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KAMPALA CITY COUNCIL

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Final Report

Prepared by: AAAqqquuuaaaCCCooonnnsssuuulll ttt

In association with EMA CONSULT LTD and SAVIMAXX LTD

November 2006

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EA for the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP)

Final Report

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Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ i

LIST OF ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................. x

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Project............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Terms of Reference.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Description of the Project............................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Study Area .....................................................................................................................2 1.3.2 Project Strategy ............................................................................................................2

1.4 Project Components ....................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES ............................................................................ 4

2.1 General Approach.......................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Field visit, Data Collection Assessment and Synthesis ............................................................... 4

2.4 Consultations and Coordination with Stakeholders and Agencies ....................................... 5

2.5 Collaboration with other Consultants .......................................................................................... 5

2.6 Assessment of Infrastructure Investments .................................................................................... 6 2.6.1 General Task Scheduling ............................................................................................6

2.7 Impact Assessment and Ranking.................................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER THREE: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 10

3.1 Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework for Environmental Management Including Wetlands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

3.1.1 Institutional Framework .............................................................................................10 3.1.2 Implication of Institutional Framework on KIIDP ...................................................19 3.1.3 Other Agencies that will Impact KIIDP...................................................................20 3.1.4 Policy Framework .......................................................................................................21 3.1.5 Legal and regulatory Framework ...........................................................................21 3.1.6 International Legislation............................................................................................26 3.1.7 World Bank Operational Policies and Potential Gaps with the National Legislation...................................................................................................................................26 Wetlands Management in the Context of Uganda Legislation and the World Bank’s Op 4.04; Natural Habitats........................................................................................................28 3.1.8 Situation Regarding Bahia grass .............................................................................29

3.2. CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS................................................... 31 3.2.1 Bio-physical environment ..............................................................................................34 3.2.2 Socio-Economic profile of the drainage investments areas ..................................44

3.3 SITUATION REGARDING TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ............................. 47 3.3.1 Bio-physical and Socio-economic Environment .......................................................47


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3.4 SITUATION REGARDING URBAN MARKETS ........................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 Bio-physical characteristics of markets.......................................................................60

3.5 SITUATION REGARDING PHASE 1 SOLID WASTE INVESTMENTS ......................................................... 66 3.5.1 Bio-physical Characteristics of the Current solid waste disposal facilityat Kiteezi 66

Physical Features........................................................................................................................................... 66 3.5.2 The current site and its environment ......................................................................68 3.5.3 Proposed Extension to Kitezi Sanitary Landfill .......................................................71

Planned operations...................................................................................................................................... 73

Post closure features of the extension ...................................................................................................... 74 3.5.4 Bio-physical characteristics of the proposed extension of Kiteezi waste disposal site ................................................................................................................................75

3.6. SAFEGUARD POICIES TO BE TRIGGERED BY MITIGATION ACTIONS................................................ 77

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ................. 79 4.2.1 National Environment Management Authority....................................................79 4.2.2 Wetlands Inspection Division ...................................................................................79 4.2.3 Medical Officer of Health, Kampala City Council ..............................................80 4.2.4 Water Resources Department.................................................................................80 4.2.6 Kampala City Council and Local Council Chairpersons ...................................81 4.2.7 Engineers Registration Board (ERB).........................................................................81

4.3 Views from and Suggestions of Users ................................................................................................ 82 4.3.1 DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS...........................................................................................82 4.3.2 ROAD IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT .........................................................................84 4.3.3 URBAN MARKETS IMPROVEMENT .............................................................................89 4.3.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................92

CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF INVESTMENTS..... 95

5.1 DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 95 5.1.1 Positive Socio-economic Impacts ...........................................................................95 5.1.2 Flood Attenuation Dams............................................................................................99

5.2 TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT........................................................................ 99 5.2.1 Positive socio-economic impacts...........................................................................99

5.3 URBAN MARKETS IMPROVEMENTS SUB-COMPONENT..................................................................... 104 5.3.1 Positive Socio-economic impacts ....................................................................... 104

5.4 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ....................................................................................................................... 106 5.4.1 Environmental Impacts of Soli Waste Disposal facilityExtension .................... 106 5.4.2 Environmental Problems Associated With the Continued Operation of Solid Waste Disposal at Kitezi ........................................................................................................ 110 5.4.3 Measures Needed for Continued Operation of the Current solid waste .... 110 Management facility ............................................................................................................ 110 5.4.4 Capacity Building Needs for Strengthening Environmental Management by KCC ……………………………………………………………………………………………111 5.4.5 Issues to be considered during the Process of Establishing a New solid waste111 Management facility ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT KCC......................................... 112 General Recommendations For Drainage Investments ................................................ 112 Specific Recommendations ................................................................................................ 112


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CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS.............................................................................................. 114

Environmental Guidelines for Contractors ............................................................................................. 114

General Environmental Management Conditions............................................................................... 114

6.1 General 114

6.2 Traffic Management ............................................................................................................................ 119 6.2.1 Blasting ........................................................................................................................ 119 6.2.2 Disposal of Unusable Elements ............................................................................... 119 6.2.3 Health and Safety ..................................................................................................... 120 6.2.4 Repair of Private Property........................................................................................ 120

6.3 CONTRACTOR’S ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN (EHS-MP) ........... 120 6.3.1 EHS Reporting............................................................................................................. 121 6.3.2 Training of Contractor’s Personnel......................................................................... 122 6.3.3 Cost of Compliance................................................................................................. 122 6.3.4 Example Format: EHS Report ................................................................................. 122 6.3.5 Example Format: EHS Incident Notification ........................................................ 123 6.3.6 Example Format: Detailed EHS Incident Report.................................................. 124

CHAPTER SEVEN: KIIDP ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................... 125

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………….163

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………………………….145

APPENDIX A: TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................... 145

Scope of Work 145 A. Drainage Systems ............................................................................................................. 145 B. Traffic and Road Maintenance Management ........................................................... 147 C. Urban Market Infrastructure............................................................................................ 148 D. Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................. 149 E. Construction practices ..................................................................................................... 149 F. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 150

APPENDIX B: CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS ......................................................................................... 151

APPENDIX C: SURVEY INSTRUMENTS USED .......................................................................................... 156 SURVEY INSTRUMENT ALIGNMENT WITH THE TERMS OF REFERENCE............................... 156 A) Drainage Systems ............................................................................................................. 156 B) Traffic and Road Maintenance Management........................................................... 158 C) Urban Market infrastructure ........................................................................................... 160 D) Solid Waste Management.............................................................................................. 161

APPENDIX D: REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 163

APPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK’S OPERATION POLICIES .............................................. 170

APPENDIX F: KCC’S VECTOR MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AT MPERERWE-KITEEZI SANITARY LANDFILL .......................................................................................................................... 174


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LIST OF ACRONYMSBLB - Buganda Land Board BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CAA - Civil Aviation Authority CBD - Conservation on Biological Diversity DECs - District Environment Committees DWD - Directorate of Water Development EA - Environmental Analysis EIA - Environment Impact ASSESSMENT ELUs - Environmental Liaison Units EMP - Environmental Management Plan FGD - Focus Group Discussion FC - Faecal coliforms FS - Faecal Speptocsca GDP - Gross Domestic Product HIV - Human Immune-Deficiency Virus HVAC - Hot Ventilation Air Current IAQ - Indoor Air Quality KCC - Kampala City Council KDMP - Kampala Drainage Master Plan KIIDP - Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development

Project KUSP - Kampala Urban Sanitation Project LC - Local Council MERV - Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value MTN - Mobile Telephone Networks MoWHC - Ministry of Works, Housing and Construction N - Nitrogen NCRP - Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project NEA - National Environment Act NEAP - National Environment Action Plan NEMA - National Environment Management Authority NES - National Environmental Statute NFA - National Forest Authority NGO - Non-Government Organizations NRSC - National Road Safety Council NWSC - National Water and Sewerage Corporation O&M - Operation and Maintenance Op - Operational Policy (i.e.World Bank Guidelines) PPE - Personal Protective Equipment RAFU - Road Agency Formation Unit RAP - Resettlement Action Plan R-Value - Resistance Value SOE - State of Environment TB - Tuberculosis TN - Total Nitrogen TOR - Terms of Reference TP - Total Phosphorous UBOA - Uganda Bus Operators Association UBOS - Uganda Bureau of Statistics


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UCC - Uganda Construction Commission UIA - Uganda Investment Authority UNDP - United Nations Development Program UNEP - United Nations Environment Program URA - Uganda Revenue Authority URC - Uganda Railways Corporation UTL - Uganda Telecom UTODA - Uganda Tax Operators and Drivers Association VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds WCU - World Conservation Union (formerly, International Union of

Conservation of Nature - IUCN) WFP - World Food Programme WHO - World Health Organization WID - Wetlands Inspection Division WRMD - Water Resource Management Department WS - Water Sample


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Environmental Practitioners who carried out the Environmental Impact Assessment for Kampala Instititutional and Infrastructure Development Project thank the following people for their specialist input in the assessment: Bill Wandera (Team Leader), Dr. Frank Kasiime, Charles Nuwagaba, Elizabeth Aisu, Nelson Kisaka, Mawejje David and Moses Bamanya. We are grateful to the Project Co-ordination Unit staff of KIIDP particularly, Tamale Kiguddu, Bonnie Nsambu, and Edward Mukalazi who contributed immensely towards the successful completion of the environmental assessment. We are indebted to Ms Edeltraut Gilgan-Hunt and Solomon Alemu of The World Bank for reviewing all the reports and for their valuable comments. We are indebted to all respondents in the various Divisions of Kampala who participated in Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. We thank officials from the Central Government institutions particularly Wetlands Inspectorate Division, National Environment Management Authority and Water Resources Department who participated in our public consultations.

Samuel Vivian Matagi Enviromental Chemist/Enviromental Practioner

Prof. Gaddi Katushaya Drainage Engineer/Environmental Practioner

Dr. Natal Ayiga Sociologist/ Environmental Practioner

Luka Agwe Socio-economist/ Environmental Practioner

September 2006


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The general objective of this Environment Analysis (EA) is to identify, assess and mitigate the potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the infrastructure investments planned under the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP). The specific objectives are: (i) to identify and assess potential adverse environmental and social effects of the

planned programme (ii) to make recommendations that can be used for mitigating adverse effects

resulting from programme implementation (iii) to prepare Environmental management plan that can assist in implementing

mitigation measures recommended (iv) to ensure that programme activities conform to both national and World Bank

safeguards. The Terms of Reference for the study are in Appendix A. Kampala City Council (KCC) is preparing the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP), an initiative primarily designed to strengthen the governance and institutional structure within KCC in order to enhance service delivery and improve economic performance of the city. The infrastructure and services improvements cover the areas of drainage, solid waste and urban markets as well as traffic and roads maintenance management. The project has three components, namely,

¾ Institutional Development ¾ Citywide Infrastructure and Services Improvement.¾ Project Management

KCC recognizes that the improvements will result in some positive as well as certain negative environmental impacts. It is imperative that the impacts be identified so that measures are taken to enhance the positive while the negative impacts are mitigated against, all within the framework of the development process. This report focuses entirely on Environment Analysis of infrastructure improvements component of the KIIDP. This component will support activities aimed at improving the provision of critical services to the city. The investment in infrastructure and service improvements will address four priority areas: (i) drainage system; (ii) traffic and road maintenance management; (iii) solid waste management and (iv) urban markets infrastructure. Thee purpose of these investments is to contribute to the economic and commercial development of the city, which is critical for inducing public confidence and subsequently, encouraging compliance with municipal regulations i.e., due payment of property rate. The infrastructure investment will be phased and predicated on defined institutional and fiscal milestones and targets that will trigger investment packages during project implementation. The methods applied in preparing the EA report included review of past reports, and technical designs, socio-economic field surveys, observation of biophysical environments, water quality sampling and analysis. This was followed with data analysis and synthesis basis of which, the consultants identified, analysed and assessed the


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potential environmental and socio-economic impacts covering both Phase I and II of the project but identified mitigation measures and the environmental management plan for only the investments under Phase I. The methods applied to collect data required for analysis included literature review, field assessments, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, water sampling and laboratory analysis, synthesis and analysis of data and reporting. The literature review covered aspects of legal, policy and institutional framework for environment protection and management as well as the technical designs prepared for some of the infrastructure investments, particularly the drainage and the roads and traffic management sub-components. The fieldwork focused on the assessment of the biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of sample investment areas. The aim was to determine the baseline conditions and to assess to what extent these would be impacted by the proposed investments in order to identify the corresponding mitigation and/or enhancement measures. Impact Assessment In assessing the potential negative impacts, all issues were subjected to Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM)1. The RIAM assigns negative value ranges for potential negative impacts so they can be ranked according to severity in terms of importance, magnitude, reversibility and cumulativeness. This method isolates the critical impacts from those that may be relevant but not as significant. The critical impacts are further evaluated to form a basis for the Environment Management Plan.

Situational Analysis The institutional, legal and policy profile is such that: • the institutional, legal and policy framework in place appear adequate for the

implementation of the environment management plan of the mitigation requirements for the proposed investments

• enforcement of certain regulations, like planning control to discourage invasion of public way leaves and road reserves, however needs strengthening.

The socio-economic issues, within the investment areas are such that: • urban poverty dominates the socio-economies and this perhaps accounts for

invasion of land parcels in the project areas for residential purposes • current land use along the project corridors includes subsistence cultivation on the

edges of the wetlands, light industry and informal settlements. The biophysical characteristics in the drainage investment areas are such that: • little natural environment remains in the upper reaches of the drainage channels but

the downstream sections are dominated by natural flora which in certain aspects is under threat from encroachment by human activity particularly

• the urban markets are situated in fully urbanized localities with little or no natural environment to be considered.

• The bio-physical characteristics in the road improvement corridors consists of some wetlands in some sections, flora in others and rolling terrain planted with Buganda clans trees.

• The Buganda clan’s trees were planted by the palace workers along the Lubiri Road as a symbol of their alligence to the Kabaka. They used to provide a shade for the Kabaka’s subjects who would wait to greet him on his way from the palace to Bulange. Over time, the trees gained prominence as part of the cultural heritage linked to ancient tradition.

1 Developed by VKI Water Quality Institute of Denmark


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• The biophysical status of the site proposed for the extension of the present landfill in Kitezi is that the site is dominated by flora comprising Lantana, camara, Commelina bengalensis, Sesbania sesban Impomea spp. and Amagdelina spp. The fauna comprises of Marabou stork, White egrets and Weaverbirds.

• The economic activities in most, expect in some of the traffic and road maintenance development corridors, are essentially subsistence and most activities are make-shift; established in the evening and removed at night. The implication is that the proposed project activities may not result in permanent nor large-scale distortion to existing lifestyles.

Table (i): Key positive impacts of implementing the KIID Project and

their impact levels. CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT LEVEL

As a result of the proposed investments, the construction sector will, in general terms, benefit from increased business during project implementation

+3 Socio economic Impacts

Communities adjacent to the project areas will get employment opportunity during the improvement process. More new jobs will be created thus improving the socio-economic well-being of the communities involved

+5

The investments will improve the aesthetic appeal of the immediate environment in the development corridors, it is expected that this could enhance human activity in these areas; see table (i) above. Critical Negative Impact and Mitigation Proposal • Thus creating potential for negative impacts like increased soil erosion and more solid

waste generation. The implication is that measures for better environment management need to be instituted. This possibility underlines the need for implementing the institutional development component of KIIDP, which is designed to address KCC capacity to manage the city’s infrastructure.

Institutional and Legal Impact The key positive institutional and legal outcomes of the proposed investments identified can be summarised as follows: • The proposed infrastructure investments will generally result in better service delivery

by KCC particularly within the project localities. • Improving urban services often induces voluntary compliance by residents with

municipal dues and rates. This will in turn improve KCC revenues and contribute to its financial stability.

• Improved traffic carriageways, demarcation and marking of lanes and installation of traffic signals together with road signs act as a basis for better traffic management and enforcement of traffic regulations. This will result in more disciplined road use and therefore reduction in road accidents.

• Regarding urban markets, KCC (Employer) should institute measures that ensure better supervision of the contractor’s activities


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Drainage Investments The key positive impacts identified of the proposed drainage investments identified can be summarised as follows:

Table (ii): Key positive impacts that will accrue from upgrading the drainage in

CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT LEVEL

• The drainage investments will reduce flooding, slow down pollution of downstream waterways through better management of the drainage systems and therefore contribute to better overall environment management

+5

• Drainage improvements will reduce incidence of diseases, particularly malaria since stagnant waters where mosquitoes often breed will be eliminated in parts or reduced in some sections of the drainage systems

+4

Drainage investments

• These investments will improve environmental cleanliness and enhance hygiene through better management of wet lands and drainage systems. For instance, the practice of dumping solid wastes in drainage channels will be reduced and hence blockage of culverts will be ameliorated. This will improve property values for the poor who often reside in these localities

+2

Urban Markets Improvements Some of the key positive impacts identified of the proposed urban market improvement investments are summarised as follows:


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Table (iii): Key positive impacts that will accrue from markets upgrade in Kampala indicated against their impact levels

CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT LEVEL

• The urban markets improvements will result in better hygienic and improved environmental conditions that will attract more shoppers and encourage better business subsequently enhancing commerce and trade in the respective localities

+5

• Farmers will be able to sell more of their produce faster since market management operations will be streamlined as a result of better infrastructure in the markets

+4

• The work environment for the poor will improve enhancing their chances for better revenue generation. +4

Urban Markets

• More stalls will be constructed, therefore vendors currently without proper retail premises will be accommodated and their incomes secured.

+5

Road Maintenance Investments The traffic improvements and road maintenance investments will result in the following key positive impacts: Table (iv): Key positive impacts that will accrue from traffic and roads

maintenance upgrades in Kampala, and their impact levels.CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT

LEVEL

• Traffic that is more orderly flows through widening and signalising junctions, road marking and road furniture thus reducing congestion especially during peak episodes.

+5

• Better traffic flow will act to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

+4

Road Maintenance

• Damage to vehicles resulting from poor road surfaces will be reduced thus saving foreign exchange currently being spent on importing spares.

+3


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• Indiscipline road-use practices will reduce since structured traffic control measures will be in place. +3

Solid Waste Disposal Improvement The solid waste disposal improvement investments will result in the key positive impacts listed below: Table (v): Key positive impacts that will accrue from the upgrade of the waste

disposal facilityof Kampala, and their impact levels. CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT IMPACT

LEVEL Extend the life of the present facility by three more years. This will provide employment within the locality for that additional period

+4

• Enhance solid waste management by KCC by providing a treatment and safe disposal facility.

+5

Solid Waste Disposal

• It has potential for improving municipal revenues if KCC pursues the global carbon-trading opportunities +3

Critical Negative Impacts and Mitigation Proposals Based on the Rapid Impact Matrix, the most critical negative impacts together with their mitigation measures were identified and are summarized per investment in TABLES (vi), (vii), (viii) and (ix) below:

Table (vi): DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS

CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION

Accidents during construction arising from interruption to access routes located within or along the development corridors

Barricades to be erected along the works and proper signposting to direct users away from the construction sites

Socio-Economic (Construction Phase)

Occationanl disruption of utility services

Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-built drawings, agree construction programmes and arrange for prompt response in case of damage to infrastructure.


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Smells and odours arising from excavated silt and debris from the channels

Prompt removal and proper handling and disposal of excavated materials into designated disposal facilities

Create storm water diversion channels and culverts with adequate carrying capacity for peak flood flow

De-silt and regularly remove solid waste from channels

Flooding arising from construction activities including barricading main flow and diverting it into smaller channels

Provide screens at culverts and regularly clean them

Provide alternative traffic routing through diversions and properly marked safety signing

Interruption to traffic

Early warning mechanisms like regular notification of planned interruptions to traffic flow through the mass media

Failure by contractors to follow environmental safety and health regulations

Contractual requirement for contractors to abide by minimum environmental health and safety requirements

Socio-Economic (Operational Phase )

Interruption to commercial activities and/or loss of livelihoods, including social relationships

Implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan

Prompt removal and disposal of excavated materials into designated disposal facility

Accumulation of silt and other excavated materials

Potential Bio-physical Impacts (Construction Phase)

Destruction of flora and fauna downstream portions of the channels arising from increased flow rates, i.e., Papyrus species

Introducing several canals to allow the flow to percolate through the papyrus

Potential Bio-physical Impacts (Operational Phase)

Higher pollution rates due to increased flow rate into the channels that are above natural purification capacity of water bodies

Reduce flow rates and trap sediments by planting papyrus species and other sedges downstream of the channels, which will also contribute to water purification.


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Erosion of the channel banks Restoration of the vegetation using paparum conjigatum Introduce debris screens

Table (vii): TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT AND ROAD MAINTENANCE CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION

Barricading works, signposting, lighting at night and employing traffic wardens to direct users away from the construction sites

Accidents arising from construction methods (example, converting two-lane traffic carriageways to single lane carriage ways) Contractors to abide by minimum

environmental health and safety requirements

Interruption to utility services (water supplies, telephones and power).

Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-built drawings, agree construction programmes and arrange for prompt response in case of interruption to services Institute early warning measures to inform public about possible interruptions to normal routines. This could include periodic and targeted announcements through the mass media

Interruption of social and commercial routines commercial

Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan where necessary Implement construction guidelines to prevent silt and construction materials from blocking the drainage systems. Regularly de-silt road drainage systems.

Flooding arising from construction works and newly installed cross culverts

Construct and direct outfall channels adequately Provide alternative traffic routing through diversions and properly marked safety sign-posting Utilize pre-cast culvert units to reduce construction time.


Interruption traffic flow

Regulate traffic and provide regular information on planned traffic interruptions


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Failure by contractors to follow environmental safety and health regulations

Contractual requirement for contractors to abide by construction guidelines to safety of workers and third parties

Restriction of access to roadside business and residences

Provide alternative routes to residences and businesses


Motor accidents from over-speeding vehicles

Enforcement of traffic rules and regulations by relevant agencies

Erosion during construction Implement measures the prevent run-off from accessing the construction sites

Accumulation of silt and other construction wastes on the carriageway

Prompt removal and disposal of excavated materials into designated disposal facility

Destruction of flora and fauna on road reserves

Re-vegetation should be enforced at the end of the construction phase

Potential Negative Bio-physical Impacts (Construction Phase)

Contamination of soils and water sources/ wetlands with construction material and oils

Contractor should prepare waste management plan to:

• Avoid dumping waste and oil spill accessing waterways or wetlands

• Ensure excavated material are reused or safely disposed off at approved sites by KCC. These will be specifically designated sites and indicated in the Tender Documents


Accidents from over speeding and other in-disciplined road usage

Enforce traffic regulations

Table (viii): URBAN MARKETS CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION

Socio-Economic (Construction

Interruption to market activities Provide temporary alternative market site


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Interruption to utility services Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-built drawings, agree construction programmes and arrange for prompt response in case of interruption to services.

Interruption to traffic flow Provide road signs, traffic wardens and barricades where necessary.

(Construction Phase)

Failure by contractors to follow worker safety and health regulations

Contractual requirement for contractors to abide by construction guidelines to minimise risk of impairment


None Nil

Protect the site against erosion by construction of temporary storm water drains.

Site clearance resulting in soil erosion

Prompt reinstatement of affected surfaces


Silting of storm water drains Periodic de-silting of drains


Increased solid waste generation Implementation of improvrd solid waste management mechanisms to address additional volumes of waste

Table (ix): SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION


Contractor ignores worker safety and health regulations

Contractual requirement for contractors to abide by construction guidelines to minimise risk of impairment


Smell nuisance Promptly spread and cover waste with soil.

Protect the site against erosion by construction of temporary storm water drains.


Prompt reinstatement of affected surfaces


Silting of storm water drains Periodic de-silting of drains


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Increased leachate generation that may pollute receiving waterways

Pre-treatment and stabilisation of leachate prior to disposal to receiving waterways.

Construction Guidelines and Practices The recommendations on construction guidelines are meant to ensure that safety nets for the protection of construction workers, the public and the environment are in place and adhered to. The aim is to institute a predictable mechanism for monitoring and reacting to safety requirements of the project particularly in the construction phase. The guidelines cover issues such as: • preparation and enforcement of technical specifications to be applied in the

construction process that include construction waste management • Professional supervision of construction to ensure specifications are followed • reduction in disposed construction wastes through re-cycling and re-use • minimizing the handling and release of toxins including spent oils • conservation of flora and fauna where it exists together with re-vegetation of sites

with indigenous species upon construction completion , • implementing processes that encourage conservation of energy and water through

efficient utilization processes • enforcing environmental and health safety measures The detailed recommended guidelines have been attached in the appendices; see Appendix B.

Environment Management Plan Based on the mitigation measures identified and the construction guidelines, the Environment Management Plan has been elaborated for each investment. The key features of the plan are as follows: • that it clarifies responsibilities, • it specifies indicators for monitoring compliance • it indicates means of verification and, • identifies the institution that will monitor the mitigation proposals. ie NEMA, KCC, LC

etc. In addition, the environment management plan provides estimates of costs for implementation of the identified mitigation measures together with the work programme for the required activities. The detailed Environment Management Plan is enclosed in chapter six. Recommendations The project should be implemented as planned, provided the mitigation measures outlined in environment management plan and the construction guidelines are followed.


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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Project The Kampala City Council (KCC) is preparing the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP), an initiative designed to strengthen the governance and institutional structure within the city in order to enhance service delivery and improve economic performance. The overall aim of the project is to deter current deterioration of the physical infrastructure in Kampala and the weakening of the service delivery capabilities of its governance structures by putting Kampala on a new path of improved physical and institutional development. This aim will be realized through a combination of two interlocking and simultaneous interventions: (i) a program of institutional and fiscal reform of the local governance structures in

Kampala, with the specific objectives of significantly improving the service-delivery effectiveness and efficiency of these organs; and

(ii) a program of investment at the city-wide scale, focusing on the areas of drainage, roads/traffic management, solid waste management, and urban markets.

The project will be executed under the Adaptable Program Lending arrangement of the World Bank with investments divided into 2 or more Phases.

1.2 Terms of Reference

This report outlines the environmental analysis of the proposed infrastructure investments of the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project. The overall objective of the Environment Analysis (EA) was to identify, assess and propose mitigation measures to the potential negative environmental and socio-economic impacts that might result from the infrastructure investments planned in the different components of the project. The specific objectives of the assessment were: � To identify and assess the potential adverse environmental and socio-economic

impacts of the planned project; � To make recommendations for mitigating the effects identified as adverse for the

safety of the environment; � To prepare an Environment Management Plan to be applied in mitigating the

identified impacts; and � To ensure that the programme activities conform to the NEMA and World Bank

Safeguards. The analysis will contribute to the proper planning of the proposed infrastructure activities because it provides a framework for environmentally safe technical options as well as socially acceptable implementation processes. The proposed project, like any other development, will result in some positive and negative impacts during its implementation and operation. Certain impacts are inevitable; for example, loss of land where roads are to be expanded and improved, interruptions to commercial services during upgrading of markets and increased generation of waste resulting from improved commercial activities following project implementation.


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During the assessment, evaluation of the existing environment was carried out so that issues to be addressed and impacts of the project interventions are identified. The aim was to incorporate appropriate safeguard measures in the planning and implementation of the project. Significant portion of the issues were identified through stakeholder consultations while others resulted from observation checklists based on appropriate assessment guidelines. The overall goal was to enhance the positive impacts of the project and mitigate the negative ones. The Terms of Reference for the Environmental Analysis of KIIDP is attached as Appendix A.

1.3 Description of the Project

1.3.1 Study Area

The area delineated for this study is Kampala District, which encompasses 189 km2 [KUSP Report, 1994], some of which is fully urbanised, a significant portion semi-urbanised and the rest considered to be rural settlements. Kampala is built on a series of hills and valleys with gentle slopes separated by valleys that consist of natural streams, drainage channels and wetlands of varying gradients. It is a commercial and political capital city of Uganda with a population of about 1.2 million and an annual demographic growth rate of about 3.9% [UBOS, 2002].

1.3.2 Project Strategy

Kampala District accounts for about 80% of the country’s industrial and commercial sectors, over 60% of the urban population and it generates over 60% of the national GDP. The economic future of Uganda is therefore intrinsically linked to the performance of Kampala as a locus of productive activity and investments. This, in turn, relies on the city’s ability to provide the services and infrastructure to drive and support the realization of the investment potential of the country. Unfortunately, Kampala’s services delivery capabilities have not kept pace with its economic and demographic growth. Over time, key infrastructure including roads, drainage systems, as well as solid waste services have deteriorated. At the same time, service-delivery capabilities of the City Council have encountered serious organisational, management, financial and human resource challenges that limit its ability to meet the current and future needs of the city. The continued deterioration of the physical infrastructure in Kampala and the weakening of the capabilities of its governance structures are likely to have negative repercussions on the performance of the Ugandan economy as a whole. Increased human activity unless supported by sound mitigation strategies, is bound to escalate the negative outcomes of environment degradation leading to even higher incidences of ailments. The proposed infrastructure development activities will trigger certain processes which may potentially negatively affect the environment or in some cases accelerate deterioration of environment and associated systems in the city that are already under threat. In this regard, the study on environment analysis to assess the environmental and social impact outcomes of the envisaged developments was carried out and mitigation strategies plus related action plans was recommended.


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1.4 Project Components

The project has the following components (estimated cost US$ 90 million): Component 1: Institutional Development. This component will assist Kampala and its stakeholders to refine and expand the SFR into a comprehensive approach to municipal development, constant with Kampala’s central role in the nation’s economic and political life. Achievement of key activities will trigger investments under the various phases of component 2. Activities will include: (i) developing and beginning to implement a long-term vision for the city, including an effective development plan, which identifies the steps to be taken in the near and medium term to achieve that vision with specific and annual milestones, (ii) developing and implementing a financial recovery plan designed to place KCC and its divisions in a sound and sustainable financial condition as soon as possible, (iii) creating and implementing a comprehensive organisational development strategy, based on financial sustainability, the capacity to sustain O & M of infrastructure and services, and on the clear and enforceable council’s role of policy-making and oversight form staff’s management role, and (iv) introducing and sustaining mechanisms to improve the transparency and accountability of KCC, including the development and an on going implementation of an effective and meaningful communication strategy between KCC and its stakeholders. Technical and financial support will also be provided to ensure that an effective collaborative process is put in place to identify barriers to competitiveness and to address these appropriately, in order to improve the ability of the private sector (formal and informal) to contribute to economic development and poverty reduction in Kampala. Component 2: Citywide Infrastructure and Services Improvement. This component will support activities aimed at improving the provision of critical services to the city. The investment in infrastructure and service improvements will address four priority areas: (i) drainage system; (ii) traffic and road maintenance management; (iii) solid waste management and (iv) urban markets infrastructure. These four areas are critical for inducing the confidence of the public and service recipients and will contribute to the economic and commercial development of the city. The infrastructure investment will be phased and predicated on defined institutional and fiscal milestones/targets (e.g., O & M of existing infrastructure) that will trigger investment packages during project implementation. These milestones/targets will be determined during project preparation and agreed with KCC. Component 3: Project Management, Monitoring and evaluation, and Civil Society Participation. This component will have two sub components: (i) Project management, Monitoring and Evaluation: this will encompass the management activities associated with the implementation of the project, and will support program management, the establishment and implementation of a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation (M & E) system and future program formulation; and (ii) Civil Society Participation: this will provide technical and financial support to a coalition of civil society organisations (NGOS, CSOs, Private Sector Associations, Universities etc) to effectively participate in the strategic and budget planning processes of KCC in order to increase budget responsiveness, accountability and transparency to KCC’s constituents. This environmental analysis report is concerned with investments under Component 2 of the KIIDP intervention and high lights of capacity building requirements were identified in the EMP. Detailed description of project components can be found in Chapter 3.


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CHAPTER TWO: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

2.1 General Approach

When preparing the EA report, the consultants identified, analysed, assessed the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts of the entire programme, and proposed mitigation measures and environmental management plans for the proposed infrastructure investments. The methods applied to collect information required for analysis included Literature Review, Field visits, Data Collection, Assessment and Synthesis. The study team also liaised with other Consultants responsible for the proposed upgrading of markets and those preparing the resettlement action plan. Relevant stakeholders were also consulted.

2.2 Literature Review

The consultants reviewed and analysed information from the following documents: � “Environmental Impact Assessment of the Kampala Drainage Master Plan

(KDMP)”, the “Final Report on the Traffic Improvement Plan (chapter 8)”, “The Needs Assessment for Market Improvements Report”

� “Preliminary site visit report for the solid waste disposal facility”.� Draft Feasibility Report for improvement of Urban Markets � The National Wetlands Policy � The World Bank’s OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats � Conventions and Protocols to which Uganda is a signatory

The full list of documents consulted is in Appendix D. The relevant policy documents and other secondary information sources consulted are specified in Chapter 3: Situation Assessment. The findings from the literature review were used to compile the situation analysis (Chapter 3).

2.3 Field visit, Data Collection Assessment and Synthesis All the sample project sites for the proposed investments in Phase 1 were visited to assess and collect data related to bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the proposed investments areas. The methods applied for the task especially the socio-economic aspects were harmonized with those for the RAP study. With respect to the engineering and scientific assessments, observation checklist and guidelines from NEMA were used. Furthermore, for the drainage investments, water samples were collected for laboratory analysis (Plate 2.1). General sampling was based on the investment typologies as well as the scope of the intended interventions as indicated in the TOR.


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Plate 2.1: Water sample collection from Kitintale Channel

2.4 Consultations and Coordination with Stakeholders and Agencies

Consultations were held with the stakeholders and agencies as indicated in Appendix B. The stakeholders comprised of community members in the project area who will most likely be impacted by the infrastructure investments both at implementation as well as during operational phase. It covered key informants like government officials from technical departments and representatives of key organizations. Officials particularly from the Wetlands Inspection Division (WID), the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) provided information on institutional and legal developments related to protection of these ecosystems.

2.5 Collaboration with other Consultants

The consultant collaborated with other KIIDP consultants of the following relevant studies: � the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) study � the feasibility study on improvement of urban markets in Kampala by holding regular

meetings and sharing data. However, the team could not consult with consultants on the assessment of solid waste management, because they were not yet commissioned.


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2.6 Assessment of Infrastructure Investments

2.6.1 General Task Scheduling In assessing positive and adverse environmental impacts of the infrastructure investments, the study team undertook the specific activities in TABLE 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Task Schedule TASK TASK DESCRIPTION TASK A Mobilization, Data Review, Design of survey instruments and determination

of sample sizes Sub Task A1 Mobilization, Recruit Research Assistants, Organizing Logistics Sub Task A2 Acquisition and Review of Documents and relevant literature Sub Task A3 Development of EIA Tool kit and Socio-economic Survey Instruments Sub Task A4 Determination of survey sample size per investment site per division Sub Task A5 Preparation of a work plan Sub Task A6 Submission and discussion of Inception Report with Employer TASK B Field work and Data Management Sub Task B1 Pre-test Questionnaires and Train Research Assistants Sub Task B2 Train Research Assistants on Survey Questionnaires Sub Task B3 Field work and Data collection processes Sub Task B3.1 Data collection on impact of Improvement of Drainage system Sub Task B3.2 Data collection on Traffic and Road Maintenance Management Sub Task B3.3 Data collection on Urban Market Infrastructure Sub Task B3.4 Data collection on Solid Waste Management Task C Analysis and Synthesis of Data Sub Task C1 Analysis of the obtained data

2.6.2 Assessment of the Drainage systems The drainage improvement investments visited for Phases I and II covered drainage channels indicated in Annex 3. The aim was to assess similarities and possible differences in the bio-physical characteristics of the two proposed investments in order to advise the Environment Management Plan accordingly. However, the report emphasises Phase 1. In order to establish the pollution levels in the water flowing through drainage systems, water samples were collected for analysis. Spot sampling was done at the following points:

1. Kitintale Channel, below Bugolobi Flats, 2. Nakivubo Channel, below Namuwongo and near the mouth of the Channel, 3. Nalukolongo, near Sembule steel rolling mills, 4. Lubigi, at Hoima Road Crossing and Kinawataka, at the car-washing Bay, at the road crossing that divides the upper and lower Kinawataka along Bugolobi-Nambole road.


