k nmmhnv o gpk irlhwqë - sab.ac.lk · pxg.kod hqt.t qm l_\n oundind l inv

$: K NMMHNV O GPK IRLHwQë - sab.ac.lk · pxg.kod hqt.t qm l_\n oundind l inv$
2

inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhkjjeks l,dmh - 2018 foieïn¾

Y%s ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYkhls

inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh

kjjeks l,dmh 2018 foieïn¾

ISSN 1800-1459

eISSN 2673-1177

ixialdrl ( wdpd¾h wd¾.ta.ã. m%shxld ùrfialr

ish¨ u úuiSï

ixialdrl

inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh

Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYAjúoHd,h

;e.fm. 02

fn,syq,aTh

ÿrl:k$*elaia - 045 22 80013

úoHq;a ;emE, - [email protected]

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu - lÓldpd¾h iër nKavdr

msgljrh w,xlrKh - wks,a ෙජ්. rKisxy

iïnkaëlrKh - ví.ta.fla.wñ;d

wcskaÈkS wurisxyï

m%ldYkh ( Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h

fn,syq,aTh

ixialrK m%;sm;a;sh

inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;S%h ix.%yh jQ l,S úu¾Ys; iÕrdjls. ´kE uúIh lafIa;%hlg wod< j isxy, NdIdfjka rÑ;, mqfrda.dó ඥdkhla iïmdokhflfrk, Wiia m%ñ;sfhka hq;= ,sms fuys m< flf¾. ish¨ u ,sms m%ùK úu¾Ykuඬු,a,lg fhduq flfrk w;r wdrdê; fcHIaG m¾fhaIlhkaf.a ,sms ixialdrluKav,fha úu¾Ykhg muKla fhduq flf¾. iÕrdfõ m< flfrk ,smsj,wka;¾.;h ms<sn| j.lSu tA ta f,aLlhka i;= h.

ixialdrl uKav,h

uydpd¾h wd¾.tï.ví,sõ. rdcmlaI

wdpd¾h ufkdaජ් wdßhr;ak

wdpd¾h fla.ù. §mdks tosßiQßh ueKsfla

wdpd¾h ta ir;a wdkkao

wdpd¾h wd¾.ta.ã. m%shxld ùrfialr

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h cS.fla.pïmd tia o is,ajd

iïnkaëlrK ixialdrl ( fcHIAG lÓldpd¾h wd¾.iS.m,a,sh.=ref.a

bx.%Sis NdId ixialdrl ( fcHIAG lÓldpd¾h ufyaIa ymqf.dv

ixialdrl igyk

isxy, NdId udOHfhka m< lrk úu¾Ys; iඟrd úr, hq.hl tu ßla;lh mqrjkakg odhlfjñka inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys kjjeks l,dmh fufia iu¾mKh lsÍug,eîu buy;a i;=gls. wúÉPskak j jd¾Isl j m< flreKQ inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Shiඟrdj miq.sh jir myl muK ld,hla ;=< m%ldYhg m;a lsÍug fkdyels ùu iïnkaOfhkawm fj; Ydia;%Sh ,sms fhduq lrk ,o m¾fhaIl Nj;=kag m<uq j wmf.a lk.dgqj m%ldY lrkw;r tu ,sms l%uj;a j úu¾Ykhg nඳුka fldg tA w;rska ks¾foaYs; ,sms fuu l,dmfhaa m< lrk,o nj ±kqï foñ. isxy, niska m< jk Ydia;%Sh iඟrd w;r inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Shix.%yhg Ydia;%f,da,Ska w;r we;s m%idoh ksid u fujr iඟrdjg o ie,lsh hq;= Ydia;%sh ,smsm%udKhla ,enqKq nj i|yk lrkafka i;=áks. Ydia;%Sh ,sms iïmdokh lrñka fujr iඟrdjúúO lafIa;%hkaf.ka me;sreKq ±kqñka fmdaIKh lrkakg odhl jqKq ish¨ u m¾fhaIl Nj;=kagwmf.a ia;=;sh mqo flf¾. tfuka u ish jákd ld,h Ydiaf;%dakAk;shg ks¾f,daNs j lem lrñkafuys wka;¾.; ,sms m%dudKsl úu¾Ykhg ,la fldg inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhyels;dla ÿrg ;;ald,Sk úu¾Ys; iඟrdjl m%ñ;shg f.k taug odhl jqKq úoaj;a úu¾Yluvq,a,g wmf.a f.!rj m%Kduh m< flf¾.

§¾> ld,hla wúÉPskak m< jQ inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%sh ix.%yh jir lsysmhl ksyeඬිhdjì|sñka kej; il%Sh j mK .kajkakg wm ,o jEhu iq mgq fkdjk nj fuys§ i|yka l< hq;= uh. fï i|yd wmg jeh lrkAkg jQ ld,h yd Y%uh .sKsh fkdyels h. iriúhl ksIamdokh jk±kqu iudc.; lrkAkg fodr újr lrk udj; i,ik Ydia;%Sh iඟrdjl w.h uekúka jgyd.ksñka, tu Ndr¥r j.lSu úYajdifhlska hq;= j wm fj; mjrd ta i|yd wjYH ish¨ m%;smdokimhd ÿka Wml=,m;s uydpd¾h tï. iqks,a Ydka; ue;s;=udg wmf.a f.!rjkSh ia;+;sh mqo flf¾.isxy, niska ඥාk iïmodkh lrk iඟrdjla t<s ±laùu jQ l,s uy;a wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqKmdk ÿIalr ld¾hhls. ish¨ wNsfhda. b;d myiqfjka ch .ekSug yels jkafka fuu ld¾hhfhysish¨ j.lSï fkdmels, j orñka inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh m¾fhaIK yd ±kqu jHdma; lsÍfïtallfha wOHlaI uydpd¾h ks¾u,S úl%ur;ak ue;skshf.a iqNjd§ ±lafuka hq;= Ydia;%Sh ueosy;aùu ksid h.

fujr inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys wka;¾.;h muKla fkdj wdlD;sh ohdj;ald,Sk j by< ;,hlg f.k taug yels jQ nj m%ldY lrkafka wNsudkfhks. fï i|ydmQ¾K odhl;ajh ,nd foñka ;u jákd ld,h fkduiqre j lemfldg iඟrdfjys ish¨ ,smsm%ñ;s.; kejqï wdlD;shlska hq;= j ilid ÿka lÓldpd¾h iër nKavdr uy;dg wmf.a úfYaIia;=;sh msßkeñh hq;= h. tfuka u fuu iඟrdjg wod< ish¨ wka;¾cd, fjí msgq ks¾udKhfldg ilia lr ÿka wdpd¾h wd¾.t,a. ox.,a, uy;dg;a, iඟrdfjys ,smsj, wka;¾.; bx.%Sisni ixialrKh fldg ÿka fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ufyaIa ymqf.dv uy;dg wmf.a ia;=;s ysñfjhs. tfuka u fuu iඟrdfjys msg ljrh ks¾udKh lr ÿka wks,a fජ්. rKisxy uy;dg;aixialrK iïnkaëlrK iyh ,nd ÿka ví,sõ.ta.fla. wñ;d iy wcskaÈkS wurisxyï fufkúhgo wmf.a m%Yxidj ysñ fjhs. jir .KkdjlA ;+< වැළ ;snqKq iඟrdfjys hg.shdj u;= lrfoñka inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys .uka u. kej; il%Sh lrkakg odhljqKq iudcSh úoHd yd NdId mSGfha mSGdêm;s wdpd¾h ufkdaජ් wdßhr;ak uy;dg iy inr.uqjúYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys iïnkaëlrK ixialdrl Oqrh ork fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hwd¾.iS. m,a,sh.=ref.A uy;ajrekaf.ka ,o wk.s iyh iaurKh l< hq;= u h.

isxy, niska ±kqu iïmdokh lrk Ydia;%Sh iඟrd w;r inr.uqj úYajúoHd,hSh Ydia;%Sh iඟrdjm%Yia; ඥාk .fõIKhl fhfok il%Sh úoaj;a uKavmhla njg m;a lsÍu wmf.a wNs,dIh hs.ta i|yd úoaj;a Ydia;%f,da,S Tn ieuf.a mQ¾K odhl;ajh wfmalaId lr isáuq.

wdpd¾h wd¾.ta.ã. m%shxld ùrfialrixialdrl

,sms iïmdolfhdA

rdclSh mKaä; ueáneôfha Oïuisß ysñwdpd¾h, fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h, md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYh, Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

wd¾. ta. ã. m%shxld ùrfialrwdpd¾h, fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h, NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h

pïmd tia o is,ajdfcHIaG lÓldpd¾h, NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h

brx.d iñkaokS ùrlafldäfcHIaG lÓldpd¾h, ix.S; úoHd wOHhkdxYh, fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h

tka. tiA. jhs. oikdhlfcHIaG lÓldpd¾h, NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h

tus. tia. tï. t,a. lreKdr;aklÓldpd¾h, N+f.da,úoHd wOHhkdxYh, reyqK úYajúoHd,h

î. tï. tï. tÉ fyaupkaølÓldpd¾h, N+f.da,úoHd yd mdßißl l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh, inr.uqj úYajúoJd,h

t,a. Ô. ã.tia. hdmdlÓldpd¾h, N+f.da,úoHd wOHhkdxYh, reyqK úYajúoHd,h

m%shdka wd¾. úfÊnKavdrlÓldpd¾h (ndysr& , fld<U úYajúoHd,h, Y%Smd,s uKavmh

mgqk

mrsÉfþoh msgq wxlh

1 iajNdj fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ wdoS fn!oaO m%;smodjrdclSh mKaä; ueáneôfha Oïuisß ysñ

01

2 › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkdj,ska u;= jk YíÞZ¾: riksIam;a;sh ms<snඳ úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkhla ( f;dard .;a .S; ks¾udKlsysmhla weiqßkawd¾. ta. ã. m%shxld ùrfialr

10

3 ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodyla ( cd;sljdoS .eg,qj foih:d¾:jdÈ j m%fõY ùu - wdßhjxY wfífialrpïmd tia o is,ajd

17

4 Y%S ,xflah ck .dhk fCIA;%fhys we;=<;a fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sh ms<snඳudkj jxY ix.S; úoHd;aul úu¾Ykhlabrx.d iñkaokS ùrlafldä

23

5 ngysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=<ska Ök idïm%odhsl o¾Ykjdo ksrEmKh flfrkwdldrh ms<snඳ wOHhkhlatka. tiA. jhs. oikdhl

32

6 my;rg f;;a l,dmh weiqfrka idïm%odhsl oekqu mokï j Y%S ,xldfõYdldjrKh yඳුkd .ekSu iy j¾.SlrKhtus. tia .tus. t,a. lreKdr;ak

37

7 m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh iඳyd .%dóh - kd.ßl inඳ;djkaf.a n,mEu oUq,a,k.rh iy tys ;odikak m%foaYh weiqßkaî.tï.tï.tÉ fyaupkaø iy t,a.Ô.ã.tia hdmd

49

8 oDYH ikaksfõokfha mdrfN!;slNdjh yeoEÍug fycfudksh ydoDIaájdoh weiqrska úYaf,aIKd;aul ixl,amSh m%fõYhlam%shdka wd¾. úfÊnKavdr

60

සබරග ව ව ද ාල ය ශා ය සංගහයනවවැ කලාපය; 2018 ෙදසැ බ , 1-9ISSN 1800-1459 eISSN 2673-1177

ඬ© 2018 ලංකා සබරග ව ශ්ව ද ාලය

iajNdj fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ wdoS fn!oaO m%;smodj(The Ancient Buddhist Policy on Natural Beauty)

rdclSh mKaä; ueáneôfha Oïuisß ysñ1*

1 md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYh, Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

nqÿoyu jQ l,S mßirfhka ìys ù mßirh ch.;a oyuls. mßirh ms<snඳ ixfõ§ j f;areïf.k iajNdjfi!kao¾hfha jákdlu ukdj jgydf.k we;. ta u.ska úYajfha cSj;ajk iuia; m%cdj ;=< mßir ixrCIKhWfoid wjYHh lrk .=KO¾u fmdaIKh lsÍug W;aidyf.k ;sfí. ta wkqj iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha w.h iQ;%foaYkdj, fmkajd § we;s whqre wOHhkh lsÍu fuys uQ,sl wfmaCIdj fõ.fidNdj fi!kao¾hfha w.h ms<snඳfn!oaO iQ;% foaYkd ;=<ska b;d uKrï whqßka foaYkd lr we;. ta w;r nqoaO foaYkd fuka u Y%djl foaYkd owe;=<;a fõ. mqyqÿka ukig ±fkk fidNdj fi!kao¾hg jvd wdOHd;añl ukig ±fkk fi!kao¾hfha w.h fï;=<ska wOHhkh l< yels h. ;j o nqÿrcdKka jykafia mßirfha w.h fuka u mßirh úkdY lsÍfuka we;sjkydksodhl ;;a;ajhka fuka u mßirfha we;s fidNdj fi!kao¾h, c,h, jdhqj wdÈh wdrCId lsÍug wjYH jQ l%shdud¾. iQ;% foaYkd ;=<ska fmkajd § we;. mDÓúfha jdih lrk ish¨ cSùkag fuka u ñksidf.a meje;aug fidNdjfi!kao¾h m%n, j WmldÍ fõ. ta wkqj w;S;fha isg ish¨ i;a;ajhka yd mßirh wfkHdakH jYfhka tlg ne§mej;=ks. wfkHdakH iqyo;ajh j¾;udkfha § fkdfhla úm¾hdi ;=<ska m¿ÿ ù we;. fkdfhla fokdf.a fkdukdl%shdjka ta iඳyd fy;= ù we;. nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha jeä fldgila fidNdj fi!kao¾h weiqre lrñkau .; l< nj meyeÈ,s h. ¨ïìKs i,a Whfka § isÿy;a l=uref.a bm§u, wei;= jDlaIh mduq, § fndai;dKkajykafiaf.a nqoaO;ajh, u,a, rcorejkaf.a Wmj;a;k kï id, jfkdaoHdkfha Wkajykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKh;amßirh Wmfhda.s lrf.k isÿ jQ nj meyeÈ,s h. ;j o m%:u O¾u foaYkdj mj;ajkafka o mßirh weiqre lr.ksñka nrKei bism;k ñ.Þfha § h. ta wkqj nqoaO foaYkdjg wkqj foaYs; mßirfha w.h fuu.ska wOHhkhlsÍug;a hym;a iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka msß jg msgdjla f.dv k.d .ekSug;a u. fmkajd §u isÿ lr we;s njmeyeÈ,s h.

flakaøSh jpk( nqÿoyu, wdl,amh, fi!kao¾h, mßirh, ixfõoS

The origin of Buddhism is based on the appreciation of environment which is full of sensitivities of the livingbeings of the environment. Hence it can be said that the Buddhist view comprehends the beauty of aesthetic. Theteaching of Buddha is basically structured focusing on how to conserve the environment by developing peoples.thoughts. The aim of this research is study how to describe the values of environment aesthetic as mentioned inSuttha Deshana. Modern man in his search for pleasure and affluence has exploited nature without any moralrestraint to such an extent that nature has been rendered almost incapable of sustaining healthy life. Invaluablegifts of nature, such as air and water, have been polluted with severely disastrous consequences. Man is nowsearching for ways and means of overcoming the pollution as his health too is alarmingly threatened by it. He alsofeels that it is irresponsible and morally wrong on his part to commit such destruction to the future generationswho are forced to live in a polluted planet. If man is to act with a sense of responsibility to the natural world, tohis fellow human beings and to the unborn future generations, he has to find an appropriate environmental ethictoday to prevent further aggravation of the present pollution problem. Buddhism offers man a simple moderatelifestyle eschewing both extremes of self-deprivation and self-indulgence. Satisfaction of basic human necessities,reduction of wants to a minimum, frugality, and contentment are its important characteristics. Each man has toorder his life on normal principles, exercise self-control in the enjoyment of the senses, discharge his duties in hisvarious social roles, and conduct himself with wisdom and self-awareness in all activities. It is only when eachman adopts a simple moderate lifestyle that mankind as a whole will stop polluting the environment. This seemsto be the only way of overcoming the present ecocrisis and the problem of alienation. With such a lifestyle, manwill adopt a non-exploitative, non-aggressive, gentle attitude towards nature. He can then live in harmony withnature utilizing its resources for the satisfaction of his basic needs. The Buddhist admonition is to utilize naturein the same way as a bee collects pollen from the flower, neither polluting its beauty nor depleting its fragrance.Just as the bee manufactures honey out of pollen, so man should be able to find happiness and fulfillment in lifewithout harming the natural world in which he lives.

Keywords: Buddhist, Attitude, Aesthetic, Environment, Sensitive

1

සබරග ව ව ද ාල ය ශා ය සංගහය 2018, නවවැ කලාපය 1-9

ye¢kaùu

“iqkaoriH Ndj( fi!kao¾hx” fi!kao¾h hkafkkawoyia lrkafka iqkaor;ajh hs. hï fohl is;aweone| .kakd iajNdjhla jkafka o ta fi!kao¾h hs.fi!kao¾h hkakg ix.S;h, kD;Hh, jdokh, .dhkh,idys;Hh wd§ úúO l,d udOHhka o wka;¾.; h.j¾;udkfha fi!kao¾h hkafkka woyia lrkq ,nkafkaf,!lsl;ajh hs. f,!lsl cSú;fha § úfYaIfhkan,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka mxp bkaøshka m%fldamkhgm;alrjk ridiajdohls. fn!oaO fi!kao¾h ixl,amhgwkqj tjekakla w¾:j;a fkdfõ.

fi!kao¾h hkak bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Aesthetic, hkqfjkayඳුkajhs. Aesthetic, hkakg bx.%Sis isxy, YíofldaIfha§ ,ndfok w¾:hka jkafka fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ jQ, iqkaor,fi!kao¾hd;aul, risl, fi!kao¾h hkak hs. tfuka ufi!kao¾h hkak fldaI .%ka: lsysmhl w¾: újrKhlr we;af;a fï whqßks.

“fi!kaohH_ - w,xldr, iqkaor, ,CIK, ,djKHo” (isxy, YíofldaIh 1992( 1216).“fi!kaohH_ - iqkaor;ajh, fid÷re nj” (Y%Siqux., YíofldaIh 1999( 1133).“fi!kaohH_ - ukyr, fid÷re, Wiia, hym;a,fyd| fyd|” (ksrela;s iys; isxy, YíofldaIh2003( 1150).“fi!kaohH_ - iqkaor;ajh, ukyr nj, is;a we-fok .;sh, ,djKHh, ,d,s;Hh” (w,.shjkakixialD; isxy, YíofldaIh 2004( 901).“fi!kaohH_ - iqkaor Ndjh, iqkaor, ල ;,ukyr, fid÷re, fYdaNk, hym;a” (uyd isxy,YíofldaIh 2008( 1908).

ixialD; idys;Hfha o fkdfhla fi!kao¾h j¾Kkd±l.; yels h. ixialD; idys;Hfha ùr ldjHj,fkdfhla fi!kao¾h j¾Kkd nyq, jYfhka wka;¾.;h. ta w;=ßka rdudhKfhys iqkaor ldKavh w,xldrj;afi!kao¾h j¾Kkdjkaf.ka wkQk h. tys iඳykaYíod¾:hkaf.ka ukdj ixl,kh jQ fi!kao¾hd;aulj¾Kkd;a fï whqßka ±l.; yels h.

“.dhka;s flaÑ;a m%yika;s flaÑ;akD;Hka;s flaÑ;a m%Kukaa;s flaÑ;am;ka;s flaÑ;a m%prka;s flaÑ;ama,jka;s flaÑ;a m%,mka;s flaÑ;a”(rdudhkh 1959( 105).

we;eï jdkrfhda .S .h;s. we;efula iskyfi;s.;jflla kg;s. we;efula ;ekska ;ekg mks;s.;jflla ìu jefg;s. we;efula Wv mks;s. ;jfllal;d lr;s. fï whqßka rdudhK iqkaor ldKavfhawka;¾.; jkafka iajdNdúl mßirfhys jdkrhkaf.a

fl<s ,S,djka uy;a fi!kao¾hfhka j¾Kkd fldgwe;s wdldrh hs. ;jo nqÿoyu mßirh ms<snඳ ixfõ§jf;areïf.k iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha jákdlu ukdjjgydf.k we;. ta u.ska úYajfha cSj;ajk iuia; m%cdj;=< mßir ixrCIKh Wfoid wjYHh lrk .=KO¾ufmdaIKh lsÍug W;aidyf.k ;sfí. ta wkqj iajNdjfi!kao¾hfha w.h iQ;% foaYkdj, fmkajd § we;s whqrewOHhkh lsÍu fuys uQ,sl wfmaCIdj fõ.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

iajNdj fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ wdoS fn!oaO m%;smodj ms<snඳwOHhkhla hk ud;Dldjg wod<j fndfyda uq,dY%j,i|yka jqj o ta ms<sn| Rcq m¾fhaIKhla is¥lr fkdue;. fmr wmrÈ. úoaj;=ka fuu m¾fhaIKfCIa;%hg wod< .%ka: yd Ydia;%Sh ,sms m%ldYhg m;alrwe;;a tajd ;;a úIh fCIa;%h ms<snඳ mq¿,a m¾fhaIKjYfhka ie<lSug wmyiq h. fmr wmrÈ. m¾fhaIKfCIa;%hkays§ fi!kao¾h hkak ms<snඳ úoaj;=ka fnd-fyda m¾fhaIK isÿlr ;sfí. fi!kao¾h hkq mqoa.,wdl,amhka WoaoSmkh lrk ixl,amhls. wOHd;añlÔú;fha oS wOHd;añl fi!kao¾h w.h lrk w;rf,!ls; Ôú;fhaoS f,!lsl fi!kao¾h flfrys idlÉPdlrhs. ta wkqj fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsm%:ñl yd fjk;a .%ka: ms<snඳ úu¾Ykhl fh§u fuuidys;H úu¾Ykh ;=<ska wfmaCId lrkq ,nhs.

jE.u mshr;k ysñ úiska rÑ; fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ fn!oaOwdl,amh .%ka:h ;=<ska fi!kao¾h hkak yd fi!kao¾hms<snඳ fn!oaO wdl,amh flnÿ o hkak wjfndaOlr.ekSug yels úh. th fuu m¾fhaIK ld¾fha oSb;d jeo.;a .%ka:hla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yelsh.;,x.,af,a iqOïu ysñ úiska rÑ; mßir .eg¨j ydmßir ixrCIKh ms<snඳ fn!oaO wdl,amh hk .%ka:h;=<ska mßirfhys wisßh, iajNdj fi!kao¾h flfrysjeä wjOdkh fhduq lr we;. tfuka u mßirh úkdYlsÍfï l%ufõohka fuka u tu.ska w;aúÈk mdßißl.eg,q fuka u fi!kao¾hj;a mßirhla ks¾udKhlr.ekSug mßirh wdrlaId lr.; hq;= wkaou fuu.skaúia;r fõ. ta wkqj fuu .%ka:h fuu m¾fhaIKfha oSb;d jeo.;a úh.

fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñhka úiska rÑ; md,s idys;Hhkue;s .%ka:h ;=<ska md,s ;%smsgl foaYkdjkaf.awe;=,;a f:rjre úiska foaYs; iajNdúl mßirh ms<snඳwdl,amhka wOHhkh l< yels úh. ta wkqj fuu .%ka:ho m¾fhaIK ld¾fha oS ufydamldÍ jQ nj fmkajd oshyels h. ;j o fuu m¾fhaIKfha oS wjYHh jpkhkaysksrela;s wÈh oek.ekSu iඳyd w,.shjkak ixialD;isxy, YíofldaIh, ksrela;s iys; isxy, YíofldaIh, YS%iqux., YíofldaIh wdoS YíofldaIo Wmfhda.s lr.kakd,oS.

Wla; úúO idys;H .%ka:hkays wka;¾.;h lreKq fuka

2 © 2018 ලංකා සබරග ව ශ්ව ද ාලය


u md,s ;%smsgld.; f;dr;=re o fuu m¾fhaIKhgwod< lr lr.kakd ,§. fuu m¾fhaIKfha md,s iQ;%foaYkdjka nyq,j fhdod .;a ksid oaú;Shsl uQ,dY%hfhdod .kakd ,oafoa iaj,amhla muKs. flfia fj;;afuu m¾fhaIKfhka wOHhkh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jQ fCI;%h ms<snඳ j óg by; m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lrfkdue;. ta wkqj udf.a m¾fhaIK ld¾h id¾:l lr.ekSu iඳyd fuu idys;Hh .%ka: ufydamldÍ jq njlsj hq;=h.

m¾fhaIK .eg,qj

iajNdj fi!kao¾hh ms<snඳ fn!oaO wdl,amh l=ula o@

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

nqÿka jykafia fi!kao¾h úfrdaêfhal= nj wdkkaol=udriajdñ jeks úpdrlhka fmkajd oS we;. tjkamiqìul fi!kao¾h hkq l=ula oehs y÷kd .ekSu. tufi!kao¾h ixl,am nqÿoyug wkql+, nj wjfndaO lr.ekSu. nqÿoyu fi!kao¾h w.h l< nj jgyd .ekSu.;jo nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha jeä fldgilafidNdj fi!kao¾h weiqre lrñka fi!kao¾h ys;ldójfi!kaorh w.h l< whqre wOHhkh lsÍu fuys uQ,slwruqKq jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels h.

m¾fhaIKfha jeo.;alu

fi!kao¾h hkq f,!lsl úIhls. wks;H, ÿlaL ydwkd;au hk ;%s,CIKh fmrgqfldg .;a wd.ula jknqÿoyu yd f,!lsl úIhla jk fi!kao¾h ixl,amhw;r we;s iïnkaOh l=ula oehs flfkl=g ;¾llsrSug mq,qjk. tmuKla fkdj tnÿ wd.ula woykfn!oaOhdg iqkaor;ajh oelsh yels o@ l,d rihlaúÈh yels o@ hkqfjka o m%Yak lsÍug o mq,qjk. fïm%Yakj,g i;=gq odhl ms<s;=re wmg imhd.; yelaflaiudc úoHd;aul oDIaÀ fldKfhka nqÿoyu ú.%ylrne,Sfuka h. nqÿoyu jkdys iudc ixia:djls. thlsisúfgl;a iudch m%;sfCIam l< wd.ula fkdfõ.ñksid úuqla;s ud¾.hg nqÿoyñka fhduq flfrkafkaiudc ixia:djkag wkql+,jh. Bg fya;=j kï ñksidiudc .; mqÿ.,fhl= nj nqÿoyu uekúka f;reïf.k ;sîuhs. nqÿiuh úiska iudch lsisúfgl;aneyer fkdlrk ,o ksid mqoa.,hdf.a úkaokd;aulmCIh jvd;a ;Sj%r lrk fi!kao¾hd;aul foa ms<snඳWodiSk wdl,amhla bÈßm;a fkdlrk ,oS. tys oS wmfi!kao¾h f,i olskq ,nk iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hyd ks¾udKd;aul fi!kao¾h nqÿoyñka we.fhk njfmfka. ta wkqj iudcfha ish,a,kagu fi!kao¾h ms<snඳnqÿoyu olajk wdl,amh wld,amh flnÿ o hkakfuu.ska wOHhkh l< yelsh.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

fuu m¾fhaIKfha m%Odku l%ufõoh ,sÅ; uQ,dY%hWmfhda.S fldg f.k o;a; /ialsÍu hs. m%:ñluQ,dY%h jYfhka md,s ;%smsgl .%ka:;a, fojkqj oaú;ShsluQ,dY%hhka Ndú; flf¾. m%:ufhka o;a; /ialsÍu;awk;=rej o;a; úYaf,aIKh;a tu.ska ks.ukhkagt<öu;a isÿ flßK.

idlÉPdj

f,dalfha úiQ iajNdj fi!kao¾hjd§ka w;=ßka nqÿr-cdKka jykafiag ysñjkafka m%uqL;u ia:dkh hs.udkisl fi!kao¾hfhys w.% M,h jkafka iajdNdúlmßirh hs. nqÿrcdKka jykafiag nqoaO;ajh wjfndaOlr .ekSu iඳyd WmldÍ jQfha o iajdNdúl mßirh njwßhmßfhaik iQ;%fhka meyeÈ,s fõ.

“ruKsfhd jk N=ñNdf.d mdidÈfld pjkiKafvd kÈx p iJo;s fid;ld iqm;s;a:druKsfhd iuka;d p f.dpr.dfud w,x j;soxl=,mq;a;iai mOdkFÓliai mOdkdh” (uÊCêuksldh I 2005( 406).

Wka jykafia Ndjkd lsÍug f;dard .kakd ,o ia:dkhuekúka jevqKq jk,eyen ueÈka .,d nisk ks,ac,Odrdjlska yd kÈhlska hqla; h. tfuka u iqfodaiqÿ je,s;,dfjka, jkdka;rfhka, .iaje,aj,ska iqmsmsl=iqñka hqla; ksid ish,a,kaf.a u is;a weo.kakd iq¿nj fmkajd § we;. fkdfhla i;a;ajhka jdih lrkq,nk ruKsh N+ñNd.hla jQ ksid Ndjkdjg f;dar.;anj nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y.

nqÿiuhg wkqj mßirh ñksidf.a mßyrKh iඳydfhdod .; hq;=h. tfia mßirfhka m%fhdack.; hq;af;aÈhd¨fjda ;uka leu;s ;ekg Èh f.k h;s. B jvqfjda;uka leu;s mßÈ B o‘vq ku;s. (Oïumoh 2005( 42) hkfoaYkdjg wkqj iajNdj O¾ufha mj;sk foaj,a ksjerÈwhqßka m%fhdack .; hq;= nj nqÿkajykafia fuu.skafmkajd § we;s nj meyeÈ,s h. tfia mßyrKh lsÍfï §f;areï.; hq;= jkafka kqjKe;a;d ;u wd;auh oukhlrkafka hïfia o mqoa.,hd úiska mßirh mßyrKhl< hq;af;a kqjKska hqla; j njhs. nqoaêu;a ñksidúiska iajNdj fi!kao¾h mßyrKh l< hq;af;a flfiao hkak Oïumofha § fmkajd § we;. hï fia nUrd uf,aj¾Khg o uf,a iqjඳg o ydkshla isÿ fkdlr u,ameKsf.k hhs. nUrd Ydlfhys j¾Okhg WmldÍ jk mrd.fmdaIKh lrhs. tfia u ñksid o mßirhg;a mßirfhal%shdj,Skag;a ydks fkdlr th mßyrKh l< hq;= fõ(Oïumoh 2005( 36).

tfuka u iajNdúl mßirfhys mjkakd iïm;aidyisl f,i mßfNdackhg .ekSu fkd l< hq;= njWÿïnrldol Wmudj wdY%fhka È>cdKq flda<sh mq;%hdgnqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkdlr we;. tu Wmudj kï



Èjq,a lEug wjYH lrk mqoa.,hd .ig ke. w;=fid,jhs. túg meiqKq f.ä muKla fkdj .eg, u,a iyw;= o lvd jefÜ. fïjdhska m%fhdackhg .kafka bÿKqyd meiqKq f.ä muKs. wksla ish,a, .iuq, oud hhs.fujeks wdldrfha mßir mßyrKhka nqÿiuh w.h fkdlrhs. mßirfha ;sfnk iïm;a ;ukag wjYH m%udKhgmuKla f.k m%fhdackhg .; hq;= h. ta wkqj mrirfha;sfnk iïm;a m%fhdackhg .; hq;af;a jekiSug fkdj/l .ekSughs. fï fn!oaO wdl,amh hs.

ruKSh jQ mßirh ldf.a;a is;a weo.kakd whqßkamßyrKh l< hq;= nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkdlr we;. ldufNda.Ska ruKSh mßirh olakd iajNdjhgjvd ù;rd.S W;=uka mßirh olakd jQ iajNdjh fjkianj fmkajd § we;. nqÿrcdKka jykafia ish¨ flf,iaO¾uhkaf.ka ñ§ wdOHd;añl fi!kao¾h wjfndaOlr.;a y. tfuka u Wkajykafiaf.a Y%djlhka o tuud¾.fha .uka lrñka wOHd;añl fi!kao¾h úkaokhlrñka fN!;sl f,dalfhys mj;akd ,o iqkaor;ajhfujeks joka ;=<ska fmkajd § we;.

“ruKshdks wr[a[dks - hF: k ru;S cfkdù;rd.d rñiaika;s - k f; ldu.fjisfkd”(Oïumoh 2005( 46).

;j o ldufNda.S .sys ck;dj we¨ï lrkq ,nkjk ,eyen weiqfrys ù;rd.S W;=fuda o riúkaokhla,nd .ks;s. iajNdúl j wmg odhdo lrkq ,nkiq<ඟ, .,dhk .x.d, jysk jeiai, wyfiys mshdm;aúysojñka yeisfrk mCIska wdÈh ry;ka jykafia,dgukd fi!kao¾hd;aul riúkaokhla Wreu lrk njmeyeÈ,s h. tfy;a .sys ck;dj tjeks ia:dkhka ;=<skaksjerÈ riúkaokhla Wreu lr fkd .kakd nj imamlf:r .d:dfjka meyeÈ,s fõ.

“hod n,dld iqÑmKavrÉPod - ld,iai fu>iaiNfhk ;ÊcS;dm,dhka;s wd,hud,fhiskS - ;od k§ wclrKSrfu;s ux” (f:r.d:d 2005( 100).

iir Nh ksud l< ry;ka jykafia fuf,dj mj;akdiajdNdúl w,xldrfhka wdf,dalu;a jk wdldrhfuhska meyeÈ,s fõ. tkï hï lf,l msßisÿ iqÿ mshdm;awe;s fllsKsfhda l¿ mye;s j,dl=< ksid we;s jQNhska ;e;ssf.k jdiia:dk fidhñka tajd lrd m,dh;ao tl,ays wclrKs kÈh ud i;=gq lrjhs. hkqfjkaWkajykafia olakd ,o fi!kao¾h fmkajd § we;.

;j o f:r.d:dj, tk .srsudkkao f:r.d:dfjka oiajdNdj fi!kao¾h j¾Kkdjg ,la lr we;. ;ukaf.aìßo yd mq;= ke;s jQ ÿlska ld,h .; l< wjia:dfõnqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a O¾uh ixidr ÿl fl<jrlsÍug fya;= úh. ixidr ÿl fl<jr lr ry;aM,hg

m;ajkjd;a iu. ry;aùu ksid i;=gg m;ajQjdla fukajeis jiskakg úh. ta jeiaig ;j ;j;a jisk f,iwdrdOkd lrhs. jeiai jisk iajNdjh oel tys pu;aldrckl Ndjh fi!kao¾hd;aulj j¾Kkd lr we;af;a fïwhqßks.

“jiai;s fofjd h:d iq.S;x - Pkakd fu l=áldiqLd ksjd;d;iaix úydrdñ jQmikaf;d - w: fp m;a:hiSmjiai foj” (f:r.d:d 2005( 106).

“fï>h ukd .S;hla fuka jiS. udf.a l=áhukdfia fiú,s lrk ,oa§ jd;h fkd yukneúka iem t,jkakS fjhs. ixisඳුKq uu tysjiñ. bÈka fï>h f;da leue;af;ys kï j¾Idlrjdhs lSh”.

hkqfjka Wkajykafia Ndjkd fhda.Sj jev isá ia:dkhgm;s; jQ j¾Idj ;=<ska olsk ,o iajdNdj fi!kao¾hh fïwhqßka j¾Kkdjg ,la lr we;s nj meyeÈ,s h.

nqoaO;ajfhka miq nqÿrcdKka jykafia lsUq,aj;gf.kajd .ekSug iqoafOdaok rcq fkdfhla W;aiydhkaord ¥;hka heùh. ;u wNsu;d¾:h bgqlr .ekSu iඳydldödhS weu;shd nqÿrcdKka jykafia jev isá wdrduhgheùh. tys § meúÈ nj ,enQ ldödhS f;reka jykafiawk;=rej nqÿka jykafia lsUq,aj;g jevu lrùug;SrKh lf<a h. tys § Wkajykafiag lsUq,aj;a kqjrgmeñfKk ud¾.h úÑ;% whqßka j¾Kkdjg ,la l<whqre ldödhS f:ar .d:dfjys i|yka fjhs.

