k1 - anatomi sistem respirasi

8/19/2019 K1 - Anatomi Sistem Respirasi

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Fitranto Arjadi

Anatomy, Medical Faculty UNSOED


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Nose

• 2 openings called nostrils separated by nasal

septum• The lateral margin ala of nose rounded and

mobile.


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The frameworkof the externalnose is made of:

nasal bonesthe maxillaebone

frontal bone

Belo! the bone#arts its ormed o

plates ofhyalinecartilage


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Divided into tworegions :

&he e'ternal nose and theinternal nasal cavitySe#arated by a midlinenasal septumEach nasal cavity has a

oor, roof, medial wall,and lateral wall(ateral to the nasalcavities are the orbits


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&he anterior

a#ertures o thenasal cavities are

naresnares, !hicho#en onto the

inerior surace othe nose)

&he #osterior

a#ertures are thechoanae, !hicho#en into thenaso#haryn')


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Sinuses

Ductus

nasolacrimalis


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rom oral cavity belo!by the hard palate

rom the cranial cavity

above by #arts o thefrontal, ethmoid, andsphenoid bones)


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Nasal septum:

* Above:#er#endicular #lateo the ethmoid)

* Belo! and in

ront: se#talcartila"e)

* Belo! andbehind: vomer)


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Walls, oor, and roof

Medial wallnasal septum, !hich

is oriented vertically

in median sa"ittal#lane and se#aratesri"ht and let nasalcavities

eptum of :

!"septal cartilage#"vertical plate of

the ethmoid$"vomer"


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Ethmiod boneEthmoid bone &he sin"le ethmoid bone

is one o the most

com#le' bones in thes+ull)

t contributes to theroo, lateral !all, andmedial !all o both nasal

cavities, and containsthe ethmoidal cells-ethmoidal sinuses.)


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Nasal %avity

/ &he cavity o the nose is subdivided intori"ht and let halves by the nasal septum.

/ &he t!o halves o#en anteriorly on the acethrou"h the nostrils -anterior nares., ando#en #osteriorly into the naso#haryn'throu"h the #osterior nasal a#erture)


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&egionsEach nasal cavity consists o 0

"eneral re"ionsthe nasal vestibule is a small

dilated s#ace just internal to thenaris that is lined by s+in andcontains hair ollicles1

the respiratory region is the

lar"est #art o the nasal cavity, hasa rich neurovascular su##ly, and islined by res#iratory e#itheliumcom#osed mainly o ciliated andmucous cells1

the olfactory region is small, is atthe a#e' o each nasal cavity, islined by olactory e#ithelium, andcontains the olactory rece#tors)

n addition to housin" rece#tors orthe sense o smell -olaction., thenasal cavities adjust thetem#erature and humidity o

res#ired air, and tra# and remove#articulate matter rom the air!ay)


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'ony skeleton of the nose

(" &oof, formed by: / Anterior #art////// Nasal #art o the

rontal bone 2 Nasal bone)

/ Middle #art ////// 3ribriorm #late o

the ethmoid bone)

/ 4osterior #art//////Body o the

s#henoid bone)(" )loor, ormed by:

/ Anteriorly: 4alatine #rocess o the

ma'illa)

/ 4osteriorly : 5ori%ontal #lates o the

#alatine bone)(((" *edial wall +nasal septum,

formed by:

/ 4ostero/inerior///////6omer)

/ Su#eriorly ///// 4er#endicular #late othe ethmoid bone)

/ Antero/inerior /////Se#tal cartila"e)

-$oo, 7oor, andmedial !all o the

nose.


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Roof

narro!)ormed by :

8)cribriorm #late o

the ethmoid bone9)nasal and rontal

bones, and#osteriorly

s#henoid Bone)


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FloorIt consists of:

palatine process ofmaxilla & horizontal plateof the palatine bone,which together form thehard palate.

The naris opensanteriorly into the floor.


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-ateral wall of the noseb. Middle meatus : t has

* Bulla ethmoidalis: . t is a rounded elevation !here

the middle ethmoidal air sinuso#ens in it)

* Hiatus semilunaris: / t is a crescenteric "roove -. lyin"

belo! the bulla ethmoidalis) / t receives the ollo!in" o#enin"s:

i) Anterior ethmoial air sinus)

ii) Frontal air sinus)

iii) Ma'illary air sinus)

c. Inferior meatus (below theinferior nasal concha):

/ t receives the nasolacrimal duct)d. Spheno-ethmoidal recess:/ t is a trian"ular ossa bet!een the

su#erior concha and the roo othe nose)

/ t receives the o#enin" o the

s#henoidal air sinus)


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nose!" phenopalatine artery/ t is a branch rom the ma'illary artery

-main arterial su##ly.)