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Water quality assessment was aimed at establishing the current pollution levels and identifying the possible impact on the downstream user communities and/or important water bodies in the drainage channels after the improvements. The data will also act as baseline, as improvements on the drainage are likely to result in increased rate of polluted water conveyed into the channel and downstream areas. The water was analysed for faecal coliforms (indicators of possible presence of pathogenic/disease causing organisms), nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. 2.6.3 Assessment of Traffic and Roads Maintenance The Environment Assessment for Traffic and Roads focused on the entire major project components, e.g. traffic management, junction improvements, and road improvements (maintenance/upgrading). The assessment of the Phase 1 road maintenance investments covered 26 kilometres of roads principally in central and to a lesser extent in Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga and about 11 kms of gravel roads upgrading investments in Kawempe, Makindye and Nakawa divisions. Rapid assessment was made for the corresponding Phase 2 investments, which covers a total of 23 Kilometres of bitumen surface road to be improved, 54 Kilometres for gravel roads for up-grading to bitumen and 25 Kilometres of roads for upgrading reserved for phase 3. The Phase 1 Urban Traffic Improvements have been assesed including area traffic management schemes, plus junction improvement schemes (All in Trance1). Rapid assesments were made for Phase 2 investments, which cover junction and road improvement schemes. The exercise involved reconnaissance visits to all the project roads, junctions and areas, consultations with officials in NEMA, KCC, Traffic Police, UTODA and other relevant stakeholders to obtain their comments on the likely socio-economic and environmental impacts of the proposed investments.

2.6.4 Assessment of the Markets A total of ten markets were surveyed, two from each division. The surveyed markets were Kitintale and Mbuya markets in Nakawa Division, and Nsambya markets in Makindye Division, Kawempe – Bwaise Growers Scheme and Kalerwe in Kawempe Division, Kasubi and Nalukolongo in Rubaga Division, Kalitunsi – Mengo Kisenyi and Katwe in the Central Division. In the end, detailed studies were carried out on the five markets recommended for upgrading in the Kagga and Partners’ Draft Report on the Feasibility Study on the Markets Improvements. 2.6.5 Assessment of solid waste management In collaboration with the socio-economic team of this assignment, the solid waste experts assessed the current techniques of collecting and transporting solid waste from generation sites to the solid waste disposal facility. The Consultants visited the solid waste disposal facility at Kiteezi-Mpererwe to carry out a physical evaluation of daily operations and establish the bio-physical characteristic at the solid waste management facility. During these visits, observations on the operational cycle of the landfill were carried out, and interviews made with the solid waste disposal facility operator, truck drivers and with the residents, some of whom derive their livelihoods by scavenging from the solid waste disposal facility. Additional information was obtained from the socio-economic surveys of


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the neighbouring residents. Unlike the assessment made of the current waste disposal site at Kitezi, the proposed extension site was only evaluated for bio-physical and socio-economic issues and, the constraints to the investment were identified.

2.7 Impact Assessment and Ranking

Assessment of Impacts In assessing the potential impacts, all issues were subjected to Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM)2. The RIAM assigns negative and positive value ranges of 0 to 5 for potential impacts and ranks the negative one according to severity in terms of importance, magnitude, reversibility, cumulativeness. The impacts with negative values of 3 or worse are considered as critical and therefore included in the Environment Management Plan. Those with ranges of 2 to 0 are taken note of as being relevant but non-significant. The EMP therefore focuses on critical impacts in terms of mitigation while recognising the need to routinely monitor the relevant ones so that their impacts do not progress to critical level. In identifying the relevance and significance of the various impacts, the matrix in Table 2.2 below was used. Table 2.2: Identification of Relevant and Significant Project Aspects

Potential Impact Assessment Issue

Would the Intervention disturb the natural habitat and animal life on site? Would the existing contamination of water sources be worse? Would the dumping of excavated material harm or disturb the environment?

Impact Of Interventions on Natural Environment (N)

Is erosion likely during construction activities?

Will the interventions disrupt social life during construction or/and operation of the investment? Will the interventions disrupt commercial activities during construction or/and operation of the investment? Will the interventions change or disrupt traffic during construction and/or operation?

Will the interventions bring about permanent relocation of businesses (state number)? Will the interventions change the occurrence of malaria? Will safety hazards occur during construction? Will the situation regarding mosquito-breeding places be changed?

Will damp conditions (leading to URT Infections) be improved? Will there be any changes upstream, such as trapping of material and silting?

Impact Of Interventions on the Social / Built Environment (S/E)

Will the interventions lead to the resettlement of residents?

2 Developed by VKI Water Quality Institute of Denmark


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Will the interventions lead to changes in access & existing services? Will the intervention lead to disruption of business during construction?

Will the intervention lead to damage to infrastructure during construction? Will certain economic activities have to be relocated as a result? Will the intervention influence future maintenance of the roads, markets, waste disposal sites or drainage channel?

Impact Of Interventions On The Institutional (IN) Will the KDIIP benefits be sustainable?

The answers to the above-mentioned issues were evaluated in terms of the importance or relevance of the issue, the magnitude of the impact, the reversibility thereof and the cumulative effect. The summary of the evaluation is contained in the RIAM tables in Chapter Four. The interpretations of the relevant range values are outlined in Table 2.3. `Table 2.3: Assessment of Relevant and Significant Impacts

It is accepted that all issues that have a high negative score (-3 to -5) need investigating and mitigation, i.e. activities that will have a negative impact on the respective investment corridors or systems. The identified impacts and the mitigation of the critical outcomes of the proposed investments are in Chapter 4: Impacts and Mitigation Measures.

Potential Change Impact

Major positive impact or change 5

Significant positive impact or change 4Moderate positive impact or change 3Positive impact or change 2

Slight positive impact or change 1

NO IMPACT OR CHANGE 0

Slight negative impact or change -1

Negative impact or change -2

Moderate negative impact or change -3

Significant negative impact or change -4

Major negative impact or change -5


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CHAPTER THREE: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1 Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework for Environmental Management Including Wetlands

3.1.1 Institutional Framework

The institutional framework for environment protection and management of related activities in Uganda is vested in various organisations and agencies. For the purposes of the KIIDP investments, the frontline agencies will be the Kampala City Council, the Uganda Police (Traffic Department) and the National Environment Management Authority, Wetlands Inspection Division and the Directorate of Water development. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, wetlands are held in trust for the people of Uganda. The line ministry for wetlands management in Uganda is the Ministry of Water Lands and Environment and the responsible department in the ministry is the Wetlands Inspection Division. However, control and the protection of wetlands at local level is decentralised to districts under the Ministry of Local Government. In Kampala City, wetland management is the responsibility of the district in this case Kampala District. Under the KIIDP project, the principle organisations responsible for environmental management and wetlands resources are: • The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) • The Wetlands Inspection Division (WID) • The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) • Kampala City Council – District Environment Office The relationship of these organisations to the Government of Uganda, the Ministries and the Planning Authorities, is shown in the Figure 3.1 below. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) The Government of Uganda (GoU) under the National Environment Statute, 1995, established NEMA with the overall responsibility to supervise, monitor, and co-ordinate environment management in Uganda. NEMA reports to the Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment but retains principal responsibility for Environmental Management within Uganda. Under the National Environment Statute, 1995, NEMA may delegate powers by statutory instruments to lead agencies. Functions related to management of industrial and municipal effluents discharged to land and water have been delegated to DWD and wetlands management and conservation to the Wetlands Inspection Division. Additionally some aspects of environmental management have been delegated to district councils enabling the formation of and the preparation of guidelines for District Environmental Committees; (see Figure 3.1 below).


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Figure 3.1: Diagram showing the Institutional arrangement for Wetland Management under KIIDP

Government of Uganda

Ministry of Land, Water and

Environment

WID Ensuring conservation,

wise use and protection of Wetlands

at National level, including reviewing EIAs on wetlands

KCC Day to day

management of the project and monitoring detrimental Activities

in Wetlands

NEMA Coordination of Environmental

management including wetlands

DWD Discharge Permits for Discharges to Water

and Land

District Environment Officer and District

Environment Committees


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Wetlands Inspection Division The National Wetlands Policy, which was promulgated in 1995, aims at curtailing the rampant loss of wetland resources and ensuring that the benefits from wetlands are sustainable and equitably distributed to all people of Uganda. Wetlands in Uganda are also protected under the Constitution of 1995, the National Environment Statute of 1995 and the Land Act of 1998. The national wetland policy specifically addressed issues of “water supply and effluent treatment”. It points out that rapid population growth and the increasing rate of development require sufficient and steady amount of water supply and discharge of effluent at an affordable cost. Many urban settlements including Kampala City are dependent on wetlands for water supply, treatment and discharge of effluent. During the last decade, the Wetlands Inspection Division (WID) has been advocating for the development of a proper management plan for the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala. Nakivubo wetland separates Kampala City from the Inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria (a sole raw water supply for Kampala), and receives secondary treated effluent from the Bugolobi sewage treatment works, and heavily polluted run-off from the Nakivubo channel, which is the main storm water drainage of Kampala City. WID has carried out several awareness activities in order to highlight the importance of the Nakivubo wetland. Over the past decade, meetings were held with Kampala City Council (KCC) and the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) to bring the importance of the Nakivubo wetland to their attention. Since 1998, WID has been collaborating with communities in the Luzira area in tree planting activities along the wetland edges and as a result, Phoenix reclinata (a useful palm tree) has been tried out. In addition, the NWP commissioned some socio-economic studies to collect hard data on the importance of the wetland (Tumusiime and Mijumbi, 1999; Everton et al, 1999). WID is in the process of preparing a management plan for Nakivubo wetland, which will be geared at: � optimising the use of the Nakivubo wetland within the frame work of the National

Wetlands Policy and other relevant documents and legislation, � optimising off-site services and functions of the wetland, notably its wastewater

treatment function, � contributing to the well-being of all communities adjacent to wetlands � enhancing equitable distribution of wetland benefits to as many potential users as

possible, � providing a basis for monitoring wetland use, and equitable distribution of wetland

resources. The preparation efforts have unfortunately been undermined by lack of funds and therefore not yet finalized. It would however be institutionally difficult for KIIDP to get directly involved in the activities of another agency and hence there is limited scope for the project to support these efforts and for that matter this report is unable to develop appropriate linkages between these plans and the KIIDP intervention. The Wetlands Inspection Division of the Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment is lead agency for Wetlands management in Uganda. Its main functions include formulation of policy; setting of standards and guidelines; supervision and monitoring; technical support; and resource mobilisation for wetlands management. Specifically, its roles include among others:


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• Liasing with and building the capacity of other agencies and in particular local governments and national government agencies to deal with wetlands issues within their jurisdiction.

• Drafting and proposing policy and legal frameworks for management of wetlands. • Undertaking monitoring and inspection of wetlands. • Ensuring integration of wetlands issues into policies and strategies of other sectors -

e.g., agriculture; forestry; fisheries; water, industry, rural and urban planning. The Wetlands Inspection Division, which works closely with NEMA, is implementing the Wetlands Sector Strategic Plan for the period 2001-2010 whose overall goal is to contribute to human welfare and to ensure that the health of the environment is enhanced. The plan is guided by eight strategic objectives, each of which is to be achieved by key actions as outlined in Table 3.1 below: Table 3.1. Wetlands Sector Strategic Plan Objectives

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE Key Actions Knowledge and understanding of ecological process and socio-economic values of wetlands enhanced

� Maintain up –to-date inventories of all wet lands

� Carry out research into the nature of and value of ecological and hydrological functions of wetlands in general, of specific wet land systems, and of specific individual wet lands.

� Assess values-economic, social, cultural- of products, services, ecological, and existence of wetland systems, and of specific individual wetlands.

Public and stakeholder awareness of wetlands and their beneficial products and services increased.

� Carry out targeted awareness campaigns, using messages and media appropriate to specific target audiences.

� Introduce and support inclusion of wetlands – related topics in primary and secondary school curriculla

� Strengthen NGO collaboration in rising awareness of wetland issues.

Institutional framework for wetlands management further developed and maintained.

� Establish an appropriate body to be the national lead agency for wetlands management and conservation, with HQ and regional offices adequately staffed and equipped to fulfil its mandate.

� Ensure allocation from the Government recurrent budget sufficient to cover recurrent costs of the national lead agency.

� Train and equip District Environment Officers to carry out wetlands management functions.

� Ensure allocation from District Local Government recurrent budgets sufficient to cover recurrent costs associated with wetlands management functions of the


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District Environment Officer. � Support formation and operations of District

and Local Environment Committee. � Establish and maintain a National wetland

Inter-Agency Co-ordination Committee. Appropriate wetlands policy and legislation in place and enforced.

� Review and revise wetlands policy as and when necessary.

� Ensure appropriate legislation (wetlands Statute; regulations; by –laws) is put in place.

� Prepare and disseminate guidelines on wetlands policy and legislation.

� Develop awareness and understanding of wetlands policy and legislation among key players.

� Train and equip law enforcement agencies to apply wetland legislation.

� Monitor compliance with wetlands policy and legislation.

Planning and management of wetlands systems improved.

� Provide sensitization and training related to wetlands action planning to District Environment Officers and other relevant District Local government staff.

� Prepare District Wetlands Action Plans (DWAPs) as components of District Development Plans (DPPs) - in accordance with established procedures and models.

� Identify and mobilize potential sources of funding for DWAPs.

� Implement DWAPS. Vital wetlands protected and their characteristics and functions conserved.

� Identify and gazette vital wetlands. � Prepare wetlands management plans (WMP)

for gazetted vital wetlands – in accordance with established procedures and models.

� Establish necessary regulations and bylaws related to gazetted vital wetlands.

� Implement WMPs. � Develop and implement ecological

monitoring systems and procedures for gazetted vital wetlands.

� Identify and propose for designation as Ramsar sites wetlands of international importance.

Community-based regulation and administration of wetlands resource use established and strengthened.

� Identify valuable critical wetlands and associated resource user communities.

� Provide sensitization and training related to wetlands management planning to identify resource user communities.

� Prepare wetlands management plans (WMPs) for valuable critical wetlands – in accordance with established procedures


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and models. � Implement WMPs � Prepare and disseminate guidelines on wise

use of wetland resources. � Mobilise and provide material and technical

support for community-based initiatives aimed at efficient sustainable use of wetlands resources; or

� Develop of alternatives to use of wetlands resources.

Local and international financing mechanisms for wetlands management and conservation in Uganda mobilized.

� Lobby for provision in Central Government and District Local Government recurrent and development budgets of significant funds for wetlands management and conservation.

� Identify and implement appropriate measures to exploit internal funding sources – e.g. charitable trusts, foundations, and endowments; private invest; permits, licenses, concessions; penalties, taxes on use.

� Develop and document wetlands management and conservation programmes and projects suitable for external donor funding.

� Explore and where appropriate exploit innovative international financing mechanisms – e.g. debt relief; payments for environmental services; offsets and credits; international compacts.

The overall impact of implementation of this Strategic plan is that certain actions have been initiated in line with its objectives. Some of these include:

� Wetlands Management Plans have been formulated for twenty-seven sites including Nabajuzzi in Masaka District, Lutembe in Mpigi and Nabugabo in Masaka

� Halting unauthorised human settlements and other activities that degrade wetlands ie in Kampala where NEMA is currently demolishing structures that are illegally constructed in the Nakivubo Wetlands

� District Wetland Action Plans have been developed in about 30 districts. These are 2-year rolling plans that assist districts to priorotize wetland protection activities in their DPPs.

WID is currently implementing the WSSP in different parts of the country. However, because of lack of resources, some of the activities are not yet carried out in Kampala. As a result, the KIIDP Project could supplement some of the efforts outlined in the table above like carrying out inventories, protecting vital wetlands, management planning of wetlands in Kampala and enforcing wetlands policy and public and stakeholder awareness on the importance of wetlands in Kampala.

Directorate of Water Development (DWD)


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DWD is the lead agency for the management of industrial and municipal effluents that discharge to receiving waters or to land. As such its prime functions are: • Advice to NEMA on the environmental control measures to be included in

development proposals submitted to NEMA. • Issue of Permits for Discharge of wastes disposed on to land or water • Monitoring of discharges to ensure compliance with discharge standards. Kampala City Council One of the main objectives of the KCC is to ensure orderly development of the capital city. Overtime the KCC has developed bylaws and regulations to facilitate the institution in carrying out its mandate and functions. However, their enforcement continues to be a problem. Within Kampala District, the District Environment Officer (DEO) is the responsible Officer to monitor environmental issues including wetlands and report any shortcomings to NEMA and Wetlands Inspection Division. In terms of KIIDP, the role of the DEO will be to monitor correct implementation of the Environmental Management Plan and report any issues or problems arising therefrom to NEMA for remedial action. Therefore, although the DEO is a KCC employee, he/she performs a watchdog role as far as environmental protection activities in the City, including KIIDP, are concerned. In this respect, the DEO will coordinate KIIDP support for the Wetland Strategic Plan as well as the environmental / wetlands management aspects of the new Kampala Structure Plan. Wetlands in Kampala are located in areas where KCC has jurisdiction. The City Council has had trouble in controlling unauthorised activities, which degrade these wetlands (farming, housing and industrial development). These wetlands receive semi-treated effluent from the city and its environs via drainage channels. Due to poor enforcement of effluent discharge legislation most of these channels have now degenerated into n open sewers henceforth affecting the quality of surface waters like the one in the Murchison Bay. KCC is making efforts to ensure wise and sustainable use of wetlands within its jurisdiction. KCC through a highly participatory process finalised the “Kampala Structure Plan 1994-2004” which is now a legal document. Under the plan, wetlands, including Nakivubo wetland were zoned off as “green corridors”. A new structure plan covering the period 2007 to 2017 is too prepared as part of the institutional component of KIIDP. In addition, an EIA is required for any development in a wetland area like the recent rehabilitation and widening of the Nakivubo channel. Under current policy and legislation, Law protects a wetland that is declared a green corridor and it shall not be utilised for any other purpose without prior written approval from NEMA. Although the recent KCC policies on wetlands, which fall within its jurisdiction, are somewhat positive, enforcement remains a problem. The population continues to flock to wetlands because they are cheaper compared to the much sought after dry land, which is more expensive. Wetlands naturally restore themselves when not interfered with. KCC should work with

other lead agencies to restore degraded wetlands in its jurisdiction and the Nakivubo wetland in particular and halt further encroachment on wetlands. In this respect, KCC needs to evoke the necessary legislation, enlist support of NEMA and eliminate all harmful human activities from the wetlands. KIIDP would support the process by strengthening the capacity of the District Environment Officer (refer also, page138).


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District Environment Office and Environment Committee At district level, the District Local Governments are the lead agencies. Wetland management is a decentralised function, in accordance with the Local Governments Act 1997. Mechanisms already in place for performing this function and fulfilling the responsibilities associated with it include the office of the District Environment Officer, the District and Local Environment Committees, and overall the District Technical Planning Committee. Section 43 of the Local Governments Acts clarifies the roles of District Local Governments with respect to wetlands management and conservation to include, among others: • Co-ordinating wetland management including wetlands policy implementation. • Developing and implementing District Wetlands Action Plans, as integral parts of

District Development Plans. • Monitoring wetlands management and conservation and enforcing the law relating

to wetlands. The institutional responsibility for managing wetlands therefore lies with the District Environment Directorate. This directorate reports to and is supervised by the Chief Administrative Officer. The implication is that the directorate is politically and administratively under the control of the mainstream district management arrangements and therefore operational autonomy particularly on matters of enforcing NEMA guidelines quite often becomes a challenge. For instance, recently KCC needed to demolish structures illegally constructed in the Nakivubo wetlands but the exercise had to be delegated to NEMA because some of the law-breakers were city councillors whom the division environment officers could not risk to act upon due to political considerations. In order to address this weakness, it would have been best that the institutional profile of the district environment offices in the divisions be elevated to directorate level and provided with the same autonomy as District Tender Boards. Memberships to these directorates must be competent and should encompass a wide spectrum of stakeholders. Additionally their roles need to be expanded to include review of applications of building plans prior to approval. In this way, the directorates will be in a strong control position and to better prevent encroachment into wetlands. However, given the fact that KCC has just undergone re-structuring, these changes may not be readily implemented. The most practical approach therefore is to strengthen the district environment office through capacity building, training and overall institutional strengthening initiatives as indicated in the EMP. Table 3.2 provides the institutional profiling of the various organizations concerned with environmental management at national level.


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Table 3.2: Institutional Profile for Environmental Management

Organization Mandate Function Relevance to KIIDP for EMP

Implementation Kampala City Council

Governance of the City of Kampala

Provide urban services including markets, roads, solid waste management and control urban development and manage traffic.

Lead agency for Initiation and Implementation of EMP

National Environment Management Authority

Management of Environmental Affairs

Coordinate, monitor and supervise environment management activities including review of EIA reports

Review and approve EIA and supervise implementation of EMP

Wetlands Inspection Division

Wetland Management

Implementation of relevant policies and enforcement of wetland regulations for sustainable economic development including reviewing EIA on wetlands

Follow up on matters of EMP Implementation relevant to wetlands protection

District Environment Committees (DECs)

Environment Management at Local Level

Supporting local governments to develop and implement environmental action plans, policies and by-laws.

Coordinate and monitor implementation of EMP at the local level on behalf of KIIDP

Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment

Water Affairs, Lands and Environment

Policy Formulation and Political Supervision of water, lands, environment and natural resources therein

Responsibility for issuing waste discharge permits

Directorate of Water Development

Responsible for water resources management and water supply regulation

Promote rational utilisation of water resources as well as coordination of water supply activities

Enforcement of the Discharge Regulations

National Forest Authority

Management of Forests

Conservation and Utilisation of forests and their productsNote: there are no forests in Kampala that need conservation.

Policy supervision relevant to forest conservation which are relevant within EMP

Uganda Investment Authority (UIA)

Investment Promotion

Coordinate investment activities

Register and monitor the planned investment


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Organization Mandate Function Relevance to KIIDP for EMP

Implementation

Uganda Land Commission

Land Management

Hold and manage land vested in or acquired by the government in accordance with the constitution.

Provide legal support on RAP

The District Land Board

Land Management at Local Level

Responsible for land issues at the local government level.

Provide land values in the development corridor

Town and Country Planning Board

Land Development

Orderly and progressive development of land in towns and other areas of the country

Enforce planning regulations. In this case advise KIIDP on the RAP

3.1.2 Implication of Institutional Framework on KIIDP

The implication of the institutional framework described above is as follows: • Kampala City Council that doubles as District Local Government will manage the

investment process and therefore take responsibility for preparing an acceptable EIA for the proposed activities. This responsibility extends beyond submission of the EIA for approval by NEMA. It also requires KCC to manage a comprehensive stakeholder consultative process including full disclosure of the EIA outcomes and ensure compliance to environmental protection measures during implementation/construction and operation of the planned investments.

• The mission of the Government of Uganda is to achieve a proper understanding,

appreciation for utilization of wetlands at all levels of society, while sustaining or enhancing all their beneficial functions. Central to this is a balanced and informed decision-making process about wetland management to ensure that wetlands maintain their place in the national economy and planning for sustainable economic development. The implication is that KIIDP should implement the project in close liaison with the Wetlands Inspection Division of the Ministry of Lands, Water and Environment.

• Uganda is currently one of the few countries in the world with a government

institution dedicated to wetland management. It is therefore prudent that the drainage and solid waste investments under KIIDP, in particular be designed in line with the GoU policy guidelines and World Bank safeguard policies.

• The main directorate of concern for this Environmental Analysis in KCC are those of Heath and Environment and that of Works and Urban Planning. The directorate of Health and Environment, among other responsibilities is responsible for environment management including wetlands. The Directorate of Works and Urban Planning under the Director of Engineering is responsible for planning, repair, maintenance and opening up of new roads, bridges, flyovers, water channels, installation together


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with repair and maintenance of street and traffic lights, street parking and traffic control. The implication is that since KIIDP is expanding and rehabilitating some of the city’s infrastructure, measures need to be taken within the KIIDP framework, to strengthen the operational capacity of this directorate in order to prepare it for the additional tasks of sustaining the new infrastructure.

• There is a city law enforcement section in KCC, which tries to enforce council rules

and regulations. However, law enforcement in the council is often weakened by undue political interference. The implication is that in order to sustain KIIDP interventions, the enforcement of existing regulations must be strengthened through deliberate separation political supervision from operational decision-making.

• For all the investments; urban markets, road improvement, drainage and solid waste

where additional land may be required, the guidelines from the Land Commission as well as World Bank safeguard policies become relevant especially those related to resettlement and/or compensation of affected residents. Any activity that involves, land acquisition, impact on assets or impact on livelihood must follow the guidance set out in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), which was prepared for this project.

• KCC has six directorates that manage the city’s affairs; namely; Finance, Planning

and Administration, Works and Urban planning, Gender and Community services, Health and Environment, and Education and sports. The Project Implementation Unit under the above Directorates is concerned with the implementation of KIIDP. These directorates are responsible for planning and operation of the city’s infrastructure. The implication is that within the KIIDP implementation scope capacities of these directorates will need to be enhanced.

• KCC needs to create a forum for relevant stakeholders to discuss traffic regulation

and road maintenance issues. Already key actors like UTODA, Multiplex, UBOA, Boda Boda Associations, and the Traffic police are coordinating efforts. This initiative should be institutionalised and strengthened.

• Similarly, an institutional forum for management of wetlands should be created preferably under the Wetlands Inspection Division, Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment. KIIDP would in this case work with the WID to initiate the process. The membership to the forum would include KCC, the Directorate of Water Development, NWSC and the National Forestry Authority

• The institutional capacity building aspects that KIIDP should focus on include the following needs: • The institutional profile of the Directorate of Health and Environment should be

elevated and made autonomous in the same spirit of the district tender boards • Support to WID to finalise the on-going exercise of demarcation of and gazetting

of wetlands in Kampala in order to determine which town plots were allocated to the public but fall within wetland boundaries

• Legal Employers of plots in wetlands but acquired these prior to the coming into force of the Constitution in 1995, should observe the provisions of Section 44 of the Land Act 1998.

3.1.3 Other Agencies that will Impact KIIDP

Uganda Police (Traffic Police Section)


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An Assistant Inspector General of Police heads the Uganda Police Traffic section. At each of the Police Stations in the Divisions of KCC is an officer in-charge of traffic, who reports to the Regional Traffic Officer-Kampala Extra. The Police are entrusted with the following tasks:

¾ To control / direct traffic flow; ¾ To enforce traffic laws and regulations through the Traffic and Road Safety Act; ¾ They also assist other bodies in designing and carrying out projects related to

Traffic and Road Safety. KIIDP will liaise with Uganda Police – Traffic Section and other agencies like UTODA, UBOA, MoWHC-Road Agency Formation Unit (RAFU) and National Road safety Council (NRSC) for control of traffic and diversion of roads for each investment.

3.1.4 Policy Framework

Table 3.3 outlines the policy framework relevant to the implementation of the KIIDP as it relates to environment and social protection and management. Table 3.3: Policy Framework

Policy Title Policy Goal Impact on KIIDP

National Environment Management Policy, 1994

Goal of this policy is the promotion of sustainable economic and social development that enhances environmental quality

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) must be conducted for KIIDP investments

The National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources 1995

Curtail the rampant loss of wetland resources and ensure that benefits from wetlands are sustainable and equitably distributed

Application of environment impact mitigation procedures on all activities of KIIDP to be carried out in or around affected wetlands.

The National Water Policy, 1999

The discharge of effluent from industrial areas is subject to a permit in line with the Waste Discharge Regulation (1996) No permit is however required to undertake works of improving drainage systems unless such works impede or change direction of flow of water.

Quality of drainage water from solid waste disposal facilityshall not pollute the receiving surface water or ground water.

3.1.5 Legal and regulatory Framework

Table 3.4 outlines the legal and regulatory framework as well as its impact on the proposed infrastructure investments under KIIDP.


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TABLE 3.4: Legal and Regulatory Framework

ACT RELEVANT PROVISIONS IMPACT ON KIIDP

The Constitution of Uganda; 1995

The State shall promote sustainable development and public awareness of the need to manage land, air and water resources in a balanced and sustainable manner for the present and future generations.

Chapter 15, Article 237, Clauses (1) (2) (a) & (b) gives the Government the powers as guided by the Parliament to acquire land any where within the country and place it to the best use to benefit the citizens of the country, where deemed necessary.

The Local Governments Act 1997

This act provides for a district-based system of local governments. The district councils provided for in this act have both legislative and executive powers, rendering them the highest political authorities in the districts.

Section 80 states that, “Urban Local Governments (KCC inclusive) shall have autonomy over their financial and planning matters with regard to natural resource management, the district councils are responsible for land surveying, land administration, physical planning, forests and wetlands, environment and sanitation and road services.” Thus, the district councils will play an important role during the implementation of this project.

National Environment Act Cap 153

Section 9 (1), requires a developer of a project to submit an acceptable Environment Impact Assessment Report in accordance with the guidelines in the Third Schedule of this Act.

KIIDP is required by Law to submit Environment Impact Assessment for the proposed infrastructure developments. Upon approval by NEMA, the EIA report will have to be disclosed to the public.

Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 13/1998 and Environmental Audits Guidelines

According to sections 20 – 24 of the NEA, all projects that have or are likely to have a significant impact on the environment are required to undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA) process prior to implementation.

According to Section 3(2) some of the requirements of EIA are to establish adequate environment standards and to monitor changes in environmental quality. It also points out that the true and total costs of environmental pollution are borne by the polluter.

The National Regulation 12(1) prohibits Under regulation 34(1), a


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ACT RELEVANT PROVISIONS IMPACT ON KIIDP Environment (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, 2000

any person from carrying out an activity in a wetland without a permit issued by the Executive Director of NEMA.

developer desiring to conduct a project which may have significant impact on a wetland (for example drainage), river bank or lake shore, shall be required to carry out an environmental impact assessment in accordance with sections 20, 21, and 22 of the NES.

The Water Act, Cap 152 and the Water Resources Regulations, 1998

The Act provides for use, protection and management of water resources and supply; to provide for the constitution of water and sewerage authorities; and to facilitate the devolution of water supply and sewerage undertakings.

Under Section 31 (1) of the Act, a person commits an offence who, unless authorised under this Part of the Act, causes or allows wastes to come in contact with, or be discharged into water or allows water to be polluted.

Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations, 1998

The water (Waste Discharge) Regulations of 1998, aim at regulating the effluent or discharge of wastes on to land or into water.

Under regulation 5(1), a waste discharge permit is required for a person who owns a facility which discharges or will discharge effluent or waste into the aquatic environment or on land

The Land Act, Cap 227 Section 42 states that Government or Local Government may acquire land in accordance with the provisions of Article 26 and clause as of Article 237 of the constitution.

Section 74 (i) states that where it is necessary to execute public works on any land (e.g. construction of road), an authorised undertaker shall enter into mutual agreement with occupier or Employer of the land in accordance with this act, and where no agreement is reached, the Minister may, compulsorily acquire land in accordance role Section 43 of the Act.

The Town and Country Planning Act 1964

The Town and Country Planning Act 1964 govern Land use and land planning in urban and rural areas.

The Act established guideline for planning schemes, acquisition of land and compensation for acquired lands, as well as considerations to safeguard the natural environment.


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ACT RELEVANT PROVISIONS IMPACT ON KIIDP Public Health Act (1964) Section 7 of the Act

provides local authorities with administrative powers to take all lawful, necessary and reasonable practicable measures for preventing the occurrence of, or for dealing with any outbreak or prevalence of, any infectious communicable or preventable disease to safeguard and promote the public health and to exercise the powers and perform the duties in respect of public health conferred or imposed by this act or any other law.

The project activities under the solid waste management and the markets improvement components are given legal impact by the provisions of this Act

Local Urban Authorities Act (1967) and Town and Country Planning Act (1964) .

These Acts empower urban authorities to affect development control and enforce standards.

While it is clear that the law provides enough powers including enforcing standards on land developments, KCC has been unable to restrain residents from erecting buildings and other property on road reserves. Implication is that illegal structures within development corridors may unnecessarily attract compensation and/or resettlement action.

Workers' Compensation Act (2000)

Section 28 of The Workers’ Compensation Act (2000) states that: where a medical practitioner grants a certificate that a worker is suffering from a scheduled disease causing disablement or that the death of a workman was caused by any scheduled disease; and the disease was due to the nature of the worker’s employment and was contracted within the twenty-four months immediately previous to the date of such disablement or

The provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to employees to minimize accidents and injuries is taken care of under this act. The employees that carry out the project activities like loading and off-loading of construction material will require PPE so that the various sections of the Workers’ Compensation Act (2000) are complied with.


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ACT RELEVANT PROVISIONS IMPACT ON KIIDP death, the worker or, if he or she is deceased, his or her dependants shall be entitled to claim and to receive compensation under this Act.

The KCC (Solid Waste Management) Ordinance, 2000 .

In Section 5 of the Ordinance, no person shall place, deposit or allow any solid waste to be placed or deposited on his or her premises or on private property, on a public street, roadside, or in a ditch, river, stream, lake, pond, canal, channel, or in a park, or in gulch, ravine, excavation, or other place where it may be or become a public health nuisance.

The decentralisation process is supposed to bring services nearer to the people and thus improve their living standards. The KCC management structure has not yet yielded the desired results and this has been worsened by the lack of institutional collaboration particularly in terms of monitoring of division activities by City Hall. The disposal of solid wastes into drainage channels in Kampala is still common practice although the Solid Waste Management Ordinance (2000) has been put in place. The ramification of this problem is best dealt with under the Institutional Development Component of KIIDP (Component 1).

The Roads Act, 1964 Under the Roads Act 1964, the Minister may declare by statutory instrument an area bounded by imaginary lines parallel to and distant not more than fifty feet from the centreline of any road to be a road reserve. The Act also stipulates that no person may, without the written permission of the road authority, erect any building, plant any tree or permanent crops within a road reserve, subject to any order made under the Act

A road authority may dig and take away materials required for the construction and maintenance of roads in any part of a road reserve approved by the district commissioner without payment to any person. However, the statutory instrument required to establish the road reserve was not gazetted, and the legality of the existing road reserves is currently under dispute.

The Survey Act 1964 The Survey Act 1964 requires that before any attempts are made to construct a road or highway in any part

Compensation provided for under this Act applies only to trees, fences and standing crops that are damaged or


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ACT RELEVANT PROVISIONS IMPACT ON KIIDP of the country, a survey of the area has to be carried out in accordance with survey operations as governed by the Act

injured during the survey. The Act implies that where there is a road reserve, no compensation of any sort is due to the Employers of property standing or lying on the area gazetted as a road reserve. However, the Land Act 1998 has superseded these clauses referring to compensation.

National Gender Policy, 1997

The National Gender Policy of 1997 provides a framework and mandate for all stakeholders to address the gender imbalances within their respective sectors.

The gender policy recommends that integration of gender issues in national policies and projects will improve national welfare, contribute towards sustainable development, and improve the work of the ministries

Traffic Act The Traffic Act seeks to enforce safe utilisation of public roads.

The act requires developers of public roads to take measures that guarantee safety of road users during project implementation. These include alternative routing of traffic, safety signalling and traffic wardens

3.1.6 International Legislation

Uganda has international obligations in the field of environment which are imposed by international treaties and general principles of Law to which all nations are signatory. International standards have been used as pacesetters when determining national environmental standards relating to biodiversity management. These include the Ramsar Convention and Conservation on Biological Biodiversity (CBD). Another legislation applicable here is the Stockholm Declaration, whereby Principle 15 of the Stockholm Declaration states that, “Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all”. In this respect, projects aimed at exploiting local people or the environment is discouraged.

3.1.7 World Bank Operational Policies and Potential Gaps with the National Legislation

The World Bank environmental operational policies that were reviewed largely concur with the national regulations. These include; (i) Environmental Assessment; which is aimed at ensuring environmental and social

soundness and sustainability of investment projects. It also aims at supporting the integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision making process.


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(ii) Natural Habitats; which is geared at promoting environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions.

(iii) Cultural Property; To assist in preserving physical cultural resources (PCR) and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes archaeological, paleontological, historical, and sacred sites including graveyards, burial sites, and unique natural values.

(iv) Indigenous People; To design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples’ dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they: (a) receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits; and (b) do not suffer adverse effects during the development process.