“wx.dßfkdaÞks ÿud Nokaf;a - Mf,aisfkda Pokxúmamydhf;a wÉÑhkaf;da j mNdihka;s - iufhda uydùrN.Sridkxÿudks Mq,a,dks ufkdarudks - iuka;f;da iínÈid mjka;sm;a;x mydh M,udiudkd - ldf,da bf;damlalukdh ùrfkajd;siS;x kmkd;sWKayx - iqfLd W;=woaOkshd Nokaf;amÉPduqLx frdysŒhx ;rka;x - miaika;= f;idlshd flda,shd p” (f:r.d:d 2005( 152).

M, wfmalaIdfjka fld< y,d kj o¨ meñK we;s we;eï.ia .s‚ wÕ=re fuka È,sfihs. .sksis¿ fuka m%Ndiajrfjhs. uq¨ uy;a mßirh u iqj| u,ska iq.kaOj;a ùwe;. WIaKh fyda iS;, wvq jeä jYfhka o ke;.uydùrhka jykai fï lsUq,aj;g jeãug iqÿiqu ld,hhs. hkqfjka lrk ,o j¾Kkd lsÍfuka miq nqÿrcdKkajykafia lsUq,aj;a kqjrg jevu l<y. ish Y%djlhkaf.afujeks j¾Kkd m%;sfCIam fkd lsÍfuka fmfkkafka



nqÿka jykafia fi!kao¾h úfrdaêfhl= fkdúS fi!kao¾hw.h l< wdldrh hs.

Ndr;Sh o¾Ykhkays my< jQ o¾Ykjdo w;=ßka fn!oaOo¾Ykhg ysñ jkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls. thg uQ,sljQ tla ldrKhla jkafka Y%djlhka Ndú; isjqr h.nqÿrcdKka jykafia isjqr iඳyd wjYH ieleiau ,nd.kafka o mßirfhks. tkï ukd f,i kshr ne|ms<sfh, l< u.O flf;ys ,shÈ ne¢ wdldrhg wkqjisjqre ilia lr .kakd f,i Y%djlhkag Wmfoia,nd § we;. (uydj.a.md,s ii 2005( 708) NslaIQkajev isák wdrdu ruŒhj yd msßisÿj ;nd .ekSfï§ tAjdfhys miajkla j¾Khkaf.ka wdf,am lsÍug;au,alï, ,shlï yd fudare ±;s “ud,dluux ,;dluuxulrx m[pmgálx......” wdÈh we£ug;a Wmfoia ÿkawhqre pq,a,j.a. md<sfha ±l.; yels h (pq,a,j.a. md<sI 2005( 124).

fi!kao¾h ixl,amhka w;=ßka iajdNdj fi!kao¾hgnqÿrcdKka jykafia úfYaI ia:dkhla ,nd § we;s whqreuyd mßksíndk iQ;%fhka meyeÈ,s fõ. Èkla wdkkaof;reka iu. O¾u pdßldfõ jäk úg tA wjg we;sia:dk j¾Kkd lrk ,È. wdkkao fï rc.ykqjris;a w,jk iq¨h. ksf.%daO yd fpdar m¾j; o, bis.s,sm¾j;fhys jQ ld, Ys,dj o, fõNdr m¾j; mduq, jQ ima;m¾Œ .=ydj o, YS; jkfhys jQ imamfidKaäl m¾j;ho, ;fmdaÞrduh o, l,kaol ksjdm kï jQ fõ¨jkh o,uoaol=ÉÑ kï jQ uqj jkh o is;a w,jk iq¨ is;al¨ia:dk fjhs. (§> ksldh ii 2005( 182 -183) hkqfjkatys mj;akd iajNdj fi!kao¾h j¾Kkdjg ,lalr we;.tfuka u Wkajykafia úYd,d uykqjr iómfha msysáruŒh ffp;Hia:dkhkays mjkakd ,o iqkaor;ajh ow.h lr ;sfí. úYd,d uykqjr jkdys b;du;a ±l=ïl¨rdcOdkshls. tys jQ Wfoak, f.da;ul, i;a;ïnl,nyqmq;a;l, idrkaoo iy pdmd, hk ffp;Hia:dkruŒh fyj;a is;al¨ tAjd nj j¾Kkd lr ;sfí.

“ruŒhx wdkkao fõid,shx, ruŒhx WfoaklfÉ;shx, ruŒhx f.da;ul fÉ;shx, ruŒhxi;a;ïNl fÉ;shx, ruŒhx nyqmq;a;l fÉ;shx,ruŒhx pdmd, fÉ;shx........” (§> ksldh ii2005( 184-185).

nqÿrcdKka jykafia je/oaola lrk ,oafol=g fodiake.Sfï § Ndú; lrk ,o nrm;, u jpkh jkafkafuda> mqreI hkakhs. iajdNdj oyug ydks lrk,o mqoa.,hkag o fufia fodaIdfrdamKh lr we;af;aWkajykafia iajdNdj oyu flfrys oela jQ ñ;%YS,Swdl,amh ksid h. tla lf,l w,õ rg jeis NsCIqjlawdrduh kjlï lrkqfha rela is‘È;a wkqka ,jd o isඳj;a.tl,ays tu jDCIhg wê.Dys; foaj;d f;dfuda ta njnqÿrcdKka jykafiag okajd isáhy. túg Wkajykafiaflfia kï ysia mqreIhsks f;ms rela isඳSu;a isඳùu;a

lrkakdyq o, ysia mqreIhsks ñksiaiq relays Ôjh we;ehshk yeඟීï we;sfhdah wdÈ jYfhka .¾yd fldg YsCIdmo mekjQy.

“l;x ys kdu ;=ïfya fud>mqßid relaLxýkaÈiai:dms fÉodfmiai:dms, Ôji[a[sfkdys fud>mqßid ukqiaid relaLiñx......”(mdÑ;a;shmd<s 2005( 106).

nqÿrcdKka jykafia fi!kao¾hh úIhfhys ±la jQwdl,amh m%;Shudk jk ;j;a wjia:djla wx.=;a;rksldfha i|yka fjhs. tys § Wkajykafia uyfKks ia;%SrEmh, Yíoh, .kaOh, rih yd iam¾Yh yer is;a weo.kakd fjk;a úis;=re fohla mqreIhl=g f,dj ke;ehso ia;%shlg o mqreIhl=f.a rEmh, Yíoh, .kaOh, rihyd iam¾Yh yer is;a weo .kakd fjk;a úis;=re fohlaf,dj ke;ehs o foaYkd lr ;sfí.

“kdyx NslaLfõ w[a[x tAl rEmïms iukqmi-aidñ hx tAjx mqßiiai Ñ;a;x mßhdÞh ;sÜG;sh:hsox NslaLfõ b;aÓ rEmx, b;aÓ ioafoda, b;aÓ.kafOda, b;aÓ rfida....” (wx.=;a;r ksldh I 2005(02).

nqÿrcdKka jykafia fi!kao¾hh úfrdaêhl= fkdjQnjg ilalm[ay iQ;%h o idOl imhhs. nqÿrcdKkajykafia .Kavín jDCIh uq, jevisák wjia:djlYl% foafõkaøhdf.a ùKd jdolhd jQ mxpisLf.a ùKdjdokh w.h lf<a tys we;s ird.S nj fyda ie,ls,a,gfkd .ksñks. nqÿrcdKka jykafia bÈßfha § ;u mer‚fmïj;sh jQ iqßhjÉpidj kï ;eke;a;shf.a YÍrdx.j¾Kkd lrñka .dhkd lrk ,o .S;hla ù;rd.SW;=ul=f.a m%idohg ,la úh yels hehs lsisjl= fkdis;kjd we;. ,d ysre /ia n÷ nn<k isrerla we;syeu YrSr wx.hlska u fydnkd jQ .s,kqkag fnfy;afia o, l=i.sks we;a;jqkag wdydr fia o Tn ug m%shjkafka h. fnfyúka ;ejqKq wef;la isys,a osh we;sfmdl=Klg niskakd fia flfia kï uu ;sf.a ;k nv;=rg niafkï foda. ;sf.a ,iaik W!re hq.,hg u;a jQuu rd.h ÿr,kakg lsis÷ lreKla fkd oksñ. ukdW!re hq.,la we;a;sh, uo ne,aula we;a;sh, l,Hd‚h udje<| .kak wd§ jYfhka lrk ,o j¾Kkh fl;rïfi!kao¾hd;aul f,i Wkajykafiag ±kqfka o hkaktu wjia:dfõ § lrk ,o m%ldYfhka ukdj meyeÈ,sfjhs. mxpislh ;f.a fjfKys ;;a yඬ ;f.a .S yඬiu. o ;f.a .S yඬ ;;a yඬ iu. o ieif|a. Tfí .Syඬ ;;a yඬ fkd blaujhs. ;;a yඬ .S yඬ fkd blaujhshkqfjka we.hSug ,la lr we;s whqre ñka meyeÈ,s h.

“ixikao;s fLd f; mxpisL ;k;siifrd.S;iaifrk .S;iifrd p ;ka;siaifrk kp mk f; m[pisL ;k;siifrd .S;iirx



w;sj;a;;s .S;iifrd p ;k;siirx .....” (§>ksldh ii 2005( 402).

nqoaOfoaYkdj ;=< iajNdj fi!kao¾hh w.h l< ;j;awjia:djla Oksh f.damd, iQ;%fhka oel .; yels h.Èkla jeis jiskakg wdikak wjia:djl § uyS .x f;rtf;r yd fuf;r isá nqÿka jykafia yd Oksh f.damd,w;r isÿ jQ ixjdoh mßirfha iajNdj fi!kao¾hhù;rd.S yd wù;rd.S fofofkl= ú| .kakd wdldrhuekúka m%lg lrhs.

“mlafldofkd ÿoaOÇfrdyuiñ - wkq;Sfr uyshdiudkjdfidPkakd l=á wdysf;d .sks - w: fp m;a:hiSmjiai foj” (Lqoaol ksldh 2005( 12).

wdydr wkqNj fldg, lsßfodjd f.k ukdj fiú,s l<me,am;g ù fodr jidf.k iyldßh iu. Ôj;a jk;ud ;Dma;su;a j isák neúka yels ;dla jeis jiskakhhs Oksh f.damd, m%ldY lrhs. thg ms<s;=re jYfhkanqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lf<a fï whqßks.

“wlafldOfkd ú.;Åf,dyuiañ - wkq;Sfruysfhlr;a;sjdfidújgd l=á ksínqf;d .sks - w: fp m;a:hiSmjiai foj ” (Lqoaol ksldh 2005( 12).

by; i|yka lsis÷ lghq;a;la ksu fkd l< o ;ukajykafia o yqol,dj ;Dma;su;a j isák neúka leu;s;dla jeis jiskak hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkdlr;s. f,!lsl yd f,daflda;a;r ;;a;ajhka ;=<skaiajNdj fi!kao¾h olsk ,o wdldrh ñka wjfndaO lr.; yels h.

fi!kao¾h iq/lSu i|yd nqÿrcdKka jykafia wkqo;al%shdud¾.hka ;=<ska iajNdúl fi!kao¾hh ms<sn|fn!oaO ú.%yhka ;j;a m%;Shudk fõ. .x.d, we,, fÞ<,.sß isLr, u,aj;= Whkaj;= jDlaI,;d jkisjqmdjqka ydmlaISka wdÈh iajdNdj oyfï wmQ¾j;u ks¾udKhkanj meyeÈ,s h. nqÿoyug wkqj mßirh wh;a jkafkañksidg muKla fkdj iajdNdj oyfï Ôj;ajk ish¨i;a;ajhkag nj plalj;a;s isykdo iQ;%fhka fmkajd§ we;. (§> ksldh iii 2005( 102) ;j o i;a;ajhkafuka u .yfld< wdÈh mjd /l .ekSu md,lhdf.aj.lSu nj nqoaO foaYkdj ;=<ska fmkajd § we;. tkïn%dyauK iudch ;=<ska fmkajd ÿka hd. ixl,amhi;a;aj f,dalhg;a Ydl f,dalhg;a úkdYldÍ lreKlanj meyeÈ,s h. ish oyia .Kkska i;a;ajhka ì,s §u,hd. ia;ïN ioyd .ia lemSu, hd. N+ñh ms<sfh,lsÍu iඳyd me<Eá úkdY lsÍu, fï ;=<ska iajNdúlmßirh úYfhys ±ä n,mEula isÿ jQ nj meyeÈ,s h.fujeks hd.hka isÿ lsÍfï § i;a;aj ysxikfhka f;driajdNdúl mßirh úkdY lsÍfuka f;drj isÿ lSÍuhym;a nj l+goka; iQ;%h ;=<ska fmkajd § we;.

“;iañx fLd n%dyauK h[af[ fkj .dfjdy[a[sxiq k wfc<ld y[a[sxiq k l=lal=giQlrd y[a[sxiq k úúOd mdKd ix>d;xwdmÊcSxiq k reCLx cSÊcSxiq hQm;a:dh k oínd¨hsxiq nßysiF:dh.......” (§> ksldh i 2005( 274).

nqoaO foaYkdjg wkqj mßir ys;ldñ iajdNdúlmßirhg wdorh lrkq ,nk m%;sm;a;Ska fmkajd §u;=<ska tjeks hd.hka isÿ l< nj l+goka; iQ;%fhkameyeÈ,s h. tod isg mqfrdays; nuqKdf.a u. fmkaùuhgf;a mßirh .y fld< me<Eá i;d isõmdjqka wdrCIdlrkq ,nk hd.hla jQ nj meyeÈ,s h. fujeks jerÈpdß;%hka ksjerÈ lrñka iajdNdúl mßirh wdrCIdlsÍug lghq;= lsÍfuka iajdNdj fi!kao¾h wdrCIdlsÍug .;a l%shdud¾.hka m%;HCI lr .; yels h.;jo nqoaO foaYkdj u.ska iajNdúl iïm;a wdrCIdlr .ekSu iඳyd fmkajd ÿka l%shd ud¾.hka u.ska oiajNdj fi!kao¾h úIfhys nqÿoyu olajk ,o wdl,amhflnÿ o hkak meyeÈ,s h. tkï cSj mßirfhysYdl j¾. w;=ßka uq,ska me,fjk îc, l¢ka me,fjkîc, mqrelaj,ska me,fjk îc, o,af,ka me,fjk îc,wegj,ska me,fjk îc, jYfhka miaj¾.hls.

“uQ, îcx, LJO îcx, M¨ îcx, w.a. îcx, îcîcfuj m[apux b;sjd b;s tj rEmd îc.duN+;.du iudrïNd máúrf;d fyd;s boïmsiaifyd;s iS,iañx.... ” (§> ksldh i 2005( 112).

fujeks îcj¾. úkdY lsÍfuka je<lS isàu iuHlaoDIaál mqoa.,hdf.a YS,hg we;=<;a nj nqÿkajykafiaidu[a[ M, iQ;%fhka fmkajd § we;. fï whqßkaiajdNdúl iïm;a flfrys fu;rï ie,ls,a,la olajdwe;af;a fidnd oyfï w,xldrh wrCId lsÍu iඳyd h.tkï jia YslaId moh wkqu; lsÍu, im%dKsl YdLhkalvd ì| ±óu Wmimka NslaIQkag wej;la nj ±laùu,WÞyrK f,i ±laúh yels h. ;jo ks,a ;K u; u<uQ;% neyer lsÍu, c,hg l=Kq frdvq ±óu, bÿ,a wd§h±óu fkd l< hq;= nj;a tfia isÿ lrkafka kï mdÑ;Hwej;la jk nj mdÑ;H md,sfha § fmkajd § we;.

“hd mk NsCLqKs WÉpdrx jd miaidjx jd fL<xjd ixLdrx jd ú>dixjd yßf; PâfVhH jdPâvdfmhH jd mdÑ;a;shx..” (mdÑ;a;sh md,s2005( 154).

tfuka u c,fhys u< uQ;% my lsÍu yd fl< .eiSu fkdl< hq;= nj o th jrola nj o fmkajd § we;. “k WoflaWÉpdrx jd miaidjx jd fL<x jd lßiaidó;s isCLdlrKshd” (mdÑ;a;sh md,s 2005( 554) fujeks ldrKdjka;=<ska iajdNdúl mßirh wdrCId lsÍug nqÿoyu .kakd,o W;aidyh flnÿ o hkak ñka meyeÈ,s h. ;j oixhq;a; ksldfha jkfrdam iQ;%fha § olajk mßÈ jk,



Whka j;= jeùu, tAoඬq ux udj;a bÈ lsÍu, ,sx fmdl=Kqilia lsÍu ieuod msx jefvk msxlï jYfhka fmkajd§ we;.

“wdrdufrdamd jkfrdamd - fha ckd fia;= lrldmm[ap Womdk[ap - fh ooka;s Wmiaihxf;aix Èjd p r;af;da p - iÞ mq[a[x mjâv;s ”(ixhq;a; ksldh 2005( 60).

fï whqßka iajdNdúl mßirh iq/flk l%shdud¾.wkq.ukh lsÍug Wmfoia foñka nqÿkajykafia wjO-drKh lrkafka .ia je,a lemSu, u,a, M, wdÈh lvdúkdY lr ±óu fjkqjg ;u ika;dkh ;=< we;sflf,ia keue;s jkh is| ouk f,ihs.

“jkx ýkao: ud relaLx - jkf;da cdh;S NhxfP;ajd jk[p jk:[p - ksíndkd fyda:NslaLfjd” (Oïumo md<s 2005( 96).

th ìh Wmojk neúka bka ñ§ ks¾jdKh ,nd .ekSugW;aidy .; hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr we;. mßirfhaúoHudk ish¨ oE wdrlaId lsÍug Wmfoia fok nqÿoyumßirfha wx. jk c,h, Yíoh yd jdhqj ¥IKh fkdl< hq;= njg o Wmfoia ,nd §u ;=<ska fi!kao¾h ms<snඳnqÿoyfï wdl,amh ;j;a meyeÈ,s h.

nqoaO foaYkdjg wkqj úYajfhys Ôj;ajk ´kEu i;a;ajfldÜGdihlg fuka u .y fld, wdÈhg mjd c,hw;HjYH idOlhls. L‚c f;,a, wmøjH jeks oE c,hgtla lsßu wd§ úúO fya;= ksid c, ¥IKh isÿ fjhs.úkdY jQ c,h Ndú; lsÍfuka iajdNdúl m%dKSka úkdYùu, frda.dndO we;s ùu wd§ whym;a m%;sM, Wodlrhs. tu ksid c, iïm; wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd fn!oaOb.ekaùï w;sYh jeo.;a fjhs. .s,ka NslaIQka yer fjklsis÷ NslaIqjla c,hg fl< .eiSu, u< uQ;% lsrSu,wdrdufhys tl;=jk l=Kq frdvq wdosh oeóu fkd l<hq;=h. tfia lrkakjqkag ÿl=,d wej;la isÿjk njnqoaOfoaYkdfjka fmkajd § we;. “wmamyßf;a jd Pâfâys wmamdKfla jd Wofla ´ms,dfmays b;s,” hkqfjka Þkhje<§fuka miq b;sß jQ b÷,a wdydr ks,a ;K ke;sia:dkhlg fyda m%dŒka ke;s c,hlg neyer l< hq;=h.(Lqoaol ksldh 2005( 110) b÷,a wdydr iys; md;%h fidaodb;sß jQ c,h .fuys fyda we;=¿ .fuys fkd ouñhsyslañh hq;= h. hkqfjka foaYkd lsÍfuka wjg mßirfhaiqkaor;ajhg wdrCId lsÍug .;a W;aidyh meyeÈ,s h.tfuka u NsCIQka jykafia,dg fmryxlv f.k fmrdmsßisÿ lr.;a c,h muKla mdkh lsÍug wkq±k jÞrd;sîu o ie,ls,a,g ,la l< hq;= jeo.;a lreKls.

NsCIqka jykafia,d jdih l< merKs wdrduj, c,hfohdldrhlg j¾. lr we;. mdkSh c,h ydmßfNdackSh c,h jYfhks. mdkSh c,h hkq mdkhlsÍug yd uqj fodajkhg .kakd c,hhs. “uqL úCLd,

y;a:[af[ap msjkF:[ap” hkqfjka iඳyka fõ. pßhdmsglfha § “mdkShx msmdiyrK;a:dh” hkqfjka fmkajdfokafka msmdih ÿre lsÍug .kakd ,o c,h jYfhks.mßfNdack c,h we;s foig fldÜg, fuÜg wdÈh.id fkd ouk f,i nqÿoyu wjOdrKh lr we;.fufia f,v frda. we;s ùu m%:ñl wjÈfha u j<lajd.ekSu wfmaCId lr we;. NsCIq jdih iඳyd jQ wdrduwkql%ufhka ixj¾Okh jk úg mßfNdackSh c,h ;nd.ekSug wjYH;dj we;s úh. fï iඳyd c,h tla/ia lr;nd .kakd c, Ndck úúO kïj,ska yඳුkajd§ we;.Èh nඳුk (Wol Ndck), c, lgdru (Wol lgdy), c,l,h (Wol >g). c, ie<sh (Wol pdà), c,h ;nd.kakd úYd, nඳුk (Wol l=ïN), c,h ;nd .kakd WiajQ l,h (Wol fOdksl), c,h ;nd .kakd uyd ie<s(Wol uKsl), Wia uy;a c, ie<sh (Wol l=ïN) jYfhkam%Odk c, Ndck yඳුkajd § we;. (pßhdmsgl wÜGl:dj1976( 128)

mßfNdackSh c,h hkq mdkh lsÍug yer fiiq ´kEtmdlïj,g .kakd c,h hs. mqoa.,hdf.a tÈfkodÔú;fha fkdfhla wjYH;djhkag .kakd ,o c,hmßfNdackSh c,h fõ. mdkSh c,h yd mßfNdackSh c,hñY% lsÍu wej;la f,i pq,a,j.a.md,sfhys ±lafõ. w;amdfodajkhg ;enQ c,h wmú;% lsÍu wej;la f,i fmkajd§ we;. md fidaok NsCIqjla tla w;lska c,h bish hq;=h.wks;a w;ska md fia§h hq;=h. tl u w;ska c,h biSu;amd fia§u;a fkd l< hq;= nj úkh msglfhys iඳykafõ. nqÿrcdKka jykafia u.ks. n%yaudhq iQ;%fha§ NslaIqkajykafia,dg foaYkdlr we;af;a ;udg m%udKj;a mßÈmeka ms<sf.k mßfNdackh l< hq;= njhs. mßirhg ydfjk;a iïm;aj,g ydks fkdjk mßÈ c, mßyrKhlrk f,i nqÿoyfuka fmkajd § ;sfí. fï ;=<ska c,húkdY fkd lr iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhys wisßh wdrCIdlsÍug Wmfoia ,nd ÿka whqre meyeÈ,s h.

iajNdj fi!kao¾hhg ndOd jk ;j;a wxYhla jkafkaYío ¥IKh hs. l¾udka; Yd,d yd ck.yK j¾Okhksid o Yío ¥IKh isÿ fõ. w,am Yíoldó W;=ul= jQnqÿrcdKka jykafia ;u Y%djlhkag Wmfoia ÿkafka oksYaYío;dj fyj;a wd¾h ;=IaksïN+;Ndjh jvd;a W;=ïnjhs. Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia yuq ùug wU jkhghk wjia:dfõ § Wkajykafia NslaIQka oyia .Kklamsßjrdf.k isáh o lsis÷ Yíohla fkdùh. tu ksidmqÿuhg m;a jQ rcq tA nj ;u ks,OdÍkaf.ka úuiQ úgTjqka m%ldY lf<a nqÿrcdKka jykafia we;=¿ Y%djlhkaksYaYío;dj w.h lrk njhs. Wkajykafia ksyඬ;djw.h l< njg fmdÜGmdo iQ;%h o idOl imh hs.

“wmmiood fNdfk;d fydk;=. ud fNdfk;diooul;a:. whx iufKd f.d;fud wd.ÉP;s.wmmioaoldfud fLd fid mkdhiud wmmioaoiijKKjdÈ...” (§> ksldh I 2005( 388).

Wkajykafia jevu lrk wjia:djl § nuqKd iajlSh



Y%djlhka ksyඬ lr .;af;a Y%uK Nj;a f.!;uhkaw,am Yíoldó neúka ksyඬ jk f,i okajñks. ks;rulE flda .iñka Yío mj;ajk NslaIQka mjd nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a .¾ydjg ,la ù we;af;a ud¨ urK fljq,kayd iudk lrñks. WÞk md,sfha hfidac f;rekajykafia we;=¿ NslaIQka msßila uy;a Yío we;s lrñkaWia yçka f>daId lrñka meñfKkjd ÿgq nqÿrcdKkajykafia Tjqka mkakd yeß nj;a ?ia jQ wjia:dj,§ ±yeñ l;djlska hq;al ùu fyda wd¾h ;=IaŒïN+;Ndjfhka hqla; ùu fyda wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj;a foaYs;h. nqÿrcdKka jykafia iajdNdúl mßirh iqkaorjmj;ajd .ekSu i|yd fl;rï W;aidy .;af;a o hkakfï ;=<ska uekúka meyeÈ,s fjhs.

jdhq ¥IKh ksid o iajdNdúl mßirh wmsßisÿ jkneúka thska w;a ñ§ug nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wmfoia,nd § we;. ñksidf.a jpkfhka msgjk krl jdhqjksid o, .skafkka yd ÿfuka o, úI jdhqj úi ÿïwdÈh iajdNdj oyug uqÞ yeÍu ksid o jdhqj ¥IKhfjhs. tfia ¥IKh jQ jdhqj wdYajdi m%Yajdi lsÍfukai;a;aj f,dalhg yd mßirhg úúO úm;a meñfKkqwe;. tneúka jdhq ¥IKh j<lajd .ekSug nqÿoyuWmfoia fohs. jpkfha wixjr Ndjh ksid jdhq ¥IKhisÿ fjhs. fndre lSu, fla,dï lSu, ysiajpk lSu, Mreijpk lSu, ksid msgjk jdhqj ;=<ska wjg mßirh ¥IKhfjhs. nqÿiuhg wkqj jpkfhka ixjr ùu ;=<ska jdhq¥IKh ke;s lr .; yelsh. “ldfhak ixjfrda idOq idOqjdpdh ixjfrda.....”(Oïumo md<s 2005( 114) .skafkkayd ÿfuka o jdhq ¥IKh isÿjk neúka bka w;añÈhhq;=h. úkh msglhg wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka YslaId momekùfï § fujeks lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k we;af;anqÿrcdKka jykafia iajNdj fi!kao¾hh úIhfhys ±lajQ hym;a wdl,amh ksid h. .s,ka jQ NslaIqjla yerfjk;a NslaIqjlg .s‚ ±,aùu fyda wkqka ,jd .sksf.dvj,a .eiaiùu ;ykï fldg we;s w;r hï NslaIqjlatfia lrhs o bka mdÑ;a;sh wej;la isÿjk nj o i|ykafjhs. frda.S jQ NslaIqjlg jqj o frda.h ikaisfok ;dlamuKla .sks ±,aúh yelsh. frda.h ixisÿKq jyd u .sks;emSfuka w;a ñÈh hq;=h. fikiqka mú;% lsÍfï § jdhq¥IKh j,lajd .; yels wdldrhg msßisÿ l< hq;= njo pq,a,j.a.md<sfha j;a;laLkaOlfha § Wmfoia ,nd §we;. (pq,a,j.a. md<s ii 2005( 364) fikiqk ul=¨±,aiys; fõ kï by< isg my<g bj;a l< hq;=h. fjfyrli, we;akï kshñ; ia:dkhg ±ñh hq;=h. NslaIQkaiómfhys fikiqka .id fkd ±ñh hq;=h. Wvq iq<Õgfyda há iq<Õg fikiqka .id fkd ±ñh hq;=h. wd§jYfhka lreKq olajd we;s w;r tjeks foa lsÍu weje;aisÿúh yels ldrKd nj o foaYkd fldg ;sfí.

nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï fndfyduhla u mdfyailia ù we;af;a mßir ys;ldó mokulsks. Wkajykafiawd¾Ólh ms<snඳ idlÉPd l< o foaYmd,kh ms<snඳidlÉPd l< o ta iEu wjia:djl § u wjg mßirh

wdrCId jk mßÈ l%shd l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrwe;. wjg mßirfha wx. jk .ia je,a i;d isjqmdjdflfrys oela jQ ixrCIKYS,S wdl,amfhka meyeÈ,sjkafka Wkajykafia ;=< iajNdj fi!kao¾hh flfrysmej;s hym;a wdl,amh nj meyeÈ,sh. nqÿ isß; muKlAfkdj nqÿoyu o iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhys pu;aldrckliajNdjh w.h l< njg by; iඳyka WodyrK lÈugidCIs imh hs. tfuka u iajNdúl mßirh wdrCIdlsÍu u.ska wmg ,efnk hym;a m%;sM,hka fudkjdohkak mYapd;a fn!oaO hq.hg wh;a ñ<skao m[ayh ;=<skafmkajd § we; (ñ<skao m[ay, 2005( 354).

• refCLd kdu mqmaM M,ofrd - .ila hkq u,a yd f.äorkakls. u,ska f,dalhg w,xldrh;a, f.äj,skam%Ks; rih;a ,nd fohs.

• refCLd Wm.;ukqmúÜGdkx ckdkx cdhd fo;s..i ;ud fj; t<fUk ish,a,kag fijk ,ndfohs. YÍrh oyäfhka f;;a jQ úg .fyka ,efnkfijk fl;rï wiajeis,a,la o hkak meyeÈ,s h.hfula .il fijfkys ysÈkafka fyda ksokafkao túg .il w;a;la fyda fkd isfok njfma;j;a:qfõ § fmkajd § we;.“hiai relaLiai Pdhdh - ksiSfohH ifhhH jdk ;iai idLx y[afPhH - ñ;a; ÿífNd;smdmdfld” (fma; j;a:Q 2005( 52).

• refCLd Pdhd fju;a;x k lfrd;s - .i ;ufijk i;=re ñ;=re ieu fokdg u iuj ,nd fohs.lsisfjl=g fjkila fkd lrhs. .i isÈkakg tkmqoa.,hkag o fijk ksrka;rfhka ,nd fohs.

fï wkqj fn!oaO o¾Ykh ;=<ska iajNdúl mßirfhysmj;akd .y fld<, i;d isõmdjqka wdrCId lrñkaiajdNdj fi!kao¾h wdrCId l< hq;= whqre by; lreKq;=<ska fmkajd § we;s nj meyeÈ,s h.

ks.ukh

j¾;udkfha iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha wisßh Èfkka Èkfkdfhla wlghq;=lï fya;=fjka úkdYhg m;a fõ. taiඳyd j¾;udkfha § fi!kao¾hfha wisßh wdrCIdlr.ekSug;a mßirhg isÿ jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug;afkdfhla l%u Wmdhka Ndú; lr we;s nj meyeÈ,s h.fï iඳyd ;dCIKsl yd hdka;%sl m%fõYhka Wmfhda.Slrf.k we;. tla .eg¨jla úi§u iඳyd .kakd ,ol%shdud¾. ksid wkd.;fha ta ;=<ska fkdfhla mßir.eg¨ ks¾udKh úh yels h. j¾;udkfha iajdNdúlmßirfhys wisßh wdrCId lsÍu io‘yd fkdfhlaWmdh ud¾. .kakd w;r fuu Wmdh ud¾.hkagjvd fjkia jQ l%uhka nqÿoyñka fmkajd § we;.iajdNdj fi!kao¾hfhys fi!kao¾hd;aul w.h fmkajd§u iajdNdúl mßirfhka wmg ,efnk odho wdÈh;=<ska nqÿiuh fjkia jQ l%u Wmdhka Ndú; lr



we;s nj meyeÈ,s h. ks¾jdK ud¾.h uQ,sl lr.;ao¾Ykhla bÈßm;a lsÍu nqÿoyu uQ,sl mrud¾:h hs.ks¾jdKdjfndaOh ,nk ;=re f,!lsl cSù;h id¾:ljmj;ajd .; hq;= h. ta iඳyd iajNdúl mßirfhysmj;akd iïm;a mßyrKh lsÍu w;HjYH fõ. thksjerÈj iajNdúl mßirfhys wisßh wdrCId lrñka isÿl< hq;= whqre nqÿoyñka fmkajd § we;. ta wkqj mßirhiïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd ;=< YsCIKhla we;s lsÍugnqooyu fmkajd § we;s fuu Wmdh ud¾. fnfyúkajeo.;a nj fmkajd Èh yels h.

nqoaO pß;fha fndfyda isÿùï yd mßirh yd iïnkaOh. ;jo nqoyoyu fmkajd fok ffu;%S ixl,amhfhkao ta nj meyeÈ,s h. fï f,dalfha Wmka kQmka fmfkkfkd fmfkk i;a;ajhka yd iajdNdúl mßirh wdrCIdlsÍug ffu;%Siy.; j lghq;= l< hq;= nj fmkajd§ we;. ta wkqj mßirh wdrCId lrñka iajdNdúlfi!kao¾hfha wisßh f,djg odhdo lsÍug fn!oaOo¾Ykh W;aidy f.k we;s nj ñka ks.ukh l< yelsh.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h

wx.=;a;r ksldh, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

Lqoaol ksldh, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

Lqoaol ksldh, f:ar.d:d md,s (2005) foysj,, fn!oaOixialD;sl uOHia:dkh.

Lqoaol ksldh, Oïumoh (2005) foysj,, fn!oaOixialD;sl uOHia:dkh.

Lqoaol ksldh, fm;j;a:q md,s (2005) foysj,, fn!oaOixialD;sl uOHia:dkh.

pq,a,j.a. md<s (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

pßhdmsgl wÜGl:dj (1976) ihsuka fyajdú;drKuqøKh.

§> ksldh, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sl uO-Hia:dkh.

mdÑ;a;shmd<s, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

uÊCêu ksldh, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

uydj.a.md,s ii, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

ñ,skaom[ay (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sl uO-Hia:dkh.

ixhq;a; ksldh, (2005) foysj,, fn!oaO ixialD;sluOHia:dkh.

oaú;Shsl uQ,dY%h

mshr;k ysñ, jE.u (2006) fi!kao¾h ms<snඳ fn!oaOwdl,amh, Èjq,msáh, iriaj;s m%ldYk.

nqoaOo;a; ysñ, fmd,aj;af;a (2007) md,s idys;Hh,fld<U, r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda.

rdudhKh (ixia.) lúÉka;duKs wNhisxy (1959)fld<U, weï. ä. .=Kfiak iy iud.u,

iqOïu ysñ, ;,x.,af,a (2001) mßir .eg¨j yd mßirixrCIKh ms<snඳ fn!oaO wdl,amh, foysj,, fn!oaOixialD;sl uOHia:dkh.

YíofldaI yd úYajfldaI

w,.shjkak ixialD; isxy, YíofldaIh (2004)w,.shjkak, mqj;sis fld<U 10, iQßh m%ldYlfhda.

ksrela;s iys; isxy, YíofldaIh (2003) ,shkf.a, isßfld<U, weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda.

uyd isxy, YíofldaIh (2008) úch;=x., yßYapkaøfld<U, weï ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u,

YS% iqux., YíofldaIh (1999) fidar;, je,súáfhaje,a,ïmsáh, p;=r uqøKd,h.

isxy, YíofldaIh (1992) foysj,, ixialD;slfomd¾;fïka;=j.