#" eptal branch of the superiorlabial artery from facial artery" s+in o the ala and lo!er #art o these#tum are by branches

$" /scending branch of the

greater palatine artery rom thema'illary artery "

/ There is anastomoses between theabove three arteries to form12ieselbach3s plexus4 on theantero-inferior part of the nasalseptum +-ittle5s area"

/ &his area is a common site orepistais -bleedin" rom the nose.)

6" /nterior and posteriorethmoidal branches of theophthalmic artery" su##ly the rooand u##er #arts o the lateral !all andse#tum)


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nose

(" -ateral wall

/ 7lfactory area -8 cm. Olactory nerves) -this area includes the roo and u##er #arts o the se#tum and lateral nasal !alls.

/ 0estibular area nraorbital nerve)

/ &espiratory area of the lateral wall:

a) /ntero.superior anterior ethmoidal N)

b) /ntero.inferior -in) concha. nternal nasal nerve-rom anterior ethmoidalN.

c) 8ostero.superior (ateral #osterior su#erior nasal brs)

d) 8ostero.inferior (ateral #osterior inerior nasal brs -rom "reater #alatine N.)


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Nerve su##ly8/ensory:

o#hthalmicdivision -68. andma'illary division-69. o the

tri"eminal nerve &he inratrochlear

and e'ternal nasalbranches o theoph.thalmic

nerve +%N 0"nraorbital brancho the maxillarynerve +%N 0"


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Nerves ofnasal cavity:

8/ensory: o#hthalmicdivision -68. andma'illary division-69. o thetri"eminal nerve

9/ 7lfactorynerve: (t is thenerve of smell)t su##lies theolfactorymucosa !hich issituated in theroof o the nasalcavity)


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phenopalatine 9anglionType: 4arasym#athetic

"an"lion)

ite: n the #tery"o#alatineossa)

&oots +preganglionic bers:!" ensory: From the ma'illary

nerve)

#" ympathetic supply: Dee##etrosal nerve !hich arises

rom the sym#athetic #le'usaround the internal carotidartery)

$" 8arasympathetic: ;reater#etrosal nerve -rom acial N.


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phenopalatine 9anglion

+branches8) 4ost"an"lionic secreto/

motor ) Naso#alatine nerve)- lon" s#heno#alatine.

?) 4haryn"eal branch to the#haryn')

@) Branches to the orbital#eriosteum)

NB: The postganglionic branchesof the sphenopalatine ganglion

supply the mucous glands of the

palate, nose, nasopharynx and

the lacrimal gland.


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((" Nasal septum/ Olactory area Olactory N)/ Anterior #art nternal nasal N) -rom the anterior ethmoidal nerve.)

/ 4ostero/su#erior #art Medial #osterior su#erior nasal branches) -roms#heno#alatine "an"lion.)

/ 4ostero/inerior #art Naso#alatine nerve) - lon" s#heno#alatine nerve.)

N"': &he naso#alatine nerve, "reater and lesser #alatine nerves, medial

and lateral #osterior su#erior nasal nerves, and the #osterior ineriornasal nerve are branches rom the s#heno#alatine "an"lion)


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Denition: / &hey are air/


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Types:

!" *axillary sinus //////// nside

the body o the ma'illa)#" )rontal sinus ///////////

Bet!een the t!o #lates o therontal bone)

$" phenoid //////////////// nsidethe body o the s#henoid bone)

6" ;thmoid ///////////////// nsidethe lateral #art o the ethmoidbone

- All the sinuses are present atbirth except the frontal sinuswhich appears during thesecond year.