These policies are taken care of under The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, The National Environment Act; and regulations formed under the Environment Act like, The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, The National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks and Lakeshores management) Regulations, Water (Waste) Discharge Regulations, The Wildlife Statute and The Land Act. The need for stakeholder participation is strongly emphasized under the Impact Assessment Regulations. Another policy of the World Bank that was reviewed is the OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, where it is clearly stated that whenever feasible, involuntary resettlement must be avoided or minimized, and alternative development solutions must be explored. It is argued that involuntary resettlement dismantles a previous production system and way of life and that all resettlement programs must be development programs as well. When resettlement is unavoidable, the Bank’s policy is to help the borrower ensure that the productive base and income – earning ability of those involuntarily resettled are improved so that they share the benefits of the new development and are compensated for transitional hardships or at least be helped to attain the standards they would have achieved without relocation. Squatter communities slated for removal must receive alternative locations for housing although they may lack the legal title or rights to their land (or other property) that would ensure their compensation. Planned provisions to ensure that services will be capable of handling the needs of the displaced are also a critical part of the resettlement plan. Compared to the National Legislation of the Republic of Uganda, the World Bank’s development guidelines, tally with most of the requirements with the exception of the handling of illegal squatters who deliberately or ignorantly settle or encroach on land (premises) placed aside as national reserve for public facilities including road reserves, drainage channel reserves, wetlands etc. In this respect all persons impacted by the KIIDP investments will be resettled or compensated following the guidance provided in the Resettlement Action Plan. Furthermore, Section 45 (Control of environmentally sensitive areas) states that; The Government or local government shall hold in trust for the people and protect natural lakes, rivers, ground water, natural ponds, natural streams, wetlands, forest reserves, national parks, and any other land reserved for ecological and touristy purposes for the common good of the citizens of Uganda. Any wetlands serving as a source of water supply or receiving effluent as part of a designated service to any human settlement shall be declared a fully protected wetland


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from any encroachment, drainage or modification [Wetland Policy 7.5(i)]. The implication is that any encroachment is illegal and therefore liable to prosecution under the NEMA Statute. The Law requires that such wetlands be gazetted. Under section 44 of the , …”the government or local government shall hold in trust for the people and protect, natural lakes, rivers, wetlands, …….and any land to be reserved for ecological……..purposes for the common good of all citizens”. No Law applies retrospectively. It should be noted that laws do not apply retrospectively. Therefore while this Section of the Land Act outlaws settlement on any land declared as being held in public interest such as wetlands, ‘squatters’ found there prior to coming into force of the Land Act in 1998, are eligible for compensation by the respective authority enforcing these provisions of the Land Act. This is in harmony with the World Bank’s Operation Policy, OP 4.12, which requires that for development projects funded by the Bank, all affected persons must be resettled or adequately compensated. However, where encroachment occurred after 1998, the resettlement conditions are subject to negotiations. For instance if the settler has official title issued by a competent authority after the date of the Act, but prior to identification and demarcation of wetlands by the local authority, then legal redress is possible under a separate section of the Land Act.

Wetlands Management in the Context of Uganda Legislation and the World Bank’s Op 4.04; Natural Habitats The Uganda's environmental legislation and World Bank's operational policies require protection of wetlands and natural habitats. In Uganda legislation and the major one being the supreme law, The Constitution of Uganda, protect wetlands. Whereas a significant portion of wetlands in all the investment areas has been converted to residential, industrial or agricultural purposes, the remaining part is held in trust by the Ugandan Government for the people of Uganda and are hence accorded a conservation status. According to the World Bank OP 4.04, all protected areas that fall within IUCN classification of categories I-IV level of protection are considered critical natural habitats, which require protection. However, the project does not fall under the above categories although some of the activities of this project will occur in areas currently under consideration for gazettement, like Nakivubo wetland. The implication is that once gazetted, the legal status of the wetlands in question would be raised to categories I-IV level of IUCN classification. Wetlands are not and cannot be owned by any person or individual. No one in Uganda can lay claim to ownership of any wetland or part of a wetland if that claim was made after the coming into force of the Constitution 1995. For people whose land already had wetlands in it before the coming into force of the Constitution, they are under legal obligation to observe the provisions of Section 44 of the Land Act 1998, which states that; a person who owns or occupies land shall manage and utilise the land in accordance with the Forest Act, the Mining Act, the National Environment Statute, 1995, the Water Statute, 1995, and any other law. Furthermore, Section 45 (Control of environmentally sensitive areas) states that; The Government or local government shall hold in trust for the people and protect natural lakes, rivers, ground water, natural ponds, natural streams, wetlands, forest reserves, national parks, and any other land reserved for ecological and touristy purposes for the common good of the citizens of Uganda.


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Any wetlands serving as a source of water supply or receiving effluent as part of a designated service to any human settlement shall be declared a fully protected wetland from any encroachment, drainage or modification [Wetland Policy 7.5(i)]. The implication is that any one contravening this policy requirement is liable to prosecution under the NEMA statute. Therefore, it is recommended that those people who were in a wetland before the coming into force of the 1995 Constitution should be compensated and requested to vacate wetlands. It should also be noted that KIIDP deals mostly with the improvement of the already established habitats like drainage channels. It is recommended that enforcement actions be put in place to restrict further encroachment and development in wetlands. In this regard the RAP will provide a census of those currently living, using or owning assets in these areas and for this matter, a cut-off date will be established after which point encroachers will not be eligible for compensation.

3.1.8 Situation Regarding Bahia grass

3.1.8.1 Impacts associated with planting Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) along the banks of the drainage system.

Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) is a deep-rooted, warm seasoned perennial grass. It is widely used as roadside cover for the humid sub-tropics. Its use as forage and for erosion control is also mentioned in some parts of the world and it is widely used in Uganda as lawn grass and as ground cover to prevent soil erosion. It has been in use in all parts of the country. Its local name is Paspalum and it is the grass of choice in virtually all public open spaces of urban areas, in schools and hospital compounds and in all public or private areas where grass cover is needed. Bahia grass is slowing growing and difficult to establish. Upon successful establishment however, Bahia grass spreads by short, thick rhizomes to form a dense turf. There are different types of Bahia grass, namely, Pensacola Bahia, and Competitor Bahia. The common Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), also known as Pensacola is the preferred one because of its growth requirements, which are similar to what we have in Uganda as described below. Common Bahia grass is tropical or subtropical perennial grass (family Poaceae). Bahia grass is well adapted to low-nutrient soils. It is relatively drought and flood tolerant. It does well in climates that receive 750 mm to 1200 mm of precipitation per year. Bahia grass is best adapted to moist, sandy soils in sub-tropical and temperate climate zones. It is adapted to both upland and lowland areas, and has been found on open ground, savannah and pastures from elevations at sea level up to 2000 m. Given the dangers and risks mentioned above, we do not recommend Bahia grass for inclusion in the project.

3.1.8.2 Alternative Grass for Use Downstream of Wetlands

An alternative grass to Bahia grass (Paspulun notatum) is Paspalum conjugatum Berg. It is a perennial grass that grows in tufts and has a strong creeping rhizome. In Uganda, it is


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known to occur in all regions except the north In Kampala it is also commonly used to stabilize banks and surroundings of Waste stabilization ponds for example in Ntinda and Nalya Housing Estates. Originally, from the American tropics, P. conjugatum is naturalized throughout South-East Asia and in many tropical countries of the world. It is abundant in Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands and also in many parts of Uganda.

Description

It is a vigorous, creeping perennial grass with long stolons, rooting at nodes, with culms ascending to erect, 40-80(-100) cm tall, branching, solid, slightly compressed. Leaf-sheath strongly compressed, usually 30-50 mm long, ciliate on the margins; ligule collar-shaped, about 1 mm long; leaf-blade linear or lanceolate-acuminate, 8-20 cm x 5-12 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Inflorescence well exerted with two or occasionally three diverging racemes, 7-16 cm long; spikelets solitary, imbricate, flattened ovate, up to 2 mm long, with long hairs on the margins;

Uses

P. conjugatum is used as forage for grazing or in cut-and-carry systems, and is rated as a very important natural pasture grass in coconut plantations. It can also be used to control soil erosion on riverbanks.

Ecology

P. conjugatum grows from near sea level up to 1700 m altitudes in open to moderately shaded places. It is adapted to humid climates. It is found growing gregariously under plantation crops, also along stream banks, roadsides, and in disturbed areas. It is not aquatic, it forms dense thickets, it tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, it is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle and it is not a climber.

Growth and development

The germination percentage of P. conjugatum seed is usually low. Flowering commences 4-5 weeks after seedling emergence and it continues to flower all year round. New shoots develop at every rooted node.

Recommendation

The fact that P. conjugatum is neither an aquatic plant nor a climber, among other ecological characteristics, implies that it cannot invade and dominate wetland plants. Furthermore, it is already being used in Uganda as a lawn grass and to stabilize embankments. Consequently, it is more environmentally appropriate than Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum). The growth requirements for P. conjugatum grass species as described above are quite comparable to the conditions in the Lake Victoria basin. Based on this, it is recommended to plant P. conjugatum grass, to stabilise the banks of the drainage channels. This recommendation is applicable for earth channels, (usually


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the case towards the end of the channels). The P. conjugatum will in this case be useful in preventing erosion of the channel embankments.

3.2. CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS

Environmental Linkage between Drainage Systems and Wetlands Uganda’s rich endowment in wetlands, which accounts for about 10% of the land area, is mainly due to her geological past. Many wetlands originated with the upwarping of land associated with the formation of the Rift Valley. The warping was spread over a wide area impending and even reversing river flow. The wide distribution of wetlands means a large proportion of the population have access to the utilization of wetlands, resulting in extensive degradation of the wetlands. This calls for particular urgency in their efficient management and sustainable utilization. People have used wetlands resources in Uganda as a source of building materials, for crafts, furniture and as hunting and fishing areas. Seasonal wetlands margins have been used for grazing cattle, growing arable crops, and for domestic water. Wetlands provide habitat for wildlife. All wetlands are characterized by impeded drainage, but vary in extent depending on the period of flooding, depth of water, altitude, fertility of the surrounding soil and other environmental factors. They are nevertheless all characterized by having distinctive plants and animals, which are adapted to water logged conditions. Maintenance of Water quality:

Wetlands are important in improving or maintaining water quality by acting as filters: the physically, chemically and biologically remove pollutants and sediments from water that passes through the wetland. The quality of water passing through wetlands changes, and is usually improved due to the following events:

(a) as the water enters a wetland, the velocity of the water reduces causing

particles to settle or sink to the floor of the wetland, this has important consequences that are discussed in the following section;

(b) surface water is spread out over a wide area in a wetland giving greater opportunity for chemical exchanges between the water and the soil;

(c) there are many chemical processes taking place in wetland water and soils that remove or render pollutants harmless; e.g. nitrates are converted to nitrogen gas where aerobic and anaerobic soil zones occur in close proximity;

(d) organic substances (solid or liquid) are slowly decomposed by micro-organisms which are resident in wetlands and associated with wetland plants,

(e) some pollutant and especially plant nutrients are consumed by plants or animals e.g. phosphorus and nitrate are taken up by growing wetland plants;

Wastewater treatment:


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Wetlands, whether natural or manmade (artificial), can play a major role in wastewater treatment originating from industries, agriculture and the domestic sector. The wastewater treatment function depends on four wetland features: a. the high rate of primary productivity of wetland plants (which removes plant

nutrients - especially phosphorus and nitrogen). Nutrients are taken up by plants as they grow,

b. the high rate of settlement of suspended solids and their subsequent accumulation in wetland bottom sediments along with any pollutants and pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses, attached to the settling solids,

c. the anaerobic (oxygen free) conditions in the bottom sediments permit the conversion of soluble forms of heavy metals to insoluble forms and the removal of nitrogen through the process of denitrification which changes soluble nitrogen into gaseous nitrogen which is then lost harmlessly to the atmosphere,

d. large populations of decomposer organisms (protozoa, bacteria and fungi) resident in wetlands on wetland plants also assist in the conversion of some pollutants to less harmful forms and help eliminate some pathogens. Wetland plants translocate oxygen from the aerial shoots to the roots, where microorganisms to decompose/degrade the pollutants use part of the oxygen.

The effectiveness of a wetland in treating wastewater will be increased if the wastewater is spread throughout the whole wetland. However, this will be reduced where the wastewater is concentrated in a channel (as presently happens in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala) so that the wastewater has little contact with the wetland and wetland plants in particular

Flood & Erosion Control

Flooding Wetlands located along the shores of lakes, rivers, and streams protect surrounding properties from flooding by acting as a sponge, temporarily storing flood water and slowly releasing it back into the system. As storm water enters a wetland from surface runoff or adjacent water bodies, it is slowed down by trees, shrubs, reeds, rushes, and other wetland plants. Slowing the flow of water allows more time for it to percolate through the soil rather than continue downstream. Wetlands with a large surface area also act as a large sink, diffusing large flows over a greater land area and slowing the momentum of rushing water. In this way, wetlands help protect adjacent and downstream property from flood damage.

Erosion During a storm, the effects of rushing water can be very destructive. Fast-flowing water can carry a large load of soil particles from the land which are then washed into lakes, rivers, and streams. Excessive sediment in water is considered both a chemical and


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physical pollutant; it can carry bacteria and toxic particles and can alter the habitat of the receiving water for plants and animals. Wetland vegetation reduces the erosive effect of rushing water by slowing the velocity of floodwaters, binding the soil with its roots, and causing suspended soil particles to settle.

Phase I Drainage Investments

The Phase 1 project area covers drainage systems in Lubigi wetland, Nakivubo tributaries and wetland, Nalukolongo upper reach and minor systems (drainage black spots) in Central, Kawempe and Makindye Divisions (Table 3.4). Table 3.4: The proposed drainage works in Phase 1

Reach Component From To

Estimated Length (km)

DRAINAGE WORKS 1) Short term Action Plan – Phase 1 i) Lubigi Phase 1 (Mid Reach)

Primary Channel Gayaza Road Hoima Road 3.6 ii) Nakivubo (Tributaries and Wetland)

Secondary 5 – Kayunga (upper reach not designed)

Gaba Road Nakivubo Channel

1.6

Secondary 6 – Gapco Kasese Railway Line

Nakivubo Channel

0.3

Secondary 7 – Katwe 1st Katwe Road Crossing

Nakivubo Channel

1.5

Nakivubo wetland – Reticulation system

5th Street Nortnern edges of Upper and lower wetland

no design

iii) Nalukolongo (Upper Reach) Secondary 2 Nateete Junju Road Nalukolongo

Channel 0.7

v) Minor Systems (Drainage Black Spots)

Central Division C8 – Lugogo Bypass (near

Mackenzie Vale) Upper Mackenzie Vale

Lugogo Channel

no design

C14 – Ben Kiwanuka St – Channel St

Wilson Rd, Nakivubo Green St

Nakivubo Channel

0.9

Kawempe Division K1 – Makerere Roundabout Wandegeya

Leg Katanga Channel

no design

Makindye Division M6 – Railway Line-Queen's Downstream Katwe Drain 0.8


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Reach Component From To

Estimated Length (km)

way of Kevina Road

In most cases the drainage channels are narrow and shallow. Furthermore, the drainage systems receive as solid waste that are dumped indiscriminately into or nearby the drainage channels (Plate 3.1). From unpaved roads and compounds, construction sites as well as agricultural areas, a lot of silt is generated and carried into the drainage channels by storm runoff. Consequently, there is blockage of channels resulting into frequent floods in Kampala due to solid wastes silt accumulation.

Plate 3.1: Solid wastes pilling at culverts along Kawala road crossing of drainage investments under Phase1 3.2.1 Bio-physical environment

3.2.1.1 Water Quality

The results of water quality for samples collected from the drainage systems are indicated in Table 4.2. Generally the water quality in the drainage channels are laden with pollutants and do not meet the National Effluent Discharge Standards apart from total phosphorus. Nakivubo catchment recorded the highest values for the variables measured, followed by Lubigi, Nalukolongo and Kinawataka in that order. This is mainly because most establishments in Kampala are not connected to the sewer lines and in some cases, there is leakage from broken sewer lines into the channels. There is no centralised wastewater treatment facility in Lubigi, Nalukolongo and Kinawataka. In these areas, septic tanks are used or in some case domestic and industrial wastewaters are discharged directly into the drainage channels. In Lubigi


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catchment (Bwaise in particular) most toilets are above ground (because the high water table makes it difficult for one to construct a below ground toilet), and contents are usually emptied into the drainage channels indicated in section 3.2.1.

Table 3.6: Water Quality for sampled drainage channels

Variable Site

TN (mg/l) TP (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l)

TC (CFU/100ml)

Lubigi Channel(Kawala Road crossing)

15.5 0.15 180 8,000

Nakamiro (Just before it enters the main drainage channel)

10.2 0.6 78 3,500

Channel from Nakulabye to Kawala Road (Makerere-Kasubi Road crossing)

12.3 0.09 120 1,000

Hoima Road crossing 14.5 0.20 175 7,500

Sentema Road crossing (In Lubigi wetland)

1.3 0.0.3 8 20

Katanga Channel (Just before Motor Garages at Gayaza Roundabout)

18.6 0.9 200 6,800

Nalukolongo

Channel (besides fence of WFP Hqs, after Sembule, below road bridge)

18.5 1.25 166 600

Outflow channel from Kabaka’s Lake 8.2 0.06 60 500 Natete-Kaboja Road (Nalukolongo Channel at Old Masaka Road crossing)

9.9 0.12 200 5,300

Kinawataka ChannelPoint where a channel from PEPSI meets one from Ntinda-Kyambogo Industrial area

6 1.13 120 22,000

Lower Kinawataka wetland (Bugolobi-Nambole road crossing )

25.3 0.25 96 18,000

Nakivubo Channel

Beginning of Nakivubo Channel (Below Wandegeya Flats)

1.2 0.05 5 16

Channel from Nakulabye (Just before it 8.5 0.14 200 1,980,000


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Variable Site

TN (mg/l) TP (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l)

TC (CFU/100ml)

meets one from Wandegeya flats

Kayunga Channel (Just before it joins Nakivubo Channel at Mukwano soap factory)

7.3 0.21 250 3,600,000

Lugogo Channel 5.4 0.05 88 600

Kitintale Channel (Below St.Kizito Primary School and Bugolobi Flats)

28.4 4.55 152 14,000

Downstream of 5th Street (In upper Nakivubo wetland below Namuwongo)

82.1 8.45 980 22,000,000

Lower Nakivubo wetland (Railway crossing)

15.7 3.86 198 19,800,000

National Effluent Discharge Standards 20 10 50 10,000

TN =Total Nitrogen; TP= Total Phosphorus; BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand; TC= Total Coliforms The Nakivubo channel receives wastewater from the central business district, Bugolobi sewage treatment and industries like Mukwano and City Abattoir, explaining the high levels of pollutants in the channel. Lubigi and Nalukolongo channels largely receive pollution from illegally disposed off material, some of which include flying toilets (kaveera containing faecal material), and nearby toilets, which discharge their contents into the drainage channels. Kinawataka channel receives water from Ntinda industrial establishments (both human and industrial wastes) and effluents from Ntinda and Kyambogo waste stabilisation ponds. It is worth noting that wastewater in Nakivubo and Kinawata lower reach wetlands is currently canalised. For Nakivubo, this is attributed to yam growing in the wetland and partly because of the expansion/rehabilitation of the channel, which has resulted into rapid flows into the wetland. For Kinawataka wetland, there is channel at the western edge of the wetland (supposed to carry storm water run off), put in place by one of the investors, whose property used to be flooded during heavy rains. As result, the


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wastewater flows downstream to the road crossing with minimal treatment, as the wastewater does not interact with the wetland plants. The same situation (little or no improvement in water quality) was also noted in Lubigi wetland from Kawala road to Hoima Road crossing, where an open channel joins the two locations. The water quality does not improve significantly between the two locations. On the contrary, as the water diffuses into the wetland and flows downstream of Lubigi wetland, the quality improves significantly as indicted by a water sample collected at Sentema Road crossing (Table 3.5). This can be attributed to the fact that Lubigi wetland, downstream of Hoima road has not been degraded and is performing one of its natural functions; water purification. Reticulation refers to establishing multiple small channels in a wetland to spread water flow over a wide area as opposed to it flowing in one wide channel. KIIDP will provide reticulation at the end of the Nakivubo Channel.

The fact Lubigi wetland improves the water quality, the proposed reticulation system under KIIDP is highly recommended. This will further enhance the improvement in water quality. The same approach/idea should be extended to Kinawataka and Nalukolongo catchments. The reticulation should be done at the point where the water enters the wetland.

The proposed drainage interventions (channel lining, culvert upgrading, slope improvement and general bush clearing on channel embankments) will potentially result into increase in water flow velocity in the channels. The water quality will not improve significantly, as the residence time in these channels is short. As pointed out earlier, it should be noted that poor water quality in the drainage channels is due to inadequate wastewater treatment. As of now, most of the drainage channels are acting as waste reticulation in addition to carrying storm water. In this regard, the treatment will depend on downstream wetlands or wastewater treatment at point of generation and the blame should not be put on KIIDP.

3.2.1.2 Lubigi Catchment

The Lubigi Catchment covers a major portion of Kawempe, part of Nakawa and the Northern Part of Lubaga Division. The primary drainage of Nsooba originates between Mulago and Kyebando, crosses Kalerwe, Bwaise (Bombo road), and Kawala road, crosses Hoima, and finally discharges into Lubingi wetland. This channel passes through residential houses, commercial buildings and other establishments such as wood and metal fabrication workshops and car washing bays. Some of these developments are within the channel reserve (Plate 3.2). Some of the houses are made of poor masonry and others are constructed out of mud and wattle. When flooding occurs, water stays in contact with the walls for some time, consequently leading to collapse of the walls resulting into safety problems.


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However, from Bombo road to Kawaala road, developments are mainly on one side thus providing opportunity for minimising the scope of resettlement since the channel can be widened on the undeveloped side.

Plate 3.2: House in Lubigi swamp, Bwaise, next to Nsooba Channel (about 6 metres away)

Lubigi swamp and the down stream banks of the Lubigi channel its feeder channels for example Nsooba, Kiwunya are dominated by Vossia spp, Papyrus spp and Commelina spp. The notable fauna are velvet monkeys, Sitatunga, monitor lizards, tortoises and pythons. There is also considerable flora of similar species along the reach planned for development, i.e. the corridor between Gayaza and Hoima Roads. Constraints The drainage constraints that have been identified within the Lubigi Catchment area are; • Encroachment into the channel reserve by residential houses and other

establishments, • Uncontrolled silt intrusion in the channels leading to blockage of culvert positions, • Solid waste dumping part of which is non-degradable polythene bags (commonly

known as Kaveera) and plastics, which find their way into the main channel, causing blockage of culverts.

• The carrying capacity of the existing channel is inadequate due to insufficient cross section and bed slope,

• The current culverts are narrow and small in number • Poor or lack of maintenance like failure to remove the trapped debris at the trash

screens blocks water flow.


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3.2.1.3 Nakivubo Catchment

The Nakivubo Catchment is situated in the valley between Bugolobi, Mpanga and Muyenga Hills. The catchment covers Central Division, the southern portion of Nakawa Division and the northern portion of Makindye Division. The entire length of Nakivubo Channel (i.e. starting 0.4 km from its origin at Wandegeya to about 2 km downstream of Fifth Street Channel crossing) was recently rehabilitated. Yams and some small patches of vossia and papyrus cover the Nakivubo wetland. These activities are unlawful. However, encroachers who invade wetlands prior to promulgation of relevant legislation must be compensated before they are requested to vacate these areas. It is only then that KCC in collaboration with WID could collaboratively take steps to protect the wetland from further encroachment so that it restores itself to original ecosystem Rapid Conveyance of Strom Water into Lake Victoria Nakivbo wetland receives untreated and partially treated effluents from Nakivubo channel. The channel discharges its polluted contents into the Nakivubo wetland and finally into Lake Victoria at the Inner Murchison bay. The water supply for Kampala is abstracted 4 km down stream from the channel outlet. As a result, the wetland protects the Inner Murchison Bay-Lake Victoria, from pollution. Kansiime and Nalubega, 1999 in a detailed study on the process involved in the treatment of wastewater, showed that the Nakivubo wetland performs considerable tertiary treatment of the effluents it receives from the sewage works and Kampala. As such it was concluded that the wetland protects the Inner Murchison Bay from eutrophication and excessive loads of pathogens which otherwise would be transported to the nearby Gaba waterworks. Furthermore, the reticulation of the papyrus within the lower reaches of the Nakivubo wetlands enhances this process by spreading the polluted water over a large area and hence increasing the purification activity. However, as of now, much of the wetland have been reclaimed for settlement and industrial development, or is under cocoyam and sugarcane cultivation that has replaced the papyrus vegetation. The wetland area (field observations) has been reduced to 1.3 km2 compared to 2.8 km2 reported in 1999. Several studies carried out by Makerere University Institute of Environment & Natural Resources have demonstrated that papyrus has a better waste water treatment potential that cocoyams and other wetland plants. As a result, there are fears that if this trend continues unchecked, the increasing loads of nutrients (N, P) will cause eutrophication of the Inner Murchison Bay (Kansiime, 2000). The increasing loads of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are causing eutrophication problems in the Inner Murchison Bay. This takes the form of massive growth of blue green algae. The loading on the bay could have undesirable repercussions for the maintenance of raw water quality in the Inner Murchison Bay. According to the Water Quality Manager, NWSC is experiencing high water treatment costs at Gaba water works. In order to reduce flooding in some areas of the city, Kampala City Council recently rehabilitated Nakivubo channel. The rehabilitation involved widening, stone pitching and re-alignment. Whereas this has reduced the flooding in the city, the water quality in the channel and that entering Nakivubo channel has worsened as untreated treated and untreated industrial effluents, domestic waste and urban solid waste are all carried along


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with storm water into the channel. This has also contributed to the pollutant loads entering the Inner Murchison bay. According to Ebong (2005), the pollutant loads entering the Nakivubo wetland have increased three fold compared to that reported by Kansiime and Nalubega in 1999. This is also currently revealed by the presence of storm water in the Inner Murchison bay within eight hours whenever they are heavy rains in the catchment. Storm water was never observed in the Inner Murchison bay in the past. This implies that the residence time in the wetland has been reduced. National water and Sewerage Corporation under the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project prioritised industries in Nakivubo and Kinwataka Catchment (referred to as hot spots), that contribute significantly to the pollution (with potentially high discharges of BOD, N and P) into Nakivubo and Kinawataka wetlands respectively. The industries, their location and their related discharge are given in table 3.7 below. According to Kyambadde et al (2004), National Water and Sewerage Corporation’s effluent contributes a large proportion of BOD and NH4-N loading into Nakivubo wetland. In the same study, heavy metals were detected in trace amounts at most sampling stations in the Nakivubo Channel catchment. Table 3.7: Showing industries, their location and related environmental discharge

Industry Location Products description

Pre-treatment facility

Discharge points/Effluent Quality

Mukwano Industries

Press Road near Railway Head quarters

Soap, and Oil Sedimentation Nakivubo Channel, High TSS, BOD

Uganda Meat Industries (Kampala Slaughter house)

Old Port Bell Road

Slaughter house, Meat

None Direct to Nakivubo Channel, Very High BOD, TSS, TP, TN and faecal matter

Crown Beverages (Pepsi)

Nakawa Industrial Area

Soft drinks none Kinawataka wetland, High EC and pH

Ngege Fish Company

Luzira Industrial Area

Fish Septic Tank Luzira Nakivubo wetland High, BOD and TSS.

Uganda Breweries

Port Bell Luzira

Beer None Recently Installed a wastewater treatment plant; but used to discharge untreated effluent into the Inner Murchison bay

Dairy Corporation Limited

Fifth Street Industrial Area, Buglobi

Milk, cheese, yoghurt, Ice cream

None Partly into the sewer and the rest into the environment, High BOD, TSS, COD, TP and TN


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According to the Uganda Effluent Discharge Standards (1999), industries must obtain conditional discharge permit from the Directorate of Water Development. So if enforced polluting industries are easy to monitor and control. The capacity of Nakivubo wetland (which comprises the upper and lower wetlands; separated by the railway line) can be improved by distributing the wastewater uniformly over the entire width of the upper wetland. This is what is referred to as reticulation in this report. This increases residence time of the water in the wetland. This may require dykes and other structures in order not to conflict with hydraulic capacity of the system to take rainfall runoff from the city. In the lower wetland, a more even distribution of the wastewater can be achieved by allowing water to enter the wetland through a series of culverts. Installing facilities for opening and closing the culverts could also increase the residence time of wastewater in the wetland and especially the upper part. Similar reticulation is also proposed for Lubigi and Kinawataka wetlands. Proposed Nakivubo System Drainage works are indicated below in Table 3.8. The reticulation system will pass through the swamp, which may be disturbed during construction due to removal of some flora and slight displacement of some fauna from its current positions. However, this disturbance will be localised and short-term and will only occur during construction of the system with no medium-term negative impact on the functioning of the swamp. The secondary tributaries 5, 6, 7, C14, K1 and M6 are mainly bordered by commercial settlement and residential slum settlements. Table 3.8: Proposed Nakivubo Catchment Drainage Works

Reach Section of Drainage Area From To

Situational analysis Proposed Upgrading

Secondary 5 – Kayunga (upper reach not designed)

Kibuli Road Gaba Road

Nakivubo Channel Kibuli Road

The channel section is narrow and overgrown with grass, consequently leading to regular flooding

Widening channel to 8.0 m across Mukwano Industries Property, 2 New Culverts Across Mukwano Road, New 6 m wide stone pitched Channel, 2 New culverts Across Kibuli Road

Secondary 6 – Gapco

Kasese Railway Line

Nakivubo Channel

- Regular flooding - Channel upstream of railway crossing is small and overgrown with grass

New Culvert Across Nsambya Road, New culvert (1.8Hx3.0W) at Railway Crossing, New Channel (6.0 m) from Nsambya Road to railway Crossing

Secondary 7 – Katwe

1st Katwe Road Crossing

Nakivubo Channel

Small Culvert at Katwe Road, Kalitunsi Road Insufficient Pipe capacity

Upgrading done under the NCRP1

Nakivubo wetland

5th Street Lake Victoria

Canlisation of flow, temporalily removing some flora and displacing some fauna

Reticulation system i.e., flow distribution to attenuate flood events and restore wetland


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Generally, there are no issues of biological concern for Secondary 6 (Gapco) and secondary 7 (Katwe) as these pass through already developed areas. The grass, Cynadon dactylon, dominates the area. Secondary 5 (Kayunga), passes through undeveloped area, part of which is a wetland. Its upgrading will lead to clearing of Cyperus rotundus. However, this is not an endangered plant species and is in some cases considered as a weed. Apart from some crops that may be lost during upgrading, there are no serious biological environmental issues to be taken into consideration. The portion of the Nakivubo wetland downstream of Fifth Street crossing has been degraded by agricultural activities dominated by yams. This wetland area has been declared a critical wetland (because of its central role in wastewater treatment) and is being zoned for protection by the Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment and the Wetlands Inspection Division coordinates the activity. Nakivubo wetland is under threat from competing activities such as cultivation of yams and sugarcane, papyrus harvesting, brick making and filling-in for developments including housing construction. The Nakivubo wetland is used for tertiary treatment of effluent from the National Water and Sewerage Works and wastewater and storm run-off carried by the Nakivubo Channel. In order to improve upon the ecological functioning of Nakivubo wetland, several interventions have been initiated which are geared at restoring the ecological functions of Nakivubo wetland. During the last decade, the Wetlands Inspection Division (WID) has been advocating for the development of a proper management plan for the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala. National Water and Sewerage Corporation, under the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project has had several meetings with different groups of stakeholders (WID, KCC, Makerere University, industries among others) to lay a strategy for distributing wastewater over the Nakivubo wetland. The wetland was surveyed and a preliminary proposal for distributing the wastewater has been formulated. However, funds are yet to be secured, in order to implement these proposals. The biophysical characteristics are as follows:

• Papyrus and Mischanthidium sp. dominate the vegetation of the Nakivubo wetland.

• Other vegetation includes Typha, Vossia and Phragmites.

Constraints • Uncontrolled silt intrusion in the channels leading to blockage of culvert for example

near Agha Khan and reduction of effective cross-section. • Solid waste dumping comprising mainly of non-degradable polythene bags and

plastics, solid wastes from Owino market that find their way into the main Channel, causing blockage.

• Farming along the channel increases erosion debris into the channel, • The carrying capacity of most of the existing the secondary channels is inadequate

due to insufficient cross section and bed slope, • Failure to remove the trapped debris at the trash screens which block water flow.


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Specific for Phase 1 • Lubigi and Nakivubo tributaries should be widen, deepened and lined. • Reticulation system should be designed to spread the wastewater into the wetland to

increase treatment. • Regularly clean grating at Lugogo by pass. The width and depth of the drainage

channel be designed conforming the strength of the storm water in the area. • The K1 design should conform to accommodate floods. • M6 secondary drain should be deepened to a level lower than that of the

surrounding ground. Specific to Phase 2-Priority A • Residents along secondary 6 & 7 should be instructed not to create dams (for

collecting sand) inside drainage channel. • Secondary 2 should be widened, de- silted, and the section between Silver Springs

hotel and Bugolobi flats should be built. • Secondary 10 section between Apollo Kagwa road and Makerere Hill road should all

be built with trapezoid pitches. • Broken walls and floor of Kabaka’s lake drain should be built. • The design of C9 should be constructed to conform to the strength and volume of

flood waters affecting the area. • C7, C10, C13 and C17 should be widened and deepened, just as R2 and R5. • Heavy trucks should not park at the edges of the drainage channel embankments,

the trenches should be deepened and widened, and the flood outlet point near Luzira Prison should be built to prevent ponding.

• M5, M8, M9 and M10 should be broadened and deepened and, should be regularly de-silted.

Specific to Phase 2-Priority B

• Secondary 3 should have more pedestrian bridges built across the channel at reasonable intervals.

• Secondary 8, 9 and 10 should be widened, deepened and regularly de-silted. • Sensitisation of the communities on waste management around Nalukulongo

Primary channel (lower reach) and Secondary 3. • Stretch of Nalukulongo channel behind World Food Programme should be

regularly de-silted and, the channel from Natete Kabusu down to Sembule should be built.

• Nakivubo secondary 1, 3 and 8 should be deepened, stone-pitched and efforts be made to prevent sewage flow from National Water and Sewerage Corporation low level pumping station into the channel.

• Vehicles should not be washed in Kinawataka drain, Nomi soap factory should not empty chemical substances into the drain and the drain should be constantly de-silted.

• Dumping of solid wastes in sugarcane and banana plantations below Miracle centre church should be stopped and that section of Nkere drain should be de-silted and stone-pitched.

• A wastewater reticulation system should also be put in place for Kinawataka wetland.


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3.2.1.4 Nalukolongo Catchment

The Nalukolongo Drainage system is located in Rugaba Division and generally runs along South of Masaka Road. The Nalukolongo permanent and seasonal wetlands stretch along the Nalukolongo and Mayanja rivers. The biophysical characteristics of this drainage area can be described as follows:

• There exists little natural environment that has not been disturbed in the Nalukolongo drainage area

• Most of the original natural habitat has been modified through agricultural activity and settlements

• Papyrus and Typha latiforia dominate the vegetation near old Masaka Road. • The area floods excessively during peak rains. • As in other areas, waste is dumped in the Nalukolongo drainage channel.

Flooding in this and the area surrounding the Secondary 2 drainage system disrupts industrial activity, delays traffic on old Masaka and other access roads, disrupts commercial activities like shops and in the open air market located in Ndeeba/Kabonwa and enters people’s homes in the area along the railway line. Industries in Nalukolongo area have put in place anti-flooding protection measures. However, floods in the area still affect most roads and people’s properties and livelihoods. Minor Works (Drainage Black Spots) The minor works (Drainage Black Spots) are located in already developed areas with little natural bio-physical environmental characteristics. 3.2.2 Socio-Economic profile of the drainage investments areas The residents are looking forward to the improved drainage. Some of the drainage channels like those in Bwaise are maintained by individuals to minimise flood events. This means that if communities are sensitised, they could maintain or contribute the maintenance of drainage channels in their vicinities.

3.2.2.1 Livelihoods and Incomes

Communities living along the drainage channels are involved in informal petty trade and commerce that cover a wide range of subsistence activities including: food sales, motorcycle taxis (boda boda), small rental shops, carpentry, motor vehicle repairs, unauthorised informal night markets. Some cultivate vegetables along side the drainage channel and a good number are jobless.

3.2.2.2 Solid waste management

Majority of the people who live along the drainage channels throw in them rubbish. This is because they have no places to dump rubbish or are not willing to pay private waste collectors. Hence, channels and culverts are blocked resulting into flooding during heavy down pour. In a few cases, rubbish is piled in the plastic bags (buvera) and emptied to rubbish skips, which are collected by the KCC vehicles or private collectors periodically. It was reported that the rubbish skip are not emptied regularly. In some cases, skips are placed on drainage channels and when they fill up or when waste is carelessly thrown ends up in the drain (See, Plate 3.3.)


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Plate 3.3: A waste-dumping skip placed on top of a drainage Channel

3.2.2.3 Sanitation

In terms of sanitation, majority of households have traditional pit latrines for human excreta disposal. Some of these toilets are emptied into the drainage channels when they fill up. Because of high water table, the toilets are built above the ground (Plate 3.4). Some residents defecate in polythene bags “flying toilets” and throw them in the drainage channel.