© 2018 ලංකා සබරග ව ශ්ව ද ාලය

› pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkdj,ska u;= jk YíÞZ¾: ri ksIam;a;sh ms<sn|úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkhla ( f;dard .;a .S; ks¾udK lsysmhla weiqßka

(An Analysis of the Effect of Melody and Meaning on Aesthetic Enjoyment in Selected Lyrics of Sri

Chandraratne Manawasinghe)

wd¾. ta. ã. m%shxld ùrfialr1*

1 NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

m%;sNdmQ¾K lúfhl=, .S; rplfhl= jQ › pkaør;ak udkjisxy isxy, .S; idys;Hfha YíÞZ¾: uQ,slrfidaoackkh l< .S; /ila ks¾udKh l< mqfrda.dó .S; rplfhl= f,i ye|skaúh yels h. isxy, .S; idys;Hhb;sydifha .%euf*daka hq.fhys wkqldrl ´,dßl .S; ìys jk wjêhl, isxy, .S;h ldjHuh .=Kfhka msreKqw¾:j;a l,dx.hla njg m;a lsÍug udkjisxyf.a .S; ks¾udK fnfyúka Þhl úh. 1950 oYlh muK jk úgisxy, .S;h keue;s l,d udOHfha iaj;ka;%;dj we;s lsÍug Þhl jqKq mqfrda.dó .S; rplhska jQ iqks,a Ydka;,wdkkao iurfldaka jeks ks¾udKlrejka .;a W;aidyh udkjisxy .S; ks¾udK u.ska M, oeßKs. isxy, .S;lafIa;%fha udkjisxy .S; rpkd iqúfYaI;ajhg m;a jkafka Tyqf.a .S mo rpkd ú,difhys we;s wkkH;d ,ËKksid nj udkjisxy .S mo wOHhkfhka meyeos,s fjhs. m%ùk NdId úYdrofhl= jQ udkjisxy ish .S mo ks¾udKld¾hfha oS lú ni, YíÞZ¾: ri ri ksIam;a;sh wkQk úkaokd;aul ldjfHdala;sj,ska fmdaIs; iq.dhkSh f,iyiqrejkakg oela jQfha wmQre oË;djls. .S;hg Wmhqla; nfiys u;=msg wre; fkdj tys èjksh iy tu.ska m%lgjk wre; flfrys ishqï wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka b;d ixlS¾K wkqN+;shla jqj o ir, j iq.dhkSh ßoauhlskahqla; j udkjisxy m%Yia; .S; /ila ks¾udKh lf<a h. wjHdc .eñ mßirfhka ;ud ,o woaoelSï weiqfrka Tyqrpkd l< .S;j, wdlD;sh o m%ia;+;hg .e,fmk mßos f;dard .ekSug udkjisxy oela jQ l=i,;dj ksid Tyqf.a.S;j, moje,aj, ;snqKq iq.dhkSh nj, ;kq ks¾udKfha oS ks¾udK Ys,amshdg ish ld¾hh jvd;a myiq lf<ah.lúfha iy .S;fha wdlD;sh uekúka y÷kd .;a ks¾udKlrefjl= jQ udkjisxy, ish ksiÕ lù;ajh Y%jH f.daprl,d udOHhla jQ .S;hg fhdÞ .;a whqre iy tysoS Tyqf.a ks¾udK Ys,amSh l=i,;dfjys úfYaI;d fuys oS Tyqúiska rÑ; f;dard .;a .S; ks¾udK lsysmhla weiqßka wOHhkhg ,la fjhs. .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIKhla jQ fï i|ydm%d:ñl uQ,dY%h f,i › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a uq,a u ldjH ix.%yh jQ “fldau, f¾Ld” kï .S; moH ks¾udKix.%yh;a oaõ;shsl uQ,dY%h f,i udkjisxyf.a .S; ms<sn| ,sh ù we;s Ydia;%Sh ,sms f,aLk Ndú; flßKs.

flakaøSh jpk ( Yío rih, w¾: rih, ri ksIam;a;sh, pu;aldrh.

Sri Chandraratne Manawasinghe was a pioneer lyricist in Sinhala literature who immensely contributed tocreate aesthetic enjoyment of music. In a time where imitative and distasteful songs prevailed in the Sri Lankanliterature, Manawasinghe’s contribution was paramount in converting Sinhala lyrics into creative, aesthetic songs.In the 50’s Sunil Santha and Ananda Samarakoon strived to generate uniqueness in Sinhala lyrics which fruitedin Manawasinghe’s literary creations. Manawasinghe was a prolific linguist and it enabled him to employ dictionand rhyme to produce delightful lyrics in a skillful manner. As a poet, he was highly concerned with the implicitmeaning of lyrics and the implications of the tone. This facilitated him to convert complicated experiences insimplistic yet rhythmic songs. He skillfully made use of the authentic natural experiences of rural villages forstructure and content of his lyrics which made the composer’s task easier. Hence, the researcher intends tostudy how Manawasinghe employed his inherent poetic abilities to compose lyrics by selecting some of theimportant ones that connote aesthetic sensibility. Text analysis and literary appreciation will be used in relation tomethodology to arrive at the conclusion which establishes the view that Manawasinghe is a creative and aestheticlyrist.

Key words: Taste of Melody, Taste of Meanings, Aesthetic Enjoyment, Aesthetic Delight

ye¢kaùu

“ix.S;fha ckm%sh;u YdLdj jk .S;h ix.S;fhayd NdIdfõ wkql+,;d mQ¾jl ixfhda.fha M,hf,i ye|skaùu uekjehs is;ñ. tfia jqj oix.S;h yd NdIdj tlsfklg fjkia ux fm;ays ieß irkafka fjkia jQ .uka ,S,djkaf.ka oiefoñks” (wurfoaj 1989( 15).

.S;h jQ l,s ix.S;fha muKla fkdj kQ;k l,dZx.w;r jvd;a u ckm%sh l,d udOHh f,i ye|skaúh yelsh. .=jkaúÿ,sh, rEmjdysksh, iskudj, leiÜmgh fuka uwka;¾cd, we;=¿ kQ;k ikaksfõok udOHhkays jeä ubvyir .S;h u.ska w;am;a lr f.k we;s nj úoHudkh. Y%jH f.dapr l,d udOHhla jQ .S;fha wdrïNhÿrdZ;S;h olajd osfjk nj tys b;sydih msßlaiSfukameyeos,s fjhs. isxy, .S;fha wdrïNh ms<sn| fï jk

10


úg úoaj;=ka úúO woyia m< fldg we;. kQ;k isxy,.S;fha wdrïNh 19 jk ishjifha furg m%p,s; jkkdv.ï, kQ¾;s kdgl .S; weiqfrka isÿ jQ nj uydpd¾hiqks,a wdßhr;ak fmkajd fohs.

“j¾;udk w¾:fhka .S; moud,d yev .eiqfKakdv.ï iy kQ¾;s kdgl weiqfrks. fuu rx.ki|yd bkaoSh rd.Odß ix.S;h Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ,oS. bkaoSh ix.S;fhda kQ¾;s .S; i|ydl¾K ridhk ;kq iemhQy. kdgH rplfhda tu;kq i|yd moud,d z.eg .eiQy” (wdßhr;ak1994( 52).

b;sydifha isg isxy,hd z.S;hZ kï l,d udOHhri ú|sñka .S;h yd ióm iïnkaO;djla f.dv k.disá nj oDYHudk idOl weiqfrka m%;HlaI fjhs.kQ;k w¾:fhka “.S;h” f,i iajdëk j jevqKq l,dudOHla w;S;fha ckhd w;r m%p,s; j fkd;snqKo Tjqkaf.a iuia; ri úkaok udOH .S;h, ix.S;hiuÕ wúfhdackSh f,i noaO ù ;sfnk whqre idOlu.ska ikd: fjhs. l,d udOH w;r .S;h j¾;udkfhackm%sh;u l,dZx.h njg m;a j we;s w;r fï jk úg.S;h ;rï fjkiaùïj,g yd úúO w;ayÞ ne,Sïj,g,la jqKq l,d udOHhla ke;s ;rï h. fï fya;=fjkaidys;Hdx.hla f,i .S;fhys w.h j¾Okh jQjd fia uySk jQ wjia:d o fndfyda h. bl=;a ishjig idfmalaI jmiq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< isxy, .S;fhys úúO m%jK;d/ila oel .; yels h. fuys oS .S;fha wlD;sh,wka;¾.;h muKla fkdj th bosßm;a lrk ú,dih,.S;hla ri ú|Sfuka wfmaËs; wruqKq o idl,Hfhkaúm¾hdihkag n÷ka ù ;sfí. fufia úúO úm¾hdihkagnªka fjñka oYl .Kkdjla ;=< iyDohd mskjk ,oisxy, .s;fha .uka u. fy<s fmfy<s lrñka tysl,d;aul fuka u idys;Hhsl w.h jeä oshqKq lsÍugfjfyiqKq ks¾udKlrejka /ila isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha,mo rpkfhys, ;kq ks¾udKfhys, .dhk úIfhys olakg,efnhs. ta w;r 1950 oYlfha .S; mo rpkd úIfhysisxy, .S;fha wkkH;dj biau;= lrñka th refjkaiy .=fKka msß iqNdú; l,dZx.hla njg m;a lrkakglem jQ ks¾udKlrejka w;r › pkaør;ak udkjisxygysñ jkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls. m%;sNdmQ¾K lúhl= jQudkjisxy j¾;udkfha mjd iïNdjkdjg ,la jkafka,lúh iy .S;fha ×;S;ajh ukd jegySulska hqla; j, ishksiÕ lù;ajfha wdf,dal Odrdj .S; ks¾udK lafIa;%hfj; m;s; lrñka id¾:l .S; ks¾udK rpkd l<ks¾udKlrejl= f,i h. fuksid udkjisxy .S mo rpkdiq.dhkSh w¾: mQ¾K uOqr núka wkQk úh.

“udkjisxyf.a rpkd úIfhys .efkk ;j;aúfYaI;djla jkafka, ish woaoelSug iß,k mßoslúfha;a .Sfha;a wdlD;sh ks¾udKh lrkakgTyq i;= jQ iqúfYaI yelshdjhs”(udkjisxy 2013 xvi).

fuu wOHhkfha uqLH wruqK jkafka isxy, .S;lafIa;%fha udkjisxy i,l=K igyka ùug fya;= idOljQ udkjisxy .S; ks¾udK ffY,sfhys wkkH;d ,ËKTyqf.a .S; ks¾udK weiqfrka y÷kd .ekSu hs.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

wkdosu;a ld,hl isg risl is;a i;ka wdkkaofhkamskjk ,o .S;h kQ;k l,dZx. w;r risl m%idohgm;a ckm%sh u l,d udOHh njg m;a j we;. .S;hiy tys m%jK;d ms<sn| j uqøs; idys;Hdx.j, fukau .=jkaúÿ,sh, rEmjdysksh, wka;¾cd,h jeks ;dËKsludOH Tiafia mq¿,a j lreKq idlÉPd fjhs. Y%jH f.daprudOHhla jQ .S;h weiSfuka u rih Wmoshs. ta wkqj› pkaør;ak udkjisxyhka úiska rpkd lrk ,o .S;ijka oSfuka, tajd .ehSfuka ,o woaoelSï fuu m¾fhaIKld¾hfha m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h f,i Ndú; jQ nj lsj hq;= h.fuu m¾fhaIKfha idys;H úu¾Ykfha m%d:ñl uQ,dY%hf,i › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a ckau Y; ixj;airhksñ;af;ka m%Nd;a udkjisxy úiska kj ixialrKhlaf,i 2013 jif¾ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o › pkaør;akudkjisxyf.a uq,a u ldjH ix.%yh jQ “fldau, f¾Ld”kï .S; yd moH ks¾udK ix.%yh Ndú; úKs. fuhgwu;r j oaú;shsl uQ,dY%h f,i udkjisxyf.a .S; ms<sn|j ,shù we;s Ydia;%Sh f,aLk iy .S;fha kQ;k m%jK;dms<sn| ,shù we;s .%ka:, Ydia;%Sh ,sms f,aLk Ndú;flßKs.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨ j

› pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkdj,id¾:l;ajhg tu .S mo rpkdj,ska W;amdokhjk YíÞZ¾: rih idOkSh ,laIKhla f,i n,md we;ao@

m¾fhaIK wruqKq› pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkdj,ska u;= jkYíÞZ¾: ri ksIam;a;sh ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuysm%Odk wruqK fjhs.

oaú;shsl wruqKq f,i udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkdffY,sfha wkkH;d ,ËK y÷kd .ekSu;a, lúfhl=f,i udkjisxy isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha iqúfYaI;ajhgm;a ùug n, mE fya;= úu¾Ykh lsÍu;a oelaúh yelsh.


kQ;k l,d udOHh w;r ckm%sh;u l,d udOHh f,iúpdrl wjOdkhg ,la j we;s l,d udOHh jQ isxy,.S;fha wdrïNh, úldYkh iy woH;k m%jK;d ms<sn|l;sldj;a f.dv kef.ñka mj;S. isxy, .S;fha woH;km%jK;d ms<sn| wjOdkhg ,la lrk úg miq.sh oYlfoll muK ld,h ;=< tys wdlD;sh, jia;= úIhmuKla fkdj .dhk ffY,Ska iy .S;hla ks¾udKhlsÍfï iy riú|Sfï wruqKq o b;d YS>%fhka fjkia



ùïj,g n÷ka fjñka mj;S. w;S;fha yqfola riú|SfïwNs,dIfhka .ehqk .S;h, j¾;udkfha fj<| f,dalfhaby<ska u jecfUk m%ldYk udOHhla njg m;a j ;sfí.fuf,i jdKsc wruqKq uq,a lrf.k ckm%sh .S; /,a,isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha biau;= jk w;r, tys u wka;¾m%;sM,hla f,i iqNdú; .S;fha wjYH;dj ms<sn| risl,úpdrl wjOdkh oeä f,i fhduq fjñka mj;S. Y%jHf.dapr l,d udOHhla jQ .S;fha Yío rih fuka u tysw¾: rih ;Sj% lsÍug fya;= idOl jk .S;fha idys;Huhw.h biau;= lrñka .S; rpkd l< ks¾udKlrejkaw;r › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a .S mo rpkd bosßfhkau we;s nj tajd ri ú|sk úg wjfndaO fjhs. m%;sNdmQ¾Klúfhl= jQ udkjisxy idys;Hfhka ;ud ,o mkakrh.S;h kï udOHh fj; Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,nkafkalúh iy .S;h hk udOHh foflys wdlD;sl fjkiukdj wjfndaO lr .ksñka h. fuksid u Tyqf.a .Smo rpkd .S;fha wdlD;sh ukdj y÷kd .;a YíÞZ¾:rifhka mßmQ¾K ks¾udK úh. udkjisxyf.a .S; rpkdffY,sfha wkkH;d ,ËK w;r m%n, ,ËKhlajkafka Tyq i;= lù;ajh .S;fhys wmQrejg biau;= ùuhs. fuksid fuf;la m%dudKsl wOHhkhg yiq fkdjqKqudkjisxy .S;fha u;=jk YíÞZ¾: ri ksIam;a;sh ms<sn|úu¾Ykhla isÿ lrk fuu m¾fhaIKh isxy, .S;lafIa;%fha udkjisxy i,l=K ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrkm¾fhaIlhkag jeo.;a jkq we;.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

.=Kd;aul m¾fhaIKhla (Qulitative Research) jQ fuum¾fhaIKh i|yd m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h f,i › pkaør;akudkjisxyf.a ckau Y; ixj;airh ksñ;af;ka m%Nd;audkjisxy úiska 2013 jif¾ kj ixialrKhla f,im%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a uq,a uldjH ix.%yh jQ “fldau, f¾Ld” kï .S; moH ks¾udKix.%yh Ndú; úKs. tfuka u udkjisxy .S mo rpkdriú|Sfuka iy .ehSfuka ,o woaoelSï o m¾fhaIKfham%d:ñl uQ,dY%h f,i Ndú; flßKs. oaõ;shsl uQ,dY%hf,i udkjisxyf.a .S; ms<sn| ,sh ù we;s Ydia;%Sh ,smsf,aLk iy .S;fha kq;k m%jK;d ms<sn| m%ldYs; .%ka:,,sms f,aLk Ndú; flßKs.

idlÉPdj

iïNdjH ixialD; idys;Hfha úYajkd: kï mçjrhd“rih wd;auh fldg .;a jdlHh ldjHh” f,i y÷kajhs. ixialD; idys;Hfha “ldjH” hkak mq¿,a wre;lskaiuia; idys;H úIfhys .oH, moH, Y%jH-oDYH l,dudOH Wfoid Ndú; lrhs. fï wkqj lúfhys ksjqkafidfydhqfrl= n÷ .S;fhys o uqLH yrh ri ksIam;a;shfyj;a iyDohd ;=< ri ckkh lsÍu hs. m%Yia; lúhlfyda .S;hl rfidaZoaoSmkh i|yd fya;= jk nfiysYío iy w¾: rih tlsfklska fjka j y÷kd .;fkdyels h. Yíofha ri kSri nj ;yjqre lsÍug tl uñkqïoKav, Yíoh tys w¾:h WoaoSmkhg fya;= jkafka

o@ keoao@ hkak hs. tkï lúhl fyda .S;hl YíohjQ l,s tys w¾:fha fÞaxldrh hs. lúhg idfmalaI jYío rih ;Sj% f,i u;= lrk .S;fha moje,aj,skaWmosk rih wikakd ;=< pu;aldrh Wmoj hs. .S;fhysfuu iqúfYaI;ajh uekúka mila lr .;a m%;sNdmQ¾Klúfhl= jQ › pkaør;ak udkjisxyf.a ks¾udKj, oelshyels iqúfYaI;ajh Ndú; NdIdfõ YíÞZ¾: mQ¾K uOqrnj hs.

“m%Yia; f.ah mohla kï th ksiel jYfhkalù;ajfhka wdvH m%nkaOhla úh hq;af;a h¦fyj;a lúhla úh hq;af;a h¦ tneúka mo hkakgjvd fhda.H jpkh kï “ldjH” hkak ila iqolafia meyeos,s h. fï khska f.ah ldjH hkq .ehshhq;= fyda .dhkd lrk lúh”(wdßhr;ak 2005( 23).

tÞ fuÞZ;=r isxy, .S; idys;Hh fmdaIKh l< .S morplhskaf.a ixLHdj m%dudKsl jYfhka ie,l=jfyd;aisxy, lú lsú¢hkaf.a ixLHdjg fkdfofjks h..=jkaúÿ,sh, rEmjdysksh, iskudj, fg,s kdgH, leiÜmgfuka u wka;¾cd, jeks kQ;k l,d udOHhkays .S;hiqúfYaI bvyirla w;am;alr f.k we;. fufia oYllsysmhl isg iyDohka mskjñka úldYkh jQ isxy, .S;lafIa;%fha uq,a hq.fha ìys jk wkqldrl .S; /,af,kañoS iaj;ka;% .S; ks¾udKhg Wkkaÿjla olajk Ys,amSka/ila 1950 oYlfhys ìys úh. ta wh w;r wdá.,irÉpkaø, y¾nÜ tï fifkúr;ak, mshfiak fldia;d,u¾i,ska chfldä msh;=ud, ir;a úu,ùr, lreKdr;akwfífialr wdoSyq fj;s.

“kQ¾;s hq.h iyuq,ska u .S ;kqj,g jpkoeuQ hq.hls¦ .%euf*daka .S hq.h o uq¿ukskau jdf.a .S ;kqj,g jpk oeuQ hq.hls. .=jkaúÿ,s .Sfhys m%:u oYl lsysmh o tnª h. fuuld, mßÉfþohj, jpk oeófï ld¾hhg tfrysj Wkafka wdkkao iurfldaka, iqks,a Ydka;,wurfoaj wdoS lsysm fmd<ls”(wdßhr;ak 2008( 2).

j¾I 1947 isg iqks,a Ydka; iaj;ka;% .S; ks¾udKbosßm;a lrñka .=jkaúÿ,s fiajh Tiafia isxy, .S;ks¾udK lafIa;%fha m%.ukhg udj; ilia lf<a h. fuuudjf;ys .uka .;a wdkkao iurfldka iQßkaf.a m%Yia;.S; rpkd tjlg rislhka w;r fnfyúka ckm%shúh. .%euf*daka hq.fha wdrïNfha oS wkqldrl udj;laTiafia .uka l< isxy, .S; lafIa;%h iajdëk u.lgwj;S¾K lsÍug W;aidy oerE .S mo ks¾udKlrejkaw;r udkjisxyhkag ysñ jkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls.nyqY%e; NdId mçjrfhla jk udkjisxy md,s, ixialD;NdId muKla fkdj fnx.d,s NdIdj o uekúka oekisáfha h. Tyqf.a .S mo rpkdj, Wmhqla; ni w¾:mQ¾K



èjksfhka hq;= j rfidaoackkh lsÍug iu;a jkakgfya;= jkafka Tyq i;= fuu mq¿,a NdId oekqu hehs is;shyels h.

“udkjisxyf.a lú nfiys we;s fï iqúfYaI;ajhfnx.d,s ni W.ekaùfuka ,;a mkakrh ksidúh hq;= hs. Tyq .S;hla ,shk úg .S;fha wruqK;yjqre lr .ekSug ;ud o;a ljr nilska fydajpk f.dkq lr .ekSug iu;a úh. tfy;ata jpk wfma isxy, NdIdjg msgia;r jQ tajdfihska fkdfmfka. tajd t;rï u ir, h.fndfyda úg wm fuf;la mßyrKhg fkd.;ajpk Tyq t<shg weo oeó h”(r;akdhl 1996( 86).

udkjisxyf.a .S;j, Wmhqla; nfiys YíÞZ¾: foflyswfkHdakH ixl,kfhka u;= jk rih èjks; l<id¾:l .S mneÿula f,i Tyqf.a “.Õfndv iekis,a,”kï .S; ks¾udKh oelaúh yels h.

“kef.k kef.k osfjk osfjk ;rÕ j<¨ msgke.Sfi,ú fi,ú mdfjk u,a msh,s .Õ osf.aje,s ;,fha yems yemSis,s is,sfhl .e,s .e,S.Õgu hhs h<s h<Syuk isys, mjk iu. fj<s fj<S<m¨ ßls,s keñ keó.Õg nrfj,d - .Õg nrfj,d.Õg nrfj,d;ek ;ek ;=re fijKe,Shg we;s ;K mshú,S.Õnv fohs ieksis,S”(udkjisxy 2013( 78 )

fuu .S;fhys wkqN+;sh jkafka .Õla winv mqoa.,hl=,nk iqjÞhs iekis,a, hs. fuys .S;h mqrd u we;sW;am%di rih fkdkj;ajd .,k .Õl wisßh iyDoisf;ys is;=jï lrhs. .S;fhys Wmhqla; jokaj, YíoudOq¾hh .Õnv wisßh ú¢ñka iekis,s iqj ,nkakdf.ais; isys,a lrhs.

udkjisxyf.a ;j;a m%Yia; .S; ks¾udKhka jk“jika; .S;h” kï .S mo rpkdfõ o Wmhqla;mojef,ys iq.dhkSh nj .S;hg wmQre pu;aldrhla tlalrhs.

“l=iqï msfma w;= m;f¾i;r os.kaf;afldals, l+ckh kef.auOqr jikaf;a ...”(udkjisxy 2013( 56 )

úIh f,dalfhka ;uka ,nk woaoelSï wmQ¾j;ajfhkahq;= j iyDo isf;ys pu;aldrh okjk whqßkam%;sks¾udKh lsÍug udkjisxy oelajQfha ukdl=i,;djls. fidndoyñka ;ud ,o wkqN+;skawmQ¾j;ajfhka hq;= j udkjisxy úiska .S;hg kÕd we;sw;r fuys we;s iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka fidndoyu f;audfldg .;a ngysr frdaudka;sljdoS lùkaf.a ixl,amwkqlrKh fkdfldg, ;ud ienúka u w;aú¢ wjHdc.eñ woaoelSï kjuq wdldrfhka udkjisxy ;u ks¾udKTiafia m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu hs. fï i|yd Tyq w;ska,shejqKq “.=re f.org hk w;ru.” kï .S; ks¾udKhl¢u WÞyrKhls.

“wl=rg hkjhs lsh,d - álsß whshd neosj,uhsbkakfld uu .=re f.org .syska lshkakï.syska lsh, - fï neoafoos අ ලල fokakï

m÷re wiafi l=re,a,kag - Tuß lrkjdú;rhsis<s÷ b;ska or levqjo uu;a lshkakï.syska lsh,- fmdä kekaog අ ලල fokakï

b÷Kq lrU f.dvdrhla - uf.a Tfvdlal=fj;shkjálsß whshg;a fÞa;la mqrj, fokakïmqrj, oS ;j uos kï ysUqgq;a fokakï

is<s÷g iS mo lshkak - l=re,a,kag u,;shkakf,dl=jqKdu fï neoafou fyaka fldgkakïfyaka fldg, wms fokakg me,la yokakï

ud¿ weUq,a ;sh,a lr, - fmd,a iïn,arig yo,we,a ydf,a n;=;a tlal wk, ljkakïljk .uka uu;a ljk ;rula lkakï

yekaoEjg ly iqÿ r;=- fykaosßlal u,a msmqKuta <Õ .,a fmd;a;la Wv jdä lrkakïjdä lr, <Õska boka k<d msôkakï

.fï <ñiaishka tlal - ú,g .syska mka උගුලලrgd mqr, fudaúáhd meÿre úhkakïmeÿre úh, tafl b|ka mxÑ oukakï..........”(udkjisxy 2013 (71, 72).

fuu .S;hg m%ia;=; jk pß; fol jk “álsß” iy“is<s÷” kï kEkd uiaiskd fom< neoafo os yuq ùwe;s jk ixjdoh udkjisxy rij;a ldjfHdala;s Ndú;lrñka .S;hg k.hs. “wl=rg hkjd, l=re,a,kag u,;shkak, neoao, we,a ydf,a n;” jeks fhÿï Y%jKh



lsÍfuka wikakd ;=< wjHdc .ul wisßh is;=jïfjhs. ly, iqÿ, r;= fykaosßlal u,a msfmkafka yekaoEhdug h. fykaosßlal u,a mQosk úg ijia ld,h WÞjknj .eñfhda oks;s. f.dïuk WÞjk úg is<s÷f.a ;ksrlskakg álsß iQÞkñka isáhs. fuu.ska udkjisxy.fuys kEkd uiaiskd w;r Wmosk fm%auh jHx.Hd¾:j;Aj olajhs. fuys i|yka .fï <ñiaishka iuÕ ú,gf.dia mka Wÿrdf.k ú;a úhk fudaúáhd meÿr .ulújdy ixia:dj u.ska wfmalaIs; iY%Sl;ajh ixfla;j;alrhs. ir, wdlD;shla Tiafia rij;a ldjfHdala;sNdú; lrñka rÑ; fuu .S;fhys Wmhqla; ni ukdixhuhlska hq;= j lDIs wd¾:sl rgdjla we;s .ulkEkd- uiaiskd w;r we;s jk fm%auh iy újdyh èjks;lrhs. udkjisxyhka fndfyda ldjH iy .S; ks¾udKi|yd wkqN+;ska imhd .;af;a ;uka w;aú|s .eñ woaoelSïTiafia h. fuysoS .eñ woaoelSï úYaf,aIKh lrñkalú ,shQ ks¾udKlrejl= jQ úu,r;ak l=udr.u lúhdgfkdfofjks l=i,;djla udkjisxy ;u ks¾udK u.skaolaj hs.

“fiú jyr wkqj ni yslauùug jvd .eñ jyrwkqj ni yslauùu wudre ldßhls. .eñ jyrwkqj ;udf.a Í;sh oeä fldg yslaujkafkafiú jyr fuka .eñ jyr o o;a lD;yia;f,aLlfhls”(úl%uisxy 1992).

l=vd orefjl=f.a isf;ys we;s jk <ud is;sú,s mdol lr.ksñka iajNdj fi!kao¾hh;a fndÿ ne;sh;a tlg leáfldg .;a udkjisxyf.a m%Yia; .S; ks¾udKhla f,i“nqÿ ñysr” .S;h y÷kajd osh yels h.

“fudkjo wïfï wl=re cd;shlau,a fm;sj, lõfÞa ,sh,dljqreo wïfï fïj ,shkafkamdg mdg bß yev .y,d

mq;d okafk kE y| we;s ldf,gjkka;f¾ yß jev flfr;Sfndai;ajre nK l;d lshoaoSjk fojÕfkd u,aj, ,sh;s.....”(udkjisxy 2013 ( 54).

fuys tk l=vd orejd ishqï f,i mßirh ksÍËKhlsÍug ymfkls. Tyq u,aj, we| we;s mdg mdg rgdoel tajd fldfykaoehs ;u ujf.ka úui hs. fndai;ajrelshq nK l;d jkfojÕfkd fufia u,aj, ,shd we;snj uj ish mq;=g mji hs. fidndoyfï wisßh ú|sñkaorejd wik iEu mekhlg u uj b;d ixhufhkaorejdg jegfyk mßos ms<s;=re fokafka <ud f,dalfhais;sú,sj,g wkql+,j h. fuu ms<s;=re ish,af,a u .eíù we;af;a oyug, mßirhg, i;d isõmdjg iy iuia;

mßirhg u fifkyi olajk wkd.; mrmqrla ìyslsÍfï wNs,dIh hs. udkjisxy ,shQ “we;a .df,a orefmu” kï .S; rpkdjg mdol jkafka we;a megjl=iy uõ we;skakshl w;r we;s jk ixjdohls. fuysoS “nqÿ ñysr” .S;hg jvd b÷rd u fjkia wkqN+;shlauõ-mq;= fonila f,i udkjisxy .S;hg k.hs. tkïiudc widOdrKh, fkdñksialu ksid mSvd ú|skakkaf.aÿlaL fÞaukiaihka udkjisxy úiska iyDo isf;ys Ndjm%fldamkh fkdjk whqßka ixhufhka hq;= j niyiqrejñka .S;hg k.d we;. fkdorefjl= jQ we;a megjdiudc mSvkhg yiqjk ;u uõ we;skakshf.ka ÿlúuik whqre iy ish¨ fõokdjka iÕjd h:d¾:h ishl=vd mq;=g myokakg uõ we;skaksh ,nd fok ms<s;=reiyDo is; lïmkhg m;a lrhs.

“fudlgo wïfï wïug .eyqfõudu, fokakl= jg lr,dweÕm; ;e<s,d ßfokj we;sfkafldÉpr .eyqj o ne| ou,dfomd i;df.a <. ld îf.kisáhu .;s.=K fjkia fj,dudu , Tfyduhs Wkaf.a nyguyefrkj kElu w;a yer,d ....”(udkjisxy 2013 ( 65-68 ).

ir, wdld;shla Tiafia idfgdamj;a fkdjQ niajyrlaNdú; lrñka “we;a .df,a ore fmu” .S mo rpkhu.ska udkjisxyhka úfrdaOdZl,am ixhufhka hq;= j.S;h kï l,d udOHfhka olajk wdldrh fmkajd fohs.wkqN+;shg .e<fmk wdlD;sh;a, nia jyr;a Ndú;fha oSudkjisxy oela jQ wmQre l=i,;dj ksid Tyq ,shQ .S;riúoskafkl= ;=< we;s jkafka iq,n wdiajdoh fkdj,mxfÉkaøhkag f.dapr fkdjk, bka Tíng .sh rifhamrudiajdoh fyj;a n%y(udiajdoh hs. merKs ixialD;idys;Hfõosyq m%Yia; ks¾udKhla riú|Sfuka rifhamrudiajdoh jQ pu;aldrh iyDohd ;=< we;s jk njmji;s. udkjisxyf.a .S; rpkdj, wkkH;dj jQfhaTyq ,shQ .S; riú|Sfuka rislhd ;=< Wmosk fuu wmQrepu;aldrh hs.

idys;H ks¾udKfhys fhfokakl=g wjYHfhka u ;sìhhq;= mq¿,a jdlafldaIhla ysñ j ;snQ ks¾udKlrejl=jQ udkjisxy ks¾udKfha m%ia;+;hg .e<fmk mßoswdlD;shg WÑ; NdIdj fhdÞ .ekSfï l=i,;djlaoelaúh. udkjisxyf.a .S mo ks¾udK w;r rislm%idohg m;a “uy fnda jkaku” óg losu ksoiqkls.

“je,s ;, w;f¾ fyñysg niskdfkarxck kosfha .hd ysijev isg nqÿjqKq Þ - ;sf,daysñfudlaiqj ,o fudfydf;a - iudê Ndjkd

ysul÷ jeáfha iS;, fijfKa



pkaok ;=re msysrd - yemS tku,auqj ro risfka - iqj| uqiqfldau, uo mjfka - .eá,d mdjkd....”(udkjisxy 2013 ( 52).

fuu .S;fha mo leá fldg we;af;a wdlD;sfha .S;j;anj ;Sj% lrñks. fuys oS udkjisxyhka i;= YíÞZ¾:mQ¾K ni Ndú;fhka ksrdhdifhka kef.k lù;ajh,udkjisxy kï .S; rplhd ;=< Ôj;a jk m%;sNdmQ¾Klúhd .S;fha wdlD;sh ;=< bia u;= fjhs. f,dõ;=re iqjh,nd .ekSug msájy,a jQ › uyd fndaëka jykafiaf.am¨m;a w;= ßls,s ;d,hg fi,fjk whqre f,!lsl rih,nd .ekSug fya;= idOl jk whqre ukd ixhufhkahq;= j olajkafka Tyq ;=< we;s ksiÕ lù;ajh ksidh. fu ksid uyfnda jkaku ri ú£fï oS iyDo is;af,!lsl iqjh w;sl%uKh l< f,daflda;a;r iqjh uqiqYdka; rifhka msÍ hhs.

.eñ jyr muKla fkdj úh;a jyr Ndú;fha oudkjisxyhka ish .S mo rpkdj, l=i,;dj olajd we;.fuhg WÞyrK f,i iqNdú; .S; lafIa;%fha rislhskaw;r fnfyúka ckm%sh;ajhg m;a wurfoajhka úiska;kq ks¾udKh fldg .hk ,o “c.;a fudaysKs - uOqrNdIsKs” .S;h;a, mS. ù kkaoisß úiska ;kq ks¾udKhfldg .hk ,o “mxlc khkS - fldau, mdKs” .S;h;aoelaúh yels h. fuu .S mo rpkd foflysos u udkjisxyi;= m%dÖk NdId oekqu idfgdamfhka f;dr j YíÞZ¾:ri ckkh jk whqßka .S;hg fhdÞ we;s wdldrhmeyeos,s fjhs.

“c.;a fudaysKs - uOqr NdIsKSpdre foayskS - lu, jdiskSiriaj;S foaú jkafoa iriaj;S foaú......”(r;akdhl 2017( 104).

md,s NdIdfjka rpkd lrk ,o “nqoaO chka;s” .S;hudkjisxyf.a NdId m%ùK;ajh uekúka úYo jkwjia:djls.

“md;=r fydaiS nqoaO chka;SOïu iuh WomdoSWÜGy: ksiS o: Odfc: oïuxwdryl kslaLul jrl jdßlx.........”(r;akdhl 2017( 104).

udkjisxy l=i,;dmQ¾K ks¾udK fl!I,Hh .=jkaúÿ,s.S;hg muKla iSud fkdù h. Ñ;%mg .S;h u.ska oudkjisxyhka ish yelshdjka .S; rplhl= f,i fmkajdwe;. Tyq úiska isl=re ;rej Ñ;%mghg rpkd lrk,o “br y| mdhk f,dafla” iy “.uk fkdksfuhsf,dalfha” .S; ;=<ska .eUqre Þ¾Yksl Ñka;k pu;aldrhokjk f,i ir, nia jyrlska .S;hg kÕd we;.

“br y| mdhk f,dafla - wdf,dalh w;f¾iem ÿl iunr fõ - fï Ôjk l;f¾iem ÿl iunr fõ.......”Ñ;%mgh ( isl=re ;rej.dhkh ;kq ks¾udKh ( mKaä;a wurfoaj

“.uk fkdksfuhs f,dalfha fïmqreÿ Ôjk ux ;f,a.efgk iem ÿl udre ù hhsmqreÿ Ôjk ux ;f,a”Ñ;%mgh ( isl=re ;rej.dhkh ( kdro osidfialr

“iajNdj O¾uh úÑ;% f,i m%;srEmKhlsÍu yd ta m%;srEmKh ;=<ska Þ¾Yksl ixl,amu;=lr ,Su hk ,ËK woH;k .S; rplhkaf.a ks¾udK ;=< olakg ,efnkafka b;dl,d;=rlsks. iajNdjO¾ufha tk jia;= .eUqreÔjk O¾u;djka fuka u w;sYh ixlS¾KufkdaNdjhka jqj o mila lr ,Sfï iqÿiq Ys,aml%uhla ;snqK nj udkjisxy ks¾udK b;diQlaIu f,i .fõIKh lsÍfuka wjfndaO lr.; yel”(fmf¾rd 2009( 69).

udkjisxy úiska ffojfhda.h Ñ;%mgfha rpkd lrk,o “Ôjk .ufka, wdoßfha reÑrdKksfha, yo .sf,hs wuñysf¾, fodhs fodhsh mq;d .S;;a, rkauq;= ÿj Ñ;%mgfhanqoaO osjdlrhdfKda, .,k ÕÕls Ôúf;a, msmS msmS f¾Kqkgk .S;;a we;=¿ Ñ;%mg .S; /ila j¾;udkfha mjdiyDofhda oeä reÑhlska hq;= j ri ú¢;s. miq ld,Sk judkjisxyhka .=jkaúÿ,s .S; kdgl rpkhg o fhduqúh. fuu .S; kdglj, Tyq rpkd lrk ,o .S;ks¾udK o rislhska w;r fnfyúka ckm%sh;ajhg m;aúh.