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! phenoidal air sinuses:

*&hese are 9 sinuses !hich lie inside the body osphenoid and are se#arated rom each other by a bony

se#tum)# ;thmoidal air sinuses:

*&hese are lar"e number o intercommunicatin" cavities#resent inside the ethmoid bone and o#en into the

nose) (ies bet!een nose and orbit)

$ )rontal air sinuses:

*&hese are 9 sinuses !hich lie in the frontal bone just

above the root o the nose)*&hey are se#arated rom each other by a se#tum)


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several #aranasal sinuses have their o#enin"s inthis meatus as ollo!s:

a. Ma'illary air sinus: o#ens into the hiatussemilunaris belo! the bulla ethmoidalis)

b. Anterior ethmoidal sinus: o#ens into thehiatus semilunaris in ront o the bullaethmoidalis)

c. Middle ethmoidal sinus: o#ens on the bullaethmoidalis)

d. Frontal sinus: o#ens into the u##er #art o thehiatus semilunaris)

Openings of the middle meatus:


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7ther openings in the lateral wall ofthe nose:

a. S#henoidal sinus: o#ens into the s#heno/ethmoidal recess just above the su#eriorconcha)

b. 4osterior ethmoidal sinus: o#ens into the

su#erior meatus -belo! the su#eriorconcha.)

c. Naso/lacrimal duct: o#ens into the ineriormeatus)


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N"'": All #aranasal sinuses o#en into the middle meatus o the nosee'ce#t 9:

8. the sphenoidal sinus -into the s#heno/ethmoidal recess.)

9. the posterior ethmoidal sinus -into the su#erior meatus.)


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t is a #yramidal cavity situated inside the body o thema'illa) t is the lar"est #aranasal air sinus)


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&elations:

* Medially:nasal cavity) &he sinuso#ens intothe middlemeatus othe nose)

* Above: orbit* Belo! :

roots o themolar and#remolar

teeth)


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Descri#tion &he #haryn' is situated behind the nasalcavities, the mouth, and the laryn'

t may be divided into nasal, oral, and laryn"eal#arts

ts u##er, !ider end lyin" under the s+ull

ts lo!er, narro! end becomin" continuous !ith

the eso#ha"us o##osite the si'th cervical

vertebra


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Descri#tion &he #haryn' has a musculomembranous !all,!hich is de


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Muscles o the 4haryn' all o the #haryn' consist o the su#erior,middle, and inerior constrictor muscles

Fibers o these muscles run in a some!hatcircular direction

Stylo#haryn"eus and sal#in"o#haryn"eusmuscles

&heir


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Muscles o

the 4haryn' &he three constrictor muscles e'tend around

the #haryn"eal !all to be inserted into a


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Muscles o the 4haryn' &he lo!er #art o the inerior constrictor,!hich arises rom the cricoid cartila"e, iscalled the crico#haryn"eus muscle

&he


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Nasal 4haryn' &his lies above the sot #alate and behind thenasal cavities

n the submucosa o the roo is a collection olym#hoid tissue called the #haryn"eal tonsil

&he #haryn"eal isthmus is the o#enin" in the7oor bet!een the sot #alate and the#osterior #haryn"eal !all

On the lateral !all is the o#enin" o theauditory tube, the elevated rid"e o !hich is

called the tubal elevation


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Nasal 4haryn' &he #haryn"eal recess is a de#ression in the#haryn"eal !all behind the tubal elevation

&he sal#in"o#haryn"eal old is a vertical old

o mucous membrane coverin" thesal#in"o#haryn"eus muscle


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Oral 4haryn' &his lies behind the oral cavity &he 7oor is ormed by the #osterior one third

o the ton"ue and the interval bet!een the

ton"ue and e#i"lottis n the midline is the median "lossoe#i"lottic

old

on each side the lateral "lossoe#i"lottic old

&he de#ression on each side o the median"lossoe#i"lottic old is called the vallecula


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Oral 4haryn'

On the lateral !all on each side are the#alato"lossal and the #alato#haryn"eal arches orolds and the #alatine tonsils bet!een them

&he #alato"lossal arch is a old o mucousmembrane coverin" the #alato"lossus muscle

&he interval bet!een the t!o #alato"lossal archesis called the oro#haryn"eal isthmus

t mar+s the boundary bet!een the mouth and#haryn'

&he #alato#haryn"eal arch is a old o mucousmembrane coverin" the #alato#haryn"eus muscle

&he recess bet!een the #alato"lossal and#alato#haryn"eal arches is occu#ied by the

#alatine tonsil


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(ym#hoid &issue o

4haryn'At the junction o the mouth !ith the oral #art othe #haryn', and the nose !ith the nasal #art othe #haryn', are collections o lym#hoid tissue