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Plate 3.4: A raised toilet adjacent to a storm drain

3.2.2.4 Common Diseases and their causes

Malaria was reportedly the most common disease among residents in the drainage investment areas. Malaria control is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and several initiatives are underway to control it. In this respect the Public Health Department of KCC is already working in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH) and relevant NGOs as well as the various communities to supprt malaria control in the city. KIIDP has only an indirect contributing role to play in control of malarial diseases. Other common diseases mentioned were diarrhoea, dysentery, stomach pains, and cough, flu, athlete’s foot, and Tuberculosis and skin diseases. These too are being dealt with by KCC and the MoH. The respondents identified breeding of mosquitoes in stagnant waters as being the single most predominant cause of malaria. The main cause of diarrhoea and dysentery was reported to be poor drainage, inadequate waste disposal practices and unhygienic pit latrines, which attract houseflies. Constraints


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• Misuses of the drainage channels as solid waste dump sites. • Failure to clean drainage channels by de-silting or re-vegetation as neccessary • Inadequate capacity at household level to fight malaria due to poverty and low

awareness.

3.3 SITUATION REGARDING TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

3.3.1 Bio-physical and Socio-economic Environment The current state of roads and traffic management in Kampala was reported to be very poor by majority of the respondents. The roads are full of potholes and some are narrow, traffic lanes are not marked and the roads are generally poorly planned, with few road signs. These shortcomings encourage indiscipline road use. Consequently, the roads become congested causing heavy traffic jams particularly during peak hours. The biophysical and socio-economic factors of the traffic and road maintenance management component are described in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: Bio-physical and Socio-Economic Situation of the Roads and Traffic Tranche Project Site Social and Economic Environment Physical and Natural

Environment Tranche 1 – Bitumen roads for Periodic Maintenance

Eighth Street Activity Industrial area offices Fuel depots Railway crossing

People impacted Working class, casual laborers, and drivers. Economic situation All built up street housing several industries, offices and fuel depots.

Rolling terrain flat all the area is built up, no natural vegetation seen


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Namuwongo road Activity Monitor Publications Schools Offices Petrol stations Residential Supermarkets Shops Clinics

People impacted Working class, residents, students, pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Economic situation Retail, wholesale shops and supermarkets. Major residential area for the working class in the city with Permanent and semi-permanent building some well-planned structures while others are makeshifts. Mixture of high class, medium and low class residents including those surviving on petty trade along the roads and boda boda cyclists.

Rolling terrain flat all the area is built up, no natural vegetation seen. the existing patched greenery is planted

Mbogo road Activity Offices Schools Shops Residential Supermarkets clinics

People impacted Working class, residents, students, pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Economic situation Retail, wholesale shops and supermarkets. Major residential area for the working class in the city with Permanent and semi-permanent building some well-planned structures. Mixture of high class, medium and low class residents including those surviving on petty trade along the roads and boda boda cyclists.


Kisugu road Activity Offices Schools Shops Residential Supermarkets clinics

People impacted Working class, residents, students, pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Economic situation Retail, wholesale shops and supermarkets. Major residential area for the working class in the city with Permanent and semi-permanent building some well-planned structures while others are makeshifts. Mixture of high class, medium and low class residents including those surviving on petty trade along the roads and boda boda cyclists.


Mackenzie Vale Activity Offices NGO offices Residential Hotels

People impacted Working class, residents, a few pedestrians and drivers. Economic situation Offices, hotels and residential area High class Rich neighborhood, well planned permanent houses for top civil servants

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area and Cynodon dactylon well built up with natural vegetation of big trees along the road

Queen’s Lane Activity offices Educational Institutions NGO offices Residential area

People impacted Working class, a few pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers. Economic situation Offices and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants.

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. Up hill road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees.

Lumumba Lane Activity Embassies/High commissions Restaurants Hotels Offices Residential

People impacted Working class, a few pedestrians, cyclists, residents and drivers. Economic situation Offices, restaurants and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants.

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. Up hill road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees.


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Lumumba road Activity Embassies/High commissions Restaurants Hotels offices

People impacted Working class, a few pedestrians, cyclists, residents and drivers. Economic situation Offices, restaurants and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants.

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. flat road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees. All built up area.

Buganda road Activity Schools Residential flats Offices Embassies/High commissions Restaurants Hotels Clinics

People impacted Working class, students, pedestrians, cyclists, residents and drivers. Economic situation Offices, restaurants and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants.

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. flat road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees. Planted greenery all built up area.

Wandegeya road Activity Offices Petrol stations Schools Restaurants Hotel

People impacted Working class, students, pedestrians, cyclists, residents and drivers. Economic situation Offices, restaurants and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. flat road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees. Planted greenery all built up area.

Mackinon road Activity Offices Schools residentials Restaurants

People impacted Working class, students, pedestrians, cyclists, residents and drivers. Economic situation Offices, restaurants and boda-boda cyclists High class with well planned permanent houses that were formerly residential houses for top government civil servants but majority of them have now been turned into offices, hotels and high-class restaurants A few foreigners and top government officials still reside in this area, heavily guarded by security personnel and dogs.

Rolling terrain Papsprum dominating the area. Flat road with no natural vegetation seen apart from a few big trees. Well maintained planted greenery all built up area.

Kabaka Anjagala road Activity Buganda Kingdom Institutions Residential area Commercial area Washing bays Roadside bars Boda Boda/Special hire stages

People impacted Business community, students, working class, residents’ pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Economic situation Mainly commercial area with shops, supermarkets, bars with upcoming high class permanent buildings some storied for offices, schools, churches and residential houses for mainly working class. Boda – boda cylists, road side kiosks.

Rolling terrain Buganda Clans’ trees “Kabaka anjagala” flat road with no natural vegetation greenery seen is secondary. A few open plots pending development.


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Kibuli road Activity Police training grounds Kibuli mosque Hospital Educational Institutions Residential area Commercial area Petrol station

People impacted Police officers, pedestrians, working class, residents, business community, students, patients’ worshipers’ cyclists and drivers. Economic situation Majority of the people are the urban poor engaged in all types of petty trade for survival. The mosque, hospital and educational institutions are high class permanent building on top of Kibuli hill. Permanent, semi-permanent including mud and wattle houses. Estate type of settlement around the police the rest of the place is slum area with upcoming permanent houses for commercial purposes.

Rolling terrain Pasparum common in the area up hill road no natural vegetation all built up place with a few natural trees seen.

Hoima road Activity Hotels Commercial area Residential Educational Institutions Roadside bars & markets Boda Boda stage Lorry stage

People impacted Business community, drivers, residents, students, cyclists, and pedestrians Economic situation Majority of the people are of low income or the urban poor engaged in all sorts of petty trade. Heavily commercial area with roadside kiosks along the road, majority of the houses along the road are for shops, bars, restaurant, and lodges.

Rolling terrain flat road all built area with no greenery.

Ntinda-Kisaasi road Activity Commercial area Residential area Schools Recreational(Ndere Troupe) churches Washing bays Roadside markets Special hire stages Roadside bars Taxi stages Fabrication workshops

People impacted Business community, students, residents, pedestrians, cyclists, working class, worshipers and drivers Economic situation Heavily residential area for the middle class working group with up coming organized commercial buildings majority storied. Mainly permanent type of settlement dotted with semi-permanent structures along the road. A market at the beginning of the road with heavy traffic in the mornings and evening. Other residents are involved in all types of trade like bars, supermarkets, fabrications, brick laying road side kiosks.

Rolling terrain flat road majority of the area is well built up with dotted natural vegetation and trees along the road.

Bukoto-Ntinda road Activity Fridge repair workshops Fabrication workshops Carpentry workshops Boda Boda Stages Residential area Hotels garages Recreational areas Petrol stations Churches Clinics

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers, worshipers, patients, cyclists, students Economic situation Hotels, supermarkets, bars, road side kiosks, metal fabrication, artisans, road side stone and concrete products sold and hospitals. High-class area with permanent storied buildings along the road mainly for hotels, supermarkets, hospitals and churches. Not heavily residential but perceived as shopping area for the high and medium class-working group.

Rolling terrain flat road majority of the area is well built up with dotted natural vegetation and trees along the road.

Tranche 1 – Bitumen Roads for Maintenance

Apollo Kagwa road Activity Fabrication workshops Lorry Parks Makerere University Hostels Shops Supermarkets Educational Institutions Residential

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers, worshipers, patients, cyclists, students and pedestrians. Economic situation Hotels, supermarkets, bars, road side kiosks, metal fabrication, artisans, and hostels. Area has many students due to the presence of many schools and hostels for university students. Mixed type of settlements both permanent and semi-permanent structures. A few residential houses and up coming commercial area.

Rolling terrain Drainage channel crossing


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Upper Kololo Terrace Acacia avenue Activity Kololo airstrip Kololo Hero’s Burial Grounds Residential Offices

People impacted Residents, working class, pedestrians and drivers Economic situation The city’s top class area, formerly residential for government top civil/public servants but now most houses have been turned into corporate offices and recreational centers for foreigners and Kampala’s most rich class. Still dotted with a few residential houses and high-class apartments.

Rolling terrain Pasparum present in the area

Queens Way Activity Katwe small scale industries Pedestrian footbridge Offices Petrol stations Supermarkets Shops Restaurants

People impacted Business community, cyclists, working class, pedestrians, drivers and a few residents. Economic situation Low class people mainly bodaboda, and bicycle rider, Very limited residential houses. A heavy traffic jam area especially in the evenings. Mainly commercial heavily populated and characterized with the partisan type of technology in all sorts items. Majority of the building still semi-permanent but there are serious up coming storied commercial building.

Flat terrain Football field All built up area

Lourdel road Akii Bua rd Activity Educational area NGO offices Residential area State House Embassies/High commissions Restaurants

People impacted Working class, foreigners, residents and drivers. Economic situation High class area, majority of houses turned into offices, limited residential due to proximity to state house and is heavily guarded with limited access for pedestrians.

Rolling terrain

Access Road Activity Electoral Commission offices Industrial area Railway crossing Mukwano Industries Fuel depots Centenary recreation park

People Impacted Working class, cyclists, pedestrians and drivers Economic situation Offices, road side markets and boda-boda cyclists No residential houses with only security guards at night. Industrial areas with offices, fuels depots and offices. Heavy traffic during the day.

Flat terrain Nakivubo channel Some flora

Tranche 2 -Bitumen Roads for maintenance

Jinja road Activity Jinja road cemetery Cricket grounds Rugby pitch Police Station Government offices Railway station

People impacted Business community, working class, street traders, drivers and pedestrians. Economic situation Mixed class of people who come to look for survival in the city. Mainly commercial area with banks, recreational/ceremonial area with few residents. Characterized with traffic jams Working class mainly in Government offices, busy commercial area and play grounds limited residential houses Mixed class of majority business people and also the working class. Busy commercial area with limited residents

Flat/Rolling terrain


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Kampala road Activity Constitutional Square Offices Post office Banks Built up area Shops Taxi/Boda Boda/Special hire stages Street parking, Washing bays



Bombo road Banks Built up area Shops Taxi/Boda Boda/Special hire stages Street parking, Washing bays



Haji Musa Kasule road Banks Built up area Shops Taxi/Boda Boda/Special hire stages Street parking, Washing bays

People impacted Business community, students, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation Mixed class of people majority of low class, then students crossing to go to the university Kampala’s busiest suburb with 24 hours commercial activity limited residents.


Ben Kiwanuka Street Activity Commercial area Whole sale shops Washing bays New and old Taxi parks Bus park Offices Petrol stations

People impacted Business community, passengers, working class, drivers and pedestrians. Economic situation. Mixed classes of people the middle class involved in business and petty trade together with low class seeking public transport from the taxi park. Kampala’s busiest street with heavy commercial activity in all sorts of merchandize heavily populated during the day. Access to and from the old taxi park characterized with permanent traffic jam, limited or no residents.

Rolling terrain

Mengo Hill Road Activity Commercial area Washing bays Boda Boda stage Lorry park Second hand Electronics stores Mosque Offices Schools Lodges Restaurants Recreational centers

People impacted Business community, students, drivers, worshipers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Mixed classes of people majority low class involved in petty trade. Busy commercial area mainly in second hand electronics, has got a number of guest houses or lodges, heavily populated during the day and half of the night, access to and from the new taxi park and bus park hence characterized with permanent traffic jam.

Rolling Terrain


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Kivebulaya road Activity Offices Buganda Kingdom Institutions Residential area Commercial area Washing bays Roadside bars Boda Boda/Special hire stages

People impacted Business community, residents, students, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Middle class people both working in offices and others self employed. Permanent structures of ancient type majority of which are being renovated or broken and replaced with new storied buildings mainly for commercial purposes and offices. Still a few residents of the middle class.

Rolling terrain Buganda Clans’ trees

Katalima Road Activity Police barracks Schools Inland car depot Residential area Construction material roadside stockpiles

People impacted Business community, residents, students, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Middle class people both working in offices and others self employed. Permanent structures of ancient type majority of which are being renovated or broken and replaced with new storied buildings mainly for commercial purposes and offices. Still a few residents of the middle class.

Rolling terrain

Y.K. Lule Road Activity Golf course Recreational areas NGO offices Government Offices Hotels Residential

People impacted Golfers, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation. High class area with the biggest portion covered by the golf course, offices and embassies with no residential houses for individuals apart from the golf course apartments. .

Flat terrain Dominated by papsparum

Kira Road Activity Uganda Museum Makeshift second hand clothes market Taxi stages Boda Boda stages NGO offices Police Offices Residential

People impacted Business community, residents, police officers and families, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Mixed classes of people with the middle class mainly found in the offices and the low class/urban poor around the market area. Characterized with old permanent buildings formerly for residents but now being renovated or broken down for better ones for office space. Half way the road there is characterized by heavy commercial activity around Kamwokya market for the middle and low class people. Dotted with residential areas of the flats estate type for the middle class.

Rolling terrain Some flora

Hanlon road Activity Nsambya hospital American Embassy Residential area Roadside commerce Offices Church

People impacted Business community, residents, police officers and families, drivers, worshipers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Mixed working class and High-class characterized with permanent houses mainly for residential purposes, up coming offices for NGOs and diplomatic nature. Hospital area and catholic church center with offices.

Hilly terrain Drainage crossing

Luthuli avenue Bazarabusa Road Activity Residential area Industrial area NGO offices Railway line Offices

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. High class residential area and working class with the bigger part being occupied with industries.

Flat terrain


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Kalerwe Road Kawempe-Mpererwe Rd Bukoto-Kisaasi Road Activity Washing bays Car garages Roadside commerce Fabrication workshops Boda Boda stages Northern Bypass crossing

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Majority of the residents are of middle class dotted with some urban poor living in one roomed houses characteristic of slum setting. Mixed type of settlement with both permanent and semi-permanent structures.

Rolling Terrain Cyperus nitindus dominated the flora Wetland crossing

St. Barnabas Road Activity Residential area Commercial area Hotels Schools Hospital Residential area Offices

People impacted Business community, students, patients, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class. Economic situation. Majority of the residents are of middle class dotted with some urban poor living in one roomed houses characteristic of slum setting. Mixed type of settlement with both permanent and semi-permanent structures.

Cyperus rotundus present

Kimera Road Activity Educational Institutions Hostels Road side kiosks Residential

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Residents are mainly the urban poor and university students occupying the up coming hostels. Mixed type of settlement with permanent and semi-permanent settlement a sort of slum being up graded.

Rolling Terrain Some flora Wetland crossing

Kyadondo Road Activity Residential area Schools Church Hospital Football stadium Residential area Boda Boda stages Offices

People impacted Business community, students, patients, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Residents are both of middle and low class. Mixed type of settlement with both permanent and semi permanent structures,

Hilly terrain Cynodon dactylon

Bwaise-Kalerwe Road Activity Roadside Commerce Residential area Educational area Uganda Police

People impacted Business community, students, police, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Both middle class and urban poor with many school children crossing the roads. Mixed type of settlement residents engaged in petty trade along the road.

Rolling terrain

Kayemba Road Activity Washing bays Car garages Roadside commerce Fabrication workshops Boda Boda stages Northern Bypass crossing

People impacted Business community, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Characteristic of the urban poor. Mixed type of settlement with majority engaged in fabrication businesses.

Rolling terrain Bwaise wetland

Tranche 1 – Gravel roads for upgrading to Bitumen Tranche 2 – Gravel Roads for upgrading to Bitumen Phase 1 Tranche 2 – Gravel Roads for upgrading to Bitumen Phase 2

Old Masaka Road Wamala Road Muteesa II Road Activity Roadside Commerce Brickmaking at roadside Washing Bays Video Halls Low cost Housing

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Majority of the residents live in one roomed houses characteristic of urban poor with low cost housing. A few permanent houses,

Rolling terrain Cyperus rotundus Drainage channel crossing


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Sunderland, Neptune av Activity Residential area Schools

People impacted students, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Mainly residential both for the middle class and urban poor with many school children crossing the road.

Rolling terrain Cynodon dactylon common in the area

Lugoba Road Activity Residential area Kawempe Industrial area Video halls Schools

People impacted students, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Mixed class the middle class and urban poor, many schools and video halls characteristic of a slum dwelling. Both industrial and residential area.

Flat terrain

Kyebando Ring Road Baha’I Road Bukoto Vale – Kyebando road Activity Residential area Schools Roadside commerce

People impacted students, residents, drivers, pedestrians and working class Economic situation. Mainly residential for the middle class dotted with a few urban poor. Mixed type of settlement with both permanent and semi-permanent structures,

Rolling terrain Cynodon dactylon common in the area

Martyr’s Way Activity Residential area Churches Offices Schools

People impacted students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation. High class residential area also known as ministers’ village, mainly residential with well organized road networks.

Rolling terrain

Kinawataka Road Activity Washing bay URA Headquarters Railway line Roadside commerce Mbuya barracks

People impacted Business community, army men, drivers and working class Economic situation. Mixed class of the middle working class and low class engaged in petty trade along the roadside, dotted with both middle class residential area industrial area with mainly offices, characterized with heavy commercial vehicles,.

Rolling terrain Vossia cuspidata dominants the road edges

Nsambya Estate Road Activity American embassy Nsambya hospital Catholic Church Joint Medical stores Residential areas

People impacted Business community, patients, foreigners, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mixed class majority being the middle working class. Ancient buildings mixed type of settlement with new permanent structures coming up. Mainly middle class in Estate type of settlement.

Rolling terrain Some flora

Soweto Road Gaba by pass road Lukuli Road Salama Road Kiwafu Road Activity Residential area Boda Boda stages Schools Hotels

People impacted Business community, , students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mixed type of class of the high class rich, middle class and urban poor with many school children and hotels. Commercial activities along the road.

Roiling terrain Cyperus nitindus Wetland crossing


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Suna Road Busabala Road Activity Roadside Commerce Brickmaking at roadside Washing Bays Video Halls Low cost Housing

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Both the middle and low class people living in the mixed type of settlement with permanent and semi-permanent structures.

Rolling Terrain

Makamba Road Activity Old Buganda buildings Night parking yards Washing bays Schools Student hostels Residential

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mixed class majority being the middle working class. Ancient buildings mixed type of settlement with new permanent structures coming up. Mainly residential with a few offices.

Rolling Terrain Wetland crossings

Nsooba Road Activity Northern bypass Crossing Roadside commerce Residential area Schools

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mainly middle and low class dotted with roadside commercial activities.

Rolling Terrain Wetland crossing

Ntinda-Kyambogo Road Activity Kyambogo University Kabaka’s Land Schools Residential Roadside commerce

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation High class residential area on one side with a vast empty un developed land belonging to the Kabaka of Buganda on the other side.

Rolling terrain Cyperus rotundus, Vossia cuspidta Wetland

Naguru Hill Road Activity Residential area

People impacted Residents and working class Economic situation High class residential area with multi-storied buildings with organized road network.

Rolling terrain

Butikiro Road Activity Fuel Station Residential area Washing Bay Entertainment Workshop

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mainly the middle class mixed with urban poor. Structures are both offices and residential.

Rolling terrain

Robert Mugabe Road Activity Washing bay URA Headquarters Railway line Roadside commerce Mbuya barracks

People impacted Business community, army men, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Middle class, mixed both offices and residential with Estate type of settlement around the barracks.

Rolling terrain Vossia cuspidata dominants the road edges

Kiwatule - Banda road Activity Kyambogo University Kabaka’s Land Roadside commerce Night parking yards Washing bays Schools Student hostels

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Middle and a few low classes Heavily populated with university students residing mainly in hostels.

Rolling Terrain


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Kiggala Road Activity Old Buganda buildings Night parking yards Washing bays Schools Student hostels Churches

People impacted Business community, students, worshipers, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mixed middle and low class, both residential and offices with commercial activity along the roads.

Rolling Terrain Wetland crossings

Gabunga Road Activity Roadside Commerce Brickmaking at roadside Washing Bays Video Halls Football ground Low cost Housing

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Both the middle and urban poor in low cost houses. Associated with permanent and semi-permanent type of settlement.

Flat terrain all the area is built up, no natural vegetation seen

Muwayire Road Activity Residential area Commercial area Hotels Schools Hospital Residential area

People impacted Business community, students, patients, residents, drivers and working class Economic situation Mainly residential for both the middle and urban poor

Cyperus rotundus present

New Link Activity Industrial area MoH Offices Railway crossing Trailer Parking

People impacted Business community, drivers and working class Economic situation Mainly middle working class with a few low class engaged in petty trade. Limited residential houses, mainly offices, trailer parking yard and industrial area.

Rolling terrain

Konge Road Activity Residential area Recreational area Boda Boda stages Schools

People impacted Business community, cyclists, pedestrians, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Mainly residential area for the middle class and urban poor.

Rolling terrain Wetland crossing

Rubaga road Activity Roadside Commerce Hotels Educational Institutions Boda Boda Stages Hospital Churches

People impacted Business community, worshipers, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Working class and low class, mainly commercial houses very busy during the day.

Rolling Terrain

Bwaise Junction Activity Commercial Vehicle garages/workshops Fuel station

People impacted Business community, worshipers, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Majority are the urban poor and middle class. Very busy commercial area with permanent traffic jam, where the northern bypass crosses the road.

Rolling terrain Northern Bypass crossing Bwaise wetland crossing

Tranche 1 – Urban Traffic improvements

Station area Activity MoH Offices Industrial area Fuel depots Railway crossing Schools

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Working class and many school children crossing the road. Mainly offices no residential houses,

Rolling terrain Nakivubo channel


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Pride Theatre Junction Activity Commercial and recreation activities Boda Boda Stages Major movement for taxis and buses

People impacted Business community, residents, pedestrians, drivers and working class. Economic situation Mixed Working low class Mainly commercial and recreational activities, heavy traffic zone always jammed with vehicles.

Rolling terrain Disintegrating roads

Pioneer Mall Junction Activity Constitutional Square Central Police Station Boda Boda Stages

People impacted Business community, pedestrians, beggars drivers and working class, cyclists Economic situation Center of the characterized with heavy traffic throughout the day. Busy commercial area. Major movement for taxis and motor cars

Rolling terrain Disintegrating roads

Makerere Hill Road Activity Special Hire Stages Makerere University Main gate Entertainment Roadside shops/containers Boda Boda stages

People impacted Business community, pedestrians, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Roadside kiosks, shops, bars, supermarkets very busy roads with heavy student movement throughout the day. Mainly schools and offices limited residential hostel.

Rolling Terrain

Nakulabye roundabout Activity Roadside commerce Boda Boda Stages Lorry Park Hostels Recreational area

People impacted Business community, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Very busy with traffic from four roads, mainly commercial activities

Rolling Terrain

Mukwano road Mukwano roundabout Activity Industrial area Railway Crossing Police Training Grounds Fuel Depots

People impacted Business community, police, students, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Mainly industrial area with heavy traffic throughout the day.

Nakivubo Channel Rolling Terrain

Kasubi Junction Activity Roadside Commerce Residential Taxi Stages

People impacted Business community, residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation Mainly industrial area with heavy traffic throughout the day.

Some flora Bwaise wetland

Tranche 2 – Urban Traffic improvements

Ntinda Road – Jinja Road Junction Activity Industrial area Police Vehicle Inspection Grounds Major movement for taxis and motor cars and Trailers Taxi Stages

People impacted Pedestrians, drivers and working class. Economic situation Mainly industrial area with heavy traffic throughout the day. Spoiled traffic lights.

Rolling Terrain

Fairway Hotel Roundabout Activity Hotels NGO offices Residential area Major movement for motor cars

People impacted Residents, drivers and working class. Economic situation A few residential house for the high class, offices, hotel, restaurants heavy traffic movement and jam especially in the evening.

Golf Course Rolling terrain


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4 Wetland Crossing means locations where roads cross wetlands. These locations are provided

with bridges or culverts. Some of this infrastructure will be rehabilitated under KIIDP. No new impacts are envisaged due to this rehabilitation.


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3.4 SITUATION REGARDING URBAN MARKETS

3.4.1 Bio-physical characteristics of markets

3.4.1.1 Kalerwe Market

Kalerwe market is located in Kalerwe village, Mulago III Parish in Kawempe Division. It is about 1.5 miles from the city centre (to the North of Kampala city), along Gayaza road. This market is located in a low-lying area. It is a permanent market, occupying about 0.6 acres and comprises of 8 small privately owned market units namely; Mutebe, Muluya, Farmers’ Hall, Bivamuntuyo, Ssenoga, Ssemugwa, Kinyozi and Mpuga., all managed by KCC. The land occupied by the market is private and the market vendors sub-lease the individual spaces where the stalls are built from the landowner. To this end, when this market comes up for improvement during Phase 2, modalities of ownership as well as operation will be negotiated and streamlined at that time. There is haphazard selling of commodities by vendors outside the market. Within Kalerwe market, there exists a blocked and garbage littered drainage channel that stinks. The blockage results from food wrappings whereas the bad stench mainly emanates from parts of dressed fresh fish and chicken, which are deliberately thrown into the drain. Because of low and/or no flows, the deposited material remains and decomposes, producing a bad smell. The market area becomes dusty or muddy depending on the prevailing season. There is poor waste collection and disposal practice (3 waste collection sites within the market but it takes too long to collect the waste. Traders near the drain deliberately dump waste and rubbish into the drain (Plate 3.5). Additionally, the sanitation facilities are inadequate (5 toilets and 3 urinals for a population of 700-1000 persons). However, given the heavy demand to which the toilets are subjected, they can be said to be relatively well maintained. They are privately operator on 100/- charge per visit basis. Socio-economic characteristics Majority of the vendors in Kalerwe market are females of both middle and old age low and medium class engaged in businesses of less than 5 million in capital. The women are mainly involved in sell of fresh vegetables, fruits, all types of raw and cooked food and second hand clothes. The male are involved in the trade of general merchandise mainly in shops and few are involved in the sell fresh foods especially fruits, there are a few homeless and street children who derive their livelihood by lifting/carrying of merchandise for customers. The highest-level of education attained by the majority of the market vendors is secondary education. This market is charactierised by the low prices offered hence attracting many retailer buyers from other markets. It is a very busy place especially very early in morning when farmers are offloading in most cases holding traffic for a long time along Gayaza road.


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Plate 3.5: Waste dumping by the roadside next to a drainage channel along Gayaza Road, Kalerwe Market The market is dusty, crowded and muddy during the rains. This not only prohibits trading operations but also puts customers off due to mud and water logged conditions, characterised by unsanitary conditions and offensive smell. Several secondary drainage trenches, which are not lined and which feed into the main Nsooba drainage channel, pass through the Market.

3.4.1.2 Kasubi Market

Kasubi Market is located uphill where Kimera Road (Makerere University-Kasubi Road) meets Hoima Road and Kawala-Nabweru Road. This market greatly inconveniences traffic, as it is located in the road reserve. Some vendors operate within the road and on top of drains (Plate 3.6). The market extends along Hoima and Kawala roads, at the junction, where it appears to originate. It is in Kasubi village, Kasubi Parish, in Rubaga Division. Buganda Land Board (BLB) owns the market. There is no natural environment as the entire area is already occupied by human activity. Socio-economic characteristics Majority of the vendors in Kasubi are females of both middle and old age low and medium class engaged in businesses of less than 5 million in capital. The women are mainly involved in sell of fresh vegetables, fruits, all types of raw and cooked food and second hand clothes. The male are involved in the trade of general merchandise mainly in shops and few are involved in the sell fresh foods especially fruits, there are a few homeless and street children who derive their livelihood by lifting/carrying of merchandise for customers. The highest-level of education attained by the majority of the market vendors is secondary education. This market is an offloading site for foodstuff direct from farmers especially from Western Uganda.


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Plate 3.6: Kasubi Market, located along a road side

3.4.1.3 Kawempe Market

Kawempe market is located in the ‘Growers’ area at around 150 metres from Shell Fuel Station, towards Bombo along Kampala-Bombo Road. It is located in Nabukhalu village, in Kawempe Division. It is accessed through the main Kampala-Bombo tarmac road and by several murram roads. The market is privately owned by Kakungulu, located on private land and is managed by ‘H. Sarah Farmers Kawempe Market’. It usually has around 200 vendors on Wednesday (a day for selling imported clothes among other commodities) and 50 or less on other days (for selling matooke, meat, tomatoes and other fresh foods). It has no stalls and probably the only standing stall is a makeshift butcher by Bombo roadside. It lacks a designated loading/unloading and parking space. It surrounded mainly by residential and commercial settlements.

It is mainly an open earth yard, soil floor market, approximately 2 acres in size. The market is in a valley sloping away from the road, towards Mbogo-Nabweru drain. The market has no drainage and floods during heavy rains. In addition to lacking shelters, waste management is a critical problem in the market. Waste is placed in a skip outside the market. The skips are reportedly not collected on time, resulting in unhygienic conditions. Old ginnery/factory buildings occupy the southern side of the market. It has a single line of some brick and mortar lockups on the western end of the market yard with private electricity connections but no fencing. The market has no designated loading/off-loading allocation. The entire market reportedly has 5 water-borne toilets for women and 5 for men. It has one standpipe used for water supply purposes.


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Socio-economic characteristics Most of the vendors in Kawempe market are females of both middle and old age low and medium class engaged in businesses of less than 5 million in capital. The women are mainly involved in sell of fresh vegetables, fruits, all types of raw and cooked food and second hand clothes. The male are involved in the trade of general merchandise mainly in shops and few are involved in the sell fresh foods especially fruits, there are a few homeless and street children who derive their livelihood by lifting/carrying of merchandise for customers. The highest-level of education attained by the majority of the market vendors is secondary education. The is mainly serviced by growers of farmers who bring the foodstuffs everyday.

3.4.1.4 Kibuli Market

Kibuli Market locally referred to, as Kibuli-Depo Market is located in Kibuli Parish, Kibuli village in Makindye Division along Mbogo road. It is on the land donated for market purposes by Prince Kakungulu. Therefore, it is available for any market improvement. The market occupies a very small area of about 30m x 20m probably because it is within a built up enclosure of partially built initially meant (lockup stalls. The market floor is uneven, very muddy and slippery during rains and dusty under dry conditions. There is no running water even in the six recently constructed toilets. The market depends on a two-stance pit latrine currently in use. The market is untidy, has no solid waste (waste) collection point and generally disorganised. There is one neighbourhood waste skip, allocated about 150 metres away and is used by both the market vendors and the surrounding residents. The drain that runs along the southern side of the market is from Kikuba-Mutwe road and is very dirty; filled with solid wastes. There are approximately 40 vendors, 20 makeshift stalls, and 32 lockups (which have to be broken down if the market is to be upgraded). Lockups facing Kikuba-Mutwe road still operate as shops, butchery and diary shop. Kikuba-Mutwe road is a murram road connected to Kibuli Road. Sacks of charcoal occupy part of the market. The charcoal dirt mainly affects food vendors on the lower ground of the market. Socio-economic characteristics Majority of the market vendors in Kibuli market are females of both middle and old age low and medium class engaged in businesses of less than 5 million in capital. The women are mainly involved in sell of fresh vegetables, fruits, all types of raw and cooked food and second hand clothes. The male are involved in the trade of general merchandise mainly in shops and few are involved in the sell fresh foods especially fruits, there are a few homeless and street children who derive their livelihood by lifting/carrying of merchandise for customers. The highest-level of education attained by the majority of the market vendors is secondary education.


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Plate 3.7: Kibuli-Mutajazi Market

3.4.1.5 Mbuya Market

Mbuya market is located in Mbuya Central Zone village, in Mbuya I Parish, in Nakawa Division. It is owned by KCC and located along the railway line. It is a small market of around 300 traders with makeshift selling stalls (roofed with improvised material), sells fresh foods and cooked food. Mbuya market is surrounded by a slum. There is no vehicle access into the market and as result; vehicles offload on the road outside. It lacks built walkways, and has no electricity connections. It has an area of 0.36 acres with no space for expansion and some permanent lockups are in poor condition. It is surrounded by narrow dirt tracks, which are very dusty in dry conditions yet muddy and slippery during heavy rains. Waste collection in the market is by KCC but is inadequate. Like other markets waste is unfortunately collected near the drain, eventually falling into the drain, thereby causing blockage (Plate 3.8).


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Plate 3.8: Waste collected next to the drain at Mbuya market enPhase, thus ending up in the drain. The market has no tap water facilities other than one privately owned standpipe. The market floor is of soil (no concrete) and very uneven, which creates very muddy and slippery conditions during rains. It is highly populated with no sanitary facilities. It also floods during rains because it has no proper drains within and as a result, ponds of stagnant water form whenever it rains. Lockups surround the market as the only form of fencing. All respondents reported that, the current state of existing markets is alarming and in a poor state. They are looking forward to a time when the markets can be upgraded and provide better services. Major problems included; solid waste management, poor drainage and sanitation, overcrowding and lack of parking. Socio-economic characteristics Majority of the market vendors in Mbuya are females of both middle and old age low and medium class engaged in businesses of less than 5 million in capital. The women are mainly involved in sell of fresh vegetables, fruits, all types of raw and cooked food and second hand clothes. The male are involved in the trade of general merchandise mainly in shops and few are involved in the sell fresh foods especially fruits, there are a few homeless and street children who derive their livelihood by lifting/carrying of merchandise for customers. The highest-level of education attained by the majority of the market vendors is secondary education.


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3.5 SITUATION REGARDING PHASE 1 SOLID WASTE INVESTMENTS Kampala City Council only operates one solid waste landfill facility at Mpererwe-Kitezi as the final disposal technology for all waste collected and transported from Kampala District. The Mpererwe-Kitezi solid waste disposal landfill was opened in April 1996 and currently receives 400-500 tonnes of waste per day, the site being open every day of the year. Mpererwe is a containment type of site with a clay liner system and a leachate treatment facility. The 29-acre piece of land, on which the landfill is located, is a property of Kampala City Council. It is expected to be full by end of 2008 at the current rate of disposal. The City generates an estimated 1200 tonnes of waste daily and only about 40% is disposed of in the Mpererwe solid waste management facility, the only disposal site handling Kampala’s waste disposal. The rest of the waste is fed to animals (banana peels and cooked food waste), spread in gardens, or burnt. KCC intends to improve the waste management services offered to the citizens and this will lead to an increase in the volume of waste disposed of. With planned increased efficiency in waste collection, the existing capacity of the Mpererwe-Kiteezi landfill is inadequate, thus the need for extension of the site. KCC has identified 6 acres of land adjacent to the current facility, for extension of the disposal area. The extension will increase the life of the facility for a nother 3 years at the current rate of disposal. KCC owns this land and currently the land is vacant. A nother solid waste disposal facility at a different site altogether is planned for the future.

3.5.1 Bio-physical Characteristics of the Current solid waste disposal facility at Mpererwe-Kiteezi

Physical Features

(i) The sloping site is bounded on the lower edge by a seasonal stream that flows along the bottom edge of both the current disposal area and the proposed extension. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the facility, to Walufumbe swamp.

(ii) It is mainly surrounded by hills. (iii) Vegetation is mainly short grass with a few shrubs (iv) Access is through a bitumen road.

Policy Framework The proposed extension area is not gazetted as industrial or residential so the proposed waste disposal activity suits the sparsely populated area. Site Location

The landfill is located to the north of Kampala City, about 13 km from the City Centre. The present access to the site from Kampala City is through Kampala-Gayaza road (about 9 km), then branch off to the left at Mpererwe and follow the bitumen road going to Namulonge for about 4km. Opening Hours

The facility is open full time i.e., 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.