“fm%au ;gdfla fïlhs ueKsflawdor /,a,hs wr osj hkafkawìuka wìuka lsh,hs ueKsflatA /<s fï jeõ bjqfr joskafkauf. fmï fldals,fhda Tfn .Sfha;df,g fkdje osh iq<s lerflkafkamshqug mshqula yefmkj oel,hsyxi megõ fï yeá oÕ,kafka ....”(r;akdhl 2017( 110).

“W,am;” kï .S; kdglhg Tyq ,shQ fm%au ;gdfla.S;h tjlg rislhka w;r fnfyúka ckm%sh;ajhg m;aúh. ia;%S- mqreI fm%auh wmQ¾j wdldrfhka mßirfhaiqkaor jia;+ka iuÕ uqiq lrñka èjks; lrkafka,udkjisxyf.a ksiÕ lù;ajh fya;= fldg f.k h.fidnd oyfï wisßh ú¢kakg Y+r ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl=



jQ udkjisxy wkqN+;shg WÑ; ir, wdlD;shla iyiq.dhkSh ni Ndú; lrñka rih okjk mßosmßl,amkh fldg rij;a .S; ks¾udK lsÍug oelajQfhawmQre l=i,;djls.

“tl,, › pkaør;ak udkjisxyhka rpkd l<.S; kdgl o ks¾udK ix.S;fha kj keïulawe;s lsÍug fya;= úh”(ØdKsiair 2009(xvii).

uf,i m%;sNdmQ¾K lúfhl= f,i .S mo rpkhgmsúfik udkjisxy .=jkaúÿ,s .S;h, Ñ;%mg .S;h,.=jkaúÿ,s .S; kdgl .S; lafIa;%fha YíÞZ¾: ri uqiqjQ m%Yia; .S; /ila ks¾udKh lf<a h. wkqldrl´,dßl .S; ìys fjñka ;snqKq hq.hl .S;fha iy lúfhawdfõKsl iqúfYaI;ajh ukdj mila fldg f.k .S;hglúfhka ,o yels wdf,dalh ish ks¾udKj,g Þhllr .ksñka m%;sNdmQ¾K ks¾udKlrejl= jQ udkjisxym%Yia; .S; /ila ks¾udKh lr, isxy, .S; ks¾udKlafIa;%fha iqNdú; .S;fha m%.ukhg wñ, Þhlh;ajhla,nd oS we;.

“udkjisxy, isxy, .S; lafIa;%fhys lgq fld-fyd,a yßkakg W;aiy .;af;a h¦ .S;h ms<sn|ñ;Hdu; LKavkh lrñka ienE .S;h yªkajdfokakg jer jeã h.” (wdßhr;ak 2008( 3).

ks.ukh

isxy, .S;fha wdrïNh iy úldYkh ms<sn| wjOdkhfhduq lrk úg Ñrd;a ld,hl isg isxy,hd .S;h kïl,d udOHh ri ú|s njg idOl yuq fjhs. “.%euf*dakh”ìys ùu isxy, .S;fha kj mßÉfÊohla weröug fya;=idOl jQ nj isxy, .S;fha úldYkfha ikaêia:dkms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg meyeos,s fjhs. fuksidisxy, .S; lafIa;%fhys .S;h ri ú|sk rislhskaf.afuka u úúO ffY,Ska Tiafia ks¾udKh jk .S;j,m%dudKsl j¾Okhla isÿ úh. isxy, .S;fha ikaêia:dkf,i ie,flk .%euf*daka hq.h, kdv.ï, kQ¾;s iy.=jkaúÿ,sfha uq,a oYl lsysmfhys ìysjqKq fndfyda .S;wkqldrl ´,dßl njlska hqla;, .S;fhys .=Kd;aulnj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr rpkd jQ tajd njtu .S mo ksÍËKfhka meyeos,s fjhs. fuu hq.fhafndfyda úg .S mo rpkd ks¾udKh jkjd fjkqjgisÿ jQfha m%isoaO ;kqj,g jpk oeóuls. fujka hq.hl1950 oYlfha isxy, .S; ks¾udK lafIa;%hg msúfikks¾udKlrejka jQ wdkkao iurfldaka, iqks,a idka;jeks ks¾udKlrejka isxy, .S;fha .=Kd;aul mËhjeä j¾Okh lrñka, tys wkkH;dj we;s lrjkid¾:l ks¾udK ìys lsÍug Þhl úh. l,d;aul núkahqla; idys;HdZx.hla f,i .S;fhys we;s jákdluwjfndaO lr .;a fuu ks¾udKlrejkaf.a id¾:l

.s; ks¾udK ish ks¾udK osúhg fmrjokla fldg

.ksñka › pkaør;ak udkjisxy rpkd l< .S;,isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha iqNdú; .S;fha moku ilialrñka tys meje;au iy úldYkhg uy;a msájy,laúh. “udkjisxy isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha lgq fldfyd,ayßkakg W;aidy .;af;a h, .S;h ms<sn| ñ;Hdu;LKavkh lrñka ienE .S;h y÷kajd fokakg jerjeã h” hk iqks,a wdßhr;ak udkjisxy .S; ms<sn|olajd we;s woyi fuu.ska ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre fjhs.fufia ienE isxy, .S;h, isxy, .S; lafIa;%fha ;yjqrelrkakg udkjisxyg yelshdj ,efnkafka m%;sNdmQ¾Klúfhl= f,i Tyq i;= ksiÕ lù;ajh;a, NdId úYdrohl=f,i Tyqg ysñ fmdfydi;a jdlafldaIhla ksid njTyqf.a ks¾udK riú|Sfuka m%;HlaI fjhs. fuksidTyqf.a .S; riú|Sfuka iyDo isf;ys wmQre pu;aldrhlaWmoshs.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

wurfoaj, ví,sõ. ã (1989) kdo is;a;ï, iS$ i f,alayjqiabkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u, fld<U.

wdßhr;ak, iqks,a (1994) uy.ufialr iy l,d ks¾udK¦uy.ufialr .S;, weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda,fld<U.

wdßhr;ak, iqks,a (2005) kQ;k f.ah ldjH ixys;d, weiaf.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda, fld<U.

wdßhr;ak, iqks,a (2008) fojk uqøKh, udkjisxy .S;ksnkaOk, weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda, fld<U.

fmf¾rd, iqks,a ir;a (1994) .S; mo rpkd úu¾YK, iS$i iriú m%ldYlfhda, kqf.af.dv.

udkjisxy, m%Nd;a (ixia) (2013) fldau, f¾Ld, ›pkaør;ak udkjisxy¦ .S; yd moH ks¾udK ix.%yh,weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda, fld<U.

ØdKsiair ysñ, mdf;a.u (2009), .S ri úksi, weiaf.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda, fld<U.

r;akdhl, uvj, tia (2017) .S isxÿ idys;Hh, weiaf.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda, fld<U.

úl%uisxy, ud¾áka (1992) 4 jk uqøKh, kj moHisxy,h, iS$ i ;sir m%ldYlfhda, foysj,.




ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodyla( cd;sljdoS .eg j foi h:d¾:jdÈ jm%fõY ùu - wdßhjxY wfífialr

(Mathrukavak Soyana Vachana Anudahak : A Realistic Approach to the Ethnic Problem by

Ariyawansa Abeysekara)

pïmd tia. o is,ajd1*

1 NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

lsishï ls%hdoduhl uQ,drïNh iඳyd fya;=ldrl jkakd jQ idOlhka fndfyda ;sìh yels h. oYl ;=kl muKwdikak jQ ld,hla mqrd furg ms<s,hla fuka Tvq ÿjd ;snQ ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh mokï fldg .;a hqoaOh ms<snඳ júuid ne,SfïoS o ta iඳyd fya;=mdol jQ idOl lsysmhla u ;sfnk nj yඳුkd .; yels h. j;aukjk úg hqoaOwjika ù jir lsysmhla .; ù f.dia ;snqK o mYapd;a hqO j;djrKhla iys; rdcHhl .eg mQ¾K jYfhka uika;¾mKh ù we;ehs lsj fkdyels h. m%Odk jYfhka u fuu hqoaOh isÿ flrefKa Ys% ,xld rdcHh;a, t,a.à.à.B.ixúOdkh;a w;r h. cd;Ska folla w;r jQ fuu .egqu iඳyd m%n, f,iska foAYmd,k w¾:hla l=¿ .eka ùwe;. tkï N=ñfha whs;sh ms<snඳ m%Yakh h.. N+ñ foaYmd,kh (Geo Politics) hk ixl,amh wkqidrfhka fuu.eg j f;areï .; yels h. ´kE u rdcHhl mj;akd wdfõKsl .;slhla jkafka ;u rdcHh N+ñh úYd, lr.ekSu flfrys jQ wNs,dIh hs (foajisrs 1995 (3). jßka jr isÿ jk fjk;a rdcHhl wdl%uK lsrSï, foaY iSud.egqï, wNHka;r fnÿïjdoS .egqqï, hkdosh u.ska ;yjqre jkafka fuu N+ foaYmd,k idOl ;ju;a kQ;kh ;=<ld¾hNdrhla bIag lrk nj h (tu). ;;a kjl;dfjys f;audj o “hqoaOh” fõ. tla wf;lska hqoaOh jkdys ñksiam%d¾:kd yd wfmaËd uq,skqmqgd oukakls. th ukqIH j¾.hdg ys;lr idOlhla fkdj udkj j¾.hdf.a m%.ukhiïnkaOfhka jQ ure myrla jYfhka yeඳskaúh yels h. úúO oYl .Kkdjla mqrd kjl;dlrejkag jia;= îcimhkq ,enqjd jQ cd;sjdÈ wr.,h fuu kjl;dj iඳyd o jia;= îc imhd we;s nj fmfka. wkQj oYlfha È wkq,dúchr;ak ueKsfla úiska rÑ; ‘jvnd.skak’ kï jQ kjl;dfjys uqLH f;audj njg m;a j we;af;a o cd;sjd§wr.,h hs. uqyqÿ m;=f<ys ieඟ j we;ehs ie,flk jvnd.skak ish oE úkdY lrkakd fia u cd;Ska foj¾.hg uish,a, wysñ lr,sfï fÄojdplh o ukqIH;ajfha oE;a ish,a,ka flfrys È.= l< hq;= nj o tys oS l;=jßhf.a ÔjkoDIaáh njg ks;e;ska u m;a j we;. hqoaOh jQ l,s lsisúfgl;a iqnjd§ m%mxphla fkdjk nj;a, tys iudc N+ñldjmrojd h:d ;;= u;= lr,Su;a ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodyla iඳyd jia;= úIh ù we;ehs oelaúh yels h.

flakaøSh jpk( ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh, Ôjk oDIaáh, wfmaËd Nx.;ajh¡

Many are the factors behind the emergence of any series of events around the world. The same is true whenreviewing the war based on ethnic crisis that engulfed almost the entire island for nearly three decades. Severalyears have lapsed since the end of the war, yet a perfect resolution to the issues of the State in a post-warcontext has not yet become a reality. This war was mainly fought between the Government of Sri Lanka andthe L.T.T.E. It was heavily led by political motives namely the ownership of land, which is better understoodin terms of the concept Geopolitics. The distinctive characteristic of any Nation is the expansion of its territory(Devasiri,1995:3). The invasions, internal territorial disputes, internal conflicts that emerge from time to timestand in evidence that these Geopolitical factors have a role to play in the contemporary world. The novel’stheme is ‘war’. On the one hand war is evil as it roots out all human wishes and expectations, which is byno means favorable to the mankind and can be considered as a fatal blow to the advancement of humanityitself. The ethnic conflict which has, for decades provided the ideal setting for many novelists has become themajor theme of this novel as well. The novel ‘Vadabaginna’ written in the 90’s by Anula Wijerathna Meniketoo was woven around this ethnic conflict. Undoubtedly in the novel, the novelist’s outlook on life of warconsidering it as a catastrophe which makes both ethnic groups lose everything they have just as ‘Vadabaginna’which is believed to be destroying everything hidden under the seabed. Further she emphasizes the need ofhumanity to confront such situations. ‘A 93,000-word Untitled Art of Work’ tries to emphasize the fact thatwar can never be a good omen and the novel shows further interest in surfacing the realistic view of the ethnic issue.

Keywords: Ethnic Conflict, Outlook, Hopelessness

ye¢kaùu

idys;Hlrejd hkq ksrka;rfhka u iudch iuඟwr.,hl fhfoñka, iudch fj; uy;a n,mEula

l< yels mqoa.,fhls. tksid u fmros. úpdrlfhdaks¾udKlrejd m%cdm;sfhl= fyj;a w ;ska ujkakl=f,iska yeඳිka jQy. wdkkaoj¾Ok kï úpdrlhd ish‘èjkHdf,dalh’ kï lD;sfha oS “wmdfr ldjHixidfr

17


lúf¾l# m%cdm;s#” hkqfjka olajd we;af;a tneúks.

‘wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKdlaIud m%{d m%;sNd’ hkq wNskj.=ma;f.a m%ldYhls. m%nkaO f,aLlhd úiska ks¾udKhlrkq ,nk kjl;dj fyda flál;dj o wmQ¾j jia;=jls.ta ks¾udKh kjl;dj hk kdu m%[ama;sh ,nkqfha fmrfkdjQ wmQ¾j jia;=jla jk fyhsks. tys úfYaI;ajh kïh:d¾:rEms wmQ¾j;ajhla ;sîu h (iqrùr 1991 ( 150).Wla; lsshufkys wod<;ajh mQ¾K jYfhka u úodrKhjkakls, ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodyla.

Wla; kjl;dfjys f;audj l= .ekaùu iඳyd fhdodf.k we;s m%Odk pß; folls. ;u cd;sh WfoidiajrdcHh ixl,amfhys b;d ;r j t,an f.k isákkdoka keue;s .ß,a,d igkalrejd o isxy, uydiudch úiska m%Yia;s .dhkd u.sska W;al¾Ihg m;afldg we;s isxy, rKúrefjl= jk ms%hka; hkprs;oajfhys .kaoín wd;auhka fyj;a lhska úks¾uqla;jQ ufkdaldhka úiska fy<s lrkq ,nk wd;au NdIKhkayd ixjdoh m%Odk jYfhka u úYaùh wod<;ajhlaysñ fldg f.k we;. ;j;a wjfYaI pß; u.skao W;am%did;aul j úodrKh flfrkqfha hqoaOfhawka;¾.; l=ßre;r iajNdjh yd iuia; udkj j¾.hdfj; jd¾.sl;ajfhka Tífnys mj;akd jQ fmdÿ ukqIH.=KO¾uhka h. tu lreKq ks¾udKd;aul j mßl,amkhlsÍfï oS h:d¾:jdÈ Í;sh fuka u bkaøcd,sl h:d¾:jdoSrS;sh o l;=jrhd úiska Wmhqla; fldg f.k ;sfí.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

cd;sljdoS .eg j;a iuඟ mek ke.=K hqoaOh miqìïfldg kj l;d, flál;d, ldjH fuka u Y%jHoDYH ks¾udK o .Kkdjla úoHudk h. tjeksnyq;rhla ks¾udK u.ska o u;= lr we;af;a tys we;sksiaidr;ajh iy ukqIH lÿ j, WKqiqï iy.; njh. fuu m¾fhaIKh iඳyd ks¾ud,a rxð;a foajisß úiskackjd¾.sl .eg j- hqoaOh yd iduh hk uehska 1995m%jdo iඟrdjg ,shq ,smsh o ‘B,u ms<snඳ ñ:Hdj’ kï jQrdï udkslal,sx.ï úiska ,shQ Ydia;S%h f,aLkh o (1995)‘iduh t,a.à.à.B. yd fou< nqoaêu;=ka’ hkqfjka 1996iixl fmf¾rd ,shq Ydia;S%h ,smsh o Wmfhda.s fldg.kakd w;r uE;l È buy;a m%isoaêhg m;a jQ ;u<ssksfchl=udrka úiska rÑ; idñkdoka úu,a úiska isxy,hgmßj¾;s; ‘;shqKq wism;l fijK hg’ (2016) kï jQlD;sh o úYd, wdf,dalhla nj oelaúh yels h.

m¾fhaIK .eg j

ckjd¾.sl hqoaOfhys ienE h:d¾:h fuu kjl;dju.ska ms<sìUq ù ;sfí o@ iy th ñksia Ôú; u; m;s;fldg we;s n,mEfuys iajNdjh flnඳු o @

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

ckjd¾.sl w¾nqofhys h:d iajNdjh fy<s lsÍu iඳydidys;H ks¾udKhka flf;la ÿrg m%fhdackj;a oehs

wjfndaO fldg .ekSu fuys m¾fhaIK wruqK fõ.


oYl ;=kla mqrd me;sr mej;shd jQ hqouh j;djrKhfï jk úg mQ¾K jYfhka u iu:hlg m;a j we;ehslsj fkdfya. w hg .sks mqmqre fuka ieඟj we;sfYaIhka u;= j tAug wjia:d we;ehs o Wml,amkhl< yels h. ;;= flfia jqj o jir 30 la mqrd TvqosjQ wkd.;fhys o hï hï .egqïldß ;;a;ajhka Woa.;úh yels j mj;sk ukqIH Ôú;j,g wju ,xiqjla ysñlr foñka ukqIH;ajfha wjmlaIh ksrEmKh lrk,ukqIH fofldÜGdihka ;=< cd;sl ixl,amh Wfoid isÿflfrkakd jq hqouh j;djrKhl mj;sk ksiaidr;ajhiy w¾:Y=kHNdjh o ïf,aÉc iajNdjh o wkdjrKhlr .; yels ùu wxYfhka o fuu wOHhkh jeo.;afõ.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

fuysoS ‘ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodyla ’ keu;slD;sh m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h jYfhka fhdod .efkk w;r;;a úIh wrnhd ,shejqKq fjk;a kj l;d úfYaIfhkau jvnd.skak, .skaor lÿ yd jdfka jeks kjl;doaú;Shsl uQ,dY%h jYfhka fhdod .ekSug wfmalaIs; h.

idlÉcdj

‘cd;sljdoh’ (nationalism) hkqfjka fuysoSyeඳිkafjkafka cd;sl yeඟSu úiska cks; lrk,o Woafõ.S Ñka;khls. cd;sl yeඟSu, tkï ;ukaglsishï cd;sl iïm%odhla Wreu j we;sh hk úYajdihmqoa.,fhl= ;=< ia:dms; j ;sìh yels h .tfy;a thoeä uudhkhlska je<ඳ .ksñka ;u cd;sl;ajh iඳydwr.,hl fhoSug Tyq wjÈ jQ wjia:dj cd;sljd§wjia:djla f,i i,luq(O¾uodi 2007(35).

ukqIH Ôú;h hkq taludkSh j lshúh fkdyelsnyqudkSh j lshúh hq;= m%mxphls. hqoaOh f;aud fldg.ksñka fndfyda kj l;d iEu oYlhl oS u mdfya,sh ù we;.ta w;ßka iqñ;%d rdyqnoaof.a ‘iqr wiqr’wkq,d úfÊr;ak ueKsflaf.a ‘jvnd.skak’ frdayKuekaÈia fiakdërf.a ‘.skaor lÿ yd jdfka’ pkaør;aknKavdrf.a ‘jk imqu,’ ,d,a fmf¾rd úiska rÑ;‘brd wඳුre mg’ úu,odi iurisxyf.a ‘talÉc;%’ ,iS;dl=udßydñ úiska rÑ; ‘wrgq’ nqoaOodi fyajf.af.a ‘iq<xfydardj’ hk kjl;d oelaúh yels h. b;d uE; ld,Skj ,shejqKq ksYaYxl úfÊudkakf.a ‘;drd uf.a fojÿj’kjl;dj iඳyd f;aud ù ;sfnkafka o jd¾.sl w¾nqohiqkaor jQ ia;S% mqreI fma%uh u; lr we;s n,mEu h. lskïwxYhlska wjOdkh fhduq l< o mila lr .; yelsjkafka hqoaOh iy ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh jQ l,s ukqIHm%cdj flfrys iqNjdÈ m%mxphla fkdjk nj h.

hqoaOh f;aud fldg .ksñka kjl;d muKla fkdjflá l;d rdYshla o mqr yඳ l jr jeks w;sYhska



ckms%h jQ Y%jH oDYH ks¾udK o ìys j we;. foaYfhysuqr foaj;djqka hk ixl,amh msrejg fmdrjd iudc.;lrk ,o ,dxflah ;reKhdf.a je,fmk wOHd;auhfoda;g .;a kjl;djla jYfhkq;a, ‘iajrdcH’ixl,amfhka jYSlD; ù ikakoaO wr.,lrefjl=njg m;a jQ øúv ;reKhkaf.a wOHd;auj, ßoauh,cd;Ska foll lඳු j, WKqiqu tald;añl jk wdldrhfmkajd oSu w;skqka fuu kjl;dj iqqúfYaI jknj wjOdrKfhka u oelaúh hq;= h. cd;Ska follgwh;a jqj o ,dxflah ;dreKHhfha wirKNdjh;a,wfmaËdNx.;ajh;a fu;rï lÈu f,i újrKh jQkjl;djla ;j;a fkdue;s ;rï h. .%dóh ;reKhskahqoaOh fj; wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd jq laIs;suhwjldYh ms<snඳ j fuysÈ idlÉcd l< yels w;rmßl,amkSh f.dv kekaùï blaujd .sh fN!;slwjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu Wfoid pß; uඟska olajkq,nk yeඟjqïldrlfhda fndfyda h.

fuys f;audj l= .ekaùu iඳyd cd;Ska foll;dreKHfha wd;aóh yඬ kjl;dlrejd wmQre Ys,am O¾uWmfhda.s fldg .ksñka h:d¾:jdÈ ,laIK wNsnjkhfldg .ksñka bkaøcd,sl h:d¾:jdoS Í;sh o wkq.ukhfldg bÈßm;a lr ;sîu m%ixYd lghq;= h. fuysWmhqla; wêh:d¾jdÈ Ndú;djka mQ¾K h:d¾:h ofkdfõ. tfy;a h:d¾:fhka mßndysr o fkdfõ. fuystk wmQ¾j;ajh kï th hs. fuys l;d kdhlhd jQ l,skdoka kï jQ ‘iajrdcH ixl,amh ’ fjkqfjka ish ;reKÔú;h u lem l< øúv .ß,a,d igkalrefjls. hqouhjd;djrKhl oS Tyq ñh hhs. tfy;a Tyqf.a ufkdaldhfm%auisxy kï jQ isxy,-fn!oaO fid,aodÿjdf.a ldhslYÍrh ;=<g we;=,a fõ. tfia u ms%hka; kï jqisxy, fid,aodÿjdf.a ufkdaldh fyj;a wd;auh m%úIAGjkafka fjk;a øúv igkaldñfhl=f.a ldhsl YÍrhla;=<g h. fuh isxy, kjl;djl oS yuq jQ wisßu;amßl,amkSh wjia:djls. tu mßl,amksh ;;a;ajhkablaujd .sh yels fN!;sl h:d¾:hka <ඟd lr .;yels ùu tys úfYaI;ajhls. fn!oaOd.ñl m%fõYhlgwkqj mqoa.,fhl=f.a urKh fyj;a wNdjh hkqfjkayඳුkajkafka ldhsl YÍrh yer oud ufkdaldh fyj;awd;auh úYajhg tl;= ùu h. tu ksoyia jq wd;auh;ukag iqÿiq jQ W;am;a;s ia:dkhla fidhñka wkka; jqúYajfha ießir hs. tu wd;auh nqÿ oyu wkqj ‘.kaoín’wjia:dj , fia ie,fla. tfy;a ;:H f,dalfha oS tu.kaoínhd iqÿiq uõ l=il l<,hla fia ;ekam;a j kjðúfhla fia W;amdokh fõ. tfy;a fuu kjl;dfõ §;:H udhdj ìඳි hk w;r uk#l,ams; *ekagisuh ;;a;ajhl we;eï wjia:d ksremKh jqqj o l;=jr wOHdYh ydtu Ys,am O¾uh idl,Hfhka u WÑ; jk nj;a fmfka.ms%hka; kï jQ fid,aodÿjdf.a ufkdaldh m%úIaG jkafkaøúv cd;sl igkaldñfhl=f.a YÍrhla ;=<g h. tu øúvYÍrhg ysñ ufkdaldh ms%hka; miq mi yq nඳS. ms%hka;yd ixjdofha fhfoa. fufia wj;druh meje;aulska hq;=

j kej; m%d¥¾N+; ùu u.ska hqoaOfha fN!;sl h:d¾:hkau;= lrùug wjldYh i<id .ks.

“............... ux jkaksfha ÿmam;a fld,af,la. wmsle/,a,g wdfõ ÿla úඳ,d úඳ,d neßu ;ek.wmsg riaid ;snqKkx , wmsg wfma mdvqfõ wfmarglu Ôj;a fjkak ;snqKkx wms uefrkavtkafka kE. wms le/,a,g wdfõ WU,d jf.ariaidjg fkfjhs. ldgj;a hg;a fjkafka ke;=jðj;a fjkav rgla b,a,f.k. WU,d wms jf.afkfjhs, riaidjg ueßÉp Wx. ler,sldrhdf.awd;auh yඬ .d lSfõ h ” (ms ( 146).

hqoaOfha we;=<dka;h ieneúka u isxy, ;reKhkaf.aÔjk h:d¾:h b;d l=ßrejQ;a, k.akjQ;a whqßka øúvigkaldñhdf.a wd;aóh NdIKfhka ixfla;j;a fkd-jkafka o@ i;a;lska u isxy, ;reKhska hqo yuqodj fj;wdila; jkafka fjk;a /lshd lsÍug ;rfï wOHdmkiqÿiqlï imqrd fkd;snq neúkq;a , wdl¾IKSh jegqmlata fjkqfjka ,efnk neúkq;a hk jdia;úl h:d¾:hkafya;=fldg f.k h. Tjqkf.a uQ,sl m%h;akh jQfha m%OdkjYfhka u oßø;dfjka ñoS hym;a Ôjk wfmaËd fj;<x ùu h. ms%hka;f.a ienE wruqKq jqfha wjika fkdjqksji idod .eksu;a, ;u mjq,g Yla;shla ùu;a h.tfy;a tu wruqKq Ydlaid;a lr .eksug m%:u Tyq l=ßrehqoaOfha f.dÿrla njg m;a fõ. ienE h:d¾:h kï fuhhs. cd;sfha uqr foaj;djd ‘rK úrejd’ hk N+IKfhkaiu,xlD; fldg ;nk ,o ;reK Ôú;hkays ienEh:d¾:h, ienE foaY fm%auh fyda ienE cd;sl jd;ai,Hhfkdjk nj woSk l,dlrefjl= jYfhka wfífialrhkamejiSug ks¾Nh ù we;af;a ‘ìv .,jd,d flfi,a.iaj, yr ke;s kshdj olajkakdfia’ h.

fï w;r kdoka kï øúv úuqla;sldñhdf.a wd;auhwe;=,a jkafka fm%auisxy kï isxy, fid,aodÿjdf.aYÍrh ;=<g h. fyosh úiska m%;sldr lsÍu iඳydkdokaf.a w; ti jQ úg Tyq olskafka rcfha hqOyuqod weඳුuls. th olskjd;a iuඟ u Tyq isysiqka fõ.tfia u jkdka;rh ;=< § ms%hka; kï fid,aodÿjdoeä udkisl úlafIdaNldß ;;a;ajhlg m;a jkafkaøúv .ß,a,d Ngfhl=f.a YÍrhla ;udg Wreu ùuiïnkaOfhks. ;ud ljqrekaoehs hk wkkH;dj fidhd.ekSug fkdyels j fuu fofokd u Ôjk ufyda>fhysj,au; jQfjda fj;s. fuys § NslaIqjf.a N+ñldj o iqúfYaI;,hl msysgd we;. widOdrK hqoaOhla fj; lDDr f,iñksiqka weo oud we;s nj;a, th Tjqkg wh;a fkdjkfohla nj;a hqoaOfha ienE ie.jqïldrlhka h. tys h:d;;= ms%hka;f.a uqúka msgfjkafka fufia h.

“fï hqoafoa ug whs;s folla fkfjhs yduqÿre-jfka ....... bjid neßu ;ek fid,aodÿjdlsfõh.” we;a;u lshkjkï ux .sfha riaidjg......” (ms 110).



YS% ,xldj j;aufkys mj;skafka mYapd;a f.da,ShiajNdjl h. f.da,shlrKh (Globalization) hkq b;dir, f,i w¾: oelajqj fyd;a m%d.aOkh, n,h,Ñka;krgd,mdßfNda.sl NdKav, ikaksfõok l%u,Ôjk ú,dis;dhkdÈh flakaøhl isg b;d YS>%fhka mßêfha we;srgj,a lrd laIKsl j m%idrKh ùu h. mYapd;af.da,Shñksidf.a brKu ;srKh lrKq ,nk idOl fudkjd o@woH;kfhys ñksid Ôj;a jk mYapd;a f.da,sh iudcfhaieneúka u úoHudk jkafka B¾Idj yd ffjrh muKs.nyqNdKaäl;ajh, wrefudaiï Ôjk ú,dis;djka, uqyqKqfmd;a w;f¾ ye,afï Èjhk ckldhlf.a wdOHd;añlfidaod md j bis,Sug fkdyels ;rï nrls. NslaIqjf.affoksl Ôú;h o j;aufkys imqrd fjkia h. lúnKlshk, mqhr ;jrd .;a oioyia .Kla ñ,e;s Öjr ork,md¾,sfïka;= j ksfhdackh lrk j;auka NslaIqj mYapd;af.da,shlrKh jq rgl iq,n oiqkls. tjka NslaIqkaw;r ;u wkkH;dj fidhd hk, isõnUúyrKh iys;jQ fuys tk NslaIqj wm m%d¾:kd lrk mßl,amkShf,dalfhys m%n, yeඟjqïldrlhla jk w;r mßl,amkSh;,h mqmqrd f.dia h:d;,h u;= lrjk wjia:djls.

fuu kjl;dj iuld,Sk iudcfha mj;akd oDIaájdohka u;= lrkakd jQ kjl;djls. hqO fin,d,rKúrejd, cd;sfha uqr foaj;djd, rg cd;sh fjkqfjkaÈú msÿ cd;sl ùrjrfhla njg m;a j we;. tu uújreùr ud;dfjda h. ;u mq;=ka fjkqfjka WmÈk WKqiqïlÿ<e,s i.jd .ksñka fmr jQ idlÉPdjkag wkqj Tjqkamjikqfha ;u mq;%hd cd;sh fjkqfjka Èúÿka neúkaujl jYfhka ;uka wdvïnr jk nj h. ;j;a mq;=kaisákjd kï cd;sh fjkqfjka hqO yuqodjg mQcd lrknj h. i;H hgm;a fldg .ksñka jHdcfha rcjk whqre,dxflah iudc yeisÍï u.ska fuf,i fmkajd Èh yelsh. i;H msgm;a hgm;a j f.dia jHdc msgm;a u;= j we;.j;auka ,dxflah iudcfhys u Èia jkafka jHdc;ajhks¾jHdc;ajh f,i wdfrdamKh fldg oelaùuls. fuhm%:u jrg ixl,amhla fia u;= fldg tys kHdhd;aul;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lr fok ,oafoa f*âßla fcïika kïjQ udlaiajdÈ úpdrlhd úisks. Tyq úiska 1991 jif¾rÑ; ‘mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh fkdfyd;a miq OkjdofhaixialD;sl ;¾lKh’ hk .%ka:fha oS tu lreKq olajdwe;. uq,a m%lD;sh fjkqjg wkq lD;s u;= jk nj;a tujHdc msgm;a mqoa., Ôú;j,g meñfKk nj;a iඳykah (Jameson 1991#18). fuys tk fma%ï whshdf.a urKho ienE h:d¾:h hgm;a jQ jHdch N+Is; jq wjia:djls.wêm;sjdoS rchka úiska i;Hh hgm;a lrñka fmdÿckhd fj;ska ;j ÿrg;a h:d¾:h ÿria lrjkq ,nhs.

m%Ndlrka ol=fKa isxyhdg i;=g ckkh lrk fydaÿl ckkh lrk jia;=jla njg m;aùu o fuucd;sljdoh ;=< hgm;a jQ ixisoaêhla úh. /lshd ke;sol=fKa ;reKhdg m%Ndlrka iuඟ hqoaOh /lshdjlaf.k ÿkafkah. iudcfha lsisÿ ms<s.ekSula ke;s .%dóh;reKhd j cd;sfha uqr foaj;dfjla njg m;aa lf<a h.

yuqod mjq,aj,g wd¾Ól yhshla f.k ÿkafkah. yuqodmjq,aj, idudðlhkag yuqod fin<df.a ðú;h hqoaOhksid ke;s ùfuka ÿlla f.k ÿkak;a wd¾Ól m%;s,dN ydfoaYfma%ñfhla f,i ñh hdfï ix;=Iaáhla cd;sl jdohúiska idod ÿkafka h(.=Kr;ak 2007#27).

fuu kjl;dfjka l;=jr Ôjk oDIaáh (vision oflife) l= .ekafjk m%n, wjia:djla f,iska yd cd;SkajYfhka wm fnoS fjka ù isáh hq;= ke; hk m%n,mKsúsvh fok m%Odku wjia:d fuys wka;¾.; h.cd;Ska fofldgila tl u neïulska ud;D - mq;%neïfuka neඳි, tu lÿ cd;Ska jYfhka fjka l<fkdyels wjia:dj yDo idlaIshla we;a;jqkaf.a yoj;ii, lrjk wjia:djls fm%auisxy kï hqonghdf.aujf.aa N=ñldj.

fm%auisxy kï hqonghd Ôj;=ka w;r isàhehs oek .kakdTyqf.a uj we;= {d;Ska buy;a i;=áka Tyq oelSugrKúre iqj:d ia:dkhlg meñfKa. bka miq isÿ jkwjia:dj l;=jrhd b;d ixfõoS j úodrKh fldgwe;. tfy;a fm%auisxy kï yuqod ks,Odßhdf.a lh ;=<isákafka kdoka kï øúv ler,slrejd jk nj fudjqyqfkdoks;s.

“Tyq ;ukagj;a woyd .kakg neß f,iska fïkkakdÿk isxy, ia;%sh nodf.k yvkakg mgka.;af;a h. fï lh wh;a fm%auisxy keue;s isxy,fid,aodÿjdf.a wïud fyj;a fidau,;dg fïwef.a l=iska Wmka mq;%hd úh. kdoka jQ fï ;u;aje<o f.k yඬd jefgk ia;S%h ;ukaf.a u ujúh. wef.a WKqiqï lÿ,ska ler,slrejdf.a uqyqKf;;a jQ w;r Tyqf.a oEiska .e lÿ wef.auqyqfKys ;ejreKs. bka miq fï folඳු, fjkal< fkdyels fia tlg ñY% j tald;au úh” (ms157).

hqoaOhla jeks udkj wdpdrOd¾ñl moaO;Ska iqKqúiqKqù hk wjia:djl § ukqIH;ajh m,d hk nj;a , ;uióm;uhska wysñ jk nj;a ÿla fida .x.d muKlaWreu jk nj;a wms ljqre;a okakd i;Hhka h. ‘;shqKqwism;l fijK hg’ kñka idñkdoka úu,a úiskaisxy,hg mßj¾;s; ;u<sks fchl=udrka úiska rÑ;.%ka:h úYaj idOdrK w.hla w;am;a lr .kakd lD;shlahehs ioyka l< fyd;a th ksjerÈ h. øúv B,dïúuqla;sfldá ixúOdkfhys m%n, wr.,ldßkshla f,i hqoaOhgneඳුKq weh ms<sld frda.hg f.dÿre j uyr.u ms<sldfrday,fhys .; l< iq¿ ld,h ;=< È Ôú;h hkql=ulaoehs ieneúka u wjfndaO fldg f.k we;s wehqretu .%ka:h lshùfuka mila fõ.