&he #alatine tonsils and the naso#haryn"ealtonsils are the most im#ortant

&he dee# cervical lym#h node situated belo! andbehind the an"le o the mandible, !hich drainslym#h rom this or"an, is usually enlar"ed and

tender$ecurrent attac+s o tonsillitis are best treated by

tonsillectomy, the e'ternal #alatine vein, !hichlies lateral to the tonsil, may be the source otroublesome #osto#erative bleedin"


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4alatine &onsils &he tonsil is covered on its lateral surace bya


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Tonsila 8alatina:Se#asan" 1 #ada dindin" lateral oroarin'8/9 inva"inasi dalam -+ri#ta. C eba+microba,enca#sulasi

Tonsila faringea +1adenoids4: &un""al1 #ada ata# nasoarin'ta+ ber+ri#ta, +a#sula ti#is

Tonsila -ingualis:

(ebih +ecil, jumlah banya+, #ada basis lidahri#ta tun""al, +a#sula ti#is

Tonsil


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Su##ly o the 4haryn"eal

Mucous Membranennervation : -Sensori+.

Nasal #haryn': &he ma'illary nerve

Oral #haryn': &he "losso#haryn"eal nerve

(aryn"eal #haryn': &he internal laryn"eal brancho the va"us nerve

6asc : Ascendin" #haryn"eal, tonsillarbranches o acial arteries, and branches o

ma'illary and lin"ual arteries(ym#h : Directly into the dee# cervical lym#h

nodes or indirectly via the retro#haryn"eal or#aratracheal nodes into the dee# cervical

nodes


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Blood Su##ly &he tonsillar branch o the acial artery

&he veins #ierce the su#erior constrictor

muscle and join the e'ternal #alatine, the#haryn"eal, or the acial veins

(ym#h drains into the u##er dee# cervicallym#h nodes, just belo! and behind the an"leo the mandible


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(aryn'


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(aryn'S#eciali%ed or"an at

the inlet o air

#assa"e)

)unction:

8/ 4rotective s#hincter

at the air #assa"e)9/ 4honation)

0/ $e"ulates #assa"eo air in ins#iration

and e'#iration)=/ O#ens closes

durin" s!allo!in",cou"hin" snee%in")


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3artila"es o the (aryn'=npaired cartilages

E#i"lottis &hyroid cartila"e

3ricoid

8aired cartilagesArytenoid

3orniculate

3uneiormAll cartila"es are

hyaline e'ce#t thee#i"lottis -elastic.


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&he rame!or+ o the laryn' is made u# o cartila"es)

&hese cartila"es are connected by joints, membranes li"aments)

Moved by muscles)

(ined by mucous membranes)

The -aryngeal


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The -aryngealcartilage are Nine

$ sin"le $ 4aired

ingle:

&hyroid

3ricoid

E#i"lottis)

8aired:Arytenoids

3orniculate

3uneiorm)

Thyroid %artilage


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Thyroid %artilaget is the lar"est o the

laryn"eal cartila"e)

Formed o 9 laminae,each has su#erior inerior horn)

&he an"le bet!een 9laminae is G in male 89 in emale)

t has 9 notches su#erior inerior at the meetin"

o its 9 laminae)

%onnection of


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%onnection ofthe thyroidcartilage:

Su#erior: &ohyoid bone bythyrohyoid

membrane) nerior: &o cricoid

cartila"e by the

cricothyroid joint cricothyroidmembrane

;piglottis:


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p g

(ea/sha#ed elasticcartila"e)

(ies behind the root o theton"ue)

3onnected by its stal+ tothe bac+ o the thyroidcartila"e)

ts sides are connected tothe arytenoid cartila"e byarye#i"lottic old)

ts u##er end is ree) But

its mucous membrane isconnected to the bac+ oton"ue by 0"lossoe#i"lottic olds onemedian 9 lateral)


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%ricoid cartilage:5yaline)

$in" sha#ed, havin" a narro! anterior arch and !ide #osteriorlamina)

3onnected su#eriorly to thyroid cartila"e by cricothyroid joint and

cricothyroid membrane)

/rytenoid cartilage:4 i d h li il


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4aired hyaline cartila"e)