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Acceptable Types of Waste

The following waste types are accepted for disposal at the landfill: • Non-hazardous Municipal Solid waste (MSW) (i.e. Household waste, market waste,

waste from commercial areas and waste from institutions)

• Carcasses

• Hospital waste: Pathological and infectious waste, but only when sterilised/ stabilised (primarily by incineration). Special hospital waste (i.e. Syringes, needles, infusion sets, etc.) when packed in sealed cardboard boxes referred to as Hospital incineration slag.

• Sludge from sewerage treatment plants and septic tank emptying can be allowed. It should be dewatered with a dried solid content greater than 15%

• Inert waste materials: construction waste etc.

• Condemned consumables: food, tobacco etc.

The following waste types are not acceptable for land filling at Mpererwe:-

• Hazardous and toxic waste (neither liquid nor solid) from industries • Pharmaceutical and hospital waste unless pre-treated by incineration or other

appropriate means of sterilising and stabilising. • Pesticide containers/ buckets etc. (especially from agricultural use).

Infrastructure at the Existing Landfill

The landfill has the following important features: Earth access roads within the site,

Bitumenised pavement access road to the facility from the Kampala-Gayaza Road. Offices and other facilities

• 2 offices • storeroom • Work shed • Guard house • Toilet and shower block • Caretaker’s house • Leachate treatment plant and accessories • Weighbridge

Fencing

An approx. 0.9 m high fence spanning the site, with a gate at the receiving area. Disposal Area

An effective disposal area of 20 acres built to receive waste on an area basis, and the rest of about 9 acres containing roads, leachate treatment plant, offices etc.


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3.5.2 Operation of the Mpererwe-Kiteezi Solid Waste Landfill. The execution of the Works is carried out by a Contractor and supervised by KCC. The capacity building requirements in this regard include enhancement of supervisory skills of KCC staff to monitor the contractor’s outputs and to manage commercial risks shared arising from the operation of the solid waste disposal facilityby Third Parties. Waste acceptance procedure Each load of waste coming to the solid waste disposal facilityis recorded at the gatehouse, where the daily acceptance and control record is filled in by the record keeper. If the record keeper suspects that, the vehicle carries unacceptable waste, details are taken as above and the vehicle referred back to the waste producer. Waste Unloading All vehicles carrying acceptable waste are directed to the tipping front. The drivers are instructed to unload the waste immediately above the tipping front. The Contractor directs and controls the tipping of waste to minimise queues and waiting time of delivery vehicle. Dozing and compaction After approximately 4 vehicles have unloaded waste at the tipping front, or in case of already existing waste heaps, the waste is bull dozed out in layers not exceeding 1.5 meter thickness starting at top of tipping front and ending at bottom of tipping front. Daily covering of waste front At the end of the working day (or every 1.0 m of waste consolidated), all exposed surfaces, including the flanks and working face, are covered with murram (soil) to a compacted thickness of 15 to 25 cm. The soil for daily cover is obtained from an approved borrow pit and brought to the tipping front by tipper trucks. Leachate Control The leachate is collected by secondary drains that drain into one main drain. The leachate leaves the disposal area at the lowest point of the disposal area, into the treatment plant. Leachate treatment Leachate is treated using a five-stage primary process, via: 1. Collection: Collection points for leachate from the whole landfill then discharged

to equalisation tank. No treatment here. 2. Equalisation; Used to equalize the influent flow for a constant discharge through

succeeding units of treatment. pH controlled here to neutral level (6-8) where the biomass operates most effectively. Alkaline leachate is mixed with acid to lower pH.

3. Presetting: Settling of heavy suspended solids. 4. Aeration/biological treatment (minimum 5 days retention):

� Aerators are used for mixing and supplying oxygen. Metals are oxidised and precipitated out as metal hydroxides.

� Biological treatment in which micro organisms act on organic matter in the presence of oxygen to break down carbohydrates to carbondioxide and water. It also assists in removal of BOD5, removal of suspended solids by sedimentation, removal of metals by biosorption and precipitation as oxides & carbonates, NH3-N and organic-N by bio-uptake and to nitrification.


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5. Clarification: Removal of light suspended solids that give colour to leachate. After stage five, it is released to the environment only if it meets the current NEMA standard, (Nov 2002), otherwise, its recycled back to stage 4. There is also sludge drying (using a centrifuge) and further retention of leachate in ponds at the site. The dried sludge is taken to the landfill site.

Surface water run-off drains are provided on the outer perimeter of the access roads and along the lower embankment. Nuisance Control Dust: For all accesses at the site and the main access from Gayaza road to the landfill, the Contractor controls and maintains dust levels within acceptable limits by spraying with water as and when necessary. Odour: Odour is reduced by daily covering of waste with soil and burying of carcasses found in the waste. Pests: The number of breeding pests/insects is reduced by daily covering with soil which effectvely suffocates the the pests and prevents them from breeding. However occasionally during seasons when the house-fly nuisance appears to be at its peak, limited spraying using diluted insectcides is carried out. This occasional use of insecticides is on a small scale, limited to the landfill area, and done professionally by specifically trained contractor’s workers, who always don protective gear. Littering of main access roads: The Contractor maintains clean the main road from Gayaza road junction to the solid waste management facility, including all access roads within the solid waste management facility, by frequently gathering litter/refuse fallen from delivery vehicles along the road and disposing it at the landfill, in any case, not less than once a day. Interim roads Interim or temporary roads are made for movable equipment and vehicles in the disposal area. Interim roads are always constructed on top of waste already deposited. Interim roads are constructed from appropriate permeable materials to ensure good drainage capacity during wet weather. Appropriate permeable materials include: crushed building rubble and gravel/ sand or the like, with low clay content. Crushed building rubble can be processed by the bull-dozer or compactor passing over the building rubble several times until the particle size is not greater than 100mm.

Emergencies Fire fighting Fires that occur in the waste are extinguished immediately. This is done by using the bulldozer to doze quantities of soil (thickness at least 1 m) on top of the burning waste. When fighting fire, the bulldozer at all times drive on soil (i.e. not on burning waste). If soil cannot be obtained in time to fight the fire, waste not on fire can be used instead of soil. (N.B. Waste on fire is not being removed since this will only increase the fire due to oxidation). Medical Emergencies The Contractor keeps a First Aid kit at the Site as required in the Environmental Giudelines for Contractors (pp120). An injured person is given standard First Aid, and taken to the nearest medical centre. All serious injuries are reported to the Project Manager.

Record keeping


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The Contractor maintains the following records and documents for inspection by the Project Manager and submits them to the Employer on completion of the contract: a) Daily performance records of personnel, plant and equipment in each case indicating time of starting and finishing work, and any breaks during the day b) Daily reports of all materials delivered to the site including vehicle registration,

driver, tonnage, extent to which vehicle was filled, and time. c) Daily waste acceptance record d) Equipment/ Plant fault records (including time when fault occurred, and time

when it was reinstated on the Works). e) Daily records of weather conditions indicating when rains started, durations, etc. f) Survey records Socio-economic The main means of livelihood of the communities living in the general Mpererwe-Kiteezi area are; agriculture though not on a large scale and brick lying. Some people are employed at the disposal facility and others scavenging through the waste. Scattered type of settlement with both permanent and semi-permanent structures, typical of a rural setting where majority of the people are of low income. With the expansion of Kampala, there is an up-coming middle class who are settling in the area. The persons whose livelihoods are to be impacted by the proposed extension of the landfill will be resetteled or compensated in line with the guidance provide in the RAP. Flora The site and its surroundings vegetation comprises of Lantana camara, Commelina bengalensis, Sesbania sesban, Typha latifolia, Cyperus papyrus, Hexia spp, Hyperenia rufa, Black jack, Impomea spp, and Amagdelina spp. All these species are represented elsewhere, including the adjacent environment to the proposed extension site. Fauna The proposed extension site is occupied by marabou stork, white egrets and weaver birds. These species are represented elsewhere, including the adjacent environment to the proposed extension site.

Constraints in Management of Mpererwe-Kiteezi Landfill

• The leachet is simply oxidized, which reduces the concentration of organic compounds (BOD and COD). However, the constructed wetland seems not to be providing tertiary treatment. In case metals and/or nutrients find their way into the leachet, they may not be removed.

• The leachate effluent appeared to have inhibited the growth of papyrus vegetation that was planted in the constructed wetland. This is thought to be due to failure of the papyrus to acclimatize. At the time of assessment, the wetland was being planted with a another type of reed that has been found cable of acclimatizing.

• The site does not have a well-constructed and manned gate to prohibit unauthorised access.

• The Site is muddy and slippery during rainy seasons and yet very dusty during dry spells.


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3.5.3 Proposed Extension toMpererwe-Kitezi Sanitary Landfill Location The proposed extension to the disposal facility is located adjacent to the existing landfill in Kiteezi, Approximately 13km to the north of Kampala City Centre. The extension area is located on the south eastern side of the current landfill area.

Physical characteristics of Extension Area

Transport and access

The area covered by the extension lies directly adjacent to the currently operational site abutting the Southern flank and is readily accessible by the existing road network.

Excavation

Construction of the extension will involve excavation of about 40,000 m³ of earth. This excavated material will be stored for later use as cover material during the operation phase. The material storage area shall be within the site boundary. There is no likelihood of excavated material being transported and stored beyond the site boundary. Hence, no adverse environmental impacts are expected to arise outside the site boundaries from this operation.

Vegetation and animals

The proposed extension is located on gentle slope and is bordered by a stream on the north (in the valley), the current disposal area, on the west and scattred residential houses to the south. Part of the propsed extension area was previously cultivated with subsitence crops, mainly cassava, maize, sweet potatotes, bananas and ovacado, as evidenced by the current wild growth of these crops on this land. The persons whose livelihoods are to be impacted by the proposed extension of the landfill will be resetteled or compensated in line with the RAP. The other flora on the sloping part of the proposed site include, Imperata cylidrica, Solanum spp, Oxalis latifolia, Amagdelina spp, Leersia hexandra, Acacia spp, Ludwigia abyssinica and Rhynchelytrum repens. The valley, which has a sream, is called Kiteitika wetland and is dominated by Cyperus papyrus. Other flora include Phragmites mauritianus, Thypha, latifolia, Phoenix reclinata, Cyperus rotundus. The common bird fauna is Marabu stock. Egrets and weaver birds were also seen. Cows are often grazing at the edges of the wetland, on the opposite side of the proposed extension. The other fauna included velvet monkeys, guinea fowl, and monkeys. Snakes were also reported by the local communities to be present in the wetland but were not seen during the survey. Both fauna and flora mentioned above are not endangered species and will not be significantly impacted by the project as they occur in the neighbourhood of the project and are also widely distributed all over the country.

Seasonal Stream

A seasonal stream flows in the valley located at the bottom edge of the proposed site. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area. Resource Requirements for the Extension


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Materials a) Water will be necessary for: (i) Dust control during the construction and operation phases (ii) Mixing with clay to ensure optimum compaction of the liner during

construction phase (iii) Fire fighting during operation phase (iv) Water shall be obtained from the existing stream (upstream) and/or, if need

be, transported from Kampala. b) Cement and aggregate These will be used in the construction phase especially in the drainage and leachate channels. These materials are readily and locally available on the open market. c) Clay This will be used as a liner to be placed at the bottom and sides of the excavated pits immediately after construction and prior to operation phase The existing material, based on the available hydro-geotechnical site investigation data, shall be of sufficient quantity required for the liner material. d) Marrum This will be used as a cover material during the operation and final restoration phases. Part of the excavated material will be used as cover material too. e) Grass and trees

This will be used after final landscaping for reinstating vegetation cover. Equipment The following minimum equipment will be needed: i) Bull dozer to be used for site clearance and excavation during construction

phase. It will be used for waste moving and compaction during operation and final restoration phases.

ii) Wheel loader to be used for loading material on to haulers during construction, operation and final restoration phases

iii) Tracked excavator to be used for excavation of the site and loading in areas where access by other equipment is difficult for all the construction, operation and final restoration phases.

iv) Tipper trucks (haulers) will be used to haul the excavated material and cover material during construction and operation phases respectively

v) Water bowser will be used for supply of water in construction and operation phases

vi) Pump will be used for de-watering during construction phase and during leachate treatment operations.

Energy a) Electricity will be required for

i) Lighting the site at night for security purposes ii) Running the leachate treatment plant.

b) Fuel Will be required for all motorised equipment listed earlier. This will result in emissions of gases consisting mainly of carbon monoxide that will rise into the atmosphere. The rate of emissions will not be of significant nature to result into adverse environmental impacts in the direct impact zone. Mitigation proposal against the cumulative effect


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of the emissions is to balance these emissions with equivalent or superior carbon uptake tradeoffs by the trees planted around the site. Planned Operations at the Extension The operations outlined below will have direct or indirect environmental impacts of varying magnitudes: Construction Phase Excavation and haulage of excavated material within the site boundary will be carried out. Clay will be mixed with water and compacted along the bottom and sides of the excavated pits. The compaction of the clay will be such as to achieve a permeability of 1x10-9 m/s. Run-off during the mixing process will flow to the stream adjacent to the site. But this will have no significant impact on the quality of stream water since similar material forms part of the physico-chemical aquatic environment. . Water will as well be used to control dust that may arise out of the excavation. Operation Phase of the Extension The site shall open to receive waste every day. a) Waste acceptance Each waste load will be checked and recorded at the gatehouse to determine its type, composition and origin. The site only accepts non hazardous waste. b) Waste handing Waste will be spread and compacted in layers not exceeding 1m thick and the surface covered with murram to a thickness of 15 - 25cm. c) Leachate Management The leachate will be collected and treated at the existing leachate treatment facility. The leachate will be combined with that from the current disposal area. d) Spraying (i) Water will be used to control dust on internal site roads and to fight wild tip

fires. (ii) Occussional spraying will be done, during pick bread periods of the housefly,

cochroches or other insects, to kill vectors that come with the waste. In this regard the Vector Management Procedures of KCC (i.e. controled and occasional use of chemicals dilution prior to use, using specifically trained contractor’s personnel and using protective gear) will be applied. (Refer to Appendix F)

(iii) The above requirements are already included in the landfill management contract.

(iv) The waste disposal operations will be supervised by KCC’s Waste Management Engineer and monitored by the DEO, as is the current arrangement.

e) Scavenging This will be allowed only under strict and controlled supervision to ensure that site operations are not interfered with and that accidents are avoided.

Decommission Phase (i) Secondary cover will be placed overall waste area. Vegetation reinstatement

will be done after final landscaping. (ii) Vegetation will be increased in the ‘root treatment zone’ (iii) This will be done following the expansion of the constructed wetland. Medical Emergencies


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The Contractor will keep a First Aid kit at the Site as required in the Environmental Giudelines for Contractors (pp120). An injured person will be given standard First Aid, and taken to the nearest medical centre. All serious injuries are to be reported to KCC’s Solid Waste Engineer.

Operational Products Odours Covering every layer of waste placed with murram will control the odours. Landfill gas Two principal gases are produced in a landfill; carbondioxide and methane. Carbondioxide will sink back into the waste. Methane, lighter than air, will rise out of the waste. The methane will be harvested and used in production of electricity for use at the landfill facility and that of the surrounding areas. Currently KCC is exploring possibilities of benefiting from the carbon credit scheme of the Global Environmental Fund through which, methane harvesting equipment will be installed. Leachate Leachate will be treated by the existing facility before discharging it through a constructed wetland. The quality of final effluent will be in accordance standards for waste discharges into receiving watercourses. These are DWD Effluent Discharge Standards of November 2002. These standards indicate the maximum permissible biological and chemical limits for effluents entering the environment. These standards are currently in force and followed by KCC while operating the current landfill site. Dust The gravel access road network from Mpererwe to the landfill (approximately 5.5 km) is bitumen standard. The internal gravel roads will be sprayed with water during the dry season. Birds Will be controlled by ensuring complete covering of the dumped waste to deny them direct access to the waste. Noise Noise is likely to emanate from machines used in site operations. Noise generating operations will be carried out during the day and will be minimised by using as few equipment as is operationally possible. The location of the site being in a remote area and relatively far from residential homesteads will be an added advantage. Tip fires These are caused by, among others, lens effects and hot ashes in the waste. Completely covering the waste with murram cuts off oxygen and controls the outbreak of tip fires.

Post closure features of the extension

Landfill gas. Methane gas will be collected for power generation and/or will be flared. Leachate Control This will involve expanding the existing constructed wetland and massive planting of papyrus reeds in the root treatment zone. Vegetation


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Top soil will be placed on the secondary cover material and planted with Amagdelina spp,acacia spp and rhania palms, all of which are indigenous species.

3.5.4 Bio-physical characteristics of the proposed extension area of Mpererwe-Kiteezi waste disposal site

Location The proposed extension site of Mpererwe-Kiteezi solid waste landfill is located to the south east of the current disposal area (See, Plate 3.9). It is adjacent to the fence of the old site and covers an approximate area of around 6 acres. Being a small less disturbed area it is especially rich in flora and has some fauna as well. Surrounding environment The average distance of the houses from the proposed extension disposal site is 500 m. This distance is adequate to neutralize the effect of gasses that result from decomposing organic wastes. No mitigation measures are foreseen therefore. The gradient gently slopes towards Kitetika wetland as for the old site and has two seasonal community spring water wells at its south-most corner adjacent to the old site. The community uses this water both for brick making and for domestic purposes to supplement piped supplies since some residents cannot afford piped water provided by KCC for all their domestic uses. The borehole water service is also available but it is considered unreliable by the community. Multiple application of water from different sources by households is a common practice among all poor urban communities in Kampala and in Uganda as a whole. It is a coping mechanism, which works mainly as result of the public health campaigns of the Ministry of Health that advise households that water for drinking purposes must be bolied or should come from safe water sources. Hence, households in poor neighbourhoods purchase just enough ‘clean’ water quantities for only drinking purposes and obtain the rest from free unimproved sources. The proposed extension will not affect the current water supply sources. In this case, therefore, no further mitigation measures are foreseen. The socio-economic activity in the area and surroundings is mainly subsistence agriculture. There is evidence of an abandoned subsistence farm in the proposed extension area with crops namely, cassava, banana, pumpkins, maize, sweet potatoes and Robusta coffee. Brick making is also common in the area. The farming activities will be handled as per the RAP. Any other activity that is likely to be impacted by the project will be delt with in accordance with the RAP. Terrain It is characterised by a gentle slope towards the eastern side where it borders Kiteitika wetland.


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Plate 3.9: Proposed extension of the waste disposal site, just beyond the fence of the current site

Soil The soil is of reddish clay – laterite type. Also in existence were blackish clay soils. Flora The vegetation in the surrounding environment mainly comprises domesticated species such as banana, cassava, maize, Jackfruit and avocado. The other flora comprised of Rafia palms, coach grass, mango trees, Imperata cylindrica, Solannum spp, Acacia spp including thorny acacia, elephant grass, Phragmites mauritianus, black jack, Oxalis latifolia, and Amagdelina spp. Typha spp, Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites mauritianus dominated the wetland. Fauna The common bird fauna is Marabou stock. Egret and weaver birds were also seen. Dogs were scavenging and cows were grazing on the eastern side (swamp). Other fauna were black ants, jackals, velvet monkeys, grasshoppers, green and black houseflies, and reportedly; guinea fowl, monkeys. Sitatungas and snakes were also reported by the local communities to be present in the wetland.

Proposed Site

Part of current landfill


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3.6. SAFEGUARD POLICIES TO BE TRIGGERED BY PROJECT ACTIVITIES

• The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank

financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.

• EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the

nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and transboundary and global environmental aspects. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA; the Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories (A, B, C, FI), depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The Bank's screening process will determine which operational policies - in addition to OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment - are triggered by a proposed project. World Bank’s Safeguard Policies rellevant to KIIDP are as follows: � Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts.

� Natural Habitats OP 4.04 This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. � Pest Management OP 4.09 The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the use of biological or environmental control and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management. Cultural Property OP 4.11 The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. • Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production


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levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The KIIDP will finance urban infrastructure improvement activities at several different sites in Kampala including: (a) upgrading storm water drainage channels (b) upgrading gravel roads to bitumenized pavement (c) periodic maintenance/ rehabilitation of Bitumen roads (d) junction improvements (e) markets improvement and (f) extension of an existing solid waste disposal facility. Periodic maintenance/ rehabilitation of bitumen roads in (c) will be carried out within existing rights of way. Development of a disposal facility in (f) will be carried out on a piece of land owned by KCC. The remaining infrastructure works in (a), (b), (d) and (e) will involve resettlement to varying degrees. Hence, whereas the above infrastructure investments are critical for inducing the confidence of the public and service recipients and will contribute to the economic development of the city, some of them trigger the Bank’s safeguards policies. The following World Bank Operational policies will triggered: • Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 • Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 There are no activities that trigger the other safeguards policies on Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Cultural Property, Indigenous Peoples, Forestry, Safety of Dams, Projects on International Waters and Projects in Disputed Areas. However in cases where project sites are currently in use for whatever livelihood activity, such activities will be handled in accordance to the provisions of the RAP.


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CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

4. 1 GENERAL This section of the report summarizes the views of the stakeholders consulted as well as concerns of and ideas from the users regarding the proposed investments. The potential social and political impacts of the improvement investments are also outlined here but those considered significant for inclusion in the Environment Management Plan are assessed in Chapter five and assigned RIAM values as well as mitigation measures. The respective investments have already been described in Chapter Three. For purposes of clarity, some of the stakeholder statements are summarised or/and para-phrased. 4.2 INSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS 4.2.1 National Environment Management Authority “Section 34 of the Local Government Act decentralizes responsibility for environment management to the local governments. However, the respective arrangements are such that the District Environment Officers lack the institutional autonomy to act independently. In order to resolve this anomaly, it is important that the institutional profiles of the DEO’s be raised, perhaps to be equivalent to that of Tender Boards. In this way, the DEO’s would gain the freedom to be able to act without undue political interference. The offices have recently been elevated to Directorate level, which is a step in the right direction but not yet sufficient to resolve the underlying issue” (Dr Gerald Saula Deputy Director NEMA).

This concern was subsequently discussed with the Coordination Unit at KCC and it was understood that in KCC the division Environment Officers have not yet been made Directorates. According to the coordinator, Mr. David Kigundu, the issue is more to do with limited capacity than institutional profiling. Whereas the Consultant appreciates that capacity needs will always exist, what is crucial in this particular case is the political will to act according to the needs of the wider society. See also section on Capacity Building in the EMP. 4.2.2 Wetlands Inspection Division “One of the weaknesses limiting proper management of wetlands in Kampala is the apparent unclear demarcation of roles of the various players”. Whereas the KCC is mandated by the Local Government Act to manage wetlands in their area of jurisdiction, they often turn to NEMA to play this role, which is outside its responsibility. Paul Mafabi, Assistant Commissioner, Wetlands Inspection Division.

‘District Environment Officers lack the institutional autonomy to act independently’- Dr Gerald Saula, Deputy Director, NEMA


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In the Consultants’ view, the core issue is that local governments are themselves users of the environment, and by implication, potential polluters. Hence, there is no possibility of these organs to police themselves on matters of environment protection. A more pragmatic approach needs to be identified. One scenario could be to outsource environment protection services to competent independent professional providers with appropriate reward and suction regimes together with clear monitoring arrangements to ensure compliance to contracted agreements. See also Capacity Building section in the EMP.

4.2.3 Medical Officer of Health, Kampala City Council

According to The Medical Officer Health, Dr Makanga, the Vector Control Department needs to be reinstated. In 1980, the VCD was privatized and the output of the provider has not been satisfactory to date. In fact, according to Dr Makanga all vector control activities have since ceased. Malaria being a ‘sanitation disease’ the fight against malaria is linked to proper solid waste management. In this respect, the roles of the re-activated VCD would include: � Sensitization and public awareness for malaria control � Stone pitching channel tributaries to eliminate mosquito breeding habitats � De-silting tributaries as well as anti-malaria drains Actions needed from KIIDP, according to Dr Makanga, would include � Recruitment of manpower to work in the new VCD � Purchase Film Van for sensitization purposes � Stone pitch and de-silt tributaries � Minimise silt coming into the drains by re-vegetation � Build additional anti-malaria drains and maintain the existing ones The recommendations listed above from the department are akin to ’business as usual’ which neither worked within KCC in the past nor with the private provider. The suggestion to reinstate the Vector Control Department in KCC would not have the desired effect unless radical reforms based on a sound vector Management Plan are implemented by providing the needed inputs and incentives together with sanctions. 4.2.4 Water Resources Department According to the Commissioner of Water Resources, Cap 152 of the Water Act requires that the Director of Directorate of Water Development (DWD) subjects all hydraulic works to regulation. Hydraulic works cover all works that are likely to alter or impede the natural flow of water in a water body. These include works such as diverting a river, building a dam or a bridge. Any person planning Hydraulic Works is required to apply for a Surface Water Permit from the Water Regulation Section of the Water Resources Department of the DWD. The Commissioner for Water Resources would , after studying the application, advise the Director whether the proposed works require a surface water permit or not. In the case of KIIDP, it is recommended that a Surface Water Application be made to WRD detailing the nature of the works planned so that a no objection to proceed is obtained or a permit is issued. Martin Rwarinda – Acting Principal Water Office, Water Resources Department, Entebbe.

One of the weaknesses limiting proper management of wetlands in Kampala is the apparent unclear demarcation of roles of the various players”-Paul Mafabi, Assistant Commissioner, Wetlands Inspection Directorate


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4.2.5 National Water and Sewerage Corporation According to the Development, Monitoring and Evaluation Manager of Kampala Water, Mr Jude Mwoga, and the current quality of sewage effluent discharged into the Nakivubo wetland by NWSC only complies with BOD and TSS standards. It does not meet the regulation standards for all the rest of the parameters including nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Hence technically the effluent contravenes the Waste Water Discharge Regulations because it does not meet the prescribed standards (Feasibility Report for Gaba III Waterworks Project, GKW/AquaConsult, 2002). The action expected under these circumstances is that NEMA would enter into a compliance agreement with NWSC. The compliance agreement would require NWSC to take time-bound measures to progressively meet the discharge standards by a given agreed date. NEMA would, on their part monitor the progress to ensure that the compliance date is respected. Consultations with NEMA and with NWSC indicate that no such agreement exists and therefore, there is no institutional framework in place or willingness on part of NWSC to meet effluent discharge standards in the medium-term. The main weakness is institutional in that given that the key players [DWD (issues discharge permits, NEMA (enforces compliance to discharge requirements) and NWSC (polluter)] are all under the same Minister, the extent to which one organization is able to check the other is limited. In order to correct the situation, it is suggested that NEMA could be made a truly independent agency and placed under the Prime Minister’s office. This action however is outside the scope and mandate of KIIDP.

4.2.6 Kampala City Council and Local Council Chairpersons

Consultations with stakeholders indicate that the state of roads is poor and using roads in Kampala has become a serious cause of delays and inconvenience. The key informants identified the following as the main activities that will be seriously affected: pedestrian traffic, motor vehicle traffic, commercial activities of shops and bars along the roads, Newspaper vending, boda-boda transport services, telephone services, public transport operations of the public transport system along these roads and the activities of people who earn their livelihood on the roads such mechanics, car washers and food vendors. Public utilities such as water supply systems, sewerage systems, and telephone and electricity supply cables may also be affected. Most of the activities on these roads and road shoulders and pedestrian walkways are informally conducted. In-depth interviews indicated that most of these activities are carried on with permission from city authorities and the participants involved in these activities pay tax to Kampala City Council.

“Although many of the roads were originally tarmacked, years of lack of maintainace had lead to the deterioration of the roads and many sections of these roads had been reduced to earth. The investment on the roads will improve the roads and remove the dust ………………………..associated with them” (FGD participants, Rubaga).

4.2.7 Engineers Registration Board (ERB) The Engineers Registration Act requires that all engineering works public or private in nature, be designed or checked and approved and supervised by registered engineers. The implication is that KIIDP should ensure that personnel of consultants engaged to undertake engineering designs and/or to supervise works be required to provide evidence of registration with the Engineers’ Registration Board... Dr Charles Wan-Etyem, Chairman ERB.


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4.3 Views from and Suggestions of Users

Consultations on each of the investment areas were done to understand the situation of drainage, roads, urban markets and solid waste disposal practices. The front-line stakeholders consulted include KCC, Parish Development Committees, Local Council Officials in the areas where the investments will be implemented, and community members who will be directly affected by the investment activities. Exit interviews, In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions methods were used in the consultations. This chapter therefore presents the findings of the consultations by describing the state drainage, roads, urban markets and solid waste, and the positive and negative impacts as perceived by the people consulted. 4.3.1 DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS Consultations with the communities and officials about the state of drainage indicate that every person consulted regarded the state of drainage to be very poor. Focus discussions with communities along the drainage channel of Lubigi reported that solid waste and silting leading to serious flooding during rainy seasons often blocks the drainage channel and its feeders. (Plate 4.1)

“Drainage channels are blocked mainly by solid wastes that deposited along drainage channels. This has caused serious flooding during rainy seasons” (FGD Nsoba.).

Plate 4.1 Nsoba Channel

KCC officials also concurs that the problem of poor solid disposal is one of the main problems leading to blockage of drainage channels and their feeders. However, they also reported that the settlement pattern in some parts of the city is responsible for the poor drainage. Human activities especially those relating to habitation and livelihood activities seriously affected drainage systems in the city. One of the main livelihood activities that contribute to flooding is soil erosion resulting from cultivation along the channels. The feeders of Lubigi channel was particularly noted for agricultural activities that contribute to silting.


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“Human activity contributes greatly to the current state of poor drainage systems in Kampala city. One this is the agricultural activities along the channels especially Lubigi drainage systems (KCC Official).

“There is a problem of settlements, people settled in the wetlands and thereby blocking the natural flow of the drainage system here” (LC Official Nalukolongo).

Apart from settlements and agricultural activities, KCC and Local authorities in the city for the poor state of drainage blamed poor waste disposal in the city centre by the public and some economic activities along the Nakivubo Channel. Results of In-depth interviews shows that the Nakivubo Channel is being choked by garbage mainly deposited there by the city dwellers and businesses. Some of the major items thrown in the channel were identified as polythene bags, plastic bottles, metal products from garages and factories and industrial waste from industries that drain their wastes in the channel.

“Wastes left by the public in the city often find there way in the channels. Industrial wastes from the city’s factories and commercial activities also end up in the Nakivubo channel. This is a serious concern because apart from blocking the channel, these wastes also pollute the channel leading poor water quality” (KCC official)

Positive Impacts Investing in the improvement of the drainage system was welcomed by the communities and local officials because of the long-term positive benefits it will have on the drainage systems and the population. The stakeholders said the following benefits would result from the investment in drainage improvement is executed properly:

“improvement of environmental cleanliness and hygiene through reduction in floods and pollution of water sources which will reduce the disease burden associated with these conditions” (Community FGD in Nsoba). “Vector born diseases especially malaria will reduce since the stagnant waters that encourage the breeding of mosquitoes will be eliminated. The prevalence of diseases associated with drainage such as cholera and diarrhoea will also be reduced” (Community Nalukolongo). “The channel investment should build bridges that will facilitate easy accessibility from one side of the channel to the other. This will also reduce accidents of mainly pedestrians along the channel during flood conditions” (Community Nsoba).

Negative Impacts However, the communities also noted that there would be some negative impacts on the general community because of the improvement process. These negative effects are however expected to occur during construction. The main negative impacts identified during community consultations include accidents, disruption of utilities such as water and electricity, loss of livelihood due to displacement of people and interruptions in traffic flows.

“We anticipate from accidents during construction arising from construction activities and KCC should take appropriate actions with contractors to ensure that this is minimized (PDC Rubaga Divison).


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“The population around the channels get most of their public utility services from the city. During construction, these utilities such as water, telephone and electricity, may be affected during the widening of channels. Electricity poles may have to be shifted while accidental breakage of water supply pipes and cutting of telephone cables may occur” LC Officials). “Many households in the communities earn their livelihood along the drainage channels. During the construction this people will be displaced and will lose their livelihood. The livelihood activities most likely to be affected are commercial activities along the channels and along roads crossing the channels, care washing activities and brick making” Community FGD Nsoba).

4.3.2 ROAD IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT Consultations with stakeholders indicate that the state of roads is poor and using roads in Kampala has become a serious cause of delays and inconvenience.

“Although many of the roads had been tarmacked, years of lack of maintenance had lead to the deterioration of the roads and many sections of these roads had been reduced to earth. The investment on the roads will improve the roads and remove the dust and much of the dirt associated with them” (FGD participants, Rubaga).

Positive Impacts In-depth interviews with Key stakeholders identified a number of positive impacts. The main stakeholders interviewed included City authorities, government officials, local council authorities and business persons and transporters mainly involved in the public transport sector and pedestrians. These stakeholders identified the following as positive impacts of the roads improvement project:

“the road improvement is will boost economic activities of commercial enterprises along the roads. More important, property rates along the roads will also increase leading to higher returns to Employers and subsequent investments along the roads” (Local Council Officials, Rubaga)

“The road improvements will easy traffic flows especially at busy junctions such Ntinda-Jinja road, Nakulabye, Bwaise-Apollo Kagwa road, Kabaka Anjagala road, Queens Way and many others. Paving of these roads will also remove the menacing potholes which do not only remove unnecessary traffic jams and accidents, but also increase on the life span of motor vehicle” (KCC Official).

“If the road improvements include the development of road infrastructure such as pedestrian walkways, traffic control humps pedestrian crossing and road signs. These investments will improve traffic flows in the affected areas.” (PDC Kawempe).

Results of interviews on the streets presented in Figure 4.1 appear to be consistent with in-depth interviews with Key stakeholders reported above. The Figure shows that 67 percent of respondents reported that the road improvements would increase commercial activities along the roads. Another 60 percent reported that travelling along these roads would now be convenient and comfortable. Other positive impacts


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reported by respondents on the roads include reduction in accidents and reduction of dust. Road infrastructure, if included in the road improvement project would be some of important positive impacts of the investment.

Negative impacts

In spite of the above beneficial effects of the road improvement, there are also anticipated negative impacts that will inadvertently affect many activities that take place on these roads and in the neighbouring areas apart from affecting pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic. Consultation with stakeholder identified the following as the main activities that will be seriously be affected: pedestrian traffic, motor vehicle traffic, commercial activities of shops and bars along the roads, Newspaper vending, boda-boda transport services, telephone services, public transport operations of the public transport system along these roads and the activities of people who earn their livelihood on the roads such as mechanics in road side garages, car washers and food vendors. Public utilities such as water supply systems, sewerage systems, and telephone and electricity supply cables may also be affected. Most of the activities on these roads and road shoulders and pedestrian walkways are informally conducted. In-depth interviews indicated that most of these activities are carried on with permission from city authorities and some of the participants involved in these activities pay tax to Kampala City Council.

� Loss of livelihood

Loss of livelihood by communities who earn their livelihood by the road side since they people will be displaced for the period of the reconstruction. This people include the roadside business communities, boda boda riders, shop and bar Employers, car-washing bays and garages and road side petty trader. Boda boda riders along Bukoto-Kisasi said:

“Our business will be seriously affected and we will not be able to meet our daily minimum income to give to our bosses”.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Percentages

Increase commerce

Improved Transport

Reduced accidents

Reduced dust

Improved Roadinfrustracture

Pos

itive

impa

cts

Figure 4.1 Percentage of repondents who reported some positive impacts of the reconstruction of roads


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Furthermore, Figure 4.3 shows the extent to which peoples’ livelihoods will be affected along the following selected roads that were visited to assess socioeconomic impacts. Boda boda riders and Taxi operators are the main occupational groups that may be highly affected by the road improvement activities along these roads. Other activities that will be affected include the general commercial activities along the road and in shops and bars along these roads and services provided by markets (Figure 4.2). Exit interviews on the roads indicated that the majority of respondents said that loss of business during the reconstruction for shop Employers and for those who are earning a living on these road facilities will be affected.

� Freedom of movement The construction period will affect negatively freedom and convenience of movement by both pedestrians and motorists. Figure 4.4 shows the perception of respondents regarding freedom of movement or rights to movement on the road during the construction phase. A large proportion of respondents on all the selected roads visited reported that their freedom of access to roads would be seriously infringed.

� Traffic jam Respondents along most roads selected for assessment reported traffic jam as a major source of inconvenience. However, the most serious problems associated with traffic

Figure 4.2 Distributoion of respondents by main livelihood impacts of selected roads in Kampala

-5 15 35 55 75

Pride theater

Kasubi

Bwaise Kalerwe

Nsooba

Kyebando

Ntinda-Jinja Road

Konge

Kiwafu

Nsambya Estate

Nakulabye Junction

Roa

ds

Percentages

Commercial activities Bodada-boda Taxi-oerators Market


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jam were reported at Nakulabye Junction, Ntinda-Jinja road junction, Pride theatre and Bwaise-Kalerwe road. Key informants reported that these jams are expected to be severe since even in its normal operations, the jams are a daily problem for motorists and their passengers.