“ienE idufha ud¾.h hkq hqoaOfhys ud¾.hgjvd ÿIalrh hkak uu f;areï f.k isáñ. taiඳyd fld;rï ndOl miq l< hq;= o hkak



f;aareï .ekSug fuu fmd; WodyrKhla f,iioyka l< yels h. udkj ys;jdoh o ieneiudc fm%auh o iys; jQ oyia .Kkla iduwr.,lrejka ud iuඟ w;aje,a neඳ.kq we;ehshk úYajdifhka hq;=j uu uf.a oE;a iduhfjkqfjka Tijñ” (2016 ( 07).

hqoaOh fjkqjg weh fhdackd lrkafka iduh h. kej;fï ñys u; hqoaOhla we;s fkdfõjd hkak wehf.amru m%d¾:kh jq nj .%ka:fhys fmrjok u idlaIHimh hs. ;shqKq Ôú;djfndaOhla ,nñka weh wjikayqiau fy,kakg we;ehs o weh úiska ,shk ,o ‘;shqKqwism;l fijK hg’ hq.ldrl .%ka:hla hhs o ioykalsÍu ksrjoHh h.

;u<sks úiska hqoaOfha h:d ;;= ;u lD;sh u;ska u;=lrkakdfia u ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk wkq;=kaodylayso hqoaOfha h:d;;= úúO oDIaáfldaK Tiafiaa úúO Ys,amO¾u Ndú; lrñka bÈßm;a lr we;. th wkd.;mqrjeishkag uy;a odhdohla jkq fkdwkqudk h.

fuys oS l;=jrhd bkaøcd,sl h:d¾:jdoh meyeÈ,sjYfhka u Ndú; fldg we;af;a Tyqf.a tla wOHdYhlauqÿkam;a lr .eksu iඳyd nj b;d meyeÈ,s j u úoHudkfõ. tkï hqoaOfhys mj;skakd jq ìhlre iajNdjh ydukqIH;ajhg mgyeks nj, yDoh YdlaIHhla we;s whgth ord .; fkdyels nj hkdÈh fmkajd oSu ioyd h.

wêh:d¾:jdoh fyj;a wosi;a;djdoh fyj;a Surrealismhkqfjka wm yඳුkajkafka ksrka;rfhka u l,dj;a,Ñka;kh;a wdl¾IKh lrkakd jq tla;rd od¾Ykslwdia:dkhlg h. ld,dka;rhla mqrd fï od¾Ykslwdia:dkh fj; we§ hñka fkdfhla wkaoñka yev.eiqKq l,dj yd Ñka;kh u;jdohla yeáhg 1924;rï ld,fha § ixúOdkh ù meßia mqrjrfhka wmw;rg meñKsfha wdkafø fn%f;dkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhks(fmf¾rd 1995#49-50). ,shkf.a wurls¾;s úiska ishwuq;= l;dj hk .%ka:fha oS bkaøcd,sl h:d¾:jdohyÿkajkq ,nkafka wdYap¾hd;aul h:d¾:jdoh kñks(wurlS¾;s 2005(212). fjkaâ î. *dßia wdYap¾hd;aulh:d¾:jdoh ms<sno j ks¾jpk iemhq wh w;ßka jvd;aiúia;r ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lr we;s nj wurls¾;stys ;jÿrg;a olajhs. *dßiag wkqj th wm okakdúYajfha kS;s ß;s weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lr.; fkdyelswdYap¾hd;aul wx. wvx.= lr .ks. tfia u tys wvx.=úia;r j¾Kkd wm jik tÈfkod Ôú;hg b;d iómh. tfia u wdYap¾hd;aul h:d¾:jdoh tlsfklg imqrdfjkia f,dal folla tlg wEඳ hs. fï f,dal folu<jqkaf.a iy Ôj;a jkakjqkaf.a f,dalh o, ienef,dalh iy m%nkaO f,dalh o f,i fjkaä î. *dßiaúia;r lrhs (2005#212-218). fgksika fmf¾rd úiska2014 jif¾ oS rÑ; ‘iir È.ka;h’ keu;s kjl;dfõ§ o u<jqkaf.a f,dalh yd ienE f,dalh tlajkwjia:d we;. tkï ishÈú kid .;a fndaê, WmeúÈ

jQ bkaøisß kï ;u fidhqrd iuඟ ixjdofha fhfokwjia:dj. u<jqkaf.a f,dalh;a m%nkaO f,dalh;a ienef,dalh;a hd lrjñka wdYap¾hd;aul whqßka hï hïisoaê, wjia:d yd ixjdo fndfyda m%udKhla ud;Dldjlafidhk jpk wkQ;=kaodylays fnfyúka u w;a;¾.;h. tu bkaøcd,sl oE ienE i;H fkdjqj o i;Hfhkaf;dr o fkdfõ. YÍrh wysñ wd;au f.k tk ixjdoienE h:d¾:fha ms<sìUqjka h. ienE hqoaOfha we;=<dka;hlshdmdk wjia:djka h.tksid h:dfõ udhdj ksrEmKhlsÍfïoS l;=jrhd olajd we;s m%;sNdj m%Yia; hehs otksid lD;sfha l,d;aulNdjhg ydks isÿ fkdù we;ehso oelaúh yels h.ta wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka iudÔhfoaYmd,k jHqyh ;=<ska u ìÈ wd wêh:d¾:jdofhkaksfhdackh jkafka ukqIH fõos;hka ukqIH fyj;aye.Sï ;=< .eí ù mj;akd tla;rd w¾:hla nj h(fmf¾rd 1995(50).

ks.ukh

by; idlÉPdjg wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla hqoaOhjkdys udkj j¾.hdf.a m%.ukh iïnkaOfhka n,kl, th ure myrla jk nj h. mYapd;a kkaÈlvd,a hqofufyhqu olajd rgla jYfhka o cd;shla jYfhka owm ,o mrdchka fndfyda h. wmg wysñ jQ ck;djf.aixLHdj o Tjqkf.a {d;s ñ;%doSkaf.a fidalÿ j,WKqiqu o oeßh fkdyels ;rï jk nj h. .skaorlÿ yd jdfkafuka u WKqiqï nj h. mYapd;a hqoch.%yK rgl wm jdih l< o ,enq ch.%yK ieneúkau úch.%yKla oehs úiඳd .; fkdyelafla wmf.awfkld jk øúv ck;djf.a m%Yak tl ;ek f,dma ùwe;s ksid h. tfia u bÈßfha oS o cd;sljdÈ m%Yakhfj; wm j fhduq lrjkq ,nk n,fõ. ;jÿrg;a ysiTijñka ;sfnk nj hdmkh úYajúoHd,hSh isiq .egquu;ska o úoHudk fõ. flfia kuqÿ ud;Dldjla fidhkjpk wkQ;=kaodyla fuka wmf.a wkkH;dj fidhñka;jÿrg;a wm j,au;a úh hq;= o hk lreK kjl;dfõflakaøsh m%Yakh njg m;aj we;ehs fmfkk w;rfuys f;audj l= .ekaùu iඳyd cd;Ska fomd¾Yfhysu ;dreKHfha wd;aóh yඬ kjl;dlrejd m%fhdackhgf.k we;. ienúka u fuh t;rï úpdrl wjOdkhgmd;% fkdjqj o l,dlrefjl=f.a iudc ld¾hNdrfhysm;=< iam¾Y lrkakd jQ lD;shlehs m%udK l< yels h.

mYapd;a hqO mßirhl Ôj;a jk j;auka mdGlhdgfuu kjl;dj wmq¾j;ajhla ckkh lrkqfha idys;HlD;shla th ks¾udKh jqKq ft;sydisl ikao¾Nhwfydais jQ miq;a i¾jld,Sk jákdlulska hq;= j lshúhyels ks¾udKhla jk neúks. mq ,a wjf,dalkhla iys;j úuid ne,sh yels kjl;djla jk neúks.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

wfífialr wdßhjxY (2014) ud;Dldjla fidhk jpk



wkQ;=kaodyla, rdjh m%ldYk, uyr.u.

wurls¾;s ,shkf.a (2005) wuq;=l;dj, 2005, úfþiQßh.%ka: flakaøh,uq,af,aßhdj .

.=Kr;ak, Èma;sl=udr iy ;j;a wh (2007) úfkda-oh,fmrgq.dñ mËh,r;au,dk .

foajisß ks¾ud,a rxð;a (1995) ckjd¾.sl .eg j hqoaOfhayd idufha .eg , m%jdo 9 jk l,dmh, m%jdom%ldYlfhda, fld<U 05.

fmf¾rd rxð;a (1995) isxy, m%nkaO idys;Hfhawêh:d¾:jdÈ mßl,amk Odrdj, m%jdo 9 jk l,dmh,m%jdo m%ldYlfhda, fld<U 05.

fmf¾rd fgksika (2014) iir È.ka;h, iriúm%ldYlfhda, kqf.af.dv.

O¾uodi fla.tka.´., (2007) cd;Hdkqrd.h, úisÿkqm%ldYlfhda, fndr,eia.uqj.

úu,a idñkdoka (mß) (2016) ;shqKq wism;l fijK hg,;%sfldakS ixialD;sl moku, Y%s chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ.

iqùr ta.ù., (1991) kjl;d ks¾udKh yd wjfndaOh m%oSmm%ldYlfhda fld<U 12.

Jameson Fredric (1991) Postmodernism or the CulturalLogic of the Late Capitalism, Durham, Duke Univer-sity Press.




Y%S ,dxflah ck .dhk fCIA;%fhys we;=<;a fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sh ms<snඳ udkjjxYix.S; úoHd;aul úu¾Ykhla

(An Ethnomusicological Treatise into the Harvest Song (Nelum Kavi) in Sri Lankan Folk Songs)

brx.d iñkaokS ùrlafldä1*

1 ix.S; úoHd wOHhkdxYh, fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

Y%S ,xldfõ ck .dhk ms<snඳ úuiSfï oS úúO m%foaYdkq.; j, úúO fCIA;% ;=< mj;sk ck .dhk rdYshls.tu ck.dhk ms<snඳ j¾.SlrK lsysmhla fï jk úg bÈßm;a j ;sfí. isxy, ck ix.S;fhys wka;¾.; ishü,CIK yඳුkd.; yelafla ck ix.S;fhys we;=<;a ck .dhk fCIA;% ;=<sks. fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sh bka tla.dhk ffY,shls. l=Uqf¾ j,ame, fk,Sfï oS fyda w¨;a me, isgqùfï oS fyda .hk .S fk¿ï .S f,i yeඳිka fõ.iduqysl;ajh m%lg flfrk fuh .eñ ckhd w;r m%p,s; .dhk m%ldrhls. lDIsl¾udka;h Ôjfkdamdh lr.;a.eñ iudch ;=< f.dhï fkü iඳyd ldka;djf.a odhlFjhg we;af;a oS¾> b;sydihls. oCI m<mqreÿ .dhsldjluq, msre fk¿ï .Shg fiiq msßi o tlaùu úfYaI;djls. fk¿ï .dhk wdrïN jkafka wdYs¾jdo ,nd .ksñks. j,afk,Sfï oS fuka u l=ryka, ;,u,, f;;ඟු= .S wdÈh o fk¿ï .dhk ffY,shg we;=<;a fõ. fk¿ï .dhkdfõm%Odk j¾. folls. fk¿ï íh yd fk¿ï iskaÿj jYfhks. í hkq ;kqj hkakg fhfokakls. ú,ïN ,fhkahq;a .dhk m%ldrhls. ´fia .dhk rgdfõ úúOFjh wkqj msß;a ´fia, fydrKE ´fia kñka j¾. lsysmhla m%p,s;jmj;S. fk¿u yudr lrk wjia:dfõ .efhk .S fk¿ï iskaÿ uOH yd oD; ,fhka .efha. lKavdhï jYfhka.dhkh lrkq ,nk ck .S w;=ßka fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sfha úfYaI;d lsysmhls. ixjr j, ixhufhka hq;=j .ehSulemS fmfka. fk¿ï .dhkdfõ iajr iSudj b;d mgq h. iajr ;=kla, y;rlg jvd weiqre fkdflf¾. mdrïmßlkdoud,dj,ska hqla; h. ßoauh úúOdldr h. Y%S ,dxflah ck .dhk ,CIKj,ska iukaú; fk¿ï .S mdrïmßl.eñ .S w;r ñysß .dhk úfYaIhls. msß;a iþcdhkfha wdNdih o fk¿ï .dhk iඳyd ,eî ;sfí. fk¿ï .dhkffY,sfha úfYaI;d udkjjxY ix.S;úoHd;aulj ú.%y lsÍu fuysoS isÿ flf¾. ,sÅ; idys;H wOHhkh fuka ufCIa;% wOHhkh o fuys m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh fõ.

flakaøSh jpk( fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sh, ckY%e;sh, ck .S, ck .dhk fCIA;%h, udkjjxY ix.S;úoHdj

There are numerous forms of folk songs existing across many professions and many areas in Sri Lanka thathave been classified in different ways before. The harvest song (Nelum Kavi) singing style is one such songstyle. Nelum Kavi are the songs that are sung when reaping weeds or when sowing new seeds in the crops. Itis a type of folk song that signifies community teamwork and collectiveness which has become a very populartradition among villagers.In the agriculture-based village society which is spread throughout the country theparticipation of womenfolk in the activities has an extensive history. A specialty here is that the womenfolk joinin while an experienced and skilled person leads the singing. Nelum Kavi are commenced by taking blessingsfrom the triple gem and they encompass a wide range of Kavi such as Kurahan, Thalamala and ThethanguGee.There are two main types of Nelum Kavi namely Nelum Oose and Nelum Sindu. Oose is a term used tosignify a melody sung in the ad lib style. According to the style that the Oose is sung there are classificationssuch as Pirith Oose and Horana Oose. As the end of sowing approaches the singing style switches to a mid-tempoand allegro tempo. An outstanding feature of Nelum Kavi is the calm and the disciplined manner in which theyare sung. The songs do not have a wide pitch range and they are usually in a range of three or four notes andare consisting of traditional rhythmic styles that vary. This is a very enjoyable folk song style that has beeninfluenced by Pirith chanting. Themain researchmethodologies used here are field visits and library based research.

Keywords: Nelum Singing Style, Folklore, Folk Song, Field of Folk Song, Ethnomusicology

ye¢kaùu

ck ix.S;h hkq úo.aO Ydia;%Sh ix.S;fhka mdrïmßlix.S;h fjka fldg oelaùu i|yd Ndú;hg wd fhÿuls.ckY%e;sh iïnkaO lafIa;%hla jk ck ix.S;h y÷kajd§ we;af;a ck iuQyhd ;=<ska ìys jQ ks¾kdñl l,dks¾udK úfYaIhla jYfhks. m%d:ñl iudchkays §.dhk yd k¾;k wjia:djka miqìï fldgf.k ìysjQ ck ix.S;h hï hï ck iuQyhkaf.a wkkH;dj

fy<slrk legm;la fia ye¢kafõ. fï wkqj rgl ckix.S;h tu rfÜ ck Wreufha ixfla;hla fia olajkq,efí. (ufyakaø 1997) .eñ .S, ck .S;, ck lú, foaYSh.S;, ck iïu; ldjH iy mdrïmßl .S; hehs mdßNdIsljpk lsysmhls. fuu jpk iuqodfha jdpHd¾: fjkiajqj o tajdfhys ,laIHd¾:h idudkHfhka tlla fldgie,flk nj Ndú;fha § oel.; yels fõ. bx.%Sis niska“folk song” hkak fhfoa. .eñ .S hkq ljf¾ o tajdfhawkkH;d ,laIK fudkjdoehs hk lreKq ms<sn| úúO

23


u; ;sfí.

.eñ .S hkq fmdÿ ckhd w;ska ksmehS Tjqka w;rjHjydrfha tk .Shla fyda lú l;djla fyj;aieye,a,ls. fï .S; mqrdjD;a; fyda l;kaorj,ska ,nkwdNdih yd we,au iuඟ Tjqkf.a fmdÿ Ôú;h úoydmdhs.fmdÿ ud;Dldjla hgf;a tk lú l:dkqidrfhkaieliqKq .S;uh ldjHh o .eñ .S .Kfhys .efka..%dóh ix.S;h iEu rgl u fmdÿ ck;djf.a iycWreuhls. .eñ .S .ehSfuys yd weiSfuys wdYdj Tjqka;=< ksiඟfhka yd i;;skau fõ. f,dj we;s iEuix.S;hlg u jvd Tyqg Tyqf.a mdrïmßl .Sh w.fkah. th Tyq Ôj;ajk iudcfha ´kE tmdlï Wv f.dvke.=Kq l,djla fyhsks. .%dóh ix.S;h .eñhd fukau wjHdch¦ ñY%s; wdfgdamhkaf.ka f;dr h. .eñiudchgu fmdÿ h. (ul=f,d¨j 2000) .eñ .Shlfyda .%dóh ix.S;hl oelsh yels ,laIK lsysmhls.uqL mrïmrd.;j mej;Su, ks¾udmlhd fyda rplhdks¾kdñl ùu, tÈfkod Ôú;fha lsishï lreKla jia;=úIh lr .ekSu, ks¾udKh l< lú fkdj ks¾udKhjQ lú ùu, ks¾jHdc nj, ixhuhlska hq;= ùu, ixCIsma;nj, lsishï ld¾hhlg wod< ùu, fmdÿ ckhd úiskaiduQysl j ms<s.ekSu, fmdÿ ckhdf.a is;=ï me;=ï,weoys,s, ckl;d, ft;sydisl isÿùï, Ôjk jD;a;Ska,Ôú;h ms<sn| w;aoelSï, úYajdi wdÈ lreKq .eñ .Sm%ia;=; ùu, fi!kao¾hh Woa§mkh lr ùu, ys;lr ;ujgmsgdfjka .;a Wmudjka fh§u, wjia:d ksrEmKfhanqyqá nj wdosh fõ. (ùrlafldä 2013( 9) Y%S ,xldfõck .dhkd ms<sn| úuiSfï § úúO m%foaYdkq.;j úúOlafIa;% ;=< mj;sk ck .dhk rdYshls. tu ck .dhkms<sn| j¾.SlrK lsysmhla fï jk úg bÈßm;a j ;sfí.ví. î. ul=f,d¨j uy;d ck .S j¾.SlrKh lrkqfhafuf,isks (ul=f,d¨j 2000).

ne;s .S Nla;s rih úoydmdk .S, ne;s .S kï fõ.úfYaIfhka u wd.ñl miq;,hla we;s.S fï .Kfhys ,d .efka. .=refo.=reka,jeäysáhka, foúhka ms§fuys tk .S; one;s .S .Khg wh;a fõ.

hd. .S n,s, f;dú,a, hlalï wdÈ Ydka;sl¾ufyda mqcd l¾u iuඟ .efhk .S hd. .Skñ.

fufy .S Ôjk jD;a;Ska yd ine÷Kq .S fufy.S kñ. f.dúlï, lïu,alï, l=U,alï,.e,a meoùu wdÈ Ôjk jD;a;Ska iuඟ.efhk .S fufy .S .Kfhys ,d .efka.

iudc .S Ôjk jD;a;Ska yd fkdne÷Kq tfy;aÔú;fha fjk;a wjia:d i|yd Ndú; .Siudc .S kñ. ore ke<ú,s .S, uඟු,a .S,wjuඟු,a .S, ;=;s .S, jekqï .S, fmï .S,je,mqï .S wdÈh fï j¾.hg wh;a fõ.

fl<s .S l%Svd iuඟ Ndú;fha tk .S fl<s .Skñ. t¿jka lEu, TkaÑ,s me§u, fïjrfi,a,u, wx we§u, fmdr fmd,a .eiSu,yjß yex.Su wdÈ .eñ l%Svd iuඟ .efhk.S fï .Kfhys ,d .efka.

k¿ .S kegqï iuඟ Ndú; .S k¿ .S kï.mkaf;are, Wvelals, rnka, jkakï,iõoï, l<f.ä, ,S fl<s wdÈ kegqïiuඟ .efhk .S fï .Kfhys ,d .efka.

úß÷ .S (m%Yia;s) úfYaIfhka mqoa., j¾Kkdji|yd Ndú; .S úß÷ .S kñ. m%Yia;s hkqo fuhgu kuls.

rK .S igka lghq;= .S yd igka jeKqu .SrK .S kñ. mrx.s ygk, bx.%Sis ygkwdÈ ygkaj, we;eï .S fï .Kfhys ,d.efka.

jeKqï .S iajNdj fi!kao¾h fyda fjk;a j¾Kkdmejfik .S jeKqï .S .Kfhys ,d.efka.

Wmf;a isg urKh olajd úisr mj;sk Ôjk l%shdj,shweiqre lr.ksñka isxy, ck ix.S;fha wka;¾.; .dhklafIa;%h ms<sn| frdayK neoaof.a uy;df.a j¾. lsÍugwkqj .dhk ffY,Ska lsysmhls (neoaof.a 2005).

• ke<ú,s .dhk ffY,sh

• .oH .dhk ffY,sh

• iSmo .dhk ffY,sh

• fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sh

• je,mqï .dhk ffY,sh

• Nla;s .dhk ffY,sh

• m%Yia;s .dhk ffY,sh

• ck kdgH, ck kegqï, kdv.ï .dhk ffY,s

f,i úúO .dhk lafIa;% ms<sn| olajd ;sfí. by; m<uqj¾.SlrKh lafIa;% yd iajr wkqj fnod olajd we;s w;r,fojeks j¾.SlrKh kdo ixhq;s wkqj j¾.SlrKh lrwe;s nj fmfka. isxy, ck ix.S;fha wka;¾.; ish¨u,laIK imhd.; yels jkafka ck ix.S;fhys .dhklafIa;% ;=<sks. .dhk lafIa;%fha úisß we;s tu fk¿ï.dhk ffY,sfhA ,laIK yd úfYaI;d ms<sn| wjOdkhfhduq lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ.

uyd ud¾.hla wi, ye,a fl;la rlakd odishl fy<niska .ehQ .Shla wid tu ud¾.fhys .uka l<



නාද මාලාව 1:

NslaIQkajykafia,d yegkula ry;a jQ nj idr;a: §mkSwÜGl;dfjys i|yka fõ. isxy, ikafoaY ldjH hkqwe,afl;a rlsk ia;%Ska .ehQ .S ms<sn| uQ,dY%hls.

“whd fk;a n,k rEisß wke.Shfkdhd fok neyer jQjka iu.Shlshd ir; we,af.ú,sh ,sh .Shf;dhd in| ta wiñka fkd,e.Sh

,shka lshk .S u,a ú| läka läkaiiska ieÿKq fj,a hd oel uäka f.däkalñka f.dÿre nei uqx j;= näka Wäkafifuka isgu ils ud fõ näka näka”(ch;s,l 2002).

fl;aj;=j, we,af.ú,sfhda .S lsh;s. ksis mßÈ ñysß.S lsh;s. tu .S;h wu fuka is;a we,fjk njikafoaYlrefjda fmkajd fo;s.

“meiS ;sfnk fl;aj;aj, ys¢k ks;SksiS j we,a f.ú,sh ,sh .S lsh;sweiS ijk wu fuka is;= we,S h;smeiS fkdj Tjqka fj; is;= hkqj iq;S

úyso mefik tys fl;aj;aj,g nef|aoek muKska nqÈñka ksis ;efkl ysf|atys ;ek ;ek ,sh .S okq wid bf|ahj fkd,iska ÿgq ok uk kqjka nef|a”(fyakamsgf.or mshkkao 1954).

;u ;ud leu;s mßÈ ud;%dj,ska hq;a <hdkaú; .S;sld.hk ldka;djka ms<sn| yxi ikafoaYlrejd fufiaj¾Kkd lrhs.

“.;a u;aj,ska ,sh ,sh .S ;uka f,ifk;a is;a i;=gq ler fl<s l=ußhka /ifj;am;a ;eka fmdrg .j ó r<ka neifl;aj;a fkdfhla .ï ìï fmfkh jïmi

wefihs lshk ri .S ,sh ;=äka ;=äkaÈfihs nisk .j ó r< läka läkamefihs rejg l< fl;aj;a f.däka uäkaf;dfihs t.u ÿg ta jEnäka jáka”(fiakdkdhl 1991).

ldka;djkaf.a yçka .efhk rij;a .S;sld wefihs. rxpqjYfhka nisk .jhka yd ó yrl=ka fmfkhs. f.dvuvj.d flreK j;= yd l=Uqre ,iaikg mefihs. ta .uÿgqj fyd;a i;=g ,efnhs hkqfjka ldjHfha w¾:hoelafõ. by; lú úuiSfuka ;yjqre jkafka fk¿ï lúlshñka fl;aj;=j, lghq;= l< nj h. (fiakdkdhl1991) l=Uqf¾ j,a fk,Sfï § fyda w¨;A me< isgqùfï§ fyda .hk .S fk¿ï .S .eñ ckhd w;r b;d m%lg.dhk ffY,shls.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

m¾fhaIKh iඳyd idys;H úu¾Ykh isÿ lsrSu wiSrelreKla jQfha fulS úIh m:fhys ksYaÑ; jyඳුkd.;a m¾fhaIK fkdue;s ùu fya;=fjks. m¾fhaIK





ud;Dldjg Rcq j wod< jk idys;Hhla oel.;fkdyels jqj o fjk;a m%fõYhka f.ka isÿ l< .%ka:yd f,aLk lsysmhla yඳුkd.; yels úh. iS. o. tia.l=,;s,l uy;d úiska rpkd lrk ,o zck ix.S;isoaOdka;Z, zix.S; iïNjhZ lD;s oaú;ajh o, t;=ud úiskaixialrKh lrk ,o zisxy, ix.S; m¾fhaIK jd¾;d,wxl 1Z o fulS wOHhkhg jeo.;a h. frdayK neoaof.auy;d úiska rpkd lrk ,o zisxy, ix.S; ffY,shZlD;sh, ví. î. ul=f,d¨j uy;df.a zfy< .S u.Z fk¨ï.dhk ms<sn| iu.dó uQ,dY%hls.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

Wmf;a isg urKh olajd úisreKq ck Ôú;h ;=<lDIsl¾udka;h mokï jQ .dhk iïm%odhl wkHk;d,laIK mj;S o@

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

fuys wruqKq lsysmhls.

1. Y%S ,dxflah ck ix.S;h yඳුkd .ekSu yd .dhkdffY,Ska wOHhkh lsÍu.

2. fk¿ï .dhk ffY,sfhys úfYaI;d úuiSu.


rgl ix.S; wOHdmkfhys wä;d,u ck ix.S;h hs.rgg jevodhl jQ ix.S;hka ìysùug kï ish rfÜ.%dóh ix.S;h ms<sn| b;d fyd| oekSula wjYH fõ.rgl <ore ix.S; wOHdmkh úfYaIfhka u .eñ .S.dhkh u; ilia úh hq;=u h. o;a fohska fkdo;a fohghk wOHdmk uQ,O¾uh ta i|yd M,odhlh. ví. î.ul=f,d¨j uy;d fmkajd fokafka iEu mdi,l fukau ix.S;dh;khlu .eñ .S wksjd¾h úIhla jYfhkab.ekaùu jeo.;a jk nj h. (ul=f,d¨j 2000) jx.foaYfha ck ix.S;h ms<sn| m¾fhaIKh l< rúkaøkd;a;f.da¾ uy;d fmkajd ÿkafka ck Wreufha iamkaokh/£ we;af;a ck ix.S;fha nj h. kùlrKh ùu;aiuඟ wNdjhg hk ck .Sh /l.ekSug hqfrdamfhaix.S;fhda l%shd l<y. isis,a fÊ. Id¾ma, fudaÉ ld¾m,aia,fjdarka ú,shïia ta w;r jqy. yxf.aßhdkq ck ix.S;hby<g Tijd ;eîug fn,d ndfgdla jeks ix.S;hkaf.aodhl;ajh jeo.;a úh. ish cd;sl ix.S;h ilia lr.ekSfuys ,d ta ta cd;Skaf.a .eñ .S Wmfhda.S lr.;anj úfoaYSh rgj, ix.S; b;sydih úuiSfï § oel.;yels fõ. merKs isxy, .dhk ,laIK rdYshla u iq/lSwe;af;a isxy, fk¿ï .S .dhkfhys nj wjOdrKfhkamejish hq;= h. YS% ,dxflah udkjjxY ix.S;fõohg wh;a.dhk ffY,shla jk fk ï .dhk wOHhkh lsÍuúIfha m%.;shg fya;=jkakls.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

,sÅ; idys;Hh wOHhkh fuka u fCIa;% wOHhkhfuys m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh hs. ,sÅ; idys;Hh wOHhkfhaoS m%d:ñl yd oaù;shsl uq,dY%h yඳුkd .ekSu;a, tuuq,dY%h úYaf,aIKh lrñka Wml,amkh lsÍu;a isÿ úh.fCIa;% wOHhkh hgf;a iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh, iïuqLidlÉPd, má.; l< Y%jH ;eáj,g ijka oSu wdÈhNdú; flßK.





idlÉPdj

l=Uqf¾ j,a fk,Sfï § fyda w¨;A me< isgqùfï § fyda.hk .S fk¿ï .S jYfhka ye¢kafõ. fuh .eñ ckhdw;r b;d m%lg .dhk ffY,shls. me,a, l=ryka, ;,u,,f;;ඟු .S wdÈh o fk¿ï .dhk ffY,shg we;=<;afõ. fk¿ï .S iEuúgu iduQysl;ajh m%lg lrk w;r,lKavdhï jYfhka .dhkd flf¾. fuu ld¾hfhyskshqla; jkafkda ia;%Syq fj;s. iEu lKavdhulu .dhkhi|yd olaI m<mqreÿ .dhsldjl isà. .S;fhys mdohlane.ska weh msrE úg fiiq msßi tys w;aje, iuQy f,i.h;s. fk¿ulg iyNd.sjk msßi oyfofkl=f.ka fydaiuyr úg úis ;sia fofkl=f.ka jqj o hqla; úh yel.fk¿ï .dhkh wdrïN jkafka ysre, i÷, ñysl;a wdoSfoajdYs¾jdoh ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk kuialdrhlsks.

“kfudA kuialdrhs ysre foúhkagkfudA kuialdrhs iඳ foúhkagkfudA kuialdrhs .K foúhkagkfudA kuialdrhs ñysl;a foúg”

fk¿ï .dhkdfõ m%Odk j¾. folls.

• fk¿ï íh• fk¿ï iskaÿj

fk¿ï íh hkq ú,ïN ,fhka hq;a .dhk ffY,shls.íh hkq ;kqj hkakg fhfokakla nj iS. o tia.l=,;s,l uy;d fmkajd fohs. í hkq øúv z´ffiZhk jpkfha úlD;shla nj o tys f;areu kdoh, ;kqj,kdoud,dj f.k fok nj l=,;s,l uy;df.a woyih. fk¿ï .dhkfha yrh mj;skafka fk¿ï ´fia.dhkfha nj Tyq jeäÿrg;a lshd isà. (l=,;s,l 1972)´fia .dhk rgdjkays úúO;ajh wkqj msß;a ´fia,fydrKE ´fia kñka j¾. lsysmhla m%p,s; h. w;S;fha´fia j¾. oy wgla Ndú; jQ nj ví. î. ul=f,d¨juy;df.a woyi h. (ul=f,d¨j 2000)

fuys .efhk zmsß;a ´fiaZ ffY,sh i|yd msß;aiÊcdhkfhys n,mEu ,eî we;s nj meyeÈ,sjkakls (නාද මාලාව 1).




rd;%sh mqrd msrs;g ijka ÿka .eñhd flf;fys, l=Tqfrysflfrk lghq;=j, oS, fjfyi uykaish ÿre lr .ekSugmsrsf;a wdNdih ,nd ta wkqj fk ï lú .hkakg we;.iduqysl jkaokd l%uh i|yd uydhdk wdNdifhka isÿjQjd fuka u l=Tqf¾oS;a TjQka iduqysl j fk ï lú.dhkd lrkakg úh. tla wfhl= uq, mQrd, b;srs moi|yd w;aje,a .dhkd lsrSu fk ï lúfha oS weishyels jkafka ta ksid h. weo meo .dhkd lsrSu o msrsf;afuka úh. msrs;a ´fia .dhkh i|yd u;aiu isõmoúrs; fhdodf.k we;;a, .dhkfhka mek k.sk rdjhuq¿ukska u msrs;a iÊ®dhkfha yඬg iudk h. msrs;a.dhkhg wh;a kdo mrsudKh, kdo ixl,kh fk ï.Shg n,md we;s nj fmfka (නාද මාලාව 2 සහ 3).

Y%S ,dxflah ck .dhk fCIA;%fha fk ï kdoud,d iyf;dard .;a wx. úuid ne,sfï oS kdo mßudKh iajry;rlg iSud jk mßÈ Y=oaO yd fldau, iajr iys;jY%jKh l< yels ùu oel .; yels jQ ,laIKhls.y f,<oSï ish,a, m%ia;dr igyklg fhosh fkdyelsjqj o .dhk ffY,sfhka biau;= jk iajr, iÊchmdol iajrh f,i f.k úu¾Ykh l< l,ayS fldau,ksYdoh, ksYdoh, iÊch, fldau, ßINh, ßINh, fldau,.dkaOdrh, .dkaOdrh wdoS iajr ia:dk fhoS we;s njfmfka. ngysr ix.S; iajr idOkhg wkqjfiñfgdakmyla we;eï .dhk iඳyd fhoS we;. fk ï .S;j,iajr iSudj mgq jqj o tys iajr ix.;s lsysmhla olakg,efnkakls. fk ï .S; j¾Okh ù we;af;a iajrixLHdj wkqj fkdj ud;%d ixLHdfjka hkakh nj o;a;úYaf,aIKfha oS úoHudk jQjls. ud;%d 16, 18 m%nkaO .Smdohla ud;%d 56, 63, 73 olajd j¾Okh ùu tys m%;sM,hls(නාද මාලාව 4).


fk ï .dhk ffY,sh - fydrKE ´fia

“wdidfjkauhs f.dhfï isákafkawdidfjka jo úඳ /l.kafkawdidfjka i;a ui miqjkafkaf.daidfjkauhs f.dhfï isákafka”

(ud;%d 16);jo tl u kdo LKavhla mqk mqkd .ehSu o fk ï .SfhaúfYaI;djls. tu mqkrela;sh kdo ud,dj ;=< wkq.ukhù ;sfnkafka නාද මාලාව 5 ෙල නි. fuf,i fiaf,awrf.k weඳ.ka kEfkda, f.dhï fk,kakg huq wmskEfkda hk mdo o .efha.

fkMï .Sfha ukaø iajr weiqre fldg we;af;a wdrïNlz.%yZ iajr jYfhks. fndfyda kdo rgd uJø ima;lhweiqre lrñka fldau, ksYdofhka wdrïN ùu o, kdoixhq;s ima;lfha mq¾jdx.fhys fhÈ we;s nj o fy<sfõ. fï wkqj fuu úu¾Ykhg mdol jQ .dhkd ish,a,wjOdrK ixhq;shg we;=<;a fõ. fkMï .S;fndfydaúg Y%e;s iajrfhka u wdrïN ù mdo wka;h Y%e;sfhkau wjidk lsÍu o oelsh yelalls. .dhk ffY,shyd neඳs mj;sk kdo ,d,s;Hfhka j¾Kj;a lrñka.dhkd lsÍfï oS .dhk ffY,sfha kdo rgdj o< m%ia;drigyklg jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhlska hqla; jk nj ofmks hkakls (නාද මාලාව 6).

kdo ud,dj 6 wkqj

fldäfhka fldäh t<shls kqjr fiaif;awd - - x - - - -wäfhka wäh .sh okafâ ne,au fkf;awd - - x - - - -wäfhka wäh jeähhs jkfh mrejf;awd - - x- - - -




í .dhkfhaoS ú,ïN ,hla wkq.ukh lrñka .ehSuo wdx - -jeks Yío fhdod .ehSu o tu ffY,sfhaúfYaI;djls. th fndfyda úg p;=¾ ud;%sl l%uhg .hkq,enqj o tu kdo ud,dj ;=< ueÿï uy fo;sf;ysiajrEmh oelsh yelsfõ. l¾Kdg ix.S; moaO;sfhysoelsh yels ñY% .;ss ,laIKh fuks. my; .dhk ú,dihBg idlaIs orhs (MR 7 1970). (නාද මාලාව 7)

fk ï .dhk ffY,sh - msß;a ´fia(wkd>d;d;aulhs)

“fuf<dj;a mrf,dj;a iem fo;s iqok ygn,j;a nila mjiñ ñ;=fï Tngmsysg;a ,efnhs ieu foúhkaf.ka wmgisÿy;a l=uref.a uõmsfhd lshka ug”

18 u;a úß; p;=¾ ud;%sl úNd.j,ska weish yels jkafkafk ï .S; muKla úh hq;= -fõ. wkd>d;aulj .efhkmsß;a íhg wh;a tla mdohla fldgia y;rlg fnoSwe;s nj kdoud,d úYaf,aIKfha oS fy<sjkakls.