Sha#ed li+e a 0/ sided#yramid)

ts base sits on the su#eriorsurace o the cricoid lamina)

A#e': directed su#eriorly,su##orts the corniculate

cartila"e)Muscular #rocess directed

laterally, "ives attachment to0 muscles:

4osterior lateralcricoarytenoid)

And &hyroarytenoid)

6ocal #rocess: directedor!ard and "ives attachment

to the vocal li"ament)

M l th (


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Muscles o the (aryn'9 Major "rou#s

;xtrinsic *uscles: - move the !hole laryn'.;levators: Di"astric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid,

"eniohyoid, stylo#haryn"eus,sal#in"o#haryn"eus #alato#haryn"eus)

Depressors: Sternothyroid, sternohyoid omohyoid)

(ntrinsic *uscles - movement !ithin laryn'.

3ontrol o laryn"eal inlet3ontrol o rima "lottidis

3ontrol o len"th tension o vocal cords

!ll intrinsic muscles lie inside the lar"n cricoth"roid !ll intrinsic muscles lie inside the lar"n cricoth"roid

3ricothyroid Muscle


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3ricothyroid Muscle

Ori"in: Anterior #art o arch o cricoid

nsertion: nerior border in) 5orn o thyroid

3auses 7e'ion at cricothyroid joint(en"thens ti"htens the vocal li"ament

Nerve su##ly: E'ternal laryn"eal nerve o su#eriorlaryn"eal o va"us)


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4osterior cricoarytenoid is the onlyabductor o the vocal cords)

Muscles actin" on the


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Muscles actin" on thearytenoids4osteriorcricoarytenoids

(ateral cricoarytenoid

nterarytenoid

muscles: &ransverse

ObliHue

&hyroarytenoidmuscle

Arye#i"lottic muscles

&hyroarytenoid 6ocalis


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&hyroarytenoid 6ocalisMuscles


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i


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nnervation o (aryn'

*7T7& !ll muscles o the laryn' are su##liedthe recurrent laryn"eal nerve EI3E4&

3ricothyroid C su##lied by e'ternal laryn"ealbranch o su#erior laryn"eal nerve)

;N7&> ? ;%&;T7*7T7&

Above 6ocal 3ords: nternal laryn"eal

Belo! 6ocal 3ords: $ecurrentlaryn"eal

The interior of the


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The interior of thelarynx

t is divided into 0 #arts:

8/ vestibule: bet!eenlaryn"eal inlet vestibular old)

9/ 6entricle: a de#ression

e'tendin" laterallybet!een vestibular vocal olds)

0/ nra"lottic cavity: lies

bet!een the vocal old lo!er border o cricoidcartila"e)

t is continuous !ith the

trachea ineriorly)


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Blood Su##ly o (aryn'Su#erior laryn"eal artery Cbranch o su#erior thyroid artery

nerior laryn"eal artery C brancho inerior thyroid artery

0eins accom#any the arteries


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&rachea


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&rachea &he trachea is a mobile cartila"inous and membranous

tube

t be"ins in the nec+ as a continuation o the laryn' at thelo!er border o the cricoid cartila"e at the level o thesi'th cervical vertebra

t descends in the midline o the nec+

n the thora' the trachea ends belo! at the carina by

dividin" into ri"ht and let #rinci#al -main. bronchi Durin" e'#iration the biurcation rises by about one

vertebral level

Durin" dee# ins#iration may be lo!ered as ar as thesi'th thoracic vertebra

n adults the trachea is about =J in) -88)9> cm. lon" and8 in) -9)> cm. in diameter

&he


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5ubun"an

/nterior: sternum, thymus, venabrachioce#halica sinistra, arteri carotis communissinistra dan ar+us aorta

8osterior: Eso#ha"us dan n) (arin"eus re+urens

sinistra &ight side: v)a%y"os vein, n) I destra dan #leura

-eft side: Arcus aorta, a) 3arotis communissinistra, a) Subclavia sinistra, n I sinistra dan n)

4hreni+us sinistra, dan #leura


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Chapter 22, Respiratory ystem !"

&rachea

#igure 22.$a

&racheind#i#e

Divides to


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&rachea

Divides toorm

4rimarybronchi

3arina:3ou"hre7e'

%nsert #ig 2." all but b

•Dense regular connective tissue and smooth

muscle reinforced with c-shaped cart. on the

ant. surface.

•Post. Trachea consists of elastic lig. and a

bundle of muscle called the trachealis muscle

•The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified

ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cels


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$elation /nteriorly: &he sternum, the thymus, the letbrachioce#halic vein, the ori"ins o thebrachioce#halic and let common carotid arteries,

and the arch o the aorta 8osteriorly: &he eso#ha"us and the let

recurrent laryn"eal nerve

&ight side: &he a%y"os vein, the ri"ht va"us

nerve, and the #leura -eft side: &he arch o the aorta, the let common

carotid and let subclavian arteries, the let va"usand let #hrenic nerves, and the #leura


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Blood and nerve Su##ly &he sensory nerve su##ly is rom the va"i and the

recurrent laryn"eal nerves Sym#athetic nerves su##ly the trachealis muscle

&he u##er t!o thirds are su##lied by the ineriorthyroid arteries

&he lo!er third is su##lied by the bronchial arteries

(ym#h Draina"e &he lym#h drains into the #retracheal and#aratracheal lym#h nodes and the dee#cervical nodes


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Bronchi &he trachea biurcates behind the arch o theaorta into the ri"ht and let #rinci#al -#rimary,or main. bronchi

&he bronchi divide into several millionterminal bronchioles that terminate in one ormore res#iratory bronchioles


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Bronchi Each res#iratory bronchiole divides into 9 to88 alveolar ducts that enter the alveolar sacs

&he alveoli arise rom the !alls o the sacs asdiverticula


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(et 4rinci#al Bronchus s narro!er, lon"er, and more hori%ontal thanthe ri"ht and is about 9 in) -> cm. lon"

t #asses to the let belo! the arch o the

aorta and in ront o the eso#ha"us On enterin" the hilum o the let lun", the

#rinci#al bronchus divides into a su#erior andan inerior lobar bronchus


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Broncho#ulmonary

Se"ment &he broncho#ulmonary se"ments are theanatomic, unctional, and sur"ical units o thelun"s

Each lobar -secondary. bronchus "ives oKbranches called se"mental -tertiary. bronchi

Each se"mental bronchus #asses to astructurally and unctionally inde#endent unito a lun" lobe called a broncho#ulmonaryse"ment, surrounded by connective tissue


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Broncho#ulmonary

Se"ment &he se"mental bronchus is accom#anied by abranch o the #ulmonary artery

Each se"ment has its o!n lym#hatic vesselsand autonomic nerve su##ly

On enterin" a broncho#ulmonary se"ment,each se"mental bronchus divides re#eatedly


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Broncho#ulmonary

Se"ment As the bronchi become smaller, the U/sha#edbars o cartila"e ound in the trachea are"radually re#laced by irre"ular #lates o

cartila"e

&he smallest bronchi divide and "ive rise tobronchioles, !hich are less than 8 mm in

diameter


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Broncho#ulmonary

Se"ment Bronchioles #ossess no cartila"e in their !alls andare lined !ith columnar ciliated e#ithelium

&he submucosa #ossesses a com#lete layer ocircularly arran"ed smooth muscle


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Broncho#ulmonary

Se"ment &he diameter o a res#iratory bronchiole is about )>mm

&he res#iratory bronchioles end by branchin" into

alveolar ducts, !hich lead into tubular #assa"es !ithnumerous thin/!alled out#ouchin"s called alveolar sacs

&he alveolar sacs consist o several alveoli o#enin" intoa sin"le chamber

Each alveolus is surrounded by a rich net!or+ o blood

ca#illaries ;aseous e'chan"e ta+es #lace bet!een the air in the

alveolar lumen throu"h the alveolar !all into the blood!ithin the surroundin" ca#illaries


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3haracteristics o

Broncho#ulmonary Se"ment t is a subdivision o a lun" lobe t is #yramid sha#ed, !ith its a#e' to!ard the

lun" root

t is surrounded by connective tissue t has a se"mental bronchus, a se"mental

artery, lym#h vessels, and autonomic nerves

&he se"mental vein lies in the connective tissuebet!een adjacent broncho#ulmonary se"ments

Because it is a structural unit, a diseasedse"ment can be removed sur"ically


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(OAS 4A$U/4A$U D

$ON;;A DADA


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(un"s &!o lun"s are sot, s#on"y and elasticn the child, they are #in+, but !ith a"e, they

become dar+ and mottled because o theinhalation o dust #articles

&hese #articles are tra##ed in the #ha"ocyteso the lun"