� Accidents Traffic accidents and other types of accidents associated with construction work are likely to occur. Accidents will also constitute part of occupational hazards associated with people working on roads. Data in Figure 4.4 shows that most respondents found along Nakulabye Junction, Bwaise-Kalerwe, Ntinda-Jinja road junction, Pride theatre and Kasubi, reported accidents. The proportion of respondents reporting accidents, as a serious threat was high on all the other roads visited.

� Dirt Two forms of dirt are expected to form mainly during the construction phase including dirt from dust and dirt from flooding due to blocked drainage. Many respondents found on the selected roads said:

“excavated soil is likely to block drains in case the construction is done during the rainy season and this will lead to flooding of the surrounding areas” (Community FGD Kalerwe). “unless drainage is a component of the roads improvement it may result in flooding in some areas which will affect Kalerwe-Bwaise and Nsooba (KI Kalerwe).

Response from Exit interviews conducted among pedestrians, passengers, boda boda riders, taxi drivers, private motorists on selected roads concur with key informants concerns reported above. They reported that some of the negative impacts during the road construction phase would include traffic jams, dirt from dust, accidents, and inconveniences for the travelling public (Figure 4.3).


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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Percentages

Pride theater

Kasubi

Bwaise Kalerwe

Nsooba

Kyebando

Ntinda-Jinja Road

Konge

Kiwafu

Nsambya Estate

Nakulabye Junction

Roa

ds

Figure Percentage of respondents reporting accidents, freedom of movement, drainage silting, traffic jams and dirt as the problems

for road users during construction

Accidents Freedom of movementDraingae silting Traffic jamsDirt

� Water supply and quality

“Water supply line may be damaged thereby seriously affecting water supply to communities. If the sewage and water supply systems are damaged by activities such as earth works, excavations, levelling, filling and compacting the entire water supply system will be seriously contaminated predisposing a large section of the population to health hazards” (PDC Kawempe).

� Air Pollution

“During reconstruction there will be air pollution and dust emissions from construction equipment. Dust emissions will also result from earth works, borrowing activities and transportation of construction materials and wastes. High levels of dust will be generated during construction period and this will affect shop Employers, pedestrians, motorists and people working on the roads” (KI Rubaga).

� Environmental Pollution

“Oil used by construction equipment may drain from construction vehicles, plant and equipment. This could lead to contamination of the soil and water bodies through run off water. Oil wastes will be a problem along the roads, where the heavy machinery / equipment are used or kept” (KI Rubaga).


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� Re-Construction Wastes

“There will obviously be a considerable amount of construction debris comprising gravel, soil, metals, old slabs etc“(KCC Central Division).

Apart from the visual impact debris can affect the water quality, dust and silting of

drains.

� Infections, Occupational Hazards and Road Safety.

“During reconstruction and operation a number of aspects may result in infections /diseases. Earthworks, excavation of gravel pits, construction traffic, regular vehicular traffic along roads will create dust and air pollution, which can have an impact on health of the people. The impact will be greatest among construction workers. Diseases expected to be common among workers and in the community include respiratory infections and eye infections that are closely associated with dust” (KI Kawempe).

� Road safety

“During reconstruction there will be some appreciable degree of danger to road users emanating from construction traffic, equipment and construction works. School children will be more vulnerable to plant and machinery. The public/pedestrians will also be prone to accidents” (KI Nakawa).

� Access to services

“Access to a number of services such as health and education may be interrupted, but this is expected to be temporary and after construction access to these services will be improved because of the better road “(KI Makindye).

4.3.3 URBAN MARKETS IMPROVEMENT It is envisaged that the market improvement process will include a built up market area with stalls for goods, electricity, adequate water, sanitation and appropriate solid waste disposal system. The market access will also be improved with a good road with adequate drainage. Parking space for delivery vehicles and Employers will also be provided. This process will have several positive and negative impacts on the market vendors and their Employers. It will also have implications on the public far away from the markets. Positive impacts As already observed the markets are in a deplorable state and are a public health risk in their present state. Investing in their improvement will invariably lead to a number of positive benefits for both Employers and market vendors. The following positive benefits have been identified from discussion with vendors, market authorities, community leaders and KCC officials.


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Aesthetic market environment • The markets will be developed into modern markets with all essential infrastructure

including adequate water supply, adequate and appropriate sanitation, improved solid waste disposal facilities, market stalls and storage facilities which will make the markets more suitable for rendering the services being provided today;

Improved public health situation • The improved conditions in the markets will lead to a reduction in the risk of diseases

that proliferate in dirt and transmissible through food. These include diarrhoea, respiratory infections and parasitic diseases.

Market and Employer Safety • The markets will be provided with secure parking spaces for Employer’s vehicles as well

as for vehicles that bring market deliveries. This will improve the security of property. For example, care will now be easily protected from vagabonds who go around vandalizing cars and stealing their contents in unsupervised market areas.

• Market areas will also have traffic control measures in place. Markets are often very

busy and the locations of some markets are high-risk accident areas. This is the case with Kasubi, Kawempe, Kalerwe, Kalitunsi, Nalukolongo and Kitintale market, which are locate on very busy roads that predispose the general market public to high risks of accidents. Securing such markets by traffic control measures like those that speed control humps and Zebra crossings will greatly reduce the frequency and risks of accidents.

Employment • In the short term, the improvement of the markets will generate employment

opportunities for a number of workers mainly in the engineering and construction business. These will include engineers, masons, carpenters and unskilled workers. The employment generated will bring incomes and increase in consumer demand for many services in the economy.

• The improved markets will also provide more room for vendors thereby attracting more

people into market employment. • Materials for example aggregate stones, cement, electrical appliances and

construction, implements among others will be purchased locally and this will boost Kampala’s local business incomes.

Property values • These markets are located in areas where urban property values are still comparatively

low mainly because of the undeveloped environment. The improved markets are expected to be reciprocated in the general communities that they will serve leading to an increase in property values in the neighbourhood of the markets. New services such as bars, internet cafes, shops, salons and related private investment may also be attracted in the area.


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Increased sales and profits • Increased sales and profits will be realized as new customers are attracted to the

better-organized and cleaner markets, which are also safe.

Modified and better market environment • The upgraded markets will have better planned and managed environments, for

example the re-vegetation exercise will aim at providing maximum natural shade, purifying the local breathable air and enhancing the scenic beauty of the environment in and around the market; the drainage networks and access roads will be strategically designed to enhance a better environment.

Negative social impacts A number of negative social impacts are anticipated to occur mainly during the Market improvement process. These impacts are expected to be generic although some will be more specific to individual markets. The generic negative impacts include the following:

Loss of livelihood due to market displacement There are two markets included in the Phase 1 works: Kibuli and Kawempe. For Kibuli Market, KCC has identified a site adjacent to the existing market where temporary relocation will be effected. As for Kawempe with a very large site, the market improvement activities will be organized in such a way that vendors will continue using one part of the same site as works proceed on another. Disruption of traffic • In the short-term, the construction phases are likely to interfere with the traffic flow on

the roads adjacent to the markets.

Disruption of public utilities • Water, sewerage, telephone and electricity supply lines may be damaged or

disrupted causing significant inconveniences to the public.

Allocation of market stalls • Allocation of stalls in the market may become a source of conflict if the exercise is

marred with corruption and lack of transparency, whereby; a reasonable number of the project’s intended beneficiaries might be pushed out of their livelihood. Market vendors gave the example of Nakawa Market where some of the intended

“We will be displaced, have nowhere to work from to earn a living and may have to go back to the village”. (FGD Katwe Market).


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beneficiaries were unable to secure a stall for themselves after the improvement of the market.

Increased market dues/rent • Market vendors raised fears regarding increase in market stall rents and market dues

as KCC may want to effect a cost recovery programme to recover some of the money used in the improvement of the markets. This may render some vendors who may fail to afford higher rents out of employment. Vendors in Bwaise growers market said ““We expect that after construction, the rent of stalls will be very high thereby forcing people who fail to afford out of business”.

4.3.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Solid waste management is the collection, recycling, storage, resource recovery and disposal of solid wastes. These wastes may be categorized as refuse from households; non-hazardous solid wastes from industrial and commercial activities refuse from institutions and street sweepings of wastes disposed by the general public on streets. These solid wastes can be grouped into any of two types, organic waste and inorganic waste.

Solid waste disposal practice in Kampala Consultations with stakeholders that Solid waste disposal options in and around Kampala City are of three types including combustion, burying and Land disposal. “Land disposal commonly known as landfill is the commonest form of waste disposal in many countries. In Uganda and Kampala in particular it is by far the most important method of waste disposal used by Kampala City Council. The present location of KCC operated landfill is at Kitezi, in Wakiso district. Until 1996, earlier sites were located in Kinawataka and Lugogo by pass among others. Other methods of solid disposal mainly at the household level include combustion, composting and burying” (KCC Official, Kampala). Proposed extension of the Mpererwe-Kiteezi landfill site The extension to the landfill site is located adjacent to the present disposal areas at Mpererwe-Kitezi. The site is about 500 meters away from the nearest communities. The area is not heavily populated. Communities around this site reported that:

“In this area is some piped water and some some borehole water, however, there are no schools, no health facilities or other facilities of public significance in the neighbourhood. There are no large or medium scale agricultural, business and industrial activities to be affected by the location of a landfill in the area” (FGD Kitezi).

“We expect that after construction, the rent of stalls will be very high thereby forcing people who fail to afford out of business”. Market Vendors


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FGD report from the area indicates that the main livelihood of the communities here is subsistence agriculture. The community also reported that scavenging is a common practice in the area.

“scavenging on the landfill for reusable refuse of plastic and metal forms such as plates, cups, washing basins, kitchen hardware and other household facilities constitute an important livelihood activity” (FGD Kitezi).

Other livelihood activities identified in the community around the proposed landfill include bodaboda cycling, brick making and grocery shops to satisfy the household demands of local communities. Some makeshift eating-places have also developed over the years mainly to provide services for landfill and garbage disposal workers. Negative Social impacts of solid waste management Communities around the Mprerwe-Kiteezi landfill site reported that the solid waste disposal in their area would have some negative social impacts on them and their children. The main negative impacts reported during community consultations point to the following impacts. Property destruction and values:

A landfill has implications on land and other property in the area in which it is located. With particular reference to the extension in whose heighbourhood land improvement was already in process, it was noted that the proposed extension is located contiguous with the current site and is barely less than 500 meters from the community. The landfill will therefore have immediate economic impact on the community including:

“Garbage dumps could devalue land and other property with close proximity to the landfill. This is because apart from the bad odour originating from the putrefying garbage, landfills also attract a lot of birds and insects, which feed on them. Most of these birds and insects become a nuisance to communities near landfills. This situation is currently being experienced in Kitezi” (FGD Kitezi Proposed extension area).

Health impacts Potential impacts of solid waste disposal at the extension must be derived from knowledge from the current site. Analyses of health impacts from the present landfill site in Kitezi indicate the following potential health impacts:

“The landfill become a breeding ground for vectors especially flies and mosquitoes, which increases the disease burden of malaria and diarrhoea diseases, if the landfill is not properly constructed and operated” (FGD Kitezi Proposed extension area). “Solid wastes include sharp objects and metals, which can cause injuries to workers during collection and disposal. Kampala generates a lot of solid waste contain sharp objects like glasses, plates, forks, spoons etc that may become injurious to workers” (KCC official Kitezi). “Food poisoning of mainly children resulting from the consumption of expired foods and beverages dumped at the landfill is a potential health


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problem. Some children were hospitalized as a result of eating and drinking expired foods and beverages they collected from the landfill” FGD Kitezi Proposed extension area).

Social impacts A number of negative social impacts that may arise from the landfill were identified during the community consultations. FGD with community members reported the following concerns social impacts:

“the landfill may encourage school absenteeism and drop out may occur because the landfill or dumping ground has profound influence on children. Children spent long hours of the day scavenging for recyclable materials, which they sell to earn some income. This has contributed to absenteeism and drop out from education” (FGD Kitezi). “The problem of littering wastes especially polythene bags everywhere gives a bad site of the area. KCC should ensure that garbage is not littered around” (KI LC Official Kitezi).

Environmental impacts:

The main environmental concern of the community in this area concerns the problem of polythene bags. They said: “A major problem of waste disposal in Kampala remains the polythene bag problem which arises due to poor delivery of garbage from collection centres to the landfill. The practice has caused the proliferation of neighbouring areas with polythene bags. Polythene bags have the problem of preventing infiltration of rainwater into the soil thereby destroying agricultural lands even if they are not close to the landfill. Communities near the present landfill reported that polythene bags are littered everywhere” (KI Kitezi). A KCC report partly stated “At the landfill site today, the superficial scenery that first meets the eye is the litter of polythene bags every where” (KCC Official Kitezi).

Community’s Recommended Mitigation measures To effectively operate the landfill, including the proposed extension, with utmost economic, health, social and environmental security, the stakeholders suggested the following measures:

“Garbage should be collected in sealed containers” (FGD Kitezi). “KCC should secure the landfill by fencing so that it is not accessible to children and the community in the area” (KI Kitezi). “KCC should cover the garbage with soil every time it is delivered to reduce on the bad odour” (FGD Kitezi).


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CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OFINVESTMENTS

5.1 DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS

5.1.1 Positive Socio-economic Impacts

Table 5.1: The positive political and socio-economic impacts of the drainage investments

CATEGORY IMPACT NATURE IMPACT LEVELSome people adjacent to the project area will getemployment during the improvement process.

Short-term; will be felt duringconstruction period only Term

+2

Increased income to project workers and business community,selling food and other commodities to those working on theproject over a construction period of about 3 years.

Short-term; will be felt duringconstruction period only Term

+2

Improvement of environmental cleanliness and hygiene (i.e.,reduction in floods, odour, diseases especially malaria,pollution of water sources)

Long term, first order,irreversible

+5

There will be less or no more mosquitoes and the prevalence ofdiseases associated with drainage such as cholera anddiarrhoea will reduce

Long term, first order,irreversible

+5

Socio-Economic(Construction Phase)

• There will be easy accessibility from one side of the channelto the other, as better bridges to cross the channel will beput in place

Long term, first order,reversible

+4


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• Increase in property values and rent arising from improvedenvironmental conditions.

Long term, first order,reversible +4

• The communities’ quality of life will improve, as filth that wasin drainage channels will be cleared

Long term, first order,irreversible +5

Table 5.2: POTENTIAL NEGATIVE POLITICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC

CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT NATURE IMPACTLEVEL

MITIGATION

Accidents during construction arisingfrom interruption to access routeslocated within or along the channelsbeing developed

Short term, firstorder,reversible

-3 Barricades to be erected along the worksand proper signposting to direct users awayfrom or through the construction sites

Interruption to utility services Short term,second order,reversible

-2 Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-builtdrawings, agree construction programmesand arrange for prompt response in case ofinterruption to services.

Socio-Economic(ConstructionPhase)

Smells and odours arising fromexcavated silt from the channels

Short term,second order,reversible

-2 Prompt removal and disposal of excavatedmaterials into designated disposal facility


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MITIGATION

Flooding arising from construction andfrom solid wastes already in thechannels


-3 Create storm water diversion channelsDe-silt and remove solid waste channelsregularlyProvide screen at culverts and regularlyremove solid wastes from the channel

Provide alternative traffic routing throughdiversions and properly marked safety sign-posting

Interruption to traffic Short term,second order,reversible

-2

Early warning mechanisms including regularcommunication of traffic interruptionsthrough the mass media

Failure by contractors to followenvironmental safety and healthregulations


-3 Contractual requirement for contractors toabide by construction guidelines thatprovide for minimum environmental healthand safety requirements

Interruption to commercial activitiesand/or loss of livelihoods, includingsocial relationships

Long term,second order,reversible

-2 - Implementation of a Resettlement ActionPlan- Inform communities about the proposedworks well in time


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MITIGATION

Accumulation of silt and otherexcavated materials


-3 Prompt removal and disposal of excavatedmaterials into designated disposal facility

Potential Bio-physical Impacts(ConstructionPhase)

Destruction of flora and faunadownstream portions of the channels

Long term, firstorder,irreversible

-4 Canalisation and reticulation whereappropriate of water to protect fauna andflora

Potential Bio-physical Impacts(Operational Phase)

Higher pollution rates due toincreased flow rate beyond naturalpurification capacity of downstreamwetlands and water bodies

Long term, firstorder,

irreversible

-4 Reduce flow rates and trap sediments byplacing debris screens in upstream reachesand planting papyrus species and othersedges downstream of the channels

Erosion of the channel banks Long term, firstorder,

reversible

-3 Strengthening the channel banks bygrassing


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5.1.2 Flood Attenuation Dams

The structure referred to in the TOR as an attenuation dam near Kabaka’s Lake is actually a berm. The project proposes to rehabilitate and restore the berm to original technical capabilities. From the environment perspective, the implication is that no new impacts (social or bio-physical) are expected. Furthermore, structural improvements do not increase nor decrease the amount of water that may percolate into the respective aquifer since such works do not alter the permeability of the subsurface conditions. Hence, there is no justification for checking quality of water in the aquifers related to the berm. The detailed designs for improvement of the berm have been completed by KIIDP. Within the framework of this activity, KIIDP will raise the banks of Kabaka’s Lake and restore the shoreline in order to increase its retention time. The consultant notes that the wash water from the car wash that currently utilises the berm is discharged downstream of the lake and therefore neither damages the shore line nor poses water quality risks to Kabaka’s lake. The Kampala Drainage Master Plan proposes a berm (10m top width, 1.5 m high and grassed slopes) down stream of Kawala Road. The berm is part of the Lubigi channel improvements works (Component 2 – Drainage). The berm, that includes a low flow channel has been included to contain the flow in the area/strip (i.e., between the Northern bypass, Kawala and Hoima Roads) currently reserved for future channelisation (KIIDP, Lubigi Channel Design Report, 2003). The berm, constructed out of excavated material, will not influence humans as no settlements are foreseen in this area. The positive impacts of the berm will be to control land-use in the Lubigi Wetland (particularly to discourage human settlement), restore the wetland as well as its flora and fauna species. The berm will additionally be important for flood attenuation.

5.2 TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT In general, the proposed upgrading and road maintenance in Kampala will improve the traffic flow in the city. Potential sources of environmental impacts have been identified. 5.2.1 Positive socio-economic impacts

The traffic improve ements and road maintenance investments will result in the following key positive impacts:


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TABLE 5.4: POSITIVE IMPACTS FROM TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE INVESTMENTS

CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT NATURE OF IMPACTS IMPACT LEVEL

More orderly traffic flows through signalised traffic control at junctions signalling, marked lanes and signs thus reducing congestion especially during peak episodes.

Long term, first order, irreversible

+5

Reduced damage to vehicles resulting from poor road surfaces, thus saving foreign exchange currently being spent on importing spares. Long term impact


+5

Socio-economic impacts

Indiscipline road-use practices will reduce since structured traffic control measures will be in place. Accidents will reduce. Long tem impact

Long term, first order, reversible

+4

• Upgrading of roads; the roads will be developed to a higher class, improving the surrounding physical environment.


+4

• Improvement of road drainage, as culverts will be upgraded too, new ones added and old ones replaced. Rainfall run off will be conveyed from side of the road to another. This will minimise the damage to flora along the roads arising from flooding of the carriageways.


+4

Bio- physical impacts

• Better traffic flow will act to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions into the atmosphere.


+4


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Table 5.5: ASSESSMENT OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE PROPOSED TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE

CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT NATURE OFIMPACT

IMPACT LEVEL MITIGATION

Barricading works, signposting, lighting at night andemploying traffic wardens to direct users away from theconstruction sites

Accidents arising fromconstruction methods (example,converting two-lane trafficcarriageways to single lanecarriage ways)


-3

Contractors to abide by minimum environmental healthand safety requirements

Interruption to utility services(water supplies, telephones andpower).

Long term, firstorder,reversible

-2 Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-built drawings,agree construction programmes and arrange for promptresponse in case of interruption to servicesInstitute early warning measures to inform public aboutpossible interruptions to normal routines. This couldinclude periodic and targeted announcements throughthe mass media

Interruption of social andcommercial routines


-2

Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan wherenecessaryImplement construction guidelines to prevent silt andconstruction materials from blocking the drainagesystems.Regularly de-silt road drainage systems.

Flooding arising from constructionworks and newly installed crossculverts


-2

Construct and direct outfall channels adequatelyProvide alternative traffic routing using diversions andproperly marked safety sign-posting


Interruption traffic flow Long term, firstorder,reversible

-2

Utilize pre-cast culvert units to eliminate setting time forin-situ concrete


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Regulate traffic and provide regular information ontraffic interruptions

Failure by contractors to followenvironmental safety and healthregulations


-3 Contractual requirement for contractors to abide byconstruction guidelines to safety of workers and thirdparties

Restriction of access to roadsidebusiness and residences


-2Provide alternative routes to residences and businesses

Socio-Economic(OperationalPhase )

Motor accidents from over-speeding vehicles


-3 Enforcement of traffic rules and regulations by relevantagencies

Erosion during construction Short term, firstorder,reversible

-3 Implement measures the prevent run-off from accessingthe construction sites

Accumulation of silt and otherconstruction wastes on thecarriageway


-2 Prompt removal and disposal of excavated materialsinto designated disposal facility

PotentialNegative Bio-physicalImpacts(ConstructionPhase)

Destruction of flora and fauna onroad reserves


-4 Re-vegetation should be enforced at the end of theconstruction phase with indigenous plant species


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Contamination of soils and watersources/ wetlands withconstruction material and oils


-4 Contractor should prepare waste management plan to:

• Avoid dumping waste and oil spill into waterwaysor wetlands

• Ensure excavated material are reused or safelydisposed off at approved sites by KCC. These willbe specifically designated for the constructioncontract and indicated in the TenderDocuments.

Potential Bio-physicalImpacts(OperationalPhase)

Accidents from over speeding andother in-disciplined road usage


-4 Enforce traffic regulations


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5.3 URBAN MARKETS IMPROVEMENTS SUB-COMPONENT 5.3.1 Positive Socio-economic impacts Some of the key positive impacts identified of the proposed urban market improvement investments are:

Table 5.6: KEY POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MARKET UPGRADE INVESTMENTS, AGAINST THEIR IMPACT LEVELS

CATEGORY POSITIVE IMPACT NATURE OF

IMPACT

IMPACT LEVEL

The urban markets improvements will result in better hygienic and improved environmental conditions that will attract more shoppers and encourage better business subsequently enhancing commerce and trade in the respective localities


+4

Farmers will be able to sell more of their produce faster since market management operations will be streamlined as a result of better organisational infrastructure in the markets


+4

The work environment for the poor will improve enhancing their chances for better revenue generation

Short time, second order, reversible

+3

Socio-economic impacts

More stalls will be created meaning that the poor vendors currently without proper retail premises will be accommodated and their incomes secured


+5

The negative impacts, the impact levels and the mitigation proposals are given in TABLE 5.9 below.


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TABLE 5.7 IMPROVEMENTS OF URBAN MARKETS CATEGORY NEGATIVE

IMPACT NATURE OF

IMPACT IMPACT LEVEL

MITIGATION

Interruption to market activities

Short term, first order, reversible

-3 Provide temporary alternative market site

Interruption to utility services

Short term, second order, reversible

-2 Liaise with relevant utilities to obtain as-built drawings, agree construction programmes and arrange for prompt response in case of interruption to services.

Interruption to traffic flow

Short term, second order, reversible

-2 Provide road signs, traffic wardens and barricades where necessary.


Failure by contractors to follow worker safety and health regulations

Short term, first order, reversible

-3 Contractual requirement for contractors to abide by construction guidelines to minimise risk of injury and impairment


None Nil 0 Nil



-2 Protect the site against erosion by construction of temporary storm water drains.

Potential Bio-physical Impacts (Construction Phase) Silting of storm

water drains Short term, second order, reversible

-3 Periodic de-silting of drains


Increased solid waste generation


-3 Implementation of improved waste management mechanisms to address additional volumes of waste


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5.4 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

5.4.1 Environmental Impacts of Soil Waste Disposal facilityExtension Table 5.8: POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE LANDFILL EXTENSION

CATERGORY POSITIVE IMPACTS NATURE OF IMPACTS IMPACT LEVEL

Increased employment opportunities

Long term, Second order, Reversible

+4 Social economic (Construction and operation phases)

Increased income through collection and sale of recyclable wastes.

Long term, Second order, Reversible

+4

Table 5.9: NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE LANDFILL EXTENSION CATERGORY NEGATIVE IMPACTS NATURE IMPACT

LEVEL MITIGATION

Contaminated leachate get to the local rises in water table leading to contamination of ground water

Long term, Negative, First

order, Irreversible

-5 Treat leachate to DWD standards prior to discharge

Altered ground water patterns

Long term, Negative, First

order, Irreversible

-4 Line the landfill with water proof material for zero permeability to ground water aquifer

Contamination of storm water

Negative, First order, Reversible

-3 Treat Leachate prior to discharge

Bio-physical (operational Phase)

Decreased environmental value and uses of water bodies

Possibly long term, Third order, Possibly reversible

-3 Provide alternative water sources, preferably piped water from NWSC


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Flooding will vary during construction and operation phase but will be stable after final restoration,

Possibly negative or positive, First order, Reversible.

-2 Provide anti-flood protection at site as per construction guidelines

Sedimentation of downstream water bodies

During construction and operation phase,

Negative, Second order,

Reversible

-2 Reduce Total Suspended solids in the wastewater. Provide vegetation cover of ground areas that may be opened up during construction

On-site water use may impact upon local water supplies and availability

Duration of the project,

Negative, second order,

Reversible

-3 Provide alternative water source, preferably from NWSC

WASTE Permanent on-site disposal of waste

Long term, first order, Irreversible

-5 Instate proper waste management by compaction and covering the waste with soil

Temporary on-site storage of recyclable waste

During operation phase,

First order, Reversible

-3 Safe storage procedures to instituted and keeping record thereof

Leachate creation -4 Treat leachate to DWD standards prior to discharge.

Gas emissions Un-ratedFulfilment of local and/or regional waste management regulations

For operational life of landfill,

Positive, First order, Reversible

-3 Comply to local and regional standards

NOISE


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Increased noise from increased traffic and vehicle movements and earthmoving equipment.

Duration of construction and operation phases,

Negative, First order, Reversible

-2 - Regularly service the vehicles and equipment. - Operate vehicles only during working hours, - Provide drivers of heavy vehicles reduction gears. – Vehicles should not be left idling

LAND Local planning scheme for the area

Long term, positive or

negative, First order, Irreversible

Un-rated Properly plan for the land

VISUAL Decreased visual amenity of surrounding area

Long term, may be positive or negative, First

order, Irreversible

Un-rated Plant indigenous and ornamental trees

ECONOMIC Devaluation of surrounding property

Long term, Negative,

Second order, Irreversible

-4 Provide service utilities in the area and control odour by compacting and covering the waste

Cost of implementing the project

Duration of project, Negative,

First order, Irreversible

-3 Increase scope of the Landfill Operation Contract to cover the operation of the extension to the landfill Charge companies that discharge waste at land fill

FAUNA AND FLORA Clearing of some (not significant) vegetation, areas of habitat value, habitat corridors

Duration of project, Negative,


-4 Carry out land scaping and re-vegtate top of landfill once it is full and has been closed.


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Threatened fauna and flora


First or second order, Irreversible

-4 Protect threatened fauna and flora Carry out land scaping and re-vegtate top of landfill once it is full and has been closed

Degraded water quality on fauna and flora



-4 Treat the leachate to required standards

AIR Dust generation

Duration of construction and operational phases, Negative,

Second order, Reversible

-2 Sprinkle with water to minimise dust emission

Odour

Duration of operational phase, Negative,


-3 Compact and cover the waste

SOCIAL Degraded quality of life for surrounding residential areas


Second order Reversible to some extent

-3 Carry out mitigation measures for odours and pests.

Decreased property values of surrounding residential areas

Second or third order,

Irreversible Long term, Negative,

-4 Provide utility services and repairs all roads

HEALTH Health problems caused by air pollution

Operational phase, Negative, Third order, Reversible

-3 Minimise air pollution by compacting and covering the waste

Health problems caused by water pollution



-2 Treat the leachate to required standards Provide tap water


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Health problems caused by land contamination

Long term, Negative, Second order, Irreversible


Surrounding land use



-3 Provide utility services and repairs all roads

On-site contamination

Long term, Negative



Reduced options for future uses of the site

Long term, Negative


-4 Fence the area and plant it with trees after decommissioning of the site

Infrastructure requirements (e.g. upgrade road network)

Construction and operation phase

Negative, Reversible

-2 Upgrade the infrastructure

Reduce property value in the surrounding area

Long term Negative,

Second or third order, Irreversible

-4 Provide utility services and repairs all roads in the area

5.4.2 Environmental Problems Associated With the Continued Operation of Solid Waste Disposal at Kitezi

There are no serious environmental problems associated with the continued operation of the solid waste disposal facility because mechanisms are in place to treated leachate before being released to the environment. The primary level of treatment (a treatment plant) is in place, and the secondary level (a constructed wetlland) which initially failed to operate is being repaired by replanting with a different type of reed (see. 3.5.2). Pollution of the air is under controlled because waste is covered every time it is brought.

However, at times there is air pollution because of burning the waste and the bad stench from the waste. This is coupled with the un-degradable polythene bags that litter the whole area.

5.4.3 Measures Needed for Continued Operation of the Current solid waste Management facility


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• Continue the prompt burying of waste to reduce the effect of the bad smell and air population of the area;

• Cover of waste in transit to the solid waste disposal facility to avoid the spilling of waste along the roads and in the neighbourhood of the solid waste disposal facility;

• Improve on waste collection and disposal by sorting waste by types so that they can be re-used, decomposed or disposed off safely;

• Provide protective wear like gloves and masks to solid waste disposal facilityworkers to protect them from injury of infections;

5.4.4 Capacity Building Needs for Strengthening Environmental Management by KCC

• Kampala City Council (KCC) employs only one solid waste engineer. Given that daily waste generation rates are rising to the extent that the treatment facility is due for expansion, the manpower compliment needs to be expanded. More skills like biological process and laboratory analysis expertise are now imperative.

• It is noted that solid waste collection operations in Kampala have almost entirely been privatised. This has to some extent improved waste collection services.

• However, often the private sector, does not remove the skips immediately upon filling, leading to filthy environment around the skip locations. This calls for improved supervision and regulation of private sector operations.

• Further, too much solid waste ends up in the channels. This may not be entirely a technical problem. It may require sensitisation on waste management as well as enforcement of waste management regulations.

• Against this background, it is recommended to recruit, in the Directorate of Public Health, at division level, staff in charge of solid waste and environmental management. Training to upgrade the skills for both solid waste management and environment management will be required. The recriuts will be placed in the Division Environment Officers’s department.

• The officials should among other duties be mainly field persons, inspecting and attending to requirements for solid waste collection as need arises, to ensure prompt removal. The same official should inspect markets, drainage black spots (affected by waste blocking road culverts) and any other activities identified to generate huge quantities of domestic and hazardous waste to ensure that they are either properly disposed of, or deposited in designated skips. The official should then make sure that private solid waste collection companies operating in the division should remove filled skips promptly.

• There should be a team of casual labourers, who do not have to be KCC employees, but who can be engaged by the solid waste management staff at division level, to assist in unblocking drainage systems, and taking such waste to nearby skips. The solid waste staff should report to the division engineer.

5.4.5 Issues to be considered during the Process of Establishing a New solid waste Disposal facilityas per KCC’s future plans.

In the process of establishing a new solid waste disposal facility, the following issues should be taken in consideration.

• KCC should ensure that the space for the facility is adequate to cater for the increasing waste in the long-term or relocate the facility to another site to avoid operational spill over into the adjacent land parcels ;


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• If a new treatment plant is to be put in place, it should be more efficient than the one at the Mpererwe-Kiteezi site to ensure complete and proper treatment of Leachate.

• Lighting should be provided to ensure visibility at night particularly for night transfers to avoid accidents and dumping waste in the wrong places;

• Waste sorting facilities could be institutionalised especially targeting non-biodegradable wastes like plastics and glass.

5.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT KCC The recommendations for the environmental management at KCC for the proposed extension are similar to those outlined in section 5.4.4 above.

General Recommendations For Drainage Investments

• The Contractors should involve local community in construction programmes and

operational phase • The Contractors should integrate occupational safety and health rules while

implementing the project. Details are included in the Construction Guidelines, Section 6.3.

• The Contractors and the Employer-KCC should integrate environmental protection guidelines while implementing the project activities. Details are included in the Environmental Management Plan, Section 7.

• KCC (Employer) should monitor/supervise the contractor’s activities. There is no significant negative impact from the proposed project and therefore, the Consulting team recommends the approval of the project. However, KCC and the Contractors should deal with any incidental impacts that may emerge during the implementation of project. Specific Recommendations These should be incooporated in the designs before the works are tendered. Traffic

(i) Pedestrian crossing facilities such as zebra crossings or pedestrian footbridges should be provided at strategic locations for example in the Bwaise – Kawempe area.

(ii) Guardrails should also be installed to provide physical segregation between vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Pedestrian footpaths should be continuous as much as possible.

(iii) Install speed control signs at all high risk road sections like in areas where school children cross the roads, hospitals and markets

(iv) The contractor should light the works at night and provide reflective barricades for public safety purposes

(i) Re-vegetation should be implemented on all exposed slopes on either side of the roads to minimize erosion, and for better aesthetics.

(ii) Appropriate trees with vertical rooting systems should be planted on all project roads whenever there is space.


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Drainage (i) Care should be taken where new cross culverts are to be installed to ensure

that outfall channels are well directed and should not cause flooding of nearby areas or erosion of shoulders.

(ii) More access culverts should be installed where communities have blocked the side drains to create access to their properties.

(iii) Better solid waste management based on effective information, education and communication strategy about drainage should be encouraged at local levels.

(iv) Where high degrees of erosion are expected, scour checks and lined ditches should be introduced.

(v) Covers should be provided for side drains going through trading centres in order not to deny easy access to roadside shops and markets.

Solid Waste Disposal

• The constructed wetland should be rehabilitated and re-vegetated so that it can provide tertiary treatment of the effluent that may be required in the event that the leachate treatment plant malfunctions.

• There should be monthly monitoring of the quality of the inflow and outflow from the constructed wetland.

• A proper gate should be installed to restrict entrance into the waste disposal site. � Awareness rising should be carried out to sensitize the local people to use tap

water provided by NWSC. � Wherever possible the local communities should be employed during the

construction of the proposed extension of the landfill.


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CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS

Environmental Guidelines for Contractors

General Environmental Management Conditions

6.1 General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Employer’s Representative to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Employer reserves the right to arrange through the Employer’s Representative for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in the EMP. In general, these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (Compliance with EMP Table 7.1)

(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (Complince with EIA Report, Section 6.2.1 pp120 of EIA). (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (Compliance with EIA Report, Section 4.2.4 pp81 is required). (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (Compliance EMP Table 7.2, item 10 is required).


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(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate, all sites to acceptable standards. Compliance with EMP Table 7.4, Item 4. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the Employer’s Representative so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. In the case of discovering cultural property, the contractor must follow standards set forth in the World Bank’s Operation Policy on Cultural Property (OP 4.11). (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. Compliance with EMP Table 7.4, Item 4.

(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. Compliance with EMP Table 7.2. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. Compliance with EMP Table 7.4, Item 4. (ii) and (iii).

4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan/strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. Compliance with the EMP. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Employer’s Representative for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Employer may appoint Division Environment Officer as an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities including NEMA and WID may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the Employer’s Representative, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy


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rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.

Work site/Campsite Waste Management

6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. Compliance with the EMP and Solid waste management pp154 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. Compliance with Construction Guidelines, Water Resources Management item 36 pp 119, EA Report Table 3.1 pp12 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. (Compliance EMP Table 7.2, item 10 is required). 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, e.t.c., to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.Compliance wth EMP Table 7.3 Item 6 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. EMP Table 7.3 Item 7 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the Employer’s Representative, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit

12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local authorities in consultation with the Ministry of Works and Telecommunications, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites:


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a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.

c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations near such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the National Forestry Authority and an environmental impact study shall be conducted and approved by NEMA. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.

f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the Employer’s Representative. Compliance with EMP Table 7.3 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the Employer’s Representative before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention

19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.


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20.Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. Ref EIA Report Section 4.2.4 Hydraulic Works. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. EMP Table 7.1 Item 9. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. EMP Table 7.1 item 12. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions like the National Agricultural Research Organization, forest department and the local people. EMP Table 7.1 item 12.

Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.