1. fuf,dj;a mr. . . . . . . . .

2. f,dj;a iemfo;s. . . . . . . .

3. iqok yg. . . . . . . . .

4. w w w w wd. . . . . . . . .

fk¿u yudr lrk wjia:dfõ .efhk .S fk¿ïiskaÿ fõ. fk ï isxÿj .efhkafka ud;%d ;=fkka ;=kke;fyd;a ;=k y;r ñY%Kfhka (uOH,h, läkï,h)


(ud;%d 64)

iajrEmfhks. uOH yd oD; ,fhka tu .dhk weish yelsfõ (නාද මාලාව 8).

fk ï .dhk ffY,sh - fk¿ï iskaÿ(ueÿï ;ks;s; yd ueÿï uy fo;s;)

“fnda.ïnr wms fk,qug hkfldg ;siafokafklafk,f;hs ;d,ï

;siafokafkla fk,qjdg l=ulao fjo iqyq/,shkafk,f;hs ;d,ï

iqyq/,sfha kqfò .k rka oE;gj<,q <jdkofohs ;d,ï

fnda.ïnr isá iqyqre lsvefl<s ieu foúfhda/l fohs ;d,ï”

úß; hkq ,>q .=re wlaIr ixfhda.h hs. tfy;a iSudlrk ,o ,>q .=re wlaIr ixLHdjl ixfhda.h úß;lhs.ekSu hqla;s hqla; h. .oHfhys tk jdlHhka o ieÿfka,>q .=re wlaIr ixLHdfjka jQj o jdlHhl wlaIrixLHdfjys iSudjla fyda ,>q .=re wlaIr msysgqùums<sn| kshuhla fyda fkdjk fyhska .oH jdlH úß;a.Kfhys,d .kq fkd,efí. tneúka úß; hkq meÈhl,>q .=re wl=re ixfhda.h hs. (ul=f,d¨j 2000) úßf;ysuQ,sl moku i|ei h. wlaIrhka f.a ixLHd kshuhPkaoihs. tlu Pkaofiys ,>q .=re wlaIr ixfhda.fjkia ùfuka úß;a rdYshla ,efí. wl=re úß;a yd u;aúß;a hehs fomßÈ fõ. ÿq .=re nj fkd;ld wl=re .Kkwkqj .kq ,nkafka wl=re úß; h. wl=rej,g ysñ ÿqu;a.Kk wkqj .kq ,nkafka u;a úß; h. ÿq wl=rla tlau;la fldg o .=re wl=rla fou;la fldg o .ekSu u;aúß;l u;a .Kk .sKSfuys idudkH kshuh hs.

u;a .Kkska mdo i;r u tlsfklg iu jQfha iufyj;a u;a iu meÈh hs. fuys u;a iu meÈ fyda u;a



iu úß;a jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka fmrÈ. PkaoiaYdia;%fhys tk fidf<diau;lg iSud lrk ,o ud;%diu úß; fkdfõ. miau;a, fodf<diau;a, tla úisu;a wd§´kEu ud;%d .Kklska mdo y;r tlsfklg iudk kïta u;aiu meÈ fyda iu úß;a f,i ye¢kafõ. (ul=f,d¨j2000) u;a .Kkska mdo iu jk u;a iu meÈ y÷kajkl, tla mdohlg iSud jQ u;a .Kkska meÈh kï lsÍuisß; h. t¿i|eia,l=Kg wkqj isõmo hkq .K jYfhkafyda .K ixLHd jYfhka úIu jqj o ud;%d iudk jQt<siu, úrdu, iudk jQ moH fõ. (je,súáfha fidar;1944) isõmo hgf;a Pkaoia 14 la t¿ i|eia ,l=fKa olajdwe;s w;r, flá u isõmoh tla .=rla fyda ud;%d follskao §¾>;u isõmoh .=re 14 lska fyda ud;%d 28 lska hqla;nj i|yka fõ.

“.=frla fou;a mgka - ;=ÿia .=re úis wgu;afl< okq i|i ms<sfj, - fufiiska kï isõ fmf|a”

fuu wOHhkhg md;% jQ .dhkhka ys wka;¾.;húuiSfï § u;a iu meÈ oelsh yels fõ. .dhkhkayswka;¾.; u;a .Khg wh;a .dhk isõmo f,iska oye¢kaa fõ.

fidf<diau;a meÈ $ fidf<diau;a isõmofl;l f.dhï me, ks, È,sfikjd - -ud;%d 16;ekl bඳka u,a ud, f.d;kjd - -ud;%d 16jgl bඳka u,a jvï ;kkjd - -ud;%d 16u,l nUre fia jg kofokjd - -ud;%d 16

oiwgu;a meÈ $ oiwgu;a isõmofrdvq fnd,a ke;sj ì;a;r ù fmd,dmka - -ud;%d 18f.du fnda fkdlr w;a;g ù fmd,dmka - -ud;%d 18mඳුre u,a f,ig ù w; jkdmka - -ud;%d 18i;afjks Èkg l=Uqrg jev ujdmka - -ud;%d 18

iQúisu;a meÈ $iQúisu;a isõmokkao W;=ï Whfk W;=ï wkqrdOmq jrefKa

–ud;%d 24.euqKq rcqka tÈfka ÿgqj l, od.en .s,qKs wfka

–ud;%d 24Od;= ke;sj rcqfka rejkaje,s od.en .s,qKs wfkA

–ud;%d 24weu;sjreka tÈfka rcqkayg jeඳ jeඳmjikafka

–ud;%d 24

i|eiau;a .Kk wkqj moH m%nkaOhkays olakg ,enkúß;a ,laIKh .dhkfha § fjkia jk wjia:d oel.; yels ùu .dhk úfYaI;djls. .dhkh l< úg,efnkqfha .S u;a fõ. ta wkqj wlaIr u; h;smsysgqùfuka meÈh .dhkh lsÍfï § wl=rej,g ysñ ud;%d.Kk jeä jk nj fmfka (නාද මාලාව 9 සැඳැස්මත් 18

කි. එෙහත් ගීමත් 64 කි).

fk ï .dhk ffY,sh -fydrKE ´fiai|eiau;a

kdkúf,a kd .ia kjhla ;snqKdkdkúf,a kd .iaj, w;= fnÿKdkdkúf,a kd w;= w. u,a msmqKdkdkúf,a kdu,a uqksඳුg msÿkd

(ud;%d 18)

we;eï fk ï .Shl m%ia;=;h ù we;af;a nqÿ .=Kj¾Kkd fõ. .dhkfhys we;s ixjr nj, m%ia;=;hg.e,fmk kdo ixfhdackh úuiSfï oS úvdj ixisඳුjd.ekSug wu;rj lsishï wd.ñl j;djka iඳyd .ehQiduqysl .dhkhla nj o fmkS hkakls. fk ï lú iඳyd.efhk ;, u,, f;;ඟු= .S m%nkaO ,laIK Bg idlaIsorkq we;.

isßud fnda uq, jev isg uqks nqÿfjkjd f;;ඟු=;d È.= wäfha ß.=;ß rdc ismka;d

jev isá ñKs m<fඟුa nqÿ /ia úysfokjd f;;ඟු=;d È.= wäfha ß.=;ß rdc ismka;d

fydඳg fydඳhs nqÿfjkjd u,a jeis jeiaid f;;ඟු=;d È.= wäfha ß.=;ß rdc ismka;d

tk ta fu;a uqksඳු jඳsuq idÿldr oS f;;ඟු=;d È.= wäfha ß.=;ß rdc ismka;d

úúO ri Ndjhka ksrEmkh jk nj wOHhkfha § fy<súh. bka m%Odk fldg lreK rih fmkajd Èh yel.

ks.ukh

w;S;fha ;=,kd;aul ix.S; úoHdj f,i yeඳිka jQudkjjxY ix.S; úoHdj hkq ix.S;h, thg wh;ajk udkj yd ixialD;sl ikao¾Nhla ;=< wOHhkhlsÍu h. f,dal jHdma;j iy m%dfoaYsl jYfhkame;sr mj;sk kegqï yd ix.S; moaO;Skaf.a iudcuhiy ixialD;sl keUqrej wOHhkh lsÍu jYfhkamq ,a w¾: ksrEmKhlg Ndckh ù we;s udkjjxYix.S; úoHdj (Ethnomusicology) ix.S; úoHdfõ(Musicology) m%Odk YdLdjls. tfuka u th ixialD;sludkjúoHd úIh Odrdfõ udkjjxY úoHd;aul úIhfCIa;%hg wh;a jQjls.

Y%S ,dxflah ck .dhk fCIA;%fha fk ï kdoud,d úuidne,sfï oS kdo mßudKh iajr y;rlg iSud jk mßÈY=oaO yd fldau, iajr iys;j Y%jKh l< yels ùu oel.; yels jQ ,laIKhls. .dhk ffY,sfhka biau;= jkiajr, iÊch mdol iajrh f,i f.k úu¾Ykh l<l,ayS fldau, ksYdoh, ksYdoh, iÊch, fldau, ßINh,ßINh, fldau, .dkaOdrh, .dkaOdrh wd§ iajr ia:dkfh§ we;s nj fmfka. fk ï .S;j, iajr iSudj mgq jqjo tys iajr ix.;s lsysmhla olakg ,efnkakls. fk ï.Sfha ukaø iajr weiqre fldg we;af;a wdrïNl z.%yZiajr jYfhks. fndfyda kdo rgd uJø ima;lh weiqrelrñka fldau, ksYdofhka wdrïN ùu o, kdo ixhq;s



ima;lfha mq¾jdx.fhys fhÈ we;s nj o fy<s fõ. fïwkqj fuu úu¾Ykhg mdol jQ .dhkd ish,a, wjOdrKixhq;shg we;=<;a fõ. fk ï .S; j¾Okh ù we;af;aiajr ixLHdj wkqj fkdj ud;%d ixLHdfjka hkakh njo;a;úYaf,aIKfha oS úoHudk jQjls. fk¿ï .S;j, iajriSudj b;d mgq jqj o lKavdhï jYfhka .dhkd lrkck .S w;=ßka fk¿ï .S ixjrj .hk .S; úfYaIhls. uqLmrïmrd.;j mej;Su, rplhd ks¾kdñl ùu, ks¾udKhl< lú fkdj ks¾udKh jQ lú ùu, ks¾jHdc nj,ixCIsma; nj, lsishï ld¾hhlg wod< ùu, fmdÿ ckhdúiska iduQyslj ms<s.ekSu, fmdÿ ckhdf.a is;=ï me;=ï,Ôú;h ms<sn| w;aoelSï m%ia;=; ùu, ldka;djka f.aodhl;ajh we;s j isÿ ùu wdosh fk¿ï .S; úfYAI;dfõ.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

ixialrK

t¿ i|eia ,l=K 1944 fojeks (ixia) je,súáfha fidar;ia:úr, urodk

lyl=re¿ if|i 1954 (ixia) fyakamsgf.or mshkkaoia:úr, iS$i weï. ã. .=Kfiak iy iud.u,

uydjxih isxy, 2003, (ixia) foysj, fn!oaO ixia-lD;sl uOHia:dkh, isxy, :qmjxih 1966, urodkn,.,af,a úu,nqoaê, úu, úchiQßh, (ixia) r;akfmd;a m%ldYlfhda

yxi ikafoaYh 1991 f;jeks (ixia) Ô. tia. î.fiakdkdhl, m%§m m%ldYlfhda

lD;s

l=,;s,l iS. o. tia. 1972, isxy, ix.S; m¾fhaIKjd¾;d, wxl 1, (ixia) , fld<U, Y%S ,xld .=jkaúÿ,sixia:dfõ m%ldYkhls.

l=,;s,l iS. o. tia. 1991 fojk, ck ix.S; isoaOdka;,

fld<U, ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

l=,;s,l iS. o. tia 1996 fojk, ix.S; iïNjh, fld<Utia. f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

ch;s,l fla. 2002 fojk, úu¾Yk iys; mfrúikafoaYh (ixia) m%§m m%ldYlfhda

neoaof.a frdayK 2005 fojk, isxy, ix.S; ffY,sh,fld<U, ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

ul=f,d,qj ví. î. 2000 kj, fy< .S u., fld<U,ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

ufyaJø iqkkao 1997, ikaksfõok Yíodldrh, fld<U,tia. f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

ùrlafldä brx.d iñkaokS, 2013, ke<ú,s .SfhkaksrEms; isxy, ckY%e;sh, fld<U, tia. f.dvf.a iyifydaorfhda

;eá

MR7 1970. 06. 28 má.; l< ;eáh, Y%S ,xld .=jkaúÿ,sixia:dj

úfoaY’h

Adhikaram E. W. 1946, Early History of Buddhism inCeylon

Folk Songs and Music, Lecture by Professor S.N.Ratnajankar on June 1952, JRAS, Volume 11, Part2.1. 103-12236

The Universal Encyclopedia, 1921/2,The EducationBook Co.Ltd, England

Pegg, Carole:. Ethnomusicology. , Grove Music Onlineed. L. Macy (Accessed February 3, 2008), http://www.grovemusic.com




ngysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=<ska Ök idïm%odhsl o¾Ykjdo ksrEmKh flfrk wdldrhms<sn| wOHhkhla

(A Study of the Implications of Traditional Chinese Doctrines in Journey to the West)

oikdhl, tka. tiA. jhs.1*

1 NdId wOHhkdxYh, › ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h.∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

fuu m¾fhaIK m;%h u.ska úYaf,aIKh flfrkqfha Ök YsIagdpdrfha wd.ñl iy od¾Yksl Ñka;khkaiïNdjH Ök idys;H ks¾udKhla jk ngysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=<ska ksrEmKhfldg we;s wdldrh hs. ;d´ O¾uh,nqÿoyu iy fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh Ökfha m%Odk o¾Ykhka f,i jHdma; jQ w;r m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isg umej;s u<jqka weoySu, uq;=kañ;a;ka weoySu, fkdfhla foújreka weoySu jeks weoys,s yd úYajdi fndfydauhlamej;=Ks. jQ px wka ngysr ;rKh ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ fuu ish¨ weoys,s, úYajdi, wd.ï iy o¾Ykhkaj,,laIK we;=<;afldg we;s nj fuu m;%sldj u.ska ksÍËKh fõ. mqrd;k hq.fha isg u Ök YsIagdpdrh ;=<talfoajjd§, uQ,O¾ujd§ wd.ï jHdma;jdohla olakg fkd,eìKs. Ökh ;=<g l%s. j. m<uq ishjfia muK ixl%uKhjQ nqÿoyu o, Ökh ;=< Wm; ,enQ ;d´ O¾uh iy fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh o jir oyia.Kkla ;siafia wfkHdkHiyiïnkaOfhka Ökh ;=< mej;=Kq w;r fuu ,laIKh Ök idys;H lD;Ska ;=<ska o ksrEmKh jk nj ks.ukhl< yel.

flakaøSh jpk( ngysr ;rKh, idïm%odhsl Ök wd.ï, fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh

Doaism, Buddhism and Confucianism have been coexistent in China from 6BCE as the three main religiousdoctrines and they have had extensive influence on the evolution of Chinese civilization. Principles of all thesethree doctrines have been manifested by Chinese literary works and Wú Chéng.�n.s Journey to the West, one ofthe four great classics of Chinese literature, has been examined by this study, to evaluate the manifestation ofChinese religious doctrines through its plot. The study has been conducted by comprehensive study of Journeyto the West and the principles of Chinese religious doctrines. Although, Journey to the West is considered as aBuddhist legend, it has been observed that it comprises of allegations to all three main doctrines of China. Theteachings of the Taoist Dào are prominent throughout the first part of the plot where the monkey king is trainedwith a Taoist master. One of the strongest references to Toism is the appearance of Tài shàng l�o j�n. Referencesto Confucianism are also observed in Journey to the West. Chinese civilization did not develop a monotheisticgod worship but a unified belief system of many gods, spirits, ghosts and ancestors. It is found that apart fromallegations to the three main doctrines, Journey to the West comprises of characteristics of all these beliefs.

Keywords: Journey to the West, Chinese Religious Doctrines, Confucianism

ye¢kaùu

ngysr ;rKh fyj;a Journey to the West（西游记-Xīyóu jì）hkq l%sia;= j¾I oyih jk ishjfia §muK jQ px wka Wú Chéng.ēn（吴承恩）keu;sÖk idys;HOrhd úiska rpkd lrk ,omerKs Ök idys;Hfha m%Odk iïNdjH idys;HlD;s y;r w;=ßka tlls. fuh :x Iqjeka ixTángxuánzàng（唐玄奘）keu;s fn!oaO YuKhkajykafia ;%smsglh we;=¿ nqÿoyfï O¾u .%ka:fidhd Ökfha isg ;u YsIHhska jk iqka jQ l=xSūnwùkōng（孙悟空）, cQ md Ñfh Zhū bājiè(猪八戒) iy Yd jQ Ñx Shā wùjìng（沙悟净）iu.bkaÈhdj n,d hk .uk ms<sn|j ,shejqKq mqrdjD;l;djls. Ökfha isg fndfyda ÿrla bkaÈhdj n,dÈfjk uu pdßldj ;=< § :x YuKhka we;=¿ pß;fkdfhla ndOl yuqfõ foda,kh jk wdldrh iyTjqkaf.a pß;j, mßKduh idïm%odhsl Ök Ñka;kh

;=<ska ksrEmKh fldg we;. :x Y%uKhka jykafia iyWkajykafiaf.a YsYH Y%uKhka jykafia úiska uOHuwdishdfõ iy bkaÈhdfõ ,o w;aoelSï ms<sn| jd¾;dfya;=fjka miqld,Sk Ökfha Wka jykafia fnfyúkam%p,s; jQy (Zimmerman )Wu 2011: ix).

jir mkaodylg tyd b;sydihla we;s Ökh f,djmerKs;u YsIagdpdrhkaf.ka tlla jk w;r j¾.lsf,daógr ñ,shk 9.6 muK jQ úYd, jmißhl NQñhlgysñlï lshk Ökh ;=< uq;=kañ;a;ka weoySu, foújrekaweoySu, nqoaOd.u, fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh, :d´ oyujeks fkdfhla wd.ï , weoys,s iy úYajdi fndfydawE; w;S;fha isg mej;=Ks. hd´ f.a u;hg wkqjÖk ixialD;sfha úfYaIs; u ,laIKhla jkafka tyswe;s wúfrdaë il,Hjdoh hs. tjka l%ufõohla ;=<f.dvke.=Kq Ök wd.ï iy o¾Ykhka ;=< we;ïúgtlsfklg mriamr uQ,O¾uhka o ixl,kh ùu olakg,efí. (Yao 2010: 10) ngysr ;rKh fn!oaO mqrdjD;

32


l;djla jqj o ta ;=< Ökfha fndfyda merKs idys;HlD;Ska Ökfha fjk;a wd.ï iy weoys,sj, uQ,O¾uhkaolakg ,efí. fuu m;%sldj u.ska wOHkhg ,la jkafkangysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=< ksrEmKh jk idïm%odhsl Ökwd.ñl Ñka;kh hs. fï olajd Ök idys;H iïnkaO jisxy, NdIdfjka ,she ù we;s m¾fhaIK ,sms m%udKhb;d w,am h. Ök merKs iïNdjH idys;H lD;s ms<sn|wOHkh lsÍu Ök NdIdj iy idys;H hk wOHkm%foaYfha Y%S ,dxlSh ikao¾Nh ;=< moku Yla;su;alsÍug iy lshùï m%udKh by< kexùug Wmldr jknj úYajdi flf¾. tneúka fuu m¾fhaIKh u.skabÈßm;a lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re iy ksÍËK Ök NdIdjiy idys;H ms<sn| wOHkhg leue;s Ydia;%hska i|ydjeo.;a jkq we;s nj o úYajdi flf¾.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

Ök wd.ñl iy od¾Yksl Ñka;khkaf.a úldYkh

wfkl=;a YsIagdpdrj, fuka u Ökfha o uyd wd.ïìysùug fmr isg u ck úYajdi iy weoys,s mej;=Ks.Ök foaj weoys,a, foújreka ish.Kkla ms<sn| úYajdiflfrk nyqfoajjd§ foaj weoys,a,ls. fï foújrekaw;r iqr, wiqr foújreka o w¾O foújrekaf.ka oiqr ¥;hska o isá hss. tfia u úfYaIs;u ldrKhlajkafka udhd i;=ka ms<sn| fndfyda úYajdi mej;Suhs. Shénnóng（神农）fkdfyd;a Ök f.dú;ek iyT!IO iïnkaO ñ:Hd pl%j¾;Ska merKs Ök ckm%jdo;=< fuka u miqld,Sk idys;H lD;s ;=< o nyq, jlshefjk pß;h ls. Tyq ms<sn| b;sydih l%sia;= mQ¾j(2838-2698) muK ld,h olajd Èfjk w;r ukqIHhskagf.dú;eka lsÍug b.ekajQfha Tyq nj úYajdih hs.(Roberts 2010:107) Ôjudkj isákakka iy u<jqkaw;r m%n, ne£ula we;s nj fndfyda merKs Ökcd;slfhda úYajdi l<y. Tjqkaf.a úYajdihg wkqjukqIHhskag we;af;a ;djld,sl YÍrhla iy iodld,slwd;auhls. (Roberts 2010: 2) uq;=ñ;a;ka jkaokd lsÍuiy Tjqka fjkqfjka j;dj;a bgq lsÍu o mqrd;kÖkfha mej;s úYajdi w;ßka m%Odk tlls. m%N+kaf.auq;=kañ;a;ka b;d m%n, h. Tjqkag hqoaOh, ovhu iyf.dú;efka id¾:l;ajh flfrys n,mEï we; sl< yelsnj úYajdi flreKs (Rainey 2010:4).

fldka*shqishia O¾uh, nqÿ oyu iy :d´ oyu hkúYajdihka ;=k u fndfyda wE; w;S;fha isg uÖkh ;=< m%p,s;j mej;=Ks. ieuqfj,a î,a f.a u;hgwkqj b;d ë¾> ld,hla ;siafia Ökh ;=< fuuo¾Ykhka iuld,fhys mej;=Kq ksid tlsfklg wd-fõKsl uQ,O¾uhka mjd fjkafldg y÷kd.; fkdyelsmßoafoka uqyq ù we;. (Beal 1996: 2) fldka*shqishiao¾Ykh Ökh ;=< jHdma; ùu wdrïN jkafka l%sia;=mQ¾j mia jk ishjfia isg h. fldka*shqishia (l%smQ 551-479) úiska y÷kajd fok ,o fldka*shqishiao¾Ykh Rújiā（儒家）Ökh ;=< úldYkh jQfha

o¾Ykhla f,i h. Iska pqx hd´ úiska i|ykalr we;s mßÈ fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh fldka*shqishiaúiska fndfyda ld,hla ;siafia Ökfha uq,aneif.kmej;s iïm%odhka fmdaIKh lrkq ,enQjla ñi kjm¾hdhla fyda o¾Ykhla ìys lsÍula fkdjkafka h.(Yao 2008:17) fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh hkq ñksfiliy ;j;a wfhl= w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh ksrEmKhlrkakd jQ ixlS¾K wdpdrO¾u moaO;shls. mqoa.,sl,l=gqïn iy iudc iïnkaO;d ixialD;sh flfrysn,mdk iudc wdpdrO¾u moaO;sh kshdukh lsÍfï §tys NQñldj m%uqL h. (Hui 2012( 10) fldka*shqishiao¾Ykfha biau;=fldg oelafjk uQ,O¾uhka wOHhkhlsÍfï§ fuu lshuk ;yjqre l< yels idOl yuq fõ.rén (仁) ys;ldó;ajh, xiào(孝) mq;% odrl fifkyi, lǐ(礼) j%;h, yì（义）Od¾ñl;djh �dé（德）iodpdrhiy zhì (智) fyj;a ඥාdKh fldka*shqishia o¾YkfhauQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka fõ. fldka*shqishia b.ekaùugwkqj m%dඥfhl= jūnzǐ (君子) ìys lsÍfuys ,d fuu,ËK fnfyúka bjy,a fõ. fuu.ska meyeÈ,sjkafka fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh ukqIH iudch ;=<mqoa., fm!¾Ih iy hym;a nj msysgqùu fjkqfjkaiïm%odhsl iudcfha ixia:s;sl ms<s.ekSï fmdaIKhlsÍfï o¾Ykhla nj h. fldka*shqishia md,k ;ka;%hiy hymd,kh ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l<w;r tys § rdcH;ajh foõf,dúka ,enqKq jrula,tiānmìng（天命）, fia i,ld foaj Woyig <la fkdùckys;jd§ md,khla f.k hdu md,lhdf.a mruj.lSula nj ;rfha wjOdrKh fldg we;. tfia uiudc ixia;s:sh ;=< tlsfkldf.a j.lSï iy pß;hkajgyd f.k lghq;= lsÍu Wiia fldg ie,fla.

“hymd,kh mj;skafka md,lhd md,lhl=f,i;a, wud;Hjrhd wud;Hjrfhl= f,i;a,mshd msfhl= f,i;a, mq;%hd mq;%hl= f,i;a ksisf,i lghq;= l< úg u h” (Analects:12.1).

wdrïNl Ydia;Djrhd ,d´ ;aiQ Lǎozi（老子）f,iie,flk ;d´ O¾uh o Ökfha fndfyda fihska m%p,s;merKs o¾Ykhls. ,d´ ;aiQ ms<sn| fkdfhla u;jdohkamj;sk w;r :d´ O¾uh úYaj Yla;sh iy wdOHd;añliudêh uq,afldg .;a o¾Ykh ls. ;d´ （道- Dào）hkÖk rEmdËrfhys woyi ud¾.h fyda iso; jYfhkaye¢ka úh yel. fÊïia ñ,¾ i|yka lrk mßÈ Ökwd.ñl YsIagdpdrh yev.eiaùfï § fuu ;d´ fkdfyd;aud¾.h l=ula o hk .eg,qj jeo.;a u ldrKh hs.(Miller 2008: 45) ;d´ oyu ;=<ska u;=jQ hska hxYīnyáng（阴阳）jeks ixl,am Ök igka l,dj jeksYdia;%hka ;=< o úfYaIfhka idïm%odhsl Ök fjolfuysfrda. ksYaph fuka u frda. ksjdrK l%ufõohkaieliSfï§ o jeo.;a úh.

l%sia;= j¾I m<uq ishjfia muK yka hq.fha § Ökh;=<g wd.ukh jk nqÿoyu rdcdkq.%y o iys; j mQ¾K



mqkreohlg ,la úh. l%s j miajk ishjfia § muKfndaêO¾u kï bkaÈhdkq Y%uKhka jykafia kula Ökhfj; f.dia m%Odk Ök fn!oaO .=rel=,hla jk pkanqÿoyu wdrïN l< njg idlaIs we;. bka miqj :xhq.fha § (l%s. j. 618- 907) hqka kka m<df;a ;d,Sm%foaYfha o ñx hq.fha § (l%s. j. 1368 - 1644) o fkdfhlafn!oaO .=rel=, hgf;a nqÿ oyu m%p,s; úh. Ökfndaêi;aj ixl,amh Ök nqÿoyfï úfYaIs; ,laIKhlafõ. l=jka hska fndaêi;ajhska f,i y÷kajkq ,nkfuu fndaêi;ajhska ia;%shla jk w;r uq¿uy;a úYajhflfrys u idkqlïmdfjka n,k weh “lreKdfõfojÕk” , “foõ /ðK” jeks kïj,ska o y÷kajkq ,nhs. (Beal 1996:2) Ök nqÿoyu m%Odk jYfhka uydhdknqÿoyfï fndfyda ,laIK o merKs Ök ck úYajdij,,laIK o iys; j Ökh ;=< úldYkh úh.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

jQ px wka f.a ngysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=<ska Ökidïm%odhsl wd.ï iy o¾Ykjdohka ms<sìUq flfrkafkaflfia o@

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

fuu m¾fhaIKh u.ska m%Odk jYfhka wruqKqflfrkafka merKs fn!oaO l;d mqj;la jgd f.;=Kqngysr ;rKh lD;sfha fn!oaO o¾Ykh yereKqfldgiuld,Sk iy mqrdK Ökfha mej;s fjk;a o¾Ykjdohkams<sìUq flfrkjd o hkak úYaf,aIKh lsÍu hs. tfiangysr ;rKh ;=<ska wd.ï iy o¾Ykjdohka ms<sìUqflfrk wdldrh wkqj tajd Ökh ;=< mßKduh jQwdldrh iy tlsfkl w;r iyiïnkaOh o wOHkhg,la lsÍu oaú;shsl wruqKls.


Ök idys;H ms<sn| isxy, NdIdfjka ,shejqKq m¾fhaIKm;%sld m%udKh b;d wvq uÜgul mj;S. Y%S ,xldj ;=<Ök NdIdj bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu YS>%fhka j¾Okhfjñka mj;sk j¾;udkfha fuu m;%sldj Ök NdIdjbf.k .kakd isiqkag iy .=rejrekag o m¾fhaIlhskago jákd mßYS,k uQ,dY%hla njg m;a jkq we;. fuum¾fhaIKh u.ska idlÉPdjg ,la flfrk lD;shÖkfha m%Odk;u mqrdK idys;H lD;s y;ßka tlla jkngysr ;rKh lD;sh ms<sn| j Y%S ,xldj ;=< fuf;lafujeks úYaf,aYKhla isÿ fldg fkdue;s neúka tulD;sh ms<sn| wOHkhg leue;s m¾fhaIlhskag ukdmsájy,la jkq we;.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

fuu m¾fhaIKh m%Odk jYfhka idys;H uQ,dY% mokïlrf.k isÿ lrkq ,enQ m¾fhaIKhls. o;a; tla /ialsÍu i|yd ngysr ;rKh lD;sh .eUqßka wOHkh lrk,o w;r oaõ;shsl uQ,dY%h f,i ta ms<sn|j ,shejqKq

fmd;am;a iy fjk;a m¾fhaIK m;%sld o mßYS,kh lrwe;. Ök nqÿoyu, ;d´ oyu iy fldka*shqishia o¾Ykhms<sn| ,she ù we;s fmd;am;a iy m¾fhaIK m;%sld ofuu wOHkfha § oaõ;shsl uQ,dY%h f,i fhdod f.kwe;.

idlÉPdj

ngysr ;rKh uQ,sl jYfhka ks¾udKh ù we;af;auydhdk fn!oaO o¾Ykh uq,afldgf.k jqjo merKs Ökweoys,s úYajdi nyq,j ksrEmKhfldg we;. merKs Ökckm%jdo ;=< mej;s weoys,s, úYajdi fndfydauhla ngysr;rKh ;=<ska .uH fõ.

“yqfol,d lÕfõkqka fkrd we;s .sßl=¿ bÈßfhaje;sÍ isá;s l÷ YsLr u;ska f.dm,a¨kaf.aú,dmh wefia .,a .=yd ;=<g ulreka h;s t;s...”(ngysr ;rKh ( 1 mßÉfþoh).

Ök kË;%fõohfha o udhd i;=ka iy idudkHi;=kaf.ka iukaú; rdYs pl%hla we;. ulrd hkq Ökckm%jdofha tk Yla;sh, hym;anj ms<sìUq flfrkixfla;hla jk w;r úmßKduh jk wd;auhls. m%d.aft;sydisl hq.h olajd Ök mqrdK m%jdoj, ulrd wYajysila, wx folla iy k<, ueo uq;= weghla iys;i¾mfhl= f,i ksrEmKhfldg we; (Roberts 2010: 29,30).

“wd´ l=jx, kef.kysr uqyqfoa uy¨ ulr rcq,b;d l,n,fhka Tyqf.a ulr mq;=ka, uqKqnqrka,fid,aodÿ biaika iy ll=¿ m%OdkSka iu. iqkajQ l=x yuqùug .sfhah...

Tfí fidhqrka isákafka fldfyo@

wd´ Ñka, ol=Kq uqyqfoa ulr rcq h. wd´Iqka W;=re uqyqfoa ulr rcq h. wd´ rekangysr uqyqfoa ulr rcq h” (ngysr ;rKh ( 3mßÉfþoh).

;x Y%uKhka jykafiaf.a wYajhd jk Bái lóngmǎ(白龙马) ngysr uqyqfoa ulr rcqf.a mq;%hd h. Tyqgñksia, wYaj iy ulr jYfhka fõYhka ;=kls.fï wdldrfhka ulrd ngysr ;rKh jD;dka;h ;=<fndfyda wjia:dj, § fhdod f.k ;sfí. m%Odk pß;hjk iqka jQ l=x ndysr fmkqñka idudkH jdkrhl= jqjo Tyq i;= j m%n, udhd Yla;shls. rkajka mdIdKhlskaWm; ,o Tyqf.a isrer f,day fuka Yla;su;a jk w;rTyqg fõYhka 72 ls. Tyqf.a fojk yd f;jk i.hskams<sfj,ska W!re ysila iy ñksia YÍrhla ysñ cQ mdÑfh Zhū bājiè (猪八戒) iy jd¨ld rdËhd f,iy÷kajkq ,nk Id jQ Ñx Shā wùjìng（沙悟净）fõ. cQmd Ñfh w;S;fha iqr f,dj b;d m%n, ks,Odßfhl= f,i



lghq;= fldg i| îu;ska i| fojÕk fj; rd.dkaú;,S,dfjka <x ùug W;aidy lsÍfï jrog foaj Woyig<lajQ wfhls. Tyqg úrEmS fmkqula ,eî ;x Y%uKhkaf.aisiqfjl= njg m;a jkafka fmr l< mdmhg oඬුjulaf,i h. fujeks ukqIH-i;aj ixhqla; i;ajhska ms<sn|j Ök ckjyr ;=< m%lg úYajdihka fndfydauhlangysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=< we;=<;a ù we;.

49 jk mßÉfþofha .x.dfõ leianEjd keue;s úYd,leianEfjl== ms<sn|j lshe fõ. Tyq ;x Y%uKhkawe;=¿ msßi uyd .x.djlska tf;r lrjk w;r BglD;.=K ie<lSula jYfhka ;x Y%uKhka jykafianqÿkajykafif.a msysfgka Tyqg ukqIH wd;auhla ,nd.ekSug Wmldr lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿjla ,nd fo;s.Ök ckm%jdohg iy idys;Hg wkqj leianEjd hkqÑria:s;sh yÕjkakd jQ ixfla;hls. mkal+ f,dalhks¾udKh lsÍu ms<sn| Ök m%nkaOh ;=< o leianEjl=Tyqg Wmldr l< nj lshe fõ (Roberts 2010: 119).

bkao%cd,hka, udhdjka Wmfhda.S lr .ksïka isÿ lrkq,nk woaN+; wNspdrhka iïnkaO isoaëka fuu lD;sh;=< fkdu| j we;=<;a fldg we;. l;dfõ uq,aNd.fha b;d fkdyslauqKq .;s.=K fmka jk, lsisfjl=f.aWmfoig lSlre fkdfjk iqka jQ l=x oukh lsÍui|yd l=jka hska fndaêi;ajhska úiska Tyqf.a ysi u;m<|kdjla m<| jk w;r thg uka;rhla cm lsÍfukame<| isákakdg oeßh fkdyels ysfia fõokdjla we;sfõ. ngysr ;rKh lD;sh ;=<ska merKs Ök iudcfhaweoys,s, úYajdi ms<sn| j úfYaI ldrKd .uH fõ.hËhska ñksia iajrEmfhka meñK :x Y%ukhka keiSugW;aidy lrk wjia:d lsysmhla u lD;sfha uq,a Nd.fhabÈßm;a fldg ;sfí. ukqIHhska, hËhska, w¾O rdËhska,foújreka, udhd i;=ka, N+;hska hk ish¨ fldgiatlsfkld fjka fldg y÷kd .; fkdyels ;rug uióm j ksrEmKh fldg ;sfí.