&he lun"s are situated so that one lies on

each side o the mediastinum


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(un"s &!o lun"s are se#arated rom each other bythe heart and "reat vessels and otherstructures in the mediastinum

Each lun" is conical, covered !ith visceral#leura and sus#ended ree in its o!n #leuralcavity

Attached to the mediastinum only by its root


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(un"sA blunt a#e' #rojects u#!ard into the nec+ orabout 8 in) -9)> cm. above the clavicle

A concave base that sits on the dia#hra"m

A conve' costal surace, !hich corres#onds tothe concave chest !all

A concave mediastinal surace, !hich is moldedto the #ericardium and other mediastinalstructures


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( b d Fi $


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(obes and Fissures o $t)

(un" &he ri"ht lun" is sli"htly lar"er than the let

Divided by the obliHue and hori%ontal cm. belo!

the a#e'


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( b d Fi $t


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(obes and Fissures o $t)

(un" &he let lun" is divided by a similar obliHue


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$i"ht lun" uperior lobe: A#ical, #osterior, anterior

*iddle lobe: (ateral, medial

(nferior lobe: Su#erior -a#ical., medial basal,anterior basal, lateral basal, #osterior basal


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(et lun" uperior lobe: A#ical, #osterior, anterior,su#erior lin"ular, inerior lin"ular

(nferior lobe: Su#erior -a#ical., medial basal,anterior basal, lateral basal, #osterior basal

Bl d S l


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Blood Su##ly

&he bronchi and the connective tissue o the lun"receive their blood su##ly rom the bronchial arteries,!hich are branches o the descendin" aorta

&he bronchial veins communicate !ith the #ulmonary

veins and drain into the a%y"os and hemia%y"os veins &he alveoli receive deo'y"enated blood rom theterminal branches o the #ulmonary arteries

&he o'y"enated blood leavin" the alveolar ca#illaries

drains into the tributaries o the #ulmonary veins

&!o #ulmonary veins leave each lun" root to em#tyinto the let atrium o the heart


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(ym#h Draina"e &he lym#h vessels ori"inate in su#er


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(ym#h Draina"e &he dee# #le'us travels to the hilum o thelun" and enters the broncho#ulmonary nodes

All the lym#h rom the lun" leaves the hilumand drains into the tracheobronchial nodesand then into the bronchomediastinal lym#htrun+s

Nerve Su##ly


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Nerve Su##ly At the root o each lun" is a #ulmonary

#le'us com#osed o eKerent and aKerentautonomic nerve


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(ocation &he #leurae and lun"s lie on either side o themediastinum !ithin the chest cavity

Each #leura has t!o #arts:

4arietal layer

6isceral layer


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4arietal (ayert lines the thoracic !all

3overs the thoracic surace o the dia#hra"m

and the lateral as#ect o the mediastinum

E'tends into the root o the nec+ to line theundersurace o the su#ra#leural membrane

at the thoracic outlet


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6isceral (ayert com#letely covers the outer suraces o the

lun"s

E'tends into the de#ths o the interlobar


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4leural 3uK &he t!o layers continuous !ith one another

by means o a cuK o #leura

&his cuK surrounds the structures enterin"and leavin" the lun" at the hilum o each lun"

4leural cuK han"s do!n as a loose old calledthe #ulmonary li"ament


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4leural 3avity &he #arietal and visceral layers are

se#arated rom one another by a slitli+es#ace called #leural cavity

3linicians use the term #leural s#ace insteado the anatomic term #leural cavity

4leural cavity contains thin


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3ervical 4leura4arietal #leura is divided into the re"ion in

!hich it lies or the surace that it covers

&he cervical #leura e'tends u# into the nec+

t lines the undersurace o the su#ra#leuralmembrane

t reaches a level 8 to 8)> in) -9)> to = cm.above the medial third o the clavicle


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3ostal 4leura t lines the inner suraces o:

&he ribs

&he costal cartila"es &he intercostal s#aces

&he sides o the vertebral bodies

&he bac+ o the sternum


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Dia#hra"matic 4leurat covers the thoracic surace o the

dia#hra"m

n Huiet res#iration, the costal anddia#hra"matic #leurae are in a##osition toeach other belo! the lo!er border o the lun"

3ostal and dia#hra"matic #leurae se#arate indee# ins#iration


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3ostodia#hra"matic


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3ostodia#hra"matic

$ecess &he lo!er area o the #leural cavity into !hichthe lun" e'#ands on ins#iration is reerred toas the costodia#hra"matic recess


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Mediastinal 4leura t covers and orms the lateral boundary o the

mediastinum

t is re7ected as a cuK around the vessels and

bronchi at the hilum o the lun"

&hen continuous !ith the visceral #leura

Each lun" lies ree e'ce#t at the hilum

it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi thatconstitute the lun" root


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3ostodia#hra"matic


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recesses Are slitli+e s#aces bet!een the costal and dia#hra"matic #arietal#leurae

Se#arated only by a ca#illary layer o #leural 7uid

Durin" ins#iration, the lo!er mar"ins o the lun"s descend into therecesses

Durin" e'#iration, the lo!er mar"ins o the lun"s ascend so thatthe costal and dia#hra"matic #leurae come to"ether a"ain

Are situated alon" the anterior mar"ins o the #leura

&hey are slitli+e s#aces bet!een the costal and the mediastinal#arietal #leurae

Se#arated by a ca#illary layer o #leural 7uid

Durin" ins#iration and e'#iration, the anterior borders o the lun"sslide in and out o the recesses


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3ostomediastinal


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3ostomediastinal

$ecessesAre situated alon" the anterior mar"ins o the#leura

&hey are slitli+e s#aces bet!een the costal andthe mediastinal #arietal #leurae

Se#arated by a ca#illary layer o #leural 7uid

Durin" ins#iration and e'#iration, the anteriorborders o the lun"s slide in and out o therecesses


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Nerve Su##ly &he #arietal #leura is sensitive to #ain, tem#erature,

touch and #ressure, and is su##lied as ollo!s:

&he costal #leura is se"mentally su##lied by the

intercostal nerves

&he mediastinal #leura is su##lied by the #hrenicnerve

&he dia#hra"matic #leura is su##lied over the domesby the #hrenic nerve and around the #eri#hery by thelo!er si' intercostal nerves


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Nerve Su##ly &he visceral #leura coverin" the lun"s is

sensitive to stretch

t is insensitive to common sensations such as#ain and touch

t receives an autonomic nerve su##ly romthe #ulmonary #le'us

l l l id


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4leural Fluid &he #leural s#ace normally contains > to 8 ml o

clear 7uid

t lubricates the o##osin" suraces o the visceral

and #arietal #leurae durin" res#iration

&he ormation o the 7uid results rom hydrostaticand osmotic #ressures bet!een the ca#illaries

&he #leural 7uid is normally absorbed into theca#illaries o the visceral #leura

The uscles of


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Breathing

%nspiratory muscles• 'iaphragm

• (xternal%ntercostalis

• ternocleido)mastodeus

• calenus

(xpiratory muscles

• %nternal%ntercostalis

• *bdominal+uscles

NS4$AS7tot utama:

!" Diafragma n phrenicus


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!" Diafragma n phrenicus+%ervical $,6,@

#" m" intercotalis externus nintercosta

7tot tambahan

Aika inspirasi dalam

!" m" ternocleido mastoideusmengangkat sternum ke atas

#" m" calenus mengangkatcosta !,#

$" *"serratus anterior;28(&/(

7tot.otot di abdomen : a"l m

rectus abdominis menarikke arah bawah pd costa bagbawah

*" (ntercostalis internus


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Modi


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Memulai a!al rata/rata na#as &erleta+ #d ormasio reti+ularis

medulla oblon"ata -MO. 2emoreseptor

Lat #en"atur utama : 3O94erubahan #5 menstimulasiarea +emo/sensiti +ece#atan dan dalamnya#erna#asan

adar O9 darah beree+ #adares#irasi ji+a jumlah menurun> dari normal)

2emoreseptor pusatterletak di *7

2emoreseptor tepi terletak

di badan aorta dan badancarotis Sistem 3erebral dan limbi+

$es#irasi da#at di+ontrolsecara volunter dandimodi


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Chapter 22, Respiratory ystem "

Medullary $es#iratory

3enters

#igure 22.2"

S l t B l j


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Selamat Belajar

k1 - anatomi sistem respirasi

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