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34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from the Wetlands Inspection Division . 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way as to avoid disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. Ref EIA Report Section 4.2.4 Hydraulic Works. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. Ref EIA Report table 3.4 item Water (waste discharge) regulations 1998 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. Ref EIA Report table 3.4 item Water (waste discharge) regulations 1998 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Ref EIA Report table 7.3 item 6

6.2 Trafic Management

39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. Ref. EIA Report table (vii) Traffic Improvement and road maintenance 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions Section 3.5 subheading: Nuisance Control .

6.2.1 Blasting

42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the Employer’s Representative. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Ref. Construction Guidelines Section 6.3

6.2.2 Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner


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approved by the Employer’s Representative. The Contractor has to agree with the Employer’s Representative, which elements are to be surrendered to the Employer’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the Employer’s Representative and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

6.2.3 Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. Ref. EIA Report Table (vii), Table 5.7 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

6.2.4 Repair of Private Property

52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction, and standards of the RAP at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the Employer a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Employer from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where a third party claims compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc., the Employer has to be informed by the Contractor through the Employer’s Representative. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Employer before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Employer will take care of compensation. Ref. also to relevant sections of the RAP. All compensation matters must follow the guidance provided in the RAP.

6.3 CONTRACTOR’S ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN (EHS-MP)

54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general


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conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

• For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.

• For the Employer, supported where necessary by the Employer’s Representative,

to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:

• a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental and social management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;

• a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to

minimize adverse impacts;

• a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and

• the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place

for such. 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Employer before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

6.3.1 EHS Reporting

57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the Employer’s Representative on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:

• EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;

• Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost

consequences, etc. as a result thereof);

• Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;

• Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and


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• Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Employer through the Employer’s Representative reports to the Employer.

6.3.2 Training of Contractor’s Personnel

59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP.

General topics should be: EHS in general (working procedures);

• emergency procedures; and • social and cultural aspects (awareness rising on social issues).

6.3.3 Cost of Compliance

60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

6.3.4 Example Format: EHS Report

Contract: Period of reporting: EHS management actions/measures: Summarize EHS management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), EHS training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. EHS incidents:


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Report on any problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. EHS compliance: Report on compliance with Contract EHS conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative

6.3.5 Example Format: EHS Incident Notification

Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved:

Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor Representative


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6.3.6 Example Format: Detailed EHS Incident Report

The Incident Notification should be follow-up by a Detailed EHS Incident Report containing the following information where applicable:

1. Incident Summary 2. Specific Details

• Date • Time • Place • Weather/Visibility • Road conditions

3. Persons Involved

• Name/s • Age/s • Experience • Date joined Company • Last Medical Check • Current Medical Treatment • Evidence of Drugs/Alcohol • Last Safety Meeting attended • Infringements/Incidents record

4. Equipment Involved 5. Description of Incident 6. Findings of Investigation Team Interim/Final

• Investigation Team Members • Persons Interviewed • Recommendations & Remedial Actions • Investigation Methodology

7. Signature (Name, Title, Date): 8. Attachments

• Photographs • Witness Statements and Incident Notification Report


125

CHAPTER SEVEN: KIIDP ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The environmental management plan given in Tables 6.1 -6.4, should be followed during the indicated project phases

Table 7.1: DRAINAGE INVESTMENTS

CATEGORY NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION EST COSTS(000,000 US $)

RESPONSIBILITY MONITORINGINDICATOR

MONITORINGINSTITUTION

MEANS OFVERIFICATION

Erection ofbarricadesalong theworks andproper sign-posting todivert usersaway from theconstructionsites

Embedded inContractor’sBOQs

Contractor Frequencyand numberof accidents

Consultant(KCC)

Police recordsSocio-Economic(ConstructionPhase)

1

Accidentsduringconstructiondue tointerruption toaccess routeslocatedwithin oralong thedevelopmentcorridors

i

ii

Prompt andtimely publicnoticesregardingtrafficinterruptions


Contractors Promptpublic notices

Consultant(KCC)

Media records


126





Interruption toutility services

Liaise withrelevant utilitiesto promptlyrespond tointerruptions


ContractorFrequency &duration ofInterruptions(i.e.,presence orabsence ofvisibly brokenlines and/orrelatedpubliccomplaints)

Respectiveutilitycompanies,Consultant(KCC)

Utility records ofpublic complaints& repairs made

Accumulation of siltleading tobadaestheticsand muddyconditions ordusty whendry

Promptremoval anddisposal ofexcavatedmaterials

Alreadyembedded inContractorexcavationrates

Contractor Time taken toremove siltexcavated(i.e.,presence orabsence ofexcavatedsilt)

Consultant(KCC)

RoutineInspection ofWorks

2

3

4Floodingarising fromdiversiondrains

De-silt andremove solidwaste fromchannelsregularly


Contractor VisiblyBlockeddrainagechannels

Consultant(KCC)

Complaints fromlocalcommunitiesRoutineInspection ofWorks


127





Floodingarising fromaccumulatedconstructionwastes andother solidwastes indrainagechannels

Create stormwater diversionchannels andprovide screenat culverts andregularlyremove solidwastes fromthe channel


Contractor Floods visiblyattributed totheconstructionworks

Consultant(KCC)


Failure bycontractorsto followenvironmental safety andhealthregulations

Contractualrequirement forcontractors toabide byenvironmentalhealth andsafetyrequirement

Embedded inKCC’sContractpreparationcosts inContractor’sBOQs

KCC,Consultant,Contractor

Number &types ofprojectrelatedaccidents &illnesses

NEMA, WID ContractDocuments,before tenderingthe work, PublicComplaints andMedical Records.

5

6

7Interruption tobusinesses

Working fasterduringconstruction soas to minimiseeffect

Cost alreadyembedded inthe rates &Overheads

Contractor PublicComplaints &onsiteinspection

Consultant(KCC) &LocalCouncils

Complaints fromlocalcommunities


8

Permanentloss oflivelihoods

Implementation of anacceptableResettlementAction Plan

RAP Cost KIIDP Affectedpersonsresettled

KCCCouncillors,communities&LocalCouncils,

RAPImplementationCosts


128





Silt and otherexcavatedmaterialsaccumulation within theconstructionsites

Promptremoval anddisposal ofexcavatedmaterials intodesignateddisposal facility

Embedded inexcavationrates

Contractor Silteddrainagechannels as aresult ofconstructionactivities

Consultant(KCC)

Visual inspectionsPotential Bio-physicalImpacts(Construction Phase)

9

10Flora andfaunadestructiondownstream

Reticulation toprotect faunaand flora

To beembedded indesigns andContractor’sBOQs

Contractor Scope ofreticulationestablished

NEMA,WID &Consultant

Visual inspection


11

Higherpollution ratesdue toincreasedflow rate inthe channels

Plant papyrusspecies andother sedgesdownstream ofthe channels

To beembedded indesign andContractor’sBOQs

KCC (DEO) Scope ofrevegetationimplemented

NEMA, WID EnvironmentalAudit reports

12 Erosion of thechannelbanks

Restoration ofthe vegetationusingappropriategrass species.

Covered inbills ofquantities(BOQ) as perdesign

Contractor Scope ofrevegetation

Consultant(KCC), NEMA

Onsite inspectionsand otherenvironmentalaudits.


129

Table 7.2: TRAFFIC AND ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT



MONITORING INSTITUTION


Regulate Traffic Number &types ofaccidents

Police recordsDisruption totraffic flow andminor accidentsarising frompartial closure oftwo-way roadsthus requiringone way trafficflow to allowworks Proceedwith minimalinterruption

i

iiEarly warningmechanismsincluding regularcommunicationof planned trafficinterruptions

Covered in bills ofquantities(BOQs)

Contractor

Promptpublic notices

Consultant(KCC)

Records in themedia stations

Interruption tonormal traffic flowby total closure ofroads

Providealternative trafficrouting throughdiversions andproperly markedsafety signing

Covered in bills ofquantities (BOQs)

Contractor Excessivetraffic jamswhere noneexistedbefore.

Consultant(KCC)


Interruption toutility services likewater supplies,telephones andpower.

Liaise withrelevant utilities topromptly respondto interruption toservices

Alreadyembedded incontractor’sBOQs.

Contractor Frequencyand durationofinterruptionsto utilityservices

RespectiveUtilitiescompanies,Consultant(KCC)

Records ofcomplaints &repairs

Applyconstructionguidelines

Constructionguide line arefollowed

Engineer’smonthly progressreports


1

2

3

4

Flooding arisingfrom constructionworks andflooding due todiversion of flowe.g., during

i

iiRegularly de-siltroad drainagesystems

Alreadyembedded incontractor ratesand overheads inthe BOQs.

Contractor

Frequency &intensity offlood

Consultant(KCC)

Public Complaints


130





construction ofcross culverts

iii

Constructadequate directoutfall channels

Part of the design Contractor Scope ofoutflowchannels

Constructionprogress reports

Failure bycontractors tofollowenvironmentalsafety and healthregulations

Contractualrequirement forcontractors toabide byenvironmentalhealth and safetyrequirement

Embedded inKCC’s Contractpreparation costsin Contractor’sBOQs

KCC,Consultant,Contractor,


NEMA, WID ContractDocuments,before tenderingthe work, PublicComplaints andMedical Records

Providetemporary accessways/foot bridges

Embedded indesigns, rates andover-heads

Contractor Presence oftemporaryaccesses

5

6

Restriction ofaccess toroadsidedevelopmentsdue toconstruction ofnew side drains

i

ii

Signing andbarricading usingtapes

Embedded indesigns, rates andover-heads

Contractor Presence ofbarricades

Consultant(KCC)

Routine siteinspections


7

Motor accidentsfrom over-speeding vehicles

iEnforcement oftraffic rules andregulations byrelevant agencies

Embedded inNational PoliceBudget

Traffic Police, No. of motoraccidents

TrafficPolice,

Police records


131





iiIncorporatespeed controlmeasures in thedesign e.g.,hump, Zebracrossings,pedestrianoverpass.

Embedded indesign andContractor’sBOQs

ConsultantandContractor

Scope of thedesign

TrafficPolice &(KCC)

Designs inconstructionContract &Engineer’smonthly progressreports

Accumulation ofsilt and otherconstructionwastes on thecarriage way

Prompt removaland disposal ofexcavatedmaterials intodesignateddisposal facility

Alreadyembedded inrates

Contractor Silting ofdrainagechannels inconstructionsite

Consultant(KCC))

Visual siteinspection

iContractor not toplace site campsin areas richlyvegetated.

Scope &nature ofvegetation atcampsitelocations

Visual siteInspection

PotentialNegative Bio-physicalImpacts(ConstructionPhase)

8

9

Destruction offlora and faunaon road reserves& other pieces oflandneighbouring theroad.

iiRe-vegetationprogrammesusing indigenousspecies at theend of theconstruction

Embedded indesignconstruction ratesand overheads

Contractor

Scope of re-vegetation

Consultant(KCC), WIDand NEMA

Visual Inspection


132





10

Contamination ofsoils and watersources/ wetlandswith constructionmaterial and oils

Contractor shouldprepare, obtainapproval andimplement aconstructionmaterials & wastemanagementPlan

Embedded inContractorsoverheads

Contractor Level ofcontaminantsfrom theContractor’soperations intheproximateenvirons

KCC, Construction SupervisionConsultant& NEMA.

Site inspectionand tests

Potential Bio-physicalImpacts(OperationalPhase) 11

Erosion of theshoulders, islandsand ofadjacent accessroads and crossculvert outfallchannels

Surface dressingand regularmaintenance ofshoulders

To be included inthe Operation &MaintenanceContracts

KCC Scope of themaintenancecontracts

NEMA O&M Contractsand Visualinspections


133

Table 7.3: URBAN MARKETS UPGRADE

CATEGORY NEGATIVEIMPACT

MITIGATION EST COSTS(000,000 US $)




Interruption tomarketbusiness

Providetemporaryalternativemarket site asreported inthe RAP

Embedded inKCC’s Contractpreparationcosts inContractor’sBOQs

KCC,Contractor

Complaintsfrom Vendors

Market vendors’Associations

Records ofComplaints

Interruption toutility services

Liaise withrelevantutilities topromptlyrespond tointerruptions


ConstructionContractor

Frequency &duration ofInterruptions(i.e., presenceor absence ofvisibly brokenlines and/orrelated publiccomplaints)

Respective utilitycompanies,Consultant(KCC)

Utility records ofpublic complaints &repairs made

Interruption totraffic flow

Regulatetraffic


Contractor Extent of trafficflowinterruptions

Traffic Police,Contractor (KCC)

Media records

Socio-Economic(Constructionphase) 1

2

3

4Failure bycontractorsto followenvironmental safety andhealthregulations

Contractualrequirementforcontractorsto abide byenvironmental health andsafetyrequirement


KCC,Consultant,Contractor,

Number &types of projectrelatedaccidents &illnesses

NEMA, WID,Police

Contract Documents,before tendering thework, Police Reports,Public Complaintsand Medical Records


134

CATEGORY NEGATIVEIMPACT

MITIGATION EST COSTS(000,000 US $)




Socio-Economic(Operational Phase)

5Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Siteclearanceresulting in soilerosion

Protect thesite againsterosion byconstructionof temporarydrains.

Embedded inthe rates

Contractor Extent oferosion at thesite

NEMA & SiteSupervisionConsultant (KCC)

Visual Site Inspection

Engineer’s monthlyprogress reports

Potential Bio-physical Impacts(ConstructionPhase)

6

7 Silting ofstorm waterdrains

Periodic de-silting ofdrains

Embedded inContractorrates

Contractor Extent of siltingof the drains

Consultant (KCC) Visual Site inspection

Potential Bio-physical Impacts(OperationalPhase)

8

Increasedsolid wastegeneration

ImplementadequateWastemanagementprocedures

Embedded inMarketManagementContract

MarketManagementContractor

Frequancy &amount of solidwaste disposal

KCC & NEMA Visual Site inspection


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Table 7.4: SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITYUPGRADE





Contractualrequirement forcontractors toabide byenvironmentalhealth and safetyrequirement

A proper gateshould be installedto restrictentrance into thewaste disposal site


1 Failure bycontractors tofollowenvironmentalsafety andhealthregulations

Awareness risingshould be carriedout to sensitize thelocal people touse tap waterprovided byNWSC.

Embedded inKCC’sContractpreparationcosts inContractor’sBOQs

KCCConsultant,Contractor,


NEMA, ContractDocuments,beforetendering thework , Policefire andaccidentreports, PublicComplaints andMedicalRecords

Socio-Economic(OperationalPhase)

2 Smell nuisance promptlycompact andcover the wastewith soil.

Embedded indisposal facilitymanagementcontract costs

OperationContractor

Publiccomplaints,air quality

KCC, NEMAand LocalCouncils

Site inspectionand tests


136





Socio-EconomicImpacts (De-comissioningPhase)

3 Accidents onabandoned sitei.e.,i) Breakage oflimbs due to fall

ii) Fireaccidents dueto escape ofremaindermethane (CH4)gas

Site should befenced off fromunauthorisedaccess during andafterdecommissioningphase

Curent site :

0.015

Extension :

0.010

KCC Safety onand aroundthe fencedoff and fullytree-replantedformer wastemanagementfacility

NEMA & LocalCouncils

Onsiteinspection

i Protect the siteagainst erosion byconstruction oftemporary stormwater drains

Embedded inrates andOverheads

Contractor i)Surfacedrains andwetlands/water clear ofwastes,

ii)Evidence ofgulleys onwastedisposal sitedue toerosion

-Reports fromCommunitiesplus Site AuditReports andLab sampletests ofproximatesurface waterbodies orstreams/rivers.

4 Site clearanceresulting in soilerosion

ii Tree planting atsuitable locationse.g., edges of thefacility to serve asfauna corridors inplace ofdestroyedvegetation.

Embedded inconstructioncontract rates

Contractor Presence orabsence ofrevegetation

-KCC,NEMA, WID,DWD.


137





iii Promptreinstatement ofaffected surfaces


Level of landdegradationdue toerosion

Routineinspectionreports

iv Construct stormwater drain in andaround landfill

Embedded inconstructionrates andoverheads

Contractor

Operationalor non-operational/non-existentdrains

Consultant(KCC)

Monthly reportson treatmentefficiency andlevel ofcontaminationin proximatewater courses& wetland.

5 Silting of stormwater drains

Periodic de-siltingof drains


Contractor Clean/clearStorm waterdrains

KIIDPConsultant

KCC DrainageReports


6Increasedleachategeneration

Pre-treatment andstabilisation ofleachate prior todisposal inotwaterways.Artificail wetlandshould be re-constructed andmade to functionproperly.

Embedded inOperationcontract rates

Re-construction ofartificailawetlandalready on

KCC,Contractor

Leachatetreatmentplant isfunctional

WID NEMA andDWD

Laboratorytests,(Monthlyreports oftreatmentefficiency

EnvironmentalAudit Reports)


138





so that it canprovide anytertiary treatmentof the effluent thatmay be required.

Leachatemeetsdischargestandards asper DWDDischrgePermit

There should bemonthlymonitoring of thequality of theinflow and outflowfrom theconstructedwetland.

already ongoing undercurrent landfillmanagementcontract.

Monitoringreports,leachatequality

Potential Bio-physicalImpacts(Decomissioning Phase)

7 Erosion andsubsequentpollution ofwater ways andwater bodiesplusneighbouringwetlands

Site should befenced off andfully tree-replanted.

Current site :

0.01

Extension :

0.005

KCC Safety onand aroundthe fencedoff and fullytree-replantedformer wastedisposalfacility andpresence orabsence ofsite relatedpollution inproximateenvirons.

NEMA, DWD &Local Councils

Onsiteinspection


139

Table 7.5: CAPACITY BUILDING FOR STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT KCC

CATEGORY FOCUS PURPOSE EST COSTS(000,000 US $)




DURATION OFIMPLEMENTATION

TraininginenvironmentalManagement

1

Environmentalmonitoring,assessment,andmanagementskills , e.g., fieldsamplingtechniques,communityadvisory andfacilitation skillsplusenvironmentallaw &legislationenforcementskills andtechniques

i)Strengtheningstaff scientificfield researchcapacity

ii)Enabling staffto educate &facilitatecommunities inenvironmentalappreciation,hygiene,sanitation andsafetymanagementskills

iii)Enable staffto enforceenvironmentalregulation

Tran 1: = 0.030

Tran 2: = 0.005

Tran 3: = 0.005

Total: = 0.040

KCC Number oftrainedofficers andfields oftraining andtype of skillsimparted.

NEMA, WIDand DWD.

Checktraining andworkshopreports

i) Short-term(Phase 1=2007): Maintrainingii) Medium-term(Tran 2 =2008): Refreshertrainingiii)Long-term(Tr 3= 2009): Refreshertraining


140






Officestrengthening

2Purchase ofofficefurnishing,equipment plusotherconsumables

Facilitate officeoperations oftheenvironmentmonitoring,assessment &managementteam

Tran 1: = 0.010

Tran 2:=0.0025

Tran 3:=0.0025

Total: = 0.015

KCC Officeequipment

NEMA Equipment inoffice

i)Short-term(Tran1=2007):Eqpt purchaseii) Medium-term(Tran 2= 2008):Equipment repairs& replacementsiii) Long-term(Tran 3= 2009):Equipment repairs& replacements


141






Facilitatingmonitoring ofimpactsandcarryingoutmeasurements

3

Purchase offield operationsequipment forsampling andmonitoring plusthe facilitationof fieldoperations staffi.e., thoseengagedtaking fieldsamples, labtests,communityawarenessoutreach,environmentalauditoperations andregulationenforcement.

Facilitate fieldoperations ofthe trained staffin ensuring thatrecommendations of the EMPare strictlyadhered to andthat anyunforeseennegativeenvironmentalimpacts areconcurrentlymitigated andprevented asmuch aspossible

Tran 1: = 0.035

Tran 2: = 0.005

Tran 3: = 0.005

Total: = 0.045

KCC i)Extent ofobservedenvironmental hygiene,sanitation &safety.

ii)Level ofcommunityawareness

iii)Extent ofcommunityco-operationinenvironmental regulationenforcement

iv) Excellenceor failure toperform oftheassuminglytrained team.

DWD andNEMA

Reconcilingthe records ofthe KCC staffinvolved inenvironmental monitoring,assessmentandregulationenforcementwith, therecords of thecontractorsand what isactually onground asconfirmed orrefutedthrough fieldaudits byNEMA andDWD.

i) Short-term (Tr 1=2007): average-lowii) Medium-term(Tr2= 2008): highestiii) Long-term (Tr 3=2009): high


142

Table 7.6: Summarised EMP Estimated Costs (000,000 US $) for Phases 1, 2 and 3(Outside Mitigation in BOQs).

INVESTMENTS PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 SUB-TOTALS PERINVESTMENT

1. Drainageimprovements

Embedded in design andContractor’s BOQs

Embedded in designand Contractor’s BOQs -

Embedded in designand Contractor’s BOQs

2. Traffic & roadsmaintenance

Embedded in design andContractor’s BOQs




3. Markets upgrade YR 2007Current Site: -Extension: -

YR 2008Embedded in designand Contractor’s BOQs



4. Solid wastemanagement

facilitySub-total

YR 2007Current Site: -Extension: -

-


YR 2009Current Site: 0.025Extension: 0.015

0.0400.040

5. Capacity Building inKCC forEnvironmental

Managementa) Trg in env’tal

managementb) Office

Strengtheningc) Field Ops & lab

analyses

YR 2007

0.030

0.0100.035

YR 2008

0.005

0.00250.005

YR 2009

0.005

0.00250.005

0.100

Sub-totals per Phasefor all investmentscombined

0.075 0.0125 0.0525

Grand Total -For entire project, all 3Phases

0.14


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Capacity Building measures for the proposed EMPs General The environmental management under the KIIDP project must be instituted and strengthened and should cater for different phases of the project investments. Environmental monitoring should be part of environmental management planning which must be an integral part of the Environmental Management system, with priority areas of monitoring being the management of the different impacts identified in the EMPs. A strong component of Inter-Agency relationships must be established and strengthened under the EMS. Therefore, KCC and KIIDP project in particular should solicit positive contribution from NEMA, WID, DWD, Ministry of Works Housing and Communication, Uganda Police; Traffic Department and UTODA. Recommendations for strengthening KCC's environmental management should include recommendations for wetlands management, roads management, and the management of urban markets. Wetlands Management District Environment Officers, who report to the Directorate of Health and Environment, face several challenges that limit their institutional output in terms of environment management: • It is difficult to protect or manage wetlands whose boundaries are unknown.

Wetlands in Kampala need to be delineated and their boundaries indicated in the Kampala Structure Plan.

• The office of the district environment officer must review all plots allocations that fall within the wetlands and prepare a list of the beneficiaries for allocation of alternative plots.

• All structures currently located in wetlands should be demolished and the respective sites restored.

• Future allocation of town plots should obtain ‘no objection’ of the DEO. In order for the DEO to undertake above tasks, the following institutional reforms must be implemented: • Provide the DEO with the institutional autonomy needed to make and implement

independent decisions • Accelerate the current reforms seeking to replace district environment offices with

Directorates of Natural Resources and Environment • Build capacity of the directorate by providing the needed training, facilities and

toolkits for monitoring environment protection measures The steps that should be taken within the context of KIIDP include the following: • Train relevant staff in environment management skills • Support the DEO to identify all plots that are likely to be within wetland boundaries by

facilitating the process in terms of logistics and other needs • Implement a public awareness campaign to prevent encroachment into wetlands • Instititute in-house capacity for information management including provision of

computers and data management software to the district environment office. In this regard:

o The database can be used to generate and track a variety of documents.


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o Data would include information on environmental monitoring, environmental audits and status of mitigation and monitoring plans.

o In addition, the data management system could manage in-coming and out-going information generated by the upgraded investments.

The training needs should be properly assessed but the general areas where support could be provided include: - Training in project management and compliace to the proposed mitigation

measures in the EMP. - Training in general environmental management and wetlands management in

particular should be provided. - Senior staff members should be provided with training at a workshop for training of

trainers organized jointly with NEMA and WID. The socio-economic environment must be constantly evaluated by KCC especially in view of controlling spontaneous migration to areas where investments have taken place and services improved and the associated social evils. The District Environment Office capacity to manage wetlands should be strengthened.

Roads Management and Urban Markets The main challenge in KCC regarding road management as well as urban market supervision is maintenance of the carriageways and storm drains. The practice has largely been to replace routine maintenance with full-scale rehabilitation, which is unaffordable. The consequence is that these activities are best outsourced to independent providers. The capacity building needs in KCC would cover the following scope: • Establish minimum operational standards for management of these facilities. For

instance in urban markets, the solid waste management standards need to elaborated and instituted

• Reform the engineering department to professional unit capable of supervision of outsourced works

• Establish and implement routine maintenance procedures • Training in procurement procedures • Training in contract supervision


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APPENDICES APPENDIX A: TERMS OF REFERENCE Objectives of the Study General Objectives of the EA The general objective of the Environment Analysis (EA) is to identify, assess and mitigate the potential environment and impacts that might result from the infrastructure investments in Kampala. Specific Objectives of the EA: (v) to identify and assess potential adverse environmental social effects of the

planned programme (vi) to make recommendations that can be used for mitigating adverse effects

resulting from programme implementation (vii) to prepare Environmental management plan that can assist in implementing

mitigation measures recommended (viii) to ensure that programme activities conform to both national and World Bank

safeguards.

Scope of Work The consultants will identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts related to infrastructure investments in Kampala’s (i) drainage systems; (ii) traffic and road maintenance management; (iii) solid waste management; and (iv) Urban markets improvement. They will carry out the following tasks:

A. Drainage Systems

1. Describe the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the investment

areas, highlight the major constraints, and make specific recommendations with regard to investments to be made under the first Phase of the project, and make appropriate recommendations pertaining to the second Phase.

2. Identify and assess the political environmental and social impacts that might result

from the drainage investment program, and identify and assess those impacts in relation to the first Phase and make specific recommendations; in addition, make recommendation, as appropriate, pertaining to investments under the second Phase.

3. Investigate the impacts of the proposed drainage improvements on water quality,

given that improved drainage promotes rapid conveyance of contaminants to downstream water bodies. This will include water analysis tests of parameters listed by


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NEMA for water in the first Phase. Make specific recommendations in relation to investments in the first Phase and appropriate recommendations pertaining to investments under the second Phase.

4. In cases where the proposed drainage improvements include attenuation dams or

berms, investigate the impacts on the amount and quality of water in aquifers, through carrying out tests on soil permeability and determining the ground water table.

5. In light of available information, and in consultation with NEMA, the consultants will

make recommendations regarding wetlands management in the investment areas based on Uganda’s environmental legislation in this regard. For example, the Second Schedule of Uganda’s National Environment (wetlands, river banks, and lake shores management) Regulations, 2000, includes drainage as a regulated activity in a wetland that requires a permit. These and other relevant legislative requirements should be discussed in the EA Report. As appropriate, the consultants should distinguish between recommendations for the first Phase of the project, and recommendations for the second Phase.

6. In addition, the consultants will make recommendations regarding wetlands

management in the investment area based on the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Natural Habitants (OP 4.04) dated June 2001. For example, OP 4.04 discusses a range of appropriate conservation and mitigation measures and notes that specific mitigation measures and their rationale should be discussed in the EA Report. As appropriate, the consultants should distinguish between recommendations for the first Phase of the project, and recommendations for the second Phase.

7. The consultants will also review the World Bank’s remaining operational policies and

identify those that are likely to be triggered by the proposed project. The consultants will identify any gaps that might exist between these operational policies and the national legislation and make recommendations as to how to close such gaps, if any.

8. The consultant will review the conventions and protocols to which Uganda is a

signatory, and make appropriate recommendations regarding the project. In consultation with the relevant national institutions, for example, the Uganda Council on Science and Technology or the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), the consultant will make recommendations regarding the use of Bahia grass in the four drainage basins. The EA Report should clearly state the advantages and disadvantages of planting an alien grass species in the investment area, and present a clear rationale for the proposed recommendation, including possible alternative grass species. 9. In light of the current situation in the investment area, discuss alternatives, if any, to

the proposed drainage investment program, including alternative locations, timing or phasing etc.

10. In light of available information, and mind Uganda’s environmental legislation and

World Banks operational policies, review and discuss in detail the requirements for improving the flood attenuation dams, for example, along Kabaka Lake in the


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Nalukolongo drainage basin and make appropriate recommendations for both trenches of the project.

11. For all negative impacts identified, currently occurring in the investment area e.g. the

Nakivubo wetland currently under threat from high nutrient load, cultivation and canalisations, or impacts likely to be caused by or during the proposed project, carry out investments in the first tranch, and appropriate mitigation measures in relation to the second tranch.

12. Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected

persons in the investment area, and incorporate the results into the EA report. To the extent possible, distinguish between consultation outcomes that are significant for the first Phase and those that most likely will have to be taken into account under the second Phase.

13. Identity and assess potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental

management capacity in this sub-sector, and appropriate recommendations for both Phases.

B. Traffic and Road Maintenance Management

1. Describe the biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the investment

areas, highlight the major constrains, and make specific recommendations with regard to investments to be made under the first Phase of the project, and make appropriate recommendations pertaining to the second Phase.

2. Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts that might result from the traffic and road maintenance program, and identify and assess those impacts due to the first Phase and specific recommendations; in addition, make recommendations, as appropriate to investments under the second Phase.

3. Review and discuss Uganda’s environmental policies, laws, regulatory and administrative frameworks that are relevant to the traffic and maintenance program and make recommendations as appropriate.

4. Review and discuss the World Bank’s operational and identity those that are likely to be triggered by the proposed project. Also, identify, any gaps that might exist between these policies and national legislation and make recommendations as to close such gaps, if any.

5. In light of the current situation in the project area, discuss alternatives, if any, to the proposed traffic and road management program, including alternative locations, timing more phasing etc.

6. Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons, and incorporate the results into the EA report. To the extent possible, distinguish between consultation that are significant for the first Phase and those that most likely will have taken into account under the second Phase.


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7. Identify and assess potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental management capacity in this sub-sector, and make appropriate recommendations for both Phases.

C. Urban Market Infrastructure

Under a separate consultancy assignment, a feasibility study for Improvement of Urban Markets is to be carried out. The assignment included a comprehensive Environmental Analysis. In this assignment (KIIDP EA), it will be required to incorporate environmental analysis work done under the urban markets improvement study into the EA of the overall KIIDP (including additional investigations and analysis) covering the scope below.

1. Describe the biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the areas where urban markets are to be upgraded under the project, and highlight the major constraints that will have to be taken into account, and make recommendations as appropriate- making a distinction between the first and the second Phase of the project.

2. Assess the potential environmental and social impacts that are likely to result from the planned improvements at existing urban markets in the project area, and propose mitigation measures as appropriate- making a distinction between the first and the second Phase of the project.

3. Assess the liquid and solid waste disposal requirements at the urban markets to be improved, and propose mitigation measures as appropriate- for both Phases.

4. Review and discuss national policies, laws and legislation that are relevant to the operation and maintenance of urban markets under the project, and identify any shortcomings that might affect this activity and make appropriate recommendations with a focus on measures to be implemented under the first Phase, and subsequently under the second Phase.

5. Review and discuss then World Bank’s operational and identify those that are likely to be triggered by the proposed upgrading activities. Also, identify any gaps might exist between these policies and national legislation and make recommendations as to close such gaps, if any.

6. Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons, incorporate the results into the EA report, and highlight the results of consultations pertaining to the proposed project. To the possible, distinguish between consultation outcomes in relation to the first Phase and outcomes in relation to the second Phase.

7. Identify and assess the potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental management capacity in this sub-sector, and make appropriate recommendations for both Phases.


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D. Solid Waste Management

1. Describe the bio-physical characteristics and the socio-economic of the

current landfill in Kampala, and highlight any constraints that might have to be addressed by the proposed project if this site had to be used for a longer period than currently anticipated, and make recommendations as appropriate.

2. Identify and assess the environmental and social impacts that are associated with the continued operation of the existing landfill.

3. Review and discuss the national policies, laws, regulatory and administrative frameworks that are relevant to solid waste management, including medical waste, under the proposed project, identify any shortcomings that affect this activity and make appropriate recommendations for implementations during the first Phase and those relevant to the second Phase.

4. Describe the biophysical characteristics and these socio-economic environment of the new sanitary landfill site near Kampala, and highlight any constraints that might have to be addressed by the proposed project, and make recommendations as appropriate.

5. Identify and assess the environmental land social impacts that with the operation of the new sanitary land fill site.

6. In carrying out the above activities, coordinate with the anticipated two consultants that will be preparing (a) a feasibility level analysis for the capping and capturing of land fill gas and the productive use of methane at the existing land fill site; and (b) a composting project at the new land fill site and an integrated waste management strategy, and make recommendations as appropriate.

7. Review and discuss the World Bank’s policies and identify those that are likely to be triggered by the proposed solid waste management activities. Also, identify any gaps that might exist between these policies and national legislation and make recommendations as to close such gaps, if any.

8. Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons, and incorporate the results into the EA report, and to the extent possible, distinguish between consultation outcomes in relation the first Phase and those related to the second Phase.

9. Identify and assess potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental management capacity in this sub-sector, and make appropriate recommendations.

E. Construction practices

1. Develop environmental guidelines for contractors to be included in the included in the bidding documents of construction contracts.


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2. Review and discuss the adequacy of current occupational health and safety guidelines and make recommendations as appropriate.

3. Assess the potential need for restoring borrow pits that are used as sources of construction material under the proposed project and make recommendations as appropriate.

F. Environmental Management Plan Given that this EA report covers both Phases of the project, there will be a need for two sets of Environment Management Plans (EMPs): One detailed EMP for the first Phase, and a draft EMP for the second Phase because the circumstances under which the second Phase might be implemented are not known at this time. Thus, based on the information collected and analyzed, the consultants will prepare a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the first Phase of the proposed project. This EMP should outline (a) potential environmental and social impacts resulting from the project activities; (b) proposed mitigation measures; (c) institutional responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation measures; (d) a monitoring plan and monitoring indicators;(e) institutional responsibilities for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures;(f) capacity building needs to implement this EMP; (g) cost estimates; and (h) time horizons for implementing this EMP.

The draft EMP for the second Phase will have the same content, but the proposed mitigation measures will be more general, to be updated once the second Phase of the project is being prepared.


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APPENDIX B: CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS a) KEY LEAD AGENCIES

INSTITUTION MANDATE FUNCTION RESPONSIBILITY Ministry of Lands, Water & Environment

Mandate for Water Affairs

Develops & operates water and sewerage infrastructure

Controls water development and services delivery

Ministry of Finance

Mandate for Economic Development

Provide funds for development projects

Budgetary control

Ministry of Local Government

Mandate for Local Governance

Oversight of operations Service provision within the locality

Kampala City Council

Mandate for Urban Management of Kampala City

Oversight of infrastructure operations

Service provision in Kampala City

NEMA Mandate for Environmental protection

Impose Environmental Protection Control

Approval of Environmental Impact Assessments

NWSC Mandate for water and Sewerage services

Operational Management

Provides water and sewerage services in Kampala

Uganda Bureau of Statistics

Mandate for Elaboration & Enforcement of Standards

Enforce Standards Provision of Standard services

Engineers Registration Board

Mandate for Regulation of Engineering Profession

Registers engineers permitted to engage in binding engineering decisions

Enforces guidelines for professional conduct

b) KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS No. Name Institution Department Position 1 Dr Gilbert Saula NEMA Corporate Dep Director 2 Paul Mafabi Wetlands Inspection

Directorate Corporate Asst Commisioner

3 Jude Mwoga NWSC Kampala Water

Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation

4 Martin Rwarinda DWD Water Resources

Ag Principal Water Officer

5 Dr C. Wana-Etyem

Engineers’ Registration Board

Corporate Chairperson

6 Dr Makanaga KCC Health and Environment

Medical Officer of Health

7 Bonnie Nsambu KCC PCU Project Engineer 8 Edward Makalazi KCC PCU Project Engineer


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No. Name Institution Department Position 9 Michael

Mudanye KCC PCU Solid Waste Engineer

10 Kiggundu Tamale KCC PCU Project Coordinator 11 Higobero I. S. Kampala Central Administration Principle Town Clerk 12 Dick Ssenvumo KCC Central City Engineer

and Surveyor Senior executive Engineer

13

Musoke David KCC Headquaters Public Health &Environment

District Environment Officer

14 Pheobe Gubya KCC Central KIIDP Solid Waste Engineer 15 Sserunjogi Charles

Musoke KCC Central LC3 Chairman

Lc3 16 Dr. Mugisha E KCC Central MAYO clinic Doctor 17 Rose Namayanja KCC Central Health 18 ENG.

Zzimwanguyiza Moses

KCC Kawempe Engineering

19 Abbas Senkumba KCC Kawempe Youth Office Youth leader 20 Mzee Kavuma

John KCC Kawempe Opinion Elder

21 C.M Mugyenyi KCC Kawempe Education Inspector of schools 22 Ssempala Mwebe KCC Makindye Works

Committee Chairperson

23 Wamala C KCC Makindye Health Programme Manager ECHO

24 Tabuzibwa Grace KCC Makindye Administration Deputy town clerk 25 Deogratius

Kijambu KCC Makindye Administration Lc3 Chairman

26 Musoke Robert KCC Makindye Opinion Leader 27 Susan Namutesa KCC Makindye Public health Water and sanitation

Officer 28 Akello Obonyo

Molly KCC Makindye Welfare and

Community Services

Community Development officer.

29 Katushabe Jonathan

KCC Makindye Public health Department

Surveillance Officer/Focal person

30 Johnson Kasigaire KCC Makindye Public Health and Environment

Environment Health Officer

31 Iga Michael KCC Makindye Public Health Department

Environment Health Assistant

32 Bakabalindi Emmanuel

KCC Makindye Engineering Engineer

33 Tabuzibwa Grace KCC Makindye Administration Deputy Town Clerk 34 Iga Michael KCC Rubaga Division Public Health

Department Environment Health Assistant

35 Kabuye Gonzoleza

KCC Rubaga Lc1

36 Besigwa Robert KCC Rubaga Engineering Senior Assistant Engineer


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No. Name Institution Department Position 37 Charles

Nyakwebara KCC Rubaga Urban

planning and Land management

38 Nsereko James. KCC Rubaga Welfare and community services

Community Development Officer

39 Tumwine William KCC Nakawa Principle Town Clerk 40 Betty Onek KCC Nakawa Public Health

and environment

Environment Desk

41 Semakula KCC Nakawa LC councillor

EXIT INTERVIEWS FOR ROAD USERS No. Division Parish/Village Name of road Type of person interviewed 1 Nakawa Bukoto Bukoto-Kisasi R Road seller

Pedestrian 2 Nakawa Ntinda –kisasi R Private car Employer

Pedestrians 3 Rubaga Nakulabye Bakuli-Nakulabye 4 Rubaga Ham mukasa

Zone Aggrey Zone

Kabaka anjagala

Car Employer Road side sellers

5 Nakawa Bukoto Bukoto-Nakawa 6 Kawempe kanyanya Bahai-Road Bodaboda

Road seller Boda boda Disabled Pedestrians

7 Central Katwe Queen’s way 8 Central Wandegeya Mulago Pedestrians

Road seller 9 Central Wandegeya Haji musa Kasule Disabled

10 Rubaga Nakulabye Hoima Rd Lukuli Pedestrians Disabled Taxi drivers Road seller Wheelbarrow pusher

11 Kawempe Mbogo Ttula road Bodaboda Private car Employer. Taxi driver Pedestrians Teacher

12 Makindye Kisugu Namuwongo Bodaboda. Wheelbarrow pushers. Pedestrian Road seller

13 Makindye Wabigalo Namugongo Road seller


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No. Division Parish/Village Name of road Type of person interviewed Cyclist Pedestrian

14 Makindye Kibuli Kibuli Pedestrian Road seller Badaboda

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS No. Name Sex Age Education Occupation Division

Drainage – Hoima Road to Kimera Road Drainage channel 1 Buyingo Steven M 31 S.4 Peasant Rubaga 2 Kakaire Dan M 20 Diploma Soldier Rubaga 3 Wanyana Harriet F 24 S.4 Housewife Rubaga 4 Nansubuga Damali F 25 P.7 Housewife Rubaga 5 Wanyana Betty F 50 S.3 Housewife Rubaga 6 Mpagi Jenny F 45 S.6 Housewife Rubaga 7 Kiiri Living M 26 S.6 Businessman Rubaga 8 Waika G William M 55 S.3 Herbalist Rubaga 9

Nsambya Road to Kayunga Road Drainage channel 1 Nakandi Jalier F 30 S.4 Teacher Makindye 2 Namubiru Hanifa F 28 S.4 Teacher Makindye 3 Nakijoba Scovia F 23 S.4 Teacher Makindye 4 Namutebi Fatuma F 24 S.4 Teacher Makindye 5 Shuraim Musa M 22 S.4 Sheik Makindye 6 Kidumbuli Awali M 38 None Builder Makindye 7 Mugerwa Muhamudu M 37 P.7 Builder Makindye 8 Ngobi Dawuda M 22 S.1 Baker Makindye 9 Nsiiru Abudallah M 22 S.2 Baker Makindye 10 Joweria Yunusu F 32 S.4 Housewife Makindye

Makerere Round About Drainage 1 SSekamate James M Mechanic Kawempe 2 Kyote M 22 P.7 Carpenter Kawempe 3 Deo M 20 Mechanic Kawempe 4 Nuwamanyire Idi M 20 P.7 Carpenter Kawempe 5 Lukwago Julius M 22 Mechanic Kawempe 6 Kamugisha S M 42 S.4 Carpenter Kawempe 7 Sambwe M 23 Mechanic Kawempe 8 Dinsi Mohamed M Mechanic Kawempe 9 Kaweesa D M 21 P.7 Carpenter Kawempe 10 Ronald K M 19 S.1 Carpenter Kawempe 11 Kakooza M 30 Carpenter Kawempe 12 Seguya M 34 Carpenter Kawempe 13 Mugerwa J M 45 Mechanic Kawempe

Britania Drainage 1 SSalongo Ibrahim M 43 Driver Nakawa 2 Elia Nshimwe M 24 Driver Nakawa 3 Lule Moses M 32 Casual

Labourer Nakawa


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No. Name Sex Age Education Occupation Division 4 Abubaker .O.A M 27 Casual

Labourer Nakawa

5 Kamulu Swiss M 32 Casual Labourer

Nakawa

6 Kiringi M 31 Casual Labourer

Nakawa

7 Nabukonde F 29 Cook Nakawa 8 Baitawo M 28 Driver Nakawa

MARKETS 1. Kibuli Market

1 Kisambira Sliva M 26 S.6 Painter Makindye 2 Ssenkubuge H F 40 S.4 Business Makindye 3 Mutebi Paddy M 40 S.1 Business Makindye 4 Senkosi Charles M 40 S.2 Business Makindye 5 Mrs Mastura Mayanja F 45 P.7 Business Makindye 6 Nanyonga H F 25 S.4 Business Makindye 7 Kiwanuka Paulo M 34 S.4 Business Makindye 8 Ssemanda John M 60 S.6 Business Makindye 9 Serimu D M 23 S.2 Business Makindye 10 Kazibwe Robert M 26 S.4 Business Makindye 11 Kavuma Edison M 40 S.4 Business Makindye 12 Seruzzi Ronald M 36 S.2 Business Makindye

2. Kalerwe Market 1 Kibuka Everest M S.6 Chicken

seller Kawempe

2 Lutwama Tom M Business Kawempe 3 Najjemba M F Business Kawempe 4 Ssolongo John M 36 Chicken

seller Kawempe

5 Drisa K M Business Kawempe 6 Bakibinga George M 21 S.4 Chicken

seller Kawempe

7 Nabuli Margret F Retail 8 Ssembatya M Goerge M 28 Retail 9 Ssemanda Joseph M 46 Retail 10 Mandali Ronald M 30 Retail


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APPENDIX C: SURVEY INSTRUMENTS USED

SURVEY INSTRUMENT ALIGNMENT WITH THE TERMS OF REFERENCEA) Drainage Systems

No Variable Ref onFGD

Ref onKI

Ref onChecklist

Comments

1 The consultant will review and comment upon the following in order to inform the consultants’ recommendations for effective wetlandsmanagement, and ensure that these recommendations are consistent with OP 4.04 Natural Habitats and Uganda's legislation

a) the national legislation pertaining to wetlands;b) the Bank's safeguard policies, particularly OP 4.04 Natural Habitatsc) potential alternative infrastructure designs/plans to take into

account their environmental and social impacts;d) the effectiveness of the current institutional arrangements for

wetlands management in the Kampala City area; ande) Successful wetlands uses and/or management schemes that could

be replicated in the project area.f) Conventions and Protocols to which Uganda is a signatoryg) The world Bank’s operational policies, especially those that are

likely to be triggered by the proposed drainage improvements.

Review of thedocumentsmentioned

2 Studying and reviewing the designs, regulatory framework and past EIAs carried out on related projectsReview of documents listed in APPENDIX 4 of the inception report

3 Conducting physical observations and assessments to collect information for describing the bio-physical and socio-economiccharacteristics of the investment areas. An observation checklist will be used for this task. Refer to Volume 2.

a) Visiting sitesb) Describe the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics

FGD ondrainage

KI Biol.resources,water qualityandhydrology

4 Collecting water samples from the affected areas, testing and analysis of parameters listed by NEMA for water analysis as well asinvestigating the potential impacts of the proposed drainage improvements on the water quality.

a) sampling from drainage systems and wetlands Analysis of samples


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Ref onKI

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Comments

b) Laboratory analysis according to AWWA5 Collecting information on the political environmental and social impacts that might result from the drainage investment program.

a) Key informant interviewsb) Focus group discussions

FGD ondrainage

KI Water quality& Hydrology

6 Review of information on water table and soil permeability to assess the impacts of dams or beams on the quantity and quality of waterin the aquifers during the implementation of the drainage improvements.

Literature review Water quality& Hydrology

Existing reports

7 Collection of information from the relevant national institutes, namely, the Uganda National Council on Science and Technology andthe National Agricultural Research Organisation with a view of obtaining information to make recommendations regarding the use ofBahia grass in the drainage basins or other alternative grass species.

Key informant interviews will be conducted KI8 Review and discuss with KCC engineers the requirements for improving the flood attenuation dams along all the sampled drainage

basins.a) Key informant interviewsb) Physical site observations

KI Water quality& Hydrology,land use

9 Consider all wetlands likely to be affected by the drainage improvements, collect and test water samples for nutrient load; as well assesspotential impacts of cultivation, canalisation conditions and intended investments. The National Water and Sewerage Corporation willbe sub-contracted to do the water quality analysis.Key informant interviewsPhysical site observationssampling from drainage systems and wetlandsLaboratory analysis

KI Water quality& Hydrology,land use

Analysis of samplesaccording to AWWA

10 Collect information on the environmental management capacity of KCC.Interviewing the District Environment Officer and personnel in-charge ofenvironmental matters in the five divisions.

KI


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B) Traffic and Road Maintenance ManagementNo Variable Ref on

FGDRef onKI

Ref onChecklist

Comments

1 Assessing and collecting information for describing the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the traffic and roadmaintenance management. For this activity, an observation checklist will be conducted.

a) Visiting the sitesb) collecting information for describing the bio-physical and socio-

economic characteristics of the traffic and road maintenancemanagement

sections ontransportation& traffic,biologicalresources

3 Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts that might result from the traffic and road maintenancemanagement interventions and make appropriate recommendations.

a) studying the designs and proposed methods of constructionb) review historical data for impacts resulting from similar past projectsc) visiting the sites and observing likely impactsd) interviewing communities and stakeholders.

Review of availabledocuments

3 Review and discuss Uganda’s environmental policies, laws, regulatory frameworks that are relevant to the investment.a) Review and discuss the national policies, laws and policiesb) Identify any shortcomings that affect this activity during the first

Phase and those relevant to the second Phase

Local and worldBank policies, lawsand regulations

4 Review World Bank safeguards policies regarding traffic and road maintenance management.

Literature review review of existingpolicy documents

5 Identify and document gaps, conflicts that might exist between the World Bank and Government of Uganda policies.

Literature review review of Worldbank & Ugandapolicies

6 Assessment of the affected roads.Studying the designs and traffic flow characteristics through siteobservation, review of previous reports, key informant interviews andreview of design reports and drawings

KI ontraffic

Transportation& traffic

review of designreports, previousreports

7 Propose the safeguards (road signs, diversions, options for alternative routing of traffic, traffic flow control procedures).Studying the designs and method statements for the proposed road FGD KI Transportation Review of designs


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Ref onKI

Ref onChecklist

Comments

improvement investments,Reconnaissance visits to the sites of the proposed investments, trafficflow of the diversions and discussion with stakeholders (road users e.g.,UTODA and communities as well as agencies like traffic police andKCC)

& traffic

8 Hold discussions with communities and technical personnel within KCC, Traffic Police department, Road Safety Commission, Ministry ofWorks, Housing and Communication, RAFU, UTODA, and UBOA, BODA BODA (motor cycle) Association.Conducting focus group discussions and key informant interviews FGD KI

9 Identify and assess potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental management capacity in this sub-sector.Key informant interviewsLiterature review of previous studies on institutional analysis of the KCC’sexisting environmental management capacity in traffic and roadmaintenance

KI Review of relevantdocuments

10 Determine the gaps and make appropriate recommendations for improvement.Comparing the existing capacity to the required capability for the scopeof the function of traffic and road maintenance

Analysis of existingcapacities, Expertjudgement, reviewof previous reports


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C) Urban Market infrastructure


Ref onKI

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Comments

1 Assessing and collecting information for describing the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the planned marketinvestment areas.

a) Visiting the sitesb) assessing and collecting information for describing the bio-physical

and socio-economic characteristics of the planned marketinvestment areas

Section onBiol.resources

2 Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts that might result from the improvement of the urban marketinfrastructure, making a distinction between the first and second Phases of the project. This will be done by studying proposedimprovements and the designs, resettlement plan for the vendors during construction, visiting the sites and observing likely impacts,interviewing communities and stakeholders using key informant interview and focus group discussions.

a) Studying the proposed improvements and designsb) Visiting the markets and observing likely impactsc) Interviewing communities and stakeholders as well as key

informants

section onvisual andaestheticquality,utilities,energy

Literature review ofpast studies

3 Assess the liquid and solid waste disposal requirements of the proposed improvement of the urban marketsa) Studying liquid and solid waste management reports of the existing

marketsb) Estimating waste generation rates that can be used for

extrapolating future liquid and solid waste generation potentials.

checklist Needs assessment& Feasibility reportsby Kagga &Partners

Review national policies, laws and legislation relevant to the operation and maintenance of the markets under the project.

c) Review and discuss the national policies, laws and policiesd) Identify any shortcomings that affect this activity during the first

Phase and those relevant to the second Phase

Local and worldBank policies, lawsand regulations

Review and discuss world Bank’s operational guidelines that are likely to be triggered by the proposed upgrading activities.

a) Review the Uganda and World bank operational guidelines andsuggest how to harmonise the gaps

b) Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders

FGD KI


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D) Solid Waste ManagementNo Variable Ref on

FGDRef onKI

Ref onChecklist

Comments

1 Assessing and collecting information for describing the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the current and plannedlandfill sites.

a) Visitingb) Assessing and collecting information for describing the bio-physical

and socio-economic characteristics of the current and plannedlandfill sites

section onbiologicalresources

2 Identify and assess the environmental and social impacts that are associated with the continued operation of the existing landfill aswell as the proposed landfill sites.

a) Identify and assess the environmental and social impacts that areassociated with the continued operation of the existing landfill aswell as the proposed landfill sites.

b) Visiting the proposed sites and observing likely impactsc) By reviewing the EIA report of the existing landfill

3 Review and discuss the national policies, laws, regulatory and administrative frameworks that are relevant to solid wastemanagement, including medical waste, under the proposed project, identify any shortcomings that affect this activity during the firstPhase and those relevant to the second Phase.

a) Review and discuss the national policiesb) Review and discuss the national laws, regulatory and administrative

frameworks that are relevant to solid waste management,including medical waste, under the proposed project

c) identify any shortcomings that affect this activity during the firstPhase and those relevant to the second Phase.

Review Ugandaand compare withOP 4.04

4 Liaise with anticipated two consultants that will be preparing (a) a feasibility level analysis for the capping and capturing of landfill gasand the productive use of methane at the existing landfill site; and (b) a composting project at the new landfill site and an integratedwaste management strategy.

a) A feasibility level analysis for the capping and capturing of land fillgas and the productive use of methane at the existing land fill site

Reviews with thetwo consultants,


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Ref onKI

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Comments

b) A composting project at the new land fill site and an integratedwaste management strategy

c) Visiting the sites together and sharing notes and experiences.

review of existingliterature and bestpractices, withinother parts of theworld like Australia

5 Review and discuss the World Bank’s policies and identify those that are likely to be triggered by the proposed solid wastemanagement activities. Also, identify any gaps that might exist between these policies and national legislation.

a) Review and discuss the World Bank’s policies and identify thosethat are likely to be triggered by the proposed solid wastemanagement activities

b) Identify any gaps that might exist between these policies andnational legislation.

Review of the worldbank policies andidentify gaps

6 Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons, and incorporate the results into the EAreport, and to the extent possible, distinguish between consultation outcomes in relation the first Phase and those related to thesecond Phase.

a) Carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders, includingpotentially affected persons, and incorporate the results into the EAreport

b) to the extent possible, distinguish between consultation outcomesin relation the first Phase and those related to the second Phase

FGD forsolidwaste

KI

7 Identify and assess potential needs for strengthening KCC’s environmental management capacity in this sub-sector, and makeappropriate recommendations.

Carrying out an institutional analysis of the KCC’s existingenvironmental management capacity in solid waste management

KI

8 Determine the gaps and make appropriate recommendations for improvementComparing the existing capacity to the required capability for the scopeof the function of solid waste management

Analysis of existingcapacities, Expertjudgement, reviewof previous reports


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Appendix D. REFERENCES

Associated Consulting Engineers (1996), Bwaise III Community Drainage and Solid Waste

Management Study Vol. I, Final Report Prepared for Plan International-Kampala Uganda.

Associated Consulting Engineers (1996), Bwaise III Community Drainage and Solid Waste

Management Study Vol. II, Final Report Prepared for Plan International-Kampala Uganda.

Azza, N.G.T., Kansiime, F., Nalubega, M. and Denny, P. (2000). Differential permeability of

papyrus and Miscanthidium root mats in Nakivubo swamp, Uganda. Aquatic Botany. 67: 169-178.

Blake (1989), Civil Engineers Reference Book, Wiley.

Buckle, C. (1978). Landforms in Africa. Longman.

Byamukama, D., Kansiime, F., Mach, R. L and Farnleitner A. H. (2000) Determination of

Escherichia Coli with chromocult coliform agar showed a high level of discrimination efficiency for differing fecal pollution

levels in tropical waters of Kampala, Uganda. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: (2) 864 – 868.

Byamukama, D. (1998) Faecal pollution in Nakivubo channel, Uganda. Comparison of

indicator organisms and isolation methods. M.Sc Thesis, IHE Delft the Netherlands.

COWI/VKI, (1998). Kampala Water Quality Monitoring Programme: Murchison Bay Water

Quality Project. Report Prepared for the Ministry of Natural Resources and National Water and Sewerage Corporation,

Kampala- Uganda.

Edward A. Mc Bean, Frank A. Rovers, Grahame J. Farquhar-1995

Environment Impact Assessment Regulations, 1998. Uganda.

Environment Management Authority (2002), State of Environment Report for Uganda.

Environmental Law Guidelines and Principles: Shared Natural Resources. UNEP.

Environmental Law Guidelines and Principles: Stockholm Declaration, 1972. UNEP.


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Environmental Law Guidelines and Principles: World Charter for Nature, 1982. UNEP.

Environmental Quality Standards Act, 1995. Uganda.

Everton, L., Yangon, L. Luau, P. and Malinga, A. (1999). The Economic Value of

Nakivubo Urban Wetlands. A Report Prepared for National Wetlands Conservation and Management Programme, Ministry of

Water, Lands and Environment, Kampala -Uganda.

Holmes J. R. (1984), Managing Solid Wastes in Developing Countries, Wiley.

Husain, T. A.hoda and R. Khan (1989) Impact of Sanitary landfill on Ground Water Quality

Jain, R.K, L.V.urban, and G.S.Stacey (1981) Environmental Impact analysis-A New

dimension in Decision Making, 2d ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

Kampala City Council (1999); Sanitation Quality Gap in Central Division Kampala,

Uganda

Kampala Urban Study Structural Plan, 1994.

Kansiime, F. and Nalubega, M. (1999). Natural Treatment by Uganda’s Nakivubo

Swamp. Water Quality International, March/April Issue, pp. 29 - 31.

Kansiime, F. Nalubega, M. Bugenyi, F.W.B. and Tukahirwa E.M. (1994). The role of

Nakivubo swamp in maintaining the water quality of Inner Murchison Bay - Lake Victoria. Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and

Fisheries. 5: 79 - 87.

Kawempe Division Finance Committee (July 1998), Revenue and Expenditure Budget

1998/99, KCC-Kawempe Division.

Kizito, Y.S. (1986). The evaluation of pollution levels of Nakivubo Channel, Uganda,

Kampala. M.Sc. Thesis, Makerere University.

Lema, J.M., Mendez R.and R. Blazquez (1988) Characteristics of Landfill Leachates and

alternatives for their treatment: A review Department of chemical Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.


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Longland F. (1985), Field Engineering - An Introduction to Development Work and

Construction, Intermediate Technology Publications

Matagi, S. N. (1993). The effect of pollution of fauna distribution in Bwaise and Nakivubo

Channel, Master Thesis, Makerere University.

Michael M. Cernea (1988). Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects: Policy

Guidelines in World Bank-Financed Projects. WorldBank Technical Paper No. 80.

Ministry of Natural Resources, Directorate of Water Development, (1995). Uganda Water

Action Plan, Water Resources Development and Management.

Ministry of Local Government, Kampala City Council (2003). Nakivubo Channel

Rehabilitation Project (NCRP): Kampala Drainage Master Plan. Additional Services: Environmental Impact Assessment. BKS

Global, Dar Al – Handasah & International Development Consultants Limited.


Rehabilitation Project (NCRP): Kampala Drainage Master Plan. Short-term Action Plan: Phase 1. Kinawataka Channel Design

Report. BKS Global, Dar Al – Handasah & International Development Consultants Limited.


Rehabilitation Project (NCRP): Kampala Drainage Master Plan. Short-term Action Plan: Phase 1. Lubigi Channel Design Report.

BKS Global, Dar Al – Handasah & International Development Consultants Limited.


Rehabilitation Project (NCRP): Kampala Drainage Master Plan. Short-term Action Plan: Phase 1. Nakivubo Minor Channels

Design Report. BKS Global, Dar Al – Handasah & International Development Consultants Limited.


Rehabilitation Project (NCRP): Kampala Drainage Master Plan. Short-term Action Plan: Phase 1. Nalukolongo Channel Design

Report. BKS Global, Dar Al – Handasah & International Development Consultants Limited.


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Ministry of Natural Resources, (1994). The National Environment Management Policy for

Uganda.

Ministry of Works, Housing and Communication (2004). Feasibility Study and Detailed

Engineering Design for Upgrading to paved Bitumen) Standard of the Soroti – Lira Road; Gauff JBG Igenieure. Vol. 4A.

Mott MacDonald (1990), Practical Aspects of Land Drainage and Flood Alleviation,

Unpublished.

Mwiganga, M. and Kansiime, F. (2005). The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala –

Uganda on the surrounding environment. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 30: 744-750

National Environment Management Authority (1996), State of The Environment Report for

Uganda, NEMA.

National Environment Management Authority (July 1997), Guidelines for Environmental

Impact Assessment in Uganda, Republic of Uganda

National Environment Statute, 1995, Uganda.

National Environmental Management Authority, Ministry of Natural Resources, (1998).

Environmental standards and preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment for Water Quality and Discharge of Effluent into

Water/Land.

National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources in Uganda,

1995.

Omoit, S. (1995). Water quality study for Nakivubo Swamp, M.Sc, Thesis, IHE-Delft., The

Netherlands.

Orloff, Neil (1978). The environmental Input statement Process: A guide to citizen action,

information resources press, Washington, D.C.,

Otoi, S. P. (1995). Water balance for Nakivubo Swamp, M.Sc Thesis, IHE-Delft. The


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Netherlands.

Seges, (1989) Review of Kampala Water Supply Expansion Scheme. Report submitted to

the Commission of the European Communities, on behalf of the Ministry of Water and Mineral Development and the National

Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda. Seges Consultants, Brussels.

SOE (1994). State of Environment for Uganda. Ministry of Natural Resources, Kampala –

Uganda. Solid waste Landfill Engineering and Design

Taylor, A.R.D (1991). Status of Nakivubo and Luzira Swamps in Kampala. Report

prepared for the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Wetlands Conservation and Management Programme,

Kampala, Uganda.

The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.

The Environmental Audit Guidelines (1999), Uganda.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (1998), Uganda.

The Land Act, 1998. Uganda.

The Local Governments Act, 1997.

The National Environment (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations, 1998. Uganda.

The National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water or On Land)

Regulations, 1999. Uganda.

The National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 1999. Uganda.

The National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks and Lake Shores Management)Regulations, 2000. Uganda.

The national Environment Statute (1995) Supplement No. 3 for the Government ofUganda

The National Environment Statute, 1995. Uganda.The National Wetlands Policy, (1995). Ministry of Natural Resources, Kampala- Uganda. The National Environment Statute, 1995.The Town And Planning Act, 1964, Uganda.Uganda Water Statute, 1995.


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Uganda Wildlife Statute, 1996.UNCHS (Habitat) for UNEP (1997). Implementing the Urban Environment Agenda. Majestic

Printing Works Ltd. Nairobi-Kenya.WHO/UNDP (1971). Master plans for water and sewerage for the greater Kampala and

Jinja Areas. (Special studies – Lake Investigations).World Bank, The Katwe Urban Pilot Project (August 1995), Experiences Gained and

Lessons Learned, Prepared by UNDP-World Bank Regional water and Sanitation Group (EA).


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APPENDIX E. Summary of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies

OP 4.01EnvironmentalAssessment

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound andsustainable, and that decision-making is improvedthrough appropriate analysis of actions and of theirlikely environmental impacts. This policy is triggeredif a project is likely to have potential (adverse)environmental risks and impacts on its area ofinfluence. OP 4.01 covers impacts on the naturalenvironment (air, water and land); human healthand safety; physical cultural resources; andtransboundary and global environment concerns.

Depending on the project, andnature of impacts a range ofinstruments can be used: EIA,environmental audit, hazard or riskassessment and environmentalmanagement plan (EMP).When aproject is likely to have sectoral orregional impacts, sectoral orregional EA is required. KIIDPtriggers OP 4.01 and this end theGovernment of Uganda isresponsible for carrying out the EA.The current report is in response tothis requirement.

OP 4.04 NaturalHabitats

This policy recognizes that the conservation ofnatural habitats is essential to safeguard theirunique biodiversity and to maintain environmentalservices and products for human society and forlong-term sustainable development. The Banktherefore supports the protection, management,and restoration of natural habitats in its projectfinancing, as well as policy dialogue andeconomic and sector work. The Bank supports, andexpects Government of Uganda to apply, aprecautionary approach to natural resourcemanagement to ensure opportunities forenvironmentally sustainable development. Naturalhabitats are land and water areas where most ofthe original native plant and animal species are stillpresent. Natural habitats comprise many types of

This policy is triggered by anyproject (including any sub-projectunder a sector investment orfinancial intermediary) with thepotential to cause significantconversion (loss) or degradation ofnatural habitats, whether directly(through construction) or indirectly(through human activities inducedby the project). KIIDP doesn’ttrigger OP 4.04


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terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marineecosystems. They include areas lightly modified byhuman activities, but retaining their ecologicalfunctions and most native species.

OP 4.36 Forests The objective of this policy is to assist Governmentof Uganda to harness the potential of forests toreduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrateforests effectively into sustainable economicdevelopment and protect the vital local andglobal environmental services and values of forests.Where forest restoration and plantationdevelopment are necessary to meet theseobjectives, the Bank assists Government of Ugandawith forest restoration activities that maintain orenhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality.The Bank assists Government of Uganda with theestablishment of environmentally appropriate,socially beneficial and economically viable forestplantations to help meet growing demands forforest goods and services.

This policy is triggered wheneverany Bank-financed investmentproject (i) has the potential tohave impacts on the health andquality of forests or the rights andwelfare of people and their levelof dependence upon orinteraction with forests; or (ii) aimsto bring about changes in themanagement, protection orutilization of natural forests orplantations.KIIDP doesn’t trigger OP 4.36

OP 4.09 PestManagement

The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the useof biological or environmental control and reducereliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii)strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatoryframework and institutions to promote and supportsafe, effective and environmentally sound pestmanagement. More specifically, the policy aims to(a) Ascertain that pest management activities inBank-financed operations are based on integratedapproaches and seek to reduce reliance onsynthetic chemical pesticides (Integrated PestManagement (IPM) in agricultural projects andIntegrated Vector Management (IVM) in public

The policy is triggered if : (i)procurement of pesticides orpesticide application equipment isenvisaged (either directly throughthe project, or indirectly throughon-lending, co-financing, orgovernment counterpart funding);(ii) the project may affect pestmanagement in a way that harmcould be done, even though theproject is not envisaged toprocure pesticides. This includesprojects that may (i) lead to


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health projects. (b) Ensure that health andenvironmental hazards associated with pestmanagement, especially the use of pesticides areminimized and can be properly managed by theuser. (c) As necessary, support policy reform andinstitutional capacity development to (i) enhanceimplementation of IPM-based pest management,(ii) regulate, and monitor the distribution and use ofpesticides.

substantially increased pesticideuse and subsequent increase inhealth and environmental risk; (ii)maintain or expand present pestmanagement practices that areunsustainable, not based on anIPM approach, and/or posesignificant health or environmentalrisks.KIIDP does not trigger OP 4.09.

OP 4.11 CulturalProperty

The objective of this policy is to assist countries toavoid or mitigate adverse impacts of developmentprojects on physical cultural resources. For purposesof this policy, “physical cultural resources” aredefined as movable or immovable objects, sites,structures, groups of structures, natural features andlandscapes that have archaeological,paleontological, historical, architectural, religious,aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physicalcultural resources may be located in urban or ruralsettings, and may be above ground, underground,or underwater.

This policy applies to all projectsrequiring a Category A or BEnvironmental Assessment underOP 4.01.KIIDP does not trigger OP 4.11

OP 4.10IndigenousPeoples

The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that thedevelopment process fosters full respect for thedignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness ofindigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that they do notsuffer adverse effects during the developmentprocess; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoplesreceive culturally compatible social and economicbenefits.

The policy is triggered when theproject affects the indigenouspeoples (with characteristicsdescribed in OP 4.10 para 4) in theproject area.

KIIDP does not trigger OP 4.10

OP 4.12 The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize This policy covers not only physical


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InvoluntaryResettlement

involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploringall viable alternative project designs; (ii) assistdisplaced persons in improving their former livingstandards, income earning capacity, andproduction levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii)encourage community participation in planningand implementing resettlement; and (iv) provideassistance to affected people regardless of thelegality of land tenure.

relocation, but any loss of land orother assets resulting in: (i)relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) lossof assets or access to assets; (iii)loss of income sources or means oflivelihood, whether or not theaffected people must move toanother location.This policy also applies to theinvoluntary restriction of access tolegally designated parks andprotected areas resulting inadverse impacts on the livelihoodsof the displaced persons.KIIDP triggers OP 4.12. To this endKIIDP has prepared a ResettlementAction Plan and has beenseparately submitted to the Bank

OP 4.37 Safetyof Dams

The objectives of this policy are as follows: For newdams, to ensure that experienced and competentprofessionals design and supervise construction; theGovernment of Uganda adopts and implementsdam safety measures for the dam and associatedworks. For existing dams, to ensure that any damthat can influence the performance of the projectis identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out,and necessary additional dam safety measuresand remedial work are implemented.

This policy is triggered when theBank finances: (i) a projectinvolving construction of a largedam (15 m or higher) or a highhazard dam; and (ii) a projectwhich is dependent on an existingdam. For small dams, generic damsafety measures designed byqualified engineers are usuallyadequate.KIIDP does not trigger OP 4.37

OP 7.50 Projectsin International

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international

This policy is triggered if (a) anyriver, canal, lake or similar body of


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Waters waterways would not affect: (i) relations betweenthe Bank and its Government of Uganda andbetween states (whether members of the Bank ornot); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protectionof international waterways.

The policy applies to the following types of projects:(a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control,navigation, drainage, water and sewerage,industrial and similar projects that involve the use orpotential pollution of international waterways; and(b) Detailed design and engineering studies ofprojects under (a) above, include those carried outby the Bank as executing agency or in any othercapacity.

water that forms a boundarybetween, or any river or body ofsurface water that flows throughtwo or more states, whether Bankmembers or not; (b) any tributaryor other body of surface waterthat is a component of anywaterway described under (a);and (c) any bay, gulf strait, orchannel bounded by two or morestates, or if within one staterecognized as a necessarychannel of communicationbetween the open sea and otherstates, and any river flowing intosuch waters.KIIDP does not trigger OP 7.50

OP 7.60 Projectsin DisputedAreas

The objective of this policy is to ensure that projectsin disputed areas are dealt with at the earliestpossible stage: (a) so as not to affect relationsbetween the Bank and its member countries; (b) soas not to affect relations between the Governmentof Uganda and neighboring countries; and (c) soas not to prejudice the position of either the Bankor the countries concerned.

This policy will be triggered if theproposed project will be in a“disputed area”. Questions to beanswered include: Is theGovernment of Uganda involvedin any disputes over an area withany of its neighbors. Is the projectsituated in a disputed area? Couldany component financed or likelyto be financed as part of theproject situated in a disputedarea.KIIDP does not trigger OP 7.60


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APPENDIX F. KCC’s Vector Management Procedures at Mperelwe Sanitary Landfill.

Mpererwe Sanitary Landfill

Vector/Insect Management Procedures

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS AT THE MPERERWE SANITARY LANDFILL

a) The Landfill at Mpererwe-Kiteezi is a containment type of site and it is operated as a sanitary landfill i.e. it’s subject toregulatory control. About 500 tonnes of waste are handled on a daily basis, the site being open every day of the year.

b) All waste received is spread and compacted in layers within a confined area. At the end of each working day, or morefrequently if needed, the spread waste is covered completely with a continuous layer of cover material that is thencompacted. There is continuous collection and treatment of leachate before it is released to the environment.

INSECT PROBLEM AND SOURCE

c) Insects of concern include house flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches and other such insects that are typical of being found ina municipal waste steam.

d) The potential problems from insects include disease transmission and nuisance. Flies, for example, are capable oftransmitting diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and diarrhoea; mosquitoes transmit malaria.

e) The insects are attracted by food sources, shelter and breeding areas hence the control of insects relies on the control ofthe mentioned three factors.


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INSECT CONTROL

f) The main control technique shall be covering the waste with non reactive material. At Mpererwe, earth (commonly knownas murrum) shall be used as cover material.

g) When waste is covered, both heat and moisture are conserved and this heat has proved to be higher than the thermaldeath point of all insects that are so trapped. This also denies the insects food, shelter and breeding ground.

h) Apart from annihilating the insects, covering helps to achieve the following:

1. Moisture control2. Helps reduce odours3. Limits rodent and bird contact with the refuse4. Provides the required vehicle access to the active face5. Helps prevent fires6. Improves the aesthetics of the facility.

i) Occasionally, during the high breeding period, the insects may not be fully annihilated by covering. This will be noticed bya sharp rise of insects on the surface.

j) The insects on the surface or that have not been controlled by the covering shall be sprayed using insecticide.

k) All insecticides to be used at the landfill shall first be approved by the Solid Waste Engineer. Also all workmen employedfor spraying shall be well trained in handling and use of insecticides and shall wear protective gear recommended by theChemical Manufacturer.

l) A litre of a broad spectrum insecticide of concentration not exceeding 50EC such as (PYRINEX 48EC) whose activeingredient is chlorpyrifos 480 gm/litre shall be diluted at 200ml of insecticide per 10 litres of water and sprayed on the landreceiving waste, during the high breeding period. The spraying shall be done as soon as an insect attack is noticed andrepeated when necessary to ensure a comfortable drop in the vector population.

m) Care should be taken not to affect other fauna and flora. A dilution of insecticide to the concentration defined above,should be just enough to kill only house flies and similar insects without adversely affecting other fauna and flora. Anychanges in concentration should first be approved by the Solid Waste Engineer.

n) It’s normal to find small isolated ponds of water on top of the waste mass after rain. These ponds are a result of thedifferential settlement that is inevitable in waste management and may act as a breeding ground for insects especiallymosquitoes. Such identified ponds of stagnant surface water shall be drained dry immediately after rain has stopped.


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