;d´ O¾ufha uQ,sl u ixl,amhka fol f,i;d´ dào（道）iy ; dé（德）ye¢kaúh yel. ;d´dào（道）hkq iajNdjO¾uh iu. iqixfhda.fhkalghq;= lsÍu jk w;r ; dé（德）hkq wfkl=;aukqIHhska iu. iqixjdofhka lghq;= lsÍu fõ (Leeiy ;j;a wh 2009 : 70).

yīn, yang ixl,amh ;d´ O¾ufha iqixfhda. harmonyuQ,O¾uh újrKh lrk ixl,amhls. yīn, yangixl,amh ngysr ;rKh lD;sfha lsysm ;eklu fhdodf.k ;sfí.

“.skak iy c,h ix;=,s; jQ úg whym;lgbv fkdue; w÷r (yīn) iy t<sh (yang)iqixjdofhka j,dl=¿ mrhhs” (ngysr ;rKh (62mßÉfþoh).

ngysr ;rKh lD;sfha foaj ixl,amh ;d´ O¾ufha úYa-jdihka yd iief|k nj ksÍËKh fõ. foaj uKav,fha

m%Odkshd jk Yùhuángdàdì（玉皇大帝）f.a mgkafoaj;djqka, foõf,dfõ wdrËlhska, i;r uqyqfoaulr rcjreka, hu f,dfõ hu rcqka oifofkla,ld,.=Khg wêm;s foaj;djqka i;rfofkla, m%OdkÈYdjkag wêm;s i;=ka i;r fofkla we;=¿ iqrwiqr foaj;djqka o w¾O foújreka o fkdfhla jerÈksid oඬුjï ,en foõf,dúka msgqjy,a lrk ,ÿjfkdfhla fõYfhkaf.ka ñysu; isákd i;=ka o we;=¿ish¨ pß; m%udKh ishh blaujhs. idïm%odhsl Ökms<s.ekSug wkqj fuu foaj uKav,h uQ,sl jYfhka;d´ O¾uhg wh;a nj ms<s.efka. mia jk mßÉfþofhalshefjk Tài shàng lǎo jūn（太上老君）;d´ O¾uhgiïnkaO wfhls. we;eï Ök cd;slhskaf.a úYajdihgwkqj urKfhka miq foõf,dfõ bmÿKq ;d´ O¾ufhaks¾ud;D f,i ie<flk Lǎozi（老子）u h.

:x Y%uKhka jykafiaf.a uia wkqNj l< úg wurŒhnj ,efíhehs is;k hËfhda Wka jykafia kid tfiawurŒh nj ,eîug fkdfhla m%h;ak or;s. wkqNjl< úg wurŒh;ajh ,efnk Jīn dān（金丹）keue;sT!IO .=,s j¾.hla ms<sn| ;d´ O¾uh woykafkdaúYajdi l<y. (Roberts 2010: 2)

fldka*shqishia o¾Ykh Ökh ;=< fnfyúka m%p,s;jQfha wd.ula f,i fkdj YsIagdpdrh ;=< ukqIHÔú;h hym;a lr .ekSug wjYH foaYmd,k iyiudc o¾Ykhla f,i h. ngysr ;rKh lD;sfhafldka*shqishia ms<sn|j wjia:d lsysmhl§ u iDcqj ui|ykafldg we;. oijk mßÉfþofha we;s my; ñksiafjia .;a ulr rcq ms<sn| j úia;rh ukd WodyrKhls.

“lvjiï fiau Wodr h...Tyq jpkfhkafldka*shqishia iy fukaishia fj; we;sf.!rjh fmkajQfõh...” (ngysr ;rKh (10mßÉfþoh).

fldka*shqishia foaYmd,k iy iudc o¾Ykhg wkqjrdcH md,kh isÿ lsÍu yd Ôjk rgdj yev.iajd .ekSuo fldka*shqishia o¾Ykhg .re lsÍu o Ökfha w;S;fhaisg u Wiia f,i i,lk ,§. 35 jk mßÉfþofhao “fldka*shqishia uyd m%dhd” f,i i|ykla we;.Xiào (孝) fkdfyd;a jeäysáhkag iy OQrdj,shg .relsÍu fldka*shqishia o¾Ykfha m%Odk b.ekaùï w;ßkatlls. fkdfyd;a jeäysáhkag iy OQrdj,shg .re lsÍufldka*shqishia o¾Ykfha m%Odk b.ekaùï w;ßka tlls.idïm%odhsl fldka*shqishia wdpdrO¾u moaO;shg wkqjmjqf,a ish¨fokd w;r wkql%ñl iïnkaO;djla we;.(Sarkissian 2010:726) fkdyslauqKq iqka jQ l=x YslaIKhlsÍug wjidkfha Tyqj ;x Y%uKhka fj; Tyqj fhduqflf¾. jeäysá .=rejrfhl= hgf;a bf.kSu merKsfldka*shqishia Ñka;khg wkqj wksjd¾h lreKla úh.fldka*shqishia Ñka;kfha fuu b.ekaùï ngysr ;rKhlD;sh ;=< wjia:d .Kkdjl § u biau;= fldg ;sfí.



ks.ukh

by; f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka jQ pxwka ngysr ;rKh ks¾udKh lsÍfï § yqfola nqÿoyumuKla fkdj merKs Ök ixialD;sh ;=< mej;s fndfydaweoys,s iy úYajdi o, ;d´ O¾uh fldka*shqishiao¾Ykh wd§ m%Odk Ök wd.ñl o¾Ykhkaf.a b.ekaùuiy mqreId¾: o ta ;=< .eífldg we;s nj meyeÈ,s h.uq,a ld,Sk Ökfha wd.ula f,i m%Odk jYfhka f.dvke.=fKa ;d´ O¾uh hs. ;d´ O¾uh u.ska b.ekafjkixl,amhka miqld,Sk j Ökhg ixl%uKh jQ nqÿoyfïixl,am iu. fndfyda fihska iief|a. nqÿoyu o Ökh;=< § fndfyda fihska ÖklrKhg ,la jQ nj b;dmeyeÈ,s h. l=jka hska fndaêi;aj ixl,amh fuhglÈu WodyrKhls. ;d´ O¾uh u.ska b.ekafjkqfhaukqIHhd ;=< we;s Yla;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu iy .uka u.iajNdjO¾ufha l%ufõohg wkq.; ùu b.eka fjkúYajúoHdjls. tneúka wd.ñl kHdhka w;r ix>ÜGkhisÿ jQfha b;d úr, jYfhks. tfiau mru foúfhl=,Ydia;Djrfhl= Nla;sfhka weoySu fyda iïNjfõoh uq,afldg .;a uQ,O¾ujd§ wd.ï Ökh ;=< m%p,s; fkdùuksid o w;S;fha isg Ökh ;=< wd.ñl jHdma;jdohlafkdmej ;=Ks. tuksid m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isgmej; wd weoys,s, úYajdi iy pdß;% úêl%u o, l%s.mq.miajk ishjfia isg Ökh ;=< ìys jQ wd.ñl iyod¾Yksl Ñka;khka o wfkHdkH iyiïnkaOfhkamej;=Kq w;r uQ,O¾u iy úYajdi uqiq ùu o olakg,efí. Ök ckiudch ;=< mej;s fuu wd.ñl ,laIKidys;H lD;s ;=<ska o .uH jk nj ngysr ;rKhwOHkh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

Barker, E. (n.d.). Religion in China: Some IntroductoryNotes for the Intrepid Western Scholar. SocialScientific Studies of Religion in China, 109-132.doi:10.1163/ej.9789004182462.i-312.37

Beal, S. (1996). Buddhism in China. Asian EducationalServices.

Hui, G., )Grove, M. (2012). Confucianism and ChineseFamilies: Values and Practices in Education. Inter-national Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(3).

Jensen, L. M. (1997). Manufacturing Confucianism:Chinese traditions ) Universal Civilization. Durham:Duke Univ. Press.

Lee, Yueh-Ting; Yang, Honggang; and Wang, Min(2009) ”Daoist Harmony as a Chinese Philosophyand Psychology,” Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol.16: No. 1, Article 5.

Lee, Yueh-Ting; Yang, Honggang; and Wang, Min(2009) ”Daoist Harmony as a Chinese Philoso-phy and Psychology,” Peace and Conflict Studies:Vol. 16: No. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol16/iss1/5

Miller, J. (2008). Daoism: A Beginners guide. Oxford:Oneworld.

Rainey, L. D. (2010). Confucius and Confucianism: Theessentials. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Roberts, J. (2010). Chinese mythology, A to Z. NewYork: Chelsea House.

Sarkissian, H. (2010). Recent Approaches to ConfucianFilial Morality. Philosophy Compass, 5(9), 725-734.doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00319.x

Wu, C., ) Yu, A. C. (2012). The journey to the West.Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Yao, X. (2008). An introduction to Confucianism.Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Yao, X., ) Zhao, Y. (2010). Chinese Religion: Acontextual approach. London: Continuum.

Zimmerman, M., ) Wu, C. (2011). Journey to the west:A play. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press.

Zürcher, E., ) Teiser, S. F. (2007). Buddhist Conquestof China the Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism inEarly Medieval China. Boston: BRILL.




my;rg f;;a l,dmh weiqfrka idïm%odhsl oekqu mokï j Y%S ,xldfõ YdldjrKhy÷kd .ekSu iy j¾.SlrKh

(Identification and Classification of the Vegetation Cover in the Lowland Wet Zone in Sri Lanka Based

on Traditional knowledge Systems)

tus.tia.tus.t,a. lreKdr;ak1*

1N+f.da,úoHd wOHhkdxYh, reyqK úYajúoHd,h∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

úúO ks¾Kdhl mokï lr .ksñka jDlaI,;d wdjrKh yඳුkd .ekSug yd j¾.SlrKh iඳyd fndfyda W;aidyf.k ;sfí. tAjd ish,a, u mdfya WoaNs; úoHdj, foaY.=K úoHdj, jeks Y=oaO úoHdjla mokï fldg.;a tAjd h.kuq;a furg ckhdf.a idïm%odhsl oekqu u; yd Tjqkaf.a cSjk jHdjydr weiqfrka ksu jQ j¾.SlrKhla oekgbosßm;a ù ke;. fuu ,smsfha wruqK jkafka tjeks yඳුkd .ekSula yd j¾.SlrKhla iඳyd jk uQ,sl m%fõYhla.ekSu hs. fuu wOHhkh .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIKhla jk w;r o;a; /ia lsÍu, úYaf,aIKh yd bosßm;a lsÍu iඳydo Wmfhda.S fldg f.k we;af;a o .=Kd;aul m%fõYhls. wOHhkh m%foaYh my; rg f;;a l,dmh f,i ie,l=j;atys ;sfnk Ydl m%uqL fldg.;a iEu fN!ñl mßir moaO;shla u fuys oS idlÉPdjg nඳුka fkdfõ. tfyhskawod< m%foaYfha YdldjrKh ms<snඳ mrsmQ¾K ú.%yhla f,i fuh fkdie,lsh hq;=h. Wmfhda.S;dj, jHdma;sh ydiqúfYaIS;dj hk idOl u; NdId jHdjydrhka weiqßka my; rg f;;a l,dmfha jDlaI,;d wdjrKh yඳුkd.ekSug W;aidy lrk w;r tA tA mßir moaO;sj, ,laIK o bosßm;a lrhs. fï wkqj ks.ukh l< yelaflaby; idOl ;%s;ajh u; YdldjrKh yඳුkd .ekSu yd j¾.SlrKh isÿl< yels nj;a, mdrïmßl j mej; tkidïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;s úiska tlsfklska fjkia j fuu mßir moaO;s yඳුkd .ekSug iy j¾.SlrKhg iu;ajk nj;a h. tA ;=< WoaNs; úoHd;aul, foaY.=k úoHd;aul fyda N+ úoHd;aul ks¾kdhl muKla fkdj iudcShúoHd;aul, ixialD;sl, wOHd;aul, w.hka o ñY% j mj;S. tfyhska kQ;k, m%cd mdol jk l<uKdlrk fyda mßirixrËK iy l<ukdlrk m%fõYj, oS wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= flaIa;%hla f,i fuu flaIa;%h yඳුkajd osh yels h.

flakaøSh jpk ( jDlaI,;d wdjrKh, idïm%odhsl oekqu, NdIdj, cSjk jHjydr, my; rg f;;a l,dmh

There are different types of vegetation classifications based on botanical and climatological indicators. Allthese classifications indicate pure science disciplines. However still there is no classification and identification hasbeen found related to native traditional knowledge and life styles. The aim of this text is to take a step to make anapproach to identify and classify the vegetation cover at local level. This is a qualitative study and it has utilizedqualitative methods and techniques to collect, analyze and present data. Lowland wet zone has been determinedas the study area. However, this study does not cover each and every vegetation types of the area. Therefore, thisstudy should not be considered a completed one. This study has identified and classified natural vegetation coverin the area by using utilization, geo-spatial distribution and uniqueness which is associated with language of thecommunities. The study has discovered features and characteristics of particular vegetation covers. According tothis study, it can be concluded that we can identify and classify natural vegetation cover of the lowland wet zonein Sri Lanka and it is highly connected with traditional knowledge systems and language. In that classification,there are indicators related to natural sciences and social sciences. Hence, this holistic perspective will be the mostappropriate in modern forest conservation and management practices.

Key words: Vegetation Cover, Traditional Knowledge, Language, Lowland Wet Zone

ye¢kaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ jk wdjrKh (Total forest cover withplantations) uq N+ñ m%udKfhka 32.2] ls. j.d lrk,o jkdka;rhka óg wh;a jk w;r iuia; jHdmD;shfylaghd¾ ñ,shk 6.616 ls. fuhska jeiqKq úhk iys;iajdNdúl jk wdjrKh (Closed canopy natural forests)23.9] ls. ffcj úúO;ajfhka fmdfydi;a ksj¾;k jeisjkdka;r wh;a jkafka o fï hg;g hs. úiqreKq iyújD; le,E (Sparse and open forests) m%udKh 7] fõ.úh<s yd Y=Ial l,dmSh lgq mඳුre iys; yqඳl,d jk

ìï fï hg;g .efka. j.d lrk ,o jkdka;r (Forestplantation) 1.3] jk w;r f;alal, hqle,smagia, mhskiajeks Ydlj,ska fï ìï wdjrKh ù ;sfí (Legg andjwell, 1995 cited in FAO,2000). YS% ,xldj iuia; N+ñmßyrK rgdj úuiQ úg, iuia; N+ñfhka 35] la lDIsld¾ñl (Agriculture) lghq;= iඳyd o jkdka;r fkdjkjDlaI,;d wdjrKh (Trees Outside Forests – TOF) 24]la o fjk;a N+ñ mßyrKh iඳyd 9] l N+ñ m%udKhla ofjkaj mj;S (FAO, 2000). uq N+ñfhka 68] l mx.=jlaksfhdackh lrk fuu ìï m%udkhg jkdka;r wh;afkdjQj;a Ydl m%uqL fldg.;a úúO mßir moaO;Ska tys

37


ksÍCIKh l< yelsh. jkdka;r iuඟ muKla fkdjtAjd iuඟ o m%cdjf.a iDcq iy jl% inඳ;d ks¾udKhù ;sfí. Tjqkaf.a cSjk jHdydr mj;ajd .ekSug fuumßir moaO;s iqúfYaIS ld¾hNd¾hhla bgq lrñka mj;S.ksoiqka f,i uq ìï m%udKfhka 24] ksfhdackhlrk jkdka;r fkdjk jDlaI,;d wdjrKhg wh;a tlaixrplhla jk my; rg f.j;=, Wvrg f.j;=, wdosfhkaie,fik jkc ksIamdok iy fiajd ms<snඳ m¾fhaIku.ska wkdjrKh lrf.k ;sfí (Karunarathne, 2009).fiiq ñksiqka m%uqL N+ñ mßyrKh rgdjka ;=< jQj oiqúfYaI .;s ,laIK, m%lg lrk YdLdjrKhla yඳුkd.; yels w;r tu yඳුkd .ekSu isÿ lr we;af;a oS¾>ld,hla tu mßir moaO;s weiqf¾ cSj;a jQ m%cdjka úisks.tksid m%cdjf.a mdrïmßl ඥාkh u; mokï jQ tuyඳුkd .ekSï iqúfYaI jeo.;alulska hqla; h. ukaoh;a Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.hg idfmaIj jkwdjrKfha iS>% wvqùula olakg ,efnk neúks (FAO,2000). tfyhska jkdka;r yrKh (Deforestation) iyydhkh (Forest degradation) iඳyd fuka u yrs;wdjrK (Greenary) jevss lsÍu iඳyd m%cdj iuඟ noaO jQjvd mq ,a yd újD; m%fõYhlg t<ôh hq;= h. tjekaklaiඳyd úúO oDIaá fldaKhkaf.ka ñksid yd fuu mßirmoaO;s w;r we;s inඳ;djka úYaf,aIKh l< hq;= jwe;. by; oela jQ mßos Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r iඳyd úúOúoHd;aul o¾Yl Ndú;d lrñka j¾.Slrkhka bosßm;afldg ;sfí. Bg wu;r j mßmd,k lghq;= iඳyd oWmfhdackhka iඳyd o tAjd nyqúO j¾.Slrkhkag hg;aj yඳුkd .ekSu yd j¾.Slrkh lsÍu o olakg ,efí.tfia jQj;a oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia mdrïmßlj mej;f.k wd idïm%odhsl oekqu weiqßka fuu Ydl wdjrkhyඳුkd .ekSug fuf;la m%Yia; W;aidyhla f.k ke;(kkaodrdu,1997¦ iurfldaka,2009). fuu ,smsfha wruqktjekakla iඳyd uq,msÍu;a j¾.SlrKhla iඳyd uQ,slm%fõYhla ,nd .ekSu;a h. tA iඳyd ,xldfõ my;rgf;;a l,dmSh YdLdjrKh muKla mdol lr .kafkaiuia; osjhsk ie,l=jfyd;a we;s úh yels ixlS¾K njj<lajd .ekSu iඳyd h. my;rg f;;a l,dmfha o f;dard.;a YdLdjrK muKla ixlÉPdjg nªka flf¾. ksoiqkaf,i fjr< l,dmSh mßir moaO;s fuu wOHhkfhkaneyer fldg ;sfí. tAjd m¾fhaIKfha iSudlï jYfhkaie,lsh hq;= h. ukao fuu YdLdjrkhkays úúO;ajhiy tA yd neඳs iïm%odhsl ඥාkh b;d mq ,a flaI;%hlme;sÍ ;sfnk neúks. tAjd fjka fjka jYfhka f.kjvd .eUqßka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= flaI;%hs.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

ñksid iy mßirh we;s inඳ;dj ú.%y lsÍug fmros.fuka u wmros. Ñka;k iïm%odhka Tiafia o úúOW;aidyhka f.k ;sfí. fidnd oyu-iudch (Nature– Society) fyda ñksia - mßir (Man – Environment)inඳ;dj ú.%y lsÍug ngysr Ñka;kh iïm%odh wkqjm%Odk දෘෂ්ටීන් ;%s;ajhls.

• fidndoyu úiska ukqIHh j¾.hdf.a l%shdldrlïiSud lrk nj

• ñksid úiska fidndoyu ;u wjYH;d wkqj fjkialrk nj

• ukqIHh j¾.hd fidndoyu iuඟ tluq;=j isáknj(Dikshit 1997(244).

fidndoyu úiska ñksia l%shdldrlï md,kh lrknj;a, fidndoyu blaujd hEfï yelshdjla ñksidgfkdue;s nj;a, mßirksh;jdoS oelafuys, (The Environ-mental Deterministic Perspective) ms<s.ekSu úh. tkïmßirfha kshuhg wkql+, j ñksia l%shdldrlï ;SrKhjk njhs. N+f.da, úoHd Ñka;kfha uQ,sl kHdhlajQ fuh oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia mej;s l;sldjla úh.kuq;a miqld,Sk j, fuu දෘෂ්ටිවාදයට oeä úfõpkt,a, jQ w;r, ;uka cSj;ajk fN!;sl mrirh fjkialsÍug yels h hk ixl,amh bosßm;a h. thYLH;djdoh (Possibilism) kï fõ. kuq;a YlH;djdoSkaiïmQ¾Kfhka ksh;sjdoS woyia m%;sfCIam fkdl< kuq;amßirh fjkia lsÍug úl,am /ila mj;sk nj ñksiqkaf;areï .kakd nj;a, tu úl,am w;=ßka jvd m%Yia;úl,amh f;dard .ekSug ñksidg yels nj;a m%ldYlrk ,os. tkï mßirh úiska fokq ,nk úl,am/ila ;snqk o thska we;eï úl,am ms<s.ekSug we;sbvlv jeä nj hs. flfia jQj;a j¾;udk N+f.da,úoHdj ms<s.kq ,nkafka ñksid mßirfha wNHka;rwxYhla jYfhks. tkï fidndou kï mÓ;fhys ñksido tla ixrplhla jYfhks. mßirfha uQ,O¾u ydl%shdldÍ;ajh ñksidg n,mdkq ,nk w;r u udkjl%shdldrï o fmr<d mßirhg n,mEï lrhs. fuhfomig isÿ jk l%shdj,shls. flfia jQj o ñksidf.amdßißl ld¾h f,ig w¾: olajkqfha Tyq mßirfhaNdrlre (The Custodion) f,i l%shd ldÍu hs. thwêm;sjdoS, mßirfha whs;slre (The Owner) hkoDIaáfhka ñÿKq ixrlaIKjdoS t<Uquls.

kQ;kfha mdßißljdoh (Enviromentalism) iy ñksidyd mßirh w;r we;s inඳ;dj úYaf,aIKh lsÍuiඳyd jk úl,am m¾hdjf,dalkfhka (Perspectives)oaú;ajhls.

i. .;dkq.;sl m¾hdjf,dlkh (Conservative Per-spective)

ii. wduQ,sl m¾hdjf,dalkh (Manipulative Perspec-tive)

fuu m¾hdjf,dalkfhka oaú;ajh rEmlhka ;%s;ajhlau; ixl,am .; flf¾. tkï, foúhka (God)fidndoyu, (Nature) yd ñksid (Man) jYfhks. foúhkahkak fkdokakd foh, fkdokakd nj iy .=ma; foa



iඳyd jk rEmlh hs. .;dkq.;sl m¾hdjf,dalkfhaoS fidndoyu, iodpdrh, Wmpdrhka ms<snඳ fldkafoaisiïmdokh lr fok w;r wduQ, m¾hdjf,dalkfha oSwd;auhka u; we;s lrk ;rඟh wdpdrO¾uhka ms<snඳfldkafoais iy Wmpdrhka l=i,;dj úiska w;sl%uKhlrkq ,nk nj ms<s .kS. foúhka hk rEmlh fuysoS jeo.;a jk w;r ñksid ñys;,h u; l%shd l< hq;=wdldrh ms<snඳ uඟ fmkaùu iy fidndoyu iඳyd jkñksidf.a j.lSï iy.; nj bka ksrEmKh flf¾.

.;dkq.;sl m¾hdjf,dalkfha oS fuu rEmlhka fm<

.efikafka foúhka, fidndoyu, ñksid wdoS jYfhks.fuysoS udkj iodpdrh uQ¾;su;a lrkqfha fidndoyfïkshuh, mdßißl ixrCIKh iy fidndoyfï mdßißl;=,s;h mj;ajd .ekSfuks. fuh fidndoyu iuඟ cSj;aùfuka th wdrlaId lsÍu ms<snඳ lshùuhs. ixrCIKjdoSfuu oelau mßir flakaøh oelau f,i (Eco-centric)yඳුkaj hs. wduQ,sl m%fõYfha oS by; rEmlhka ;%s;ajfhysm%uqL;dj foúhka, ñksid, iy fidndoyu wdoS jYfhkafm< .efia. fuys oS fidndoyu ñksidf.a Wmfhdackhiඳyd ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ms<s.efka. ñksid m%uqLjie,flk w;r fidndou fojk fmf,ys ,d ie,fla.tfyhska ñksid Tyqg wjYHh Tjqkaf.a u iodpdrhkams<snඳ m%ñ;Ska ;kd .kS. l=i,;dj úiska mdßißliodpdrhka w;sl%uKh lrkq ,nk fuu oelau ;dlaIKflakaøh (Techno-centric) fyda udkj flakaøh (Ethno-centric) kï fõ.

mßirjdoh ms<snඳ kQ;k l;sldj os.yefrkafka“Gaianism” kñks. fuh jHq;amkakj we;af;a .%Slfoaj;dúhla jk “Gaia” iy wef.a oshKsh jk“Themis” mdol lr.;a úYajdihla iuඟsks. “Gaia”ñys;,fha ish¨ uQ,Od;= cks; lrk ujhs. Themisjk wef.a oshKsh hqla;shg wêm;s jk w;r wehfidndoyfï ;=,s;;dj rlskq ,nkafka ñys ujf.auQ,Od;=ka m%Odkh lrñka yd tAjd kdia;s lrkakkagoඬqjï ,nd oSfuks (Lovelock,1995).

fï wdldrfhka ñksia - mßir inඳ;dj f;areï .ekSugúúO oDIaáfldaKhkaf.ka weiqßka W;aidy ord we;s njfmfka. fuh ish¿ t<Uqï hï hï úIh YsCIkhka ;=<gnyd úYaf,aIKh lsÍug .;a Y%dia;%Sh W;aidyhka fõ.ñksid ;ud wjg mßirh iuඟ meje;a jQ inඳ;dfõiajrEmh jvd meyeos<s j wjfndaO fldg.; yelaflaTyq tA ms<snඳ j is;+ wdldrh wjfndaO lr .ekSfuks.th m%lg lrk m%Odkdldr ;%s;ajhls.

i. Ñka;k úêh iy idrO¾u moaO;sh

ii. NdIdj

iii. cSjk jHjydrh

“ixialD;sh lsishï iudchl ksYaÑ; uඟfmkajkakdfuka u tu iudc l%uh yeoS jeã ;sfnk wdldrh ms<snඳ

mQ¾jdo¾Yhla imhhs. fï uඟska ñksiqkaf.a iduQyslksfhdackhla bosßm;a lrkq ,nk w;r th tu iudcfhaflakaøSh id¾O¾u moaO;shhs. fuu.ska ñksiqkag imhkq,nk Ñka;k moaO;sh wkqj ñksia yeisÍï l%shdj,sh isÿfõ” (Betine 1977 ; cited in, fyar;a 2004( 82).

fmros. Ñka;k iïm%odh “úYaj flakaøSh” (Cosmo-centric) tlls. th fmros. “udkj flakaøSh”(Ethno-Centric) Ñka;k iïm%odfhkaa fjkia jQjls (fyar;a,2004). fidndoyu ms<snඳ fmros. Ñka;k úêh wkqjñksid fidndoyu keu;s úhufka tla yqhla muKlaúh. fidnd oyfï iEu wx.hlg u iudk mss<s.ekSulaf.!rjhla tA ;=< úh. fuh Ñka;k úêh iy iïm%odhfidndoyfï odhdohla jQ jkdka;r, .ia-fld<ka iuඟwe;s lr.;a udkj inඳ;d mj;ajd .ekSfïoS;a tys;sridr Ndjh /l .ekSug;a fya;= úh.

NdIdj hï m%cdjlg wkkH;dj, úldYkh, iaú;ajh,m< lrk m%Odk wx.hls. hï m%cdjla ;u wjg mßirhiuඟ inඳ;d mj;a jk wdldrh NdIdjla ;=<ska jgyd.; yelsh. weialsfudajrekaf.a NdIdj ms<snඳ wOHhkhl< “Lauras Martin” fmkajd fokafka “ysu” iy tysb;d iq fjkialï iys; m%fNao yඳුkd.ekSu iඳydweialsfudajre NdIdfjys jpk rdYshla Ndú; lrk njh(Martin,1986). tys woyi jkafka Tjqka ;uka wjgmßirh flfrys fld;rï ixfõoS jQjd o hkak hs. tkïtys b;d iq fjkialï mjd mÍlaIKh lrñka tAjd ;uNdIdj ;=<g wka;¾.%yKh lr.;a nj hs.

Y%S ,xldj jeks ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj, m%cdjkajir mqrd ,nk ysre t<sh, j¾Idj iy fhda.Hh mifya;=fjka iodyß; j osiafjk ;u wjg mßirfhawe;s YdldjrKfha olakg we;s iq fjkialï mjdksÍlaIkh lr tAjdfha iqúfYaIs;dj wkqj úúO kïj,skayඳුkdf.k we;. tu kdulrK ish,a, tl;= jkafkaNdIdj ;=<g h. mßirfha mj;sk úúO;ajh;a, ñksid tAflfrys fy E jQ oDIaáh yd ino;djhkaf.a iajrEmhu;;a NdIdj ixj¾Okh ù ;sfí. tksid NdIdjwOHhkh lsÍfuka Bg miqìï jQ by; idOlhkawkdjrKh lr .; yel. tA w;r we;af;a wúfhdackShinඳ;djls.

cSjk jHjydrh hkq hï N+f.da,Sh tAAllhla ;=< cSj;ajk m%cdj ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ ixialD;sh hs. ñksidúiska ;u wdrlaIdj fuka u meje;au iඳyd ixialD;shWmfhda.S lr .kshs. ixialD;shg ks;e;ska u mßirhwh;a jkafka ixialD;shla fkdue;s j ñksidg Tyqf.amßirh ks¾jpkh lsÍugjka yelshdj fkdue;s fyhsks(isßfiak, 2004, 733). fuys oS th cSjk jHjydrhlaf,ig iSud fldg olajkafka ixialD;sh hk mq ,aw¾:h iys;j fkdj, m%cdj mßirh iuඟ meje;a jQinඳ;dj oelaùu iඳyd h. tfyhska bka m,jk wre;ksfhdackh lrkafka tu m%cdjf.a iuia; ixialD;sljmißh u fkdfõ. Y%S ,xldfõ ck .ykfhka 70]



rEmigyka wxl 1( cSjk jHjydrhka iuඟ idïm%odhsl oekqu noaO ùuuQ,dY%h( lreKdr;ak, 2015

wêl m%udKhla cSj;a jkafka .%dóh m%foaYj, h.bka nyq;rhla u ;u cSúldj iඳyd m%d:ñl wd¾Óllghq;=j, ksr; fõ. mßirh ms<snඳ Wkkaÿjla olajkmrsirfõoSka ks;r u ir, iudchka foi wjOdkhfhduq lrñka Tjqkaf.ka mßirhg wju ydkshla isÿ jknj;a Tjqkaf.a ixialD;Ska mßirh wdrCId jk wdldrhgyev.eiS we;s nj;a fmkajd oS we; (isßfiak, 2004, 730).

hï iudchl by; Odrd ;%s;ajh wOHhkh lsÍfukaTjqka ;ud wju mßirh iuඟ f.dvkඟd.;a inඳ;dfõiajrEmh uekúka jgyd .; yelsh. Bg wod< ish¨uoekqu .nvd ù we;af;a idïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;s;=< h. “uf.a wNsjD;a;sh jkafka ck úoHdj (Folkscience) ms<snඳ idïm%odhsl moaO;Ska f;areï .ekSuhs. fuys m%dfhda.sl jákdlï ms<snඳ j udf.a uQ,slwjOdkh fhduq flf¾. f,dalfha f.dùka, ëjrhska,ovhïlrejka, tl;=lrkakka iy Ys,amSka w;r mj;akdidïm%odhsl ඥාKh, (Folk wisdom) ksjeros w;r kQ;kf,dalh iඳyd w;sYh jeo.;a fõ (Anderson, 1996). Tyq;jÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka ksj¾;k l,dmSh jkdka;r;=< iy m¾hka;fha fjfik m%cdj nyqúê wjYH;diඳyd YdL Ndú; lrk wdldrfhka tys m%dfhda.sl njukdj Tmamq jk njhs (Anderson, 1996). fï m%fõYhhgf;a wm úiska mQ¾jfhys bosßm;a lrk ,o YdL m%uqLfldg.;a moaO;s iuඟ furg ckhd f.dvkxjdf.k;sfnk inඳ;dfõ iajrEmh fuka u, Bg wkqnoaO jmj;sk fjk;a fN!;sl yd udkj idOlhka o yඳුkd.ekSug wjldY ,efí. Tjqka fuu yඳුkd .ekSu isÿlsÍug mdol fldg.;a m%Odk ks¾kdhl ;%s;ajhls. tkï,

i. úúO;ajh ;=< iqúfYaI;dj (Speciality in thediversity)

ii. Wmfhdackh (Utilization)

iii. N+f.da,Sh wjldYSh jHdma;sh (Geo-spatial distribu-

tion)

úúO;ajh ;=< iqúfYaI;dj hkq úYd, mßir moaO;shla;==< mj;skakd jQj o iqúfYaIS .;s ,laIK wkqj bkafjkalr yඳුkd .ekSug ;sfnk yelshdj hs. ksoiqklaf,i jkdka;r mßir moao;shla ;==< ysuh, wvúh,uKaäh, wdoS jYfhka iqúfYaI;dj wkqj fjka fjka jyඳුkd .ekSug ;sfnk yelshdj hs.

Wmfhdackh hkq oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia m%cdj fuumßir moao;sh iuඟ .kqfokq l< wdldrh hs. tA ;==<skaj¾Okh lr.;a w;aoelSï yd oekqï iïNdrhls. ksoiqklaf,i ysuh, wvúh jeks jkdka;r m%foaY oej, or,ovhu jeks ffoksl wjYH;d iඳyd b,lal.; jQfhake;. tu m%foaY b;d ÿ¾,n T!IO imhd .ekSug jeksiSñ; wjYH;dj,g muKla iSud úh. fuu úfNaokhisÿjkafka Wmfhdackh mokï fldg f.k hs.

N+ wjldYSh jHdma;sh hkafkka woyia lrkafka tA tAYdl wdjrKhka fld;rï úYd, N+ wjldYSh m%foaYhljHdma; j ;sfí o hkak hs. ysuhlg, wvúhlg idfmalaIj uKaäh l=vd N+ wjldYSh m%foaYhl jHdma; fõ.tA iඳyd jk udhsï, fN!;sl iSudjka jkjd fia uwe;eï wjia:dj, fN!;sl fkdjk, ixialD;sl fydaidïm%odhsl ms<s.ekSï u; mokï jQ tAjd fõ.

fï wkqj meyeos<s jkafka Ñka;k úêh yd idrO¾umoaO;sh, NdIdj iy cSjk jHdjydrh hï m%cdjlamßirh iuඟ mj;ajd.kq ,nk inඳ;dfõ iajNdjhiy iajrEmh ;SrKh lsÍug fya;= jk nj;a tuinඳ;dfõ m%;sM,hla f,ig idïm%odhsl oekqu ckkhùu iy ixj¾Okh isÿ jk nj;a h. fufia ksIamdokhjk oekqu fmr<d tu iudcfha Ñka;kh úêh ydidrO¾u moaO;sh, NdIdj, iy cSjk újHydrh uQ¾;su;alrhs. fuh fomig isÿ jk ls%hdj,shls. idïm%odhsloekqï moaO;s wkqj YdldjrKh yඳුkd .ekSfï oS yd



j¾.SlrKfha oS by; ish¨ l,dmhka ksrdhdifhka uiam¾I jkafka fuu wúfhdackSh inඳ;dj fya;=fjks.tfyhska Tjqka iDcq j yd jl% j ;u cSjk jHjydrmj;ajd .ekSu iඳyd fuu mßir moaO;s u; hefma.tu cSjk jHjydr ;j ÿrg;a fuu oekqï moaO;shixj¾Okhg iy ixrlaIKhg fya;= fõ.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

fuu wOHhkfha wOHhk .eg¨ j jkafka my;rg f;;al,dmfha úisß mj;sk Ydl m%%uqL fldg .;a nyqúOmßir moaO;s, m%cdjf.a idïm%odhsl oekqu wkqj yඳුkd.ekSug yels o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu hs.

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

• m%cdjf.a idïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;s mokï lrf.kmy;rg f;;a l,dmSh jDË,;d wdjrKhka yඳුkd.ekSu yd j¾.SlrKh.

• idïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;s fmdaIKhg hïm%cdjlf.a cSjk jHdjydr bjy,a jk wdldrhwOHhkh lsÍu.

• ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh iඳyd idïm%odhsloekqu mokï lr .;a fuu CIqø mßir moaO;sj,jeo.;alu yඳුkd .ekSu.

• kQ;k “m%cd jk úoHdj” (Community Forestry)iy “m%cd ixrËKh” (Community Conserva-tion) jeks Ih YslaIKhka ixj¾Okhg foaYShwkkH;djla iys; m%fõYhla ks¾udKh lsrSu.

• fuu mrsir moaO;sj, jeo.;alu iudch fj;fhduq lsÍfï l%u yඳුkd .ekSu iy tu.ska m%cdjgisÿ jk fiajdj ikaksf okh.


udkjhd yd Ydl w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh inඳ;djls.óg jir 2000 - 6000 lg mQ¾jfhys kj Ys,d hq.fha Ydl.Dyia;lrKh lr .kq ,enQ ñksidg ;u iych jQ øjH/ia lsÍfuka (Collecting and gathering) mQ¾K f,igbj;a jSug ;joqrg;a fkdyels ù ;sfí. Y%S ,xldfõ om%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hkag wod< fuu idlaIs mqrd úoHdju.ska ikd: fldg we; (Somadeva, 2006; tmsgj;a;iy fm%au;s,l, 2005). fufia oS¾> ld,Sk werUqulaiys; fuu inඳ;dj tA tA mdßißl ;;a;ajhka u; úúOfjkialï mdrïmßl j ksrEmkh lrñka kQ;kh olajdu úldYkh fjñka ;sfí.

wmf.a wjOdkhg ,lajk flaI;%h jkafka ñksidf.a;u wjg mßirh, úfYaIfhka fuys oS Ydl wdjrKhms<snඳ jQ oekqu ixúOdkh ù mj;akd wdldrh yඳුkd.ekSu hs. th uQ,sl jYfhka u Wmfhdackh u;isÿjkakg we;ehs wkqudk l< yls w;r oS¾> ld,hla

;siafia w;aoelSï ,nñka úldYkh ùfï m%;sM,hla f,iixj¾Okh ùu iy tA weiqßka mq ,a flaI;%hl úisÍ .sshoekqï iïm%odhka ksIamdokh ùu;a isÿ jkakg we;.

funඳු oekqï moaO;shla weiqßka YdL wdjrKh yඳුkd.ekSu yd j¾.SlrKh wdldr lsysmhlska jeo.;a fõ.tkï,

1. fuu yඳුkd .ekSï iy j¾.SlrKh m%cdj úiska uisÿlr ;sfnk ksid tAjd Tjqkag jvd ióm ùu.

2. oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia fïjd Ndú; lr ;sfnkneúka tAjdfha ;sridrNdjh iy m%;HCI uQ,sl nj.

3. ixlS¾K jQ kQ;k mßfNdackjdoS iudchla ;=< jQjo mqoa., iy cd;Skag wduka;%Kh lsÍfï yelshdjlafunඳු m%fõYhl oelsh yels jSu.

4. kQ;k f.da,Sh mdßißl .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.hkagm%dfoaYSh jYfhka uqyqK oSfï oS funÿ oekqïmoaO;shla i;=j mq¿,a úNj;djla mej;Su.

5. idïm%odhsl oekqu ixrlaIKhg l<ukdlrKhgiy kj oekqï iïm%odhka ks¾udKhg ;sfnkyelshdj.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

.=Kd;aul wOHkhla (Qualitative) jk (Hennink etal., 2011) fï iඳyd m%d:ñl fuka u oaú;Sl o;a;hkao Wmfhda.S fldg .kakd ,os. m%d:ñl o;a; /ia lsÍfïoS jD; iïuqL idlÉPd, b,lal .; iïuqL idlÉPd,w¾O jHqy.; iïuqL idlÉPd, isoaê wOHhk (Lifehistory interviews) iDcq ksÍlaIk, hk l%u fõohka ooaú;Sl uQ,dY% jYfhka fï iïnkaO j ,shù we;s .%ka:,m¾fhaIK m;%sld wdosh o Wmfhda.S fldg .kakd ,os.o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd bosßm;a lsÍu o úia;rd;aul(Discriptive) .=Kd;aul m%fõYh Tiafia isÿ lrk ,os.

idïm%odhsl oekqu mokï jQ YdldjrK j¾.SlrKh

fï hgf;a iajdNdúl fyda iSñ; jYfhka udkjn,mEug hg;a jQ Ydl wdjrK lsysmhla yඳුkd .ekSugW;aidy .kS. we;eï tAjd úYd, N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlme;sr ;sfnk w;r we;eï tAjd idfmaCI j l=vd fydab;d l=vd jmißhl jHdma; ù ;sfí.

ysuh$ ysfï

“ysuh” hk fhඳුu o fn!oaO idys;Hh weiqfrka ckY%e;s.; jkakg we;ehs wkqudk l< yel. wvúh fiau “ysuh” o wê udkqISh n,hkaf.ka iukaú; .=ma;m%foaYhla f,i ms<s.ekSug ,la j ;sfí. Y%S mdoke;fyd;a iuk, wvúfha by< m%foaYfha jk wdjrKhyÿkajkafka “ysuh” kñks. fuh my< m%foaYhg jvdiS; foaY.=Kfhka hqla; h hkak “ysu” “ysuh” hkjokaj,ska wre;a .eka fõ. “ysuh” >k jDlaI,;d



wdjrKhlska .ejiS .;a úYd, lඳka iys; relaI we;sm%foaYhls. ia:r y;rlska fyda mylska fuys jDlaI,;diukaú; fõ. m¾kdx. iy je,a j¾., fmඳmdis fkre(Emergent Layer) iy úhka (Canopy Layer) ia:rolajd u jHdma; ù we;s neúka f;;ukh iys; wඳුreiajNdjhla orhs. “ysuh” iEu úg u ñksidf.a w;fmùïj,ska ÿria: j msysá ìuls. kQ;k jk ixrlaIKixl,amj,g wkqj “ysuh” hkq jkdka;rhl “yr”(Core) l,dmh f,i yඳුkd .; yels h. Y%S mdojkaokdfõ hk ne;su;=ka úiska jkdka;rfha ,laIK,iajNdjh, foaY.=Ksl ;;ajh wdoS idOl oS¾> ld,hla;siafia ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka fuu kï lsÍu isÿ lrkakgwe;. ysuh, wvúhg;a jvd fn!oaOd.ñl ixisoaê yd foajúYajdi iuඟ noaO jkq yඳුkd .; yelsh. fydඳ l< whghym;a m%;sM, fia u krl l, whg whym;a m%Óúmdl o,efí hk “l¾uh” ms<snඳ fn!oaO úYajdih ysuh ;=< oSwksjd¾hfhka u w;aúඳSug isÿjk nj ck iïu;fhamj;skakls. ysuh ;=< iajNdj O¾uh wdiajdokhgñksidg wjldY mej;sh;a, tAjdg ydks lsÍug, ¥IKhgfyda kdia;shg bvla ke;. ysuh ñksidf.a md,kfhkaf;dr N+ñhls. th foúhkaf.a ìu hs. tys jik i;d,isõmdjdg, .ia je,aj,g ydks lsÍug fyda c, W,am;a,c, myrj,a wmsßisÿ lsÍug ñksidg fkdyels h. ñksiaweiska ieඟjqKq fndfyda oE ysuh ;=< mj;skafka hehsm%jdo.; h. fïjd m%lg lrk ckY%e;s rdYshla Y%S mdohjkaokd lrk ne;su;=ka w;r mj;S. jkaokdj w;r;=rysfï oS hï w;=re wka;rdjla fyda wirK ;;ajhguqyqK mE mqoa.,hka fj; iqÿ j;ska ieriS .;a msßñmqoa.,fhl= wosisfha meñK ish¨ Wmldr fldg Tyqfyda weh wirK ;;ajfhka uqojd fkdfmkS hhs. fuuckeY%e;sh jkaokdlrejka w;r b;d m%lg jk w;rtfia meñfKkafka iqukiuka foúhka nj ne;su;a;=;oska u úYajdi lr;s. tfia u Wka jykafia ysufhaw;rux jQjkag m<;=re Whka fj; hkakg uඟ fmkajdTjqkaf.a l=i.skak yd úvdj ksjd,hs. wk;=rej,skawdrlaId lrhs. tu m<;=re Whkaj,ska fldmuK m<;=rewdydrhg .;a; o tAjd ysfuka msg;g /f.k meñKshfkdyels h. th wlem fohls. jrla tnඳු Whklg msúiswfhl=g kej; tu biõj fidhd .ekSug o fkdyelsù h hkak ;j;a m%jdohls. lg jroaod .ekSu, w;ruඟoS ls<sfodia we;s ùu fyda fjk;a wlem hula lsÍufya;=fjka w,ska w;= ìඳsk yඬ fyda w,s jiqre olskakgie,eiaùu fyda fldáhdf.a f.rú,s yඬ jeks wk;=reweඟùïj,g uqyqK oSug isÿ fõ. we;eï úh “fldavhg”(óÿug) yiq ù u. fidhd .ekSug wmyiq fõ. ;j;aúfgl oeä mSvdldÍ iq<xj,g uqyqK oSug isÿ fõ. wog;aY%S mdo wvúfha ysuh f,i yඳුkd .kakd m%foaYfhamy< udhsu jYfhka ie<flk “osúhd.,” uqÿfkkafldáhdf.a f.rú,a, weiqkfyd;a th my< .ïudkj,.eñhkag ,ඟoS u uqyqKmdkakg jk wksjd¾h úm;lfmr ksñ;a;la nj ms<s .kS. fldáhd (Panthera parduskotiya) w,shd (Elephas maximus maximus) jeks i;=ka

jdih lrkafka ysufha h. ñksidg Wkaf.ka ysßyerhlake;. 2003 jif¾ r;akmqr m%foaYfha we;s jQ oreKq.xj;=rg fya;=j tu jif¾ oS Y%S mdo ysufha jdih l<wef;l= ovhïlrejka úiska urd oeóu nj m%foaYfhack;dj ms<s .kS. iquk iuka foúhkaf.a .uka i.hdf,i ie<flkafka “iqÿ wef;ls”. wjdrfha fuu we;disßmd jkaokd lrk nj ckY%e;sfha iඳyka h. ÿ¾,Njk i;=ka muKla fkdj cgd udxY (Nardostachysjatamansi), brrdc (Zeuxine regia), iඳrdc (Hypericumjaponicum), jkrdc (Anoectochlus setaceus), ÿyqඳු(Celastrus paniculatus) jeks ÿ¾,N iy jgskd T!IOj¾. mj;skafka o ysfï h.

wvúhï

úYd, N+f.da,Sh tAllhka mqrd me;sr we;s jkdka;rm%foaYhla yeඳskaùu iඳyd “wvúh” hkak f.!rjd¾:fhafhoS we;s nj fmfka. th tA tA m%foaYj,g wê.Dys;foú- foaj;djkaf.a n, iSudjka oelafjk fhÿulajYfhka o yඳුkd.; yel. jkdka;r m%foaY iïnkaOjkï “wvúh” hkak b;d mq ,a m%foaYhla oelajSuiඳyd Ndú; fldg ;sfí. Ys% mdo wvúh, ke;fyd;aiuk, wvúh, isxyrdc wvúh, ÿïnr wvúh jeksjkdka;r m%foaY ksoiqka jYfhka oelaúh yelsh. iuk,wvúh fn!oaO úYajdihkag uQ,dY% jk iquk iukafoúhkaf.a wvúh f,i ms<s.efkk w;r isxyrdcwvúh fldfydU foúhka fkdfyd;a fldfydU hldgwh;a hehs ms<s.efka. ÿïnr msÿu ,nkafka lkafoafoúhka h. fudjqka ukqIHhka jYfhka isáh oS l<lS oE ksid foaj;ajh wdfrdamKh lrk ,o foaYShiïNjhla iys; foújreka f,i ie<fla. fndfydafn!oaO idys;Hh uQ,dY%j, iඳyka jk ysud, wvúhhk fhÿu weiqßka “wvúh” hk fhÿu foaYSh jkdka;rm%foaY yeඳskaùug jHjydrhg tkakg we;ehs wkqudkl< yel. “wvúh” úYd, jkdka;r m%foaYhla jkjd fiau jk i;=kaf.ka .yk, .=ma; wê udkqISh n,fõ.hkail%Sh m%foaYhla o fjhs. fuys jDlaI,;d wdjrKh“ysuh” kñka yඳුkajk m%foaYh fia u ia:r y;rlskafyda mylska ieඳුï,;a h. “ysuh” by, Wkak;dxYj, b;d ixlS¾k jQ N+ ,laIK iys; ìul msysá jkwdjrKhla yඳුkd .ekSug fhfok úg wvúhl tnඳුixlS¾k;djla yඳුkd .; fkdyels h. wvúh “ysuh”wdikakfha fyda tA jgd msysg hs. tys ´kE u usksial%shdldrlula isÿ l< hq;af;a m%fõiï iy.; f,i hs.wY=oaO lghq;= f,i .efkk ls<s fodaI (Wm;a, fldgy ,uia, uඟ=,a, iy urK ls,a, wdoSS) wdosfhka fuka ulgjroaod .ekSïj,ska o foúhka, hl=ka, fm%a;hka,N+;hka fldam.kajk l%shdldrlïj,ska je,lS isàugjk wvúj, oS ukqYH m%dKSka j. n,d .; hq;=h.tfia fkdjqkfyd;a, wksjd¾hfhka Tjqka l< je/oafoam%udKhg fldam .eka jQ wê udkqISh n,fõ. úiskaoඬqjï lrkq we;. tu oඬqjï ux uq,d lsÍu, ovhïje/oaoSu, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu, ìh .ekaùu wdoS jk



wk;=re weඟùfï iSudfõ isg isys úl,a lsÍu, oreKqi;=ka uqK .iajd wk;=re isÿ lsÍu iy Nhdkl urKw;alr oSfï iSudjka olajd me;sr mj;S. tksid wvúh ;=<isÿ lrk udkj lghq;= iSud iys; h. ta iඳyd úfYaIiQodkula, meje;aula we;s j lghq;= l< hq;= h.

le,h$ le,Ej$ lef,a

“le,h” hk fhÿu úúO ;;a;ajfha yd úúO m%foaYj,úúO j¾.fha jkdka;r yeඳskaùu iඳyd Ndú; lr ;sfí.tAjd j¾. lsysmhla hgf;a f.dkq l< yels h.

I. uy lef,a$ >K lef,afïjd úYd, N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhka mqrd me;sr ;sfnkjkdka;r jYfhka yඳුkd .; yels h.

II. l¨ lef,a$ weඳsrs lef,afuu kïj,ska yඳුkdf.k we;af;a le,Ej;=< >k jDlaI,;d wdj¾Khla (jeiqKq úhkiys;) .ejiS.;a neúka iQ¾hdf,dalh jkdka;rhwNHka;rhg meñKSug ndOd jQ jkdka;r m%foaYfõ. fuu m%foaY idfmalaI j m%udKfhka l=vd h.ysre t<sh fmdf<djg iDcq j m;s; fkdjk ksidwඳුre iys; m%foaY fõ. f;;a iys; ìula mj;S.;=re uqoqka m¾kdx.j,ska .ejiS .;a m%foaY fõ. Y%Smdo wvúfha r;akmqr osia;%sla udhsfï “l¨ lef,a”kñka funÿ ,laIK iys; jkdka;r l,dmhlaksÍlaIKh l< yels w;r “weඳsßle,h” kñka.ula iy tA wdY%s; j fuhg iudk ,laIK orKjkdka;r m%foaYhla isxyrdc jkdka;rfha jhU os.m%foaYfha o ksÍlaIKh l< yels h.

III. rEiai lef,aúYd, iy idfmalaI j Wiska jeä lඳka iys;jkdka;r m%foaYhka yeඳskaùu iඳyd fuu kduhNdú; lr ;sfí. úfYaIfhka u fydr (Dipterocar-pus zeylanicus) jeks rECI iy tu l=,fha fjk;arECIj,ska .ejiS.;a m%foaY fï kñka yඳුkajdwe;. Y%S mdo wvúh, isxyrdc, lkafk<sh, foosh.,,rusuf,a lkao jeks jkdka;r m¾hka; m%cdj w;rfuu fhoSu iq,N h.

IV. fyf,a lef,alඳු nEjqïj, msysá jk wdjrKh yeඳskaùu iඳydfuu fhÿu Ndú; lr we;. fuu m%foaY N+f.da,ShjYfhka o< nEjqï iys; m%foaY fõ. tu N+ rEm miiy iq<xj,g yev .eiqKq Ydl ika;;shla (Plantsuccession) tu m%%foaYj, oS ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh. fïjdfha udkj yeisÍu ÿ,N h.

V. úydr lef,a$ wdrKHh lef,awe;eï jkdka;r m%foaYj, wdrKHh, úydr fydatjeks fjk;a msysàï ksÍlaIKh l< yel. fndfydag fuu m%foaY o idfmalaI j by, ìï m%foaYj,

msysgd ;sfí. fïjdfha jev jikd NslaIQkaf.a $

;jqikaf.a meje;aug ndOd lrk lghq;= fyda tums<s.ekSïj,g mgyeks ovhu, .ia lemSu, ia;%Skaf.a.ejiSu, Yío lsÍu wdosh funඳු m%foaYj, isÿ lsÍuwlem nj ck iïu;h hs. fuu jkdka;r wd.ñlkeUqrejlA iys; j wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh iඳydm%uqL;dj foñka mj;ajd f.k f.dia ;sfí.

VI. ;yxÑ lef,afuu fhÿu jkdka;rfha .;s ,laIK ksidfjkaks¾udKh jQjla fkdj jkdka;rh Wmfhdackhiy mßmd,kh ksidfjka Wmkakla nj fmfka.“;yxÑ lef,a” kï ;ykï lrk ,o le,Ej hkwre;hs. mQ¾j hg;a úcs; iufha, jev jiï iudch;=< N+ñfha Ndrlre jQ rcq we;eï jkdka;r m%foaYiDcq j ;u md,khg hgf;a mj;ajd f.k f.dia;sfí. th hqO fyda wdrlaIl wruqKq, ovhu fydaúfkdaod;aul lghq;= wdoS úúO foa iඳyd úh.uykqjr k.rfhys o<od ud,s.h miqìfï olakgwe;s “Wvj;a; le,h” rdclShhkaf.a úfkdaoh ydúfõlh iඳyd mj;ajd f.k .sh jkdka;rhls.frdnÜ fkdalaiag (1681) wkqj lvq.kakdj wdY%s;jiy lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfha udhsïj, jkdka;rwdjrKh mj;ajd f.k hdug rcq úfYaIfhkalghq;= lr ;sfí. tA “jk ÿ¾.j,ska” ie,fikwdrlaIdj ie<lSfuks. fïjd idudkH ckhdgwe;= ùu fyda Wmfhdackh ;ykï lrk ,o“;yxÑ le,E” úh. tajd md,kh yd wdrlaIdlsÍug rdcH ks,OdÍka m;a lr ;snQ njg idOlyuq fõ. bx.%Sis hg;a úcs; iufha o (1796-1948) hg;a úcs; md,lhka úiska foaYSh m%cdjgmsúiSug fkdyels iy Wmfhdackh l< fkdyelsmßoafoka “/cskf.a jkdka;r” jYfhka rcfhale,E mj;ajdf.k f.dia we;s w;r ckk;djtAjd yඳුkajd we;af;a “;ykï fyda ;yxÑ le,Ekñks. jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j (le,Elkaf;darej$ le,E fomd¾;fïka;=j) hg;a úcs;iufha ia:dms; lrkafka o tu hg;a úcs; wruqKqidOkh iඳyd jk w;r ksoyiska miqj;a jkdka;rm¾hka; m%cdj wdrlaIs; jkdka;r yeඳskajQfha“;yxÑ lef,a” hk kñks.

VII. fjk;a le,E$ msg lef,a$ uqr lef,a $ fnfy;alef,a$ w,s lef,amsg lef,a, ke;fyd;a tmsgy, (t) msg lef,a kñkayඳුkajd we;af;a wdikakfha mj;sk jkdka;rhlgwE;ska msysá jkdka;r m%foaYhls. hï fN!;sliSudjka fyda fjk;a iqúfYaI ,laIK fya;=fjkatAjd fjk u iqúfYaI N+ f.da,Sh tAllhla jYfhkayඳුkajd we;. “msglef,a” .u iy jkdka;rhisxyrdc jkdka;rfha l,jdk, l=vj m¾hka;fhaolakg we;. “uqr lef,a” .u iy jkdka;rhisxyrdc jkdka;rha l,jdk, l=vj m¾hka;fhaolakg we;. “uqr lef,a” hkak o tu m%foaYfha



u isxyrdc m¾hka;fha olakg we;s jkdka;rm%foaYhls. th “uqr lef,a” kï .ekSug fya;= ùwe;af;a isxyrdcfha oej bj;a l< (Selective log-ging) iufha fuu m%foaYfha mrsmd,k wjYHh;dfjkqfjka uqr l=áhla boslr ;sîuhs. th wo jkúg jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j uඟska md,khjk jkdka;rhla jk w;r ixpdrl nx.,djla otys boslr ;sfí. fnfy;a lef,a ke;fyd;a T!IOlef,a kñka yඳුkajd we;af;a isxy, yd wdhq¾fõofjolu iඳyd wjYH me,Eá, Ydlj,ska .ejiS .;ajkdka;r m%foaY fõ. ìx fldfydU (Munroniapinnata) brerdc, iඳrdc, cgdudxY, ÿyqඳු, kjyxos (Euphorbia tirculli), yevhd (Lycopodiumsquarrosum), fjksje,a (Coscinium fenestratum)wdoS ÿ,n iy iq,N ish¨ T!IO me,Eá yd Ydlwe;s m%foaY fï kñka yඳුkajd we;. fkdalaia(1981) isxy,hdf.a T!IO .nvdj jkdka;rh f,iyeඳskajQfha tfyhsks. fuu m%foaYj, T!IO tl;=lsÍu yer fjk;a lghq;= iඳyd fhdod f.k ke;.Bg fya;=j tu m%foaY Y=oaO N+ñ f,i mj;ajd.ekSu h. T!Iëh Ydl úfYaI kIag (Extinct)fkdjk wdldrhg oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia tu ìïmßyrKh lr ;sfnk w;r idïm%odhsl oekqïmoaO;s tA iuඟ iDcq j noaO j we;. fod lkao,ßá.,, ks,a., jkdka;rh, n,xf.dv m%foaYfhawe;eus jkdka;r T!IO jkdka;r jYfhka m%lgh. “w,s lef,a” kñka jyrkafka ienúka u tysw,ska isák ksid muKla fkdj w,ska isáh;afkdisáh;a tu jkdka;rfha me;sÍu yd Wmfhdackjákdlfï mrdih ie<lSfuks. óg wu;r j tlaYdl úfYaIhla m%uqL j (Dominance) me;sr we;sjkdka;r m%foaYhla tu úfYaIfha kñka u yඳුkajdwe;. fk,a,s lef,a, lsr, lef,a, ng lef,a, oxlef,a, f;alal lef,a (jkj.d) mhkia lef,a(jkj.d), wdosh fïjdg ksoiqka fõ.

neoao$ neos

“neoao” hkak jHjydr ù we;af;a .ïudk wdY%s;jkdka;r m%foaY yeඳskaùu iඳyd h. fuu jkdka;rfndfyda udkj lghq;= iඳyd újD; j mej; we;.fyaka j.dj, we,a ù j.dj m%Odk h. ffoksl jkc,oej, or wjYH;d ;Dma; lr .ekSug o fuu jkdka;rm%foaY Wmfhdackhg f.k we;. fuu jkdka;r fldgiafndfyda úg yqol,d fyda úiqreKq iajrEmhla f.k we;snj fmfka. tA ksid “neos l=Üá” jYfhka yඳුkajd we;.

,kao$ ,ඳු

“,ÿ le,E” kñka o yeoska jQfha fïjd h. úYd,jDlaIhkaf.ka f;dr jQ “,kao” mej;sfha .ïudk woaorgjkakghs. fïjd l,ska l,g udkj lghq;= iඳydfhdod.;a ìï fjhs. lekao (Macaramga peltata), lÿre(Cerbera odollam), ox (Syzygium caryophyllatum),

fndanq (Symplocos cochinensis. laurina var.laurina),jerkshd (Hedyotis fruitcsa), iy lE, (Bridelia retusa)wdoS Ydl ika;;shlska o ydjqka (Lepus nigricollis),b;a;Ejka (Hystix indica), ó ñkakka (Tragulusmeminna), fld, osúhka (Prionailurus rubiginosus)i¾mhkaf.ka ixÑ; i;a;aj ika;;shla o fïjdfhaolakg ,efí. “,eyen” hkak fhoS we;af;a fudard.sh tkï mßk; jQ “,ÿle,E” m%foaY yeඳskaùu iඳydhs. “,j,a” fyda “,m,” hkqfjka yඳුkdf.k we;af;a“,ඳුj,” uq,a wjia;djkag hs. lels,a, (Gleichenia lin-earis), udkd (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) wdosfhkajeiS.;a m%foaY fï kñka yඳුkajd we;. tkï ms<sfj<ska,j,a, “,kao” “,eyen” wdoS jYfhks.

uKaäh

“uKaäh” kñka yඳුkajd we;af;a hï Ydl wdjrKlaiys; iqúfYaI j m%uqL Ydl úfYaIhla jHdma; ù we;siy th wjldYSh j l=vd m%foaYhl úisß we;s jkdka;rm%foaYhla හැඳින් ම ioyd h. jkdka;rfha we;s ÿka(Doona zeylanica) .ia uKavs, y,a (Vateria copallifera).ia uKaä, fnr,sh (Shorea megistophylla) .ia uKavs,kd (Mesua ferrea) .ia uKaä .eñhka yඳුk;s. ÿïu,tl;= lsÍu$ leãu iඳyd .eñhka hkafka oqka .iauKaä fj;hs. y,a jdfrg y,a weysoSu iඳyd hkafkay,a uKaä fj; h. jir y;lg jrla M, orkjdhe hs úYajdi lrk fnr,sh weysඳSu iඳyd hkafkafnr,sh .ia uKaä fj; hs. fuu yඳුkd .ekSï ydkdulrKhka Wmfhdackh mokï lrf.k we;sjqKdhehs wkqu; l< yels h. Y%S mdo wvúh, isxyrdch,lkafk,sh, foosh.,, rïuf,alkao, iy fjk;a my;rgl=vd jkdka;r fldgia ;=< o .eñhka úiska fus whqrska oSwe;s kdulrKhka yඳුkd.; yels h. tu m%foaY wdY%s;jwe;s fjk;a ,laIK yඳුkd .kafka o tA ku weiqrelrf.khs. isxyrdcfha jvd;a m%p,s; “y,auKaäh fod,”tfia kï flreKls.

.uqj$ f.duqj$ f.d,a,$ f.dkak

“f.duqj” “f.d,a,” hkqfjka fndfyda úg yඳුkdf.kwe;af;a há frdamKh >k j jHdma; j we;s m%foaYhls.fïjdfha olakg we;af;a c,h wdY%s; j m%pdrKh jk“ynr,” (Alocasia macrorrhizos) fyda tjeks fjk;ac,h yd j.=re mßirh m%sh lrk Ydl m%cdjls. fndfydaúg fïjdfha jHdma; j we;af;a tla m%uqL YdL úfYaIhls.inr.uqj kï m<d;a kdulrKh Wmkafka oekginr.uqj iuka foaj,h msysá m%foaYfha w;S;fha jHdma;j mej;s úYd, “ynr, f.duqjla” ksid nj m%jdo.;h. ynr.uqj miq ld,Skj inr.uqj úh. tla m%jdohlgwkqj rdu úiska rdjKd rcq b,lal lr uqodyeß “ySh”;u b,lalh o imqrd wjik k;r jQfha by; ynr,.uqfõ ;snQ ynr, w,hla jeoSfuks. wog;a fuu yShiuka foajd,fha fmryer NdKav w;r mj;akd Y=oaO foajNdKavhls. we;eus g “f.d,a,” hkak tl u fYaIfha



fydr, f.drld (Gracinia quaesita), ishU,d (Tamarindaindica) jeks Yd, .ia nyq, m%foaY yeඳskajSug oNd ; lr we;. niakdysr m<df;a we;s fydrf.d,a, uSgksoiqkls. j¾;udkfha wNh N+ñhla jk fuys wog;afydr .ia nyq, j ksrSlaIKh l< yels h.

“f.dkak” hkak jHjydr jS we;af;a “mඳුre Ydliys; jkdka;r ìula yඳුkd .ekSu iඳyd h.” fndfydaúg tAjdfha jeiqKq úhkla olakg ke;. úiqreKqmඳුre iajrEmhl=hs olakg we;af;a. fmdÿ ,laIKh kïfïjdfha o tla úfYaIhla m%uqL ùuhs.

jÿ,$ f.dïuk$nQgEj

fïjd úYd, jkdka;r m%foaY fkdfõ. .ïudkwdikakfha mj;sk l=vd jkdka;r ìï m%foaY fï kñkayeඳskafõ. fïjdfha jkdka;ruh Ydl úfYaI fuka u.Dyia:lrKh lrk ,o rg fo,a (Artocarpus incises)fldia (Artocarpus heteropyllus), mqjla (Areca catechu)f.drld jeks Ydl úfYaI o fjhs. fuys úfYaI;ajhjkafka fuu ìï wඳුre iajNdjhla oeÍuhs. tkï ;=reúhk úiska fmdf<djg ysre t<sh m;s; ùu j,lajkq,en ;sîuhs. tksid oyj,a ld,fha oS fuu m%foaY“f.dïuka” (ijia l,, .jhska$f.dkqka “ux” niskfj,dj) iajNdjhla orhs. .ï uKaähla ;j;a .ïuKaählska fyda f.hla ;j;a f.hlska fjkajQfha jkjÿ,lsks. ke;fyd;a “nQgEj” lsks. ldka;djkag iy.egsiaishkag bj lrk N+;d;au we;ehs Yajdi lrkne ka fuu ìï Tjqkg ;ksj iersierSug wlem tajdf,i ckm%jdofha ths.

jk frdo$frdo

“jk frdo” ,ÿ le,Ejlg jvd >k j j¾Okh jQjkdka;rhls. tys fndfyda úg we;af;a iajNdúljjHdma;j frdamKh jQ .iaje,a h. wegU (Mangiferazeylanica), f.drl (Gracinia quaesita), rg f.drl(Garcinia xanthochymus), neඳs fo,a, (Artocarpusnobilis), loqre, ysnqgq (Strychnos nux-vomica), ls;=,a(Caryota urenus), rela (Horsfieidia iryaghedhi) iy .,awkakdis (Anansa comosus) jeks Y=Ial rEmS mඳුrej,skajk frdola iukaú; fõ. há frdamKh fuka u úhk ojeiS mj;S.

.d,$.d,a

“.d,a” o .ïudk wjg udkj n,mEu ,en miq j ñksiamßyrKfhka fjka j .sh (w;ayßk ,o) jkdka;r ìïfõ. fïjd fndfyda úg k.akSlrKhg nඳුka jQ wdka;slìï fõ. tksid fïjdfha olakg we;af;a j¾Okhfjñka mj;sk m%d:ñl Ydl m%cdjka h. úfYaIfhkaudkd, lels,a,, b¨la (Imperata cylindrical) jeksYdl fYaI hs. fusjd jkdka;r ixfY%aKs l%shdj,shluq,a woshr ksfhdackh lrhs. we;eus m%foaYj, f,dalmd (Mikania cordata), mU (Lygodium flexuosum),ndඳුrd (Nepenthes distillatoria), fjksje,a (Coscinium

fenestratum) ;=v rEk (Calamus ovoideus Thw.exTrim)jeks f je,a fYaIj,ska úhk jid.;a Ydl m%cdjkaúia;r lsÍu iඳyd o “.d,” hk jok jHjydr fjhs.c,h yd j.=re mßir moaO;sj, oS flg, (Lagenadraovata), ynr,, fldys, (Lasia spinose) jeks YdlwdjrKhla yeඳskajSu iඳyd o “.d,” hkak fhfoa.

uQl,dk

f;;a l,dmfha “uQl,dk” kñka yඳුkajk jkdka;rìïj, jkdka;ruh iy .Dyia:lrKh lrk ,o hkYdl úfYaIhka oaú;aj u olakg ,efí. úfYaIfhka ujkdka;rhg hdno j fyda udhsï j uQl,ka msysgd ;sfí.we;eï uQl,ka ìï fyaka j.dj fldg w;ayßk ,o tAjdh. tAjd mQ¾K jYfhka t<s lsÍu oS¾> ld,hg fmr fydamQ¾K f,i u k;r lrk ,o ìï h. tksid tys Ydlm%cdj mßk; wúêfha miq fjhs. flfia jQj;a ;jÿrg;afuu ìï mqjla, rgfo,a, j,afo,a, ls;=,a, y;= j¾., rgf.drl, f.drl je,a j¾., or jeks jkc øjH /ia lsÍuiඳyd o lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;= iඳyd wjYH fmd¨, lKqwdoS ,S j¾. ,nd .ekSug o .DySh oej wjYH;d imqrd.ekSug o Ndú; lrhs. Y%S mdo rlaIs;h wjg mj;akdfunඳු jk ìïj,g fm!oa.,sl ysñlï iys;hs. we;eïtAjd yjqf,a N=la;s úඳsk mdrïmßl bvï h. “fyd,SuQl,dk” kñka yඳුkajkafka merKs yd mßk; ;;ajhgm;a jQ jDlaI iys; uQl,ka h. uqyql< - wdk = uql<dknjg mßKduh jQ nj jd.aúoHd;aul j olajd we;af;afus oaj;aj ,laIK fuu ìïj, ksÍlaIKh l< yels jQksid nj ks.ukh l< yelsh.

wrU

N+ rEm úoHd;aul j fïjd osh iSrdj iys; lඳුnEjqïyd foks ìï wdY%s; j msysgd ;sfí. fïjdfha olakgwe;af;a rgfo,a, f.drl iy m%uqL j jHdma; jQ mqjla .iajeiauls. tA tA m%uql Ydl úfYaIj, jHdma;sh wkqj fïjdmqjla wrU, fo,a wrU wdoS kï .kS. Y%S mdo rlaIs;fhamsysá funඳු wrUj,ska nyq,j u isÿ flfrkafka iD;=uhjYfhka mqjla leãu iy weys,Su h. fïjdfha ìï iaÓrhf;;a iys; jk ksid W!rka (Sun surofa cylonicus) ydf.dakqka (Rusa unicolor unicolor) jeks i;=ka osjd l,,e. isák ia:dk njg fuu ìï m;a j ;sfí. ls;=,aueoSu, yd fjk;a jkc øjH /ia lsÍu, iq yd lDIsld¾ñl oej wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu wdosh fuu ìïj,skabgq lr.kakd wfkla m%uqL m%cd wjYH;d fjhs. mQ¾Kf,i u t<s lsÍula isÿ fkdjqk;a .Dyia: wjYH;d ioydoej fy,Sï isÿ lrhs.

lk;=

“lk;=” hkq .ïudk ;=< fyda .ïudk wjg we;s Ldokhksid k.akSlrKhg ,la jQ wdka;sl ìï fõ. fïjdfha b;d ;=kS ;DK wdjrKhla olakg ,efí. bruqiq(Hemidesmus indicus), fmd,am,d (Aerva javanica),we;a wvs (Elephantopus scaber), fudKr l=vqïìh



(Vernonia cinerea), Wÿmsh,sh (Desmodium triflorum)wdoS me,Eá úfYaI fuu ìïj, ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh.th Ydl ika;;sfha uq,a mshjr fõ. we;eus m%foaYj,w;ayer ouk ,o ksiaidr fyakA ìus o lk;= f,i yeoskaf . tajd “fyaka lk;=” kñ.

jeg$ jeáh $ woaor

fuu YdldjrK moaO;s msysgd we;af;a .ïudk ;=< fydaj.d ìï ;=< hs. l=Uqre, ksjdi, j.dìï wdosh iSudlrñka ñksid úiska fuu moaