!a%0 &/ W!.%m*.%!r 6!r!%-a" !a)! +%h Fra*)!( $!%r&%h!d =ar0

a*d *&+ +d&+!d Fra*). &r h. >*d.&*7 Tr!a%0 +%h Am!*. +%h Fra*)!a,a*.% Char"!. V

1;>8 War d!)"ar!d &* Char"!. V S%-d %rad! !m$ar,& +%h B-r,-*d06W&".!07 $ad har'!.% 5 r&%.( h-m"a%*, )"m$ d&+*( %r-)! +%hB-r,-*d0

1;>J Char"!. d!/!a%. Fra*). a% Ba%%"! &/ La*dra*&< P&! .,*. Tr!a%0 &/ Bar)!"&*a +%h Char"!.< Tr!a%0 &/ Cam$ra( !a)! $!%+!!* Char"!. a*d Fra*).( ,*&r!d E*,".h

*%!r!.%.

H!*r0 $0 1;>J< N& m&*!0 N& ma%!. N& !mr! N& a**-"m!*%

Wh0 +a. H!*r0 VIII. /&r!,* &")0 -"%ma%!"0 -*.-))!../-"?

POO2 HVIII had &r 13 &/ %h! *)&m! &/ Char"!. &r Fra*). !, * 1;J(

*)&m! +a. 13a( Fra*). *)&m! +a. 8a B0 1;14(

Tr!a.-r0 +a. $a*9r-%< a*0 *!+ +ar had %& $! *a*)!d $0 %aG!. 1;>;; Char"!. d&!.*% .-&r% H!*r0a/%!r Pa'a 1;>J Fra*). a*d P&! ma9! !a)! +%h Char"!.


37/44

CHANES IN FO2TUNES OF ALLIES F!rd*a*d a*d =aG. d!a%h5 Char"!.

V m&.% &+!r/-" r-"!r( "!.. r!"a*% &* E*,".h a""a*)! Ha.$-r,Va"&.

)&*)% 1;>J La*dra*& Fra*)! d!/!a%!d $0 Sa*( "!a'!. E*,"a*d

+%h&-% a* a""0 1;>: .a) &/ 2&m! Char"!. )&*%r&""!d P&! UN2EALISTIC A=BITIONS Wa*%!d %& $! @*, &/ Fra*)! *&% !*&-,h

m&*!0( Fra*)! a*d Sa* a""!d * 1;1K Wa*%!d a* a**-"m!*% Char"!. V

)&*%r&""!d P&!( P&! dd*% /a'&-r E*,"a*d $!)a-.! &/ Cam!,,&.

%r!a%m!*% 2a* /&r !"!)%&* a. H2E rd)-"&-.( dd*% .%a*d a )ha*)!

a,a*.% Fra*). a*d Char"!. Am$%&* %& $! a !a)!ma9!r +a. m&..$"!

Ha.$-r,Va"&. +ar. *!'%a$"! UNEPECTED EVENTS Ba%%"! &/ Pa'a a*d )a%-r! &/ Fra*). Ba%%"! &/

La*dra*& a*d Fr!*)h d!/!a% 1;>J Sa)9 &/ 2&m!( !'!* Char"!. dd*%

!G!)% % Ca%-r! &/ ="a* 1;1; Fra*). ')%&r0 -*!G!)%!d

!OSEY AND THE CHURCH

Th! Pr!


38/44

A))-.a%&*. &/ a &&r"0 !d-)a%!d )"!r,0( a"%h&-,h a '.%a%&* $0

Ar)h$.h& Warham * 1;11 /&-*d %ha% &*"0 4>K )"!r). +!r!

,*&ra*% N!&%.m !, W&".!0 /&-*d a&*%m!*%. /&r h. .!)&*d .&*

Sm&*0 6)"!r)a" &)!. $!*, .&"d /&r m&*!07

A$.!*%!!.m a. a r!.-"% &/ "-ra".m a*d %h! @*, 9!!*, &.%. 'a)a*% %&)&""!)% r!'!*-!

C&rr-%&* * m&*a.%) h&-.!. a$$&%. !G!r).*, &+!r a. ,r!!d0

"a*d"&rd.( m&*9. *!,"!)%*, d-%!. a*d '&+.( .&m! h&-.!. /a""*, *%&

d.r!ar a*d "a)9*, a /-"" )&m"!m!*% &/ m&*9.

A""!,a%&*. &/ a$-.! &/ &+!r

S&m! a))-.!d %h! Ch-r)h &/ ha'*, %&& m-)h "!,a" a*d &"%)a" &+!r

C"!r). &/%!* ""!d &"%)a" &.%. a*d )h-r)h had %. &+* "a+ 6)a*&*

"a+7 C"!r). %r!d -*d!r )a*&* "a+ "!.. har.h !*a"%!. %ha* .!)-"ar)&-r%. Ch-r)h had -r.d)%&* &'!r "a%0 * ma%%!r. !, marra,!(

a**-"m!*%.( +"". a*d $-ra" A$-.! &/ &+!r "a0 a% h!ar% &/ a*%; W""am T0*da"! -$".h!d a* E*,".h '!r.&* &/ %h! B$"! S&"d

.%r&*,"0 * E*,"a*d( ma0 ha'! h!"!d %& .r!ad r&%!.%a*% d!a. ANTI


39/44

)h-r)h +%h %h! P&! a% %. h!ad A*%.( '!r0 /!+ a)%'!"0 )&*.d!r!d r!"a)*,

% HVIII .%a-*)h Ca%h&") 1;>1 -$".h!d I* A..!r%& S!%!m

Sa)ram!*%&r-m 6I* D!/!*)! &/ %h! S!'!* Sa)ram!*%.( d!/!*d!da-%h&r%0 &/ %h! P&! a*d .a)ram!*%.( mad! Fd! D!/!*.&r 6D!/!*d!r &/

%h! Fa%h7 $0 %h! P&! =&.% !&"! )&*%*-!d %& ,& %& Ch-r)h( "!a'! m&*!0 %& %h! Ch-r)h * %h!r

+"". a*d a)%'!"0 .-&r% /a$r) &/ %h! Ch-r)h %hr&-,h d&*a%&*. Th!r!

+!r! ma*0 a$"! $.h&. +h& dd *&% *!,"!)% %h!r d-%!. !, B.h&

L&*,"a*d &/ L*)&"*( r!"a)!d W&".!0 S%a0!d * h. d&)!.! a*d *..%!d

%ha% %h! )"!r,0 dd %h! .am! B.h& F.h!r &/ 2&)h!.%!r( .%r&*, .r%-a"

"!ad!r * h. d&)!.! dd h. $!.% %&

!"m*a%! a$-.!. !, "-ra".m am&*,.%

mdd"!


40/44

=a*0 m&*a.%!r!. !r/&rm!d m&r%a*% r&"!. * %h! )&mm-*%0( r&'d!d

/&)-. /&r "&)a" !)&*&m0( !d-)a%&*( .-&r% /&r &&r( )ar! /&r .)9 Wh!*

HVIII a!ar!d %& $! a%%a)9*, m&*a.%!r!. * 1;3K( %h!r! +a. .!r&-.

r&%!.% /r&m a%%a)h!d )&mm-*%!. * %h! P",rma,! &/ ra)!( %h! "ar,!.%

r!$!""&* * %h! +h&"! T-d&r !r&d

T& +ha% !G%!*% dd W&".!0 .!!9 %& r!/&rm %h! Ch-r)h?

Pr!%%0 m-)h * )&*%r&" &/ %h! )h-r)h

P"a*. %& r!/&rm %h! %aG d.)"*! &/ %h! m&*9. a*d /rar. a*d %& r!/&rm

h!rar)h0 &/ %h! Ch-r)h( La.% "a* +&-"d ha'! m!a*% %h! )r!a%&* &/ 13

*!+ $.h&r). &-% &/ m&*a.%) /&-*da%&*. E*,".h d&)!.!. +&-"d ha'!

r!!)%!d %h! &-"a%&* d.%r$-%&* &/ T-d&r E*,"a*d( *&% %ha% &/ a*

!ar"!r a,! 1;>4:

=ar0 T-d&r +a. 11 * 1;>:( )&-"d ha'! .&"'!d %h! .-))!..&* )r.. $0

marr0*, am!. V( @*, &/ S)&%"a*d H!*r0 a!ar. %& ha'! %h&-,h% %h.

*.-)!*% Ca%h!r*! &/ Ara,&* +a. 4> * 1;>: Sh! had $!!* marr!d %& Ar%h-r *

1;1 $-% a"+a0. )"am!d %ha% %h! marra,! +a. *&% )&*.-mma%!d( .& %)&-"d $! a**-""!d a*d %h!r! +a. *& m!dm!*% %& %h! marra,! +%h

H!*r0 Sh! had ar&-*d K &r : r!,*a*)!.( =ar0 +a. %h! &*"0 .-r''*,

)h"d( had *&% $!!* r!,*a*% .*)! 1;18 HVIII had a .&* $0 E"#a$!%h B"&-*% *am!d H!*r0 F%#r&0 8 * 1;>: =ad!

D-9! &/ 2)hm&*d * 1;>; a*d r!)&,*.!d $0 H!*r0 r&&m!d %& $!

h!rr!,!*%? D!d 1;3K &/ *a%-ra" )a-.!. Ar%h-r T-d&r had marr!d C&/A 1;1( d!d 1;> Paa" d.!*.a%&* /r&m

-"-. II /&""&+*, h. d!a%h A**! B&"!0* .!)&*d da-,h%!r &/ Th&ma. B&"!0*( ..%!r &/ =ar0 B&"!0*

=ar0 had a* aQar +%h H!*r0 $!/&r! A**! +a. a% )&-r% Th&ma. B&"!0*+a. marr!d %& E"#a$!%h H&+ard( r!"a%!d %& N&r/&"9 A /am"0 &* %h! ma9!(

&*!d H&+ard /a)%&* C&*'*)!d Pr&%!.%a*% H,h"0 *%!"",!*% a*d

!d-)a%!d a% Fr!*)h )&-r% ar.( ,ra)!. a*d !a.! &/ Fr!*)h Th! &$'&-. .&"-%&* %& %h! r&$"!m +a. %& a**-" h. marra,! a*d marr0

A**! B&"!0* HVIII *!!d!d "!,a" $a..( -.!d L!'%)-. >>1 I/ a ma*

marr!. h. $r&%h!r. +/!( %h!0 .ha"" d! )h"d"!.. I*%!rr!%!d %h. a.

+%h&-% a .&* 6r!)r-%!d 2)hard Wa9! %& %ra*."a%! %h! B$"! /r&m H!$r!+(

.%a%!d %ha% )h"d"!.. m!a*% +%h&-% a .&*7 Ar,-!d %ha% -"-. II +a. +r&*,

%& ,ra*% d.!*.a%&* $!)a-.! &/ marra,! %& Ar%h-r D'&r)! -**!)!..ar0

a. marra,! +a. *-"" a*d '&d * %h! r.% "a)! +a*%!d a**-"m!*%


41/44

TI=E FO2 A TI=ELINE

1;>K H!*r0 $!,a* %& +&& A**! B&"!0* 6*& "a*. /&r

marra,!7 1;>K: S!)r!% r&)!!d*,. .%ar%!d /&r %h!

a**-"m!*% Char"!. .a)9!d 2&m!( )&*%r&""!d

P&! -*! 1;>: H!*r0 %&"d Ca%h!r*! &/ h. "a*.

-"0 1;>: H!*r0 a*d A**! a,r!!d %& marr0 a/%!r %h! a**-"m!*% +a.

,ra*%!d S!%!m$!r 1;>: H!*r0 a"!d /&r a aa" d.!*.a%&* %& marr0 A**!

D!)!m$!r 1;>: N!,&%a%&*. * 2&m! /&r %h! a**-"m!*%

S!% 1;>8 A**! .!*% %& H!'!r Ca.%"! O)%&$!r 1;>8 L&r!*#& Cam!,,& arr'!d * E*,"a*d

D!)!m$!r 1;>8 A**! r!%-r*!d %& )&-r%

=a0 1;>J r&)!!d*,. /&r h!ar*, %h! a**-"m!*% )a.! .%ar%!d a%

B"a)9/rar. -*! 1;>J Ca%h!r*! mad! h!r .*,"! a!ara*)! $!/&r! %h! h!ar*,

-"0 1;>J A .-mm!r r!)!.. +a. )a""!d a*d %h! )a.! +a. r!)a""!d %&

2&m! $0 %h! P&! 6-*d!r %h! )&*%r&" &/ Char"!. V7 O)%&$!r 1;>J W&".!0 a))-.!d &/ ra!m-*r!( /&r)!d %& .-rr!*d!r %h!

r!a% S!a"( r!"a)!d a. L&rd Cha*)!""&r $0 Th&ma. =&r! N&'!m$!r 1;>J %h! 2!/&rma%&* Par"am!*% +a. a..!m$"!d

2&"! &/ W&".!0 * %h! a**-"m!*%

T& "a.! +%h %h! P&! a*d .!)-r! %h! a**-"m!*% W&".!0 ad'.!d HVIII

%ha% h! *!!d!d %h! P&! %& d!)"ar! %h! d.!*.a%&* *'a"d =a*0

r!)!d!*%. /&r %h! a**-"m!*% a*d %h! P&! &+!d HVIII a /a'&-r /&r ASS

6"&"7 W&".!0 had ,&&d )&*%a)%. * 2&m! a. +a. Card*a"( Ar)h$.h& a*d

Paa" L!,a%! HVIII -r.-!d a %!)h*)a" ar&a)h a*d *..%!d &* %h!

*a%-r! &/ ar,-m!*%. W&".!0 r!.!*%!d Tr!d %& !r.-ad! HVIII %& -.! a

m&r! d"&ma%) ar&a)h a. /&r!,* &")0 a*d -$") &*&* .+-*,

a,a*.% a**-"m!*% =ad! %h! r!a% =a%%!r -$") * 1;>: .-mm&*!dHVIII %& a!ar $!/&r! "!,a%*! )&-r% %& addr!.. ..-!. )&*)!r**, %h!

.a"'a%&* &/ %h! r&0a" .&-"

Ca%h!r*!. r!.&*.!

D!'&-% Ca%h&")( d!'&%!d +/!( r&-d a*d &"%)a""0 a.%-%! -!!*

A**-"m!*% 5 =ar0 ""!,%ma%!( C&/A r&0a" m.%r!.. ra%h!r %ha* R-!!*

S%-)9 %& h!r ar,-m!*% %ha% marra,! +%h Ar%h-r +a. *&% )&*.-mma%!d

mad! L!'%)-. ar,-m!*% *'a"d Had %h! -d)a" r,h% %& &&.!

a**-"m!*% $0 a!a"*, %& P&! P&-"ar * E*,"a*d( .!!* a. a ')%m

=arra,! %& H!*r0 had $!!* ha0 a*d .-))!../-"( %h&-,h% %ha% H!*r0 +a.

Th!0 .a0 W&".!0 +a.

)&m!*.a%*, /&r .&m!%h*,


42/44

)&rr-%!d $0 h. ad'.&r.( !. W&".!0 O%h!r. a% )&-r% r!.!*%!d W&".!0

a*d h. *-!*)! &'!r HVIII

Wh0 dd a%%!m%. %& ,!% %h! a**-"m!*% /a"?

2ELUCTANCE OF POPE TO CONDE=N AP2EVIOUS POPE -"-. II ,ra*%!d d.!*.a%&*(

C"!m!*% VIII )-rr!*% P&! Th!&"&,a*. d'd!d

&'!r +h!%h!r L!'%)-. +a. &!* %& aa"

d.!*.a%&* HVIII. ar&a)h mad! %h! )a.! .&

h,hJ $!/&r!

C(W P"!ad!d &* h!r 9*!!. /&r HVIII %& %r!a% h!r -.%"0 a*d .%& a**-"m!*%

S+!% /r&m %h! )&-r% d!.%! -d,!. d!ma*d. %ha% .h! .%a0( "9! %h!

/!ar"!.. d'a %ha% .h! +a.

DECLINE OF WOLSEY

ma%r!..! !*

%%r!


43/44

B0 A-,-.% 1;>J W&".!0. &+!r +a. !*d!d S!% 1;>J &rd!r!d %& ha*d

&'!r %h! Pr'0 S!a" a*d r!.,* a. L&rd Cha*)!""&r a*d a"" &/ h. &%h!r &.%.

!G)!% Ar)h$.h& &/ Y&r9 Char,!d +%h ra!m-*r! 6%r!a%*, aa" "a+

a$&'! 9*,. "a+7( a""&+!d %& r!ma* * Y&r9 Ar" 1;3 $!,a*

)&rr!.&*d!*)! +%h %h! Im!ra" am$a..ad&r( C&/A( Fra*)!( h&*, %&

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%h!r! .!!m!d %& $! *& .&"-%&* %& @= Char"!. V * )&*%r&" &/ P&!( *&

*)"*a%&* %& h!" W&".!0 6r&;J a/%!r La*dra*&( Cha"r!. Sa)!d 2&m! 1;>: FACTION HAD DEVELOPED AT COU2T r! 1;>:( W&".!0 )&-"d r!.%ra*

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a$r&ad P&.% 1;>: &))-!d $0 /&r!,* &")0 a*d @=( a$"%0 %& )&*%r&"

)&-r% d!)r!a.!d WOLSEY BECA=E INC2EASINLY ISOLATED 2O= HVIII W&r9!d * .!ara%!

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B&"!0* /a)%&* a*d N&r/&"9 a*d S-Q&"9 .!*% m&r! %m! +%h H!*r0 a%

r!!*+)h D.%a*)!d $0 /& & %&& !, +h!* W&".!0 +a. a+a0 *!,&%a%*,

Tr!a%0 &/ Am!*. FAILU2E OF A=ICABLE 2ANT /&r)!d HVIII %& a$a*d&* h. am$%&*. %&

)&*-!r Fra*)! a/%!r Pa'a H d.%a*)!d hm.!"/ /r&m ra*% a*d /&r)!d

W&".!0 %& %a9! $"am! WOLSEYS ENE=IES AT COU2T BECA=E =O2E POWE2FUL N&r/&"9 a*d

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ANNE BOLEYN INFUENCED HVIII AB *%a""0 +""*, %& +&r9 +%h W&".!0(

$0 1;>J had $!)&m! )&*'*)!d %ha% W&".!0 +a. a* &$.%a)"! %& %h!

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katie carlsons tudor notes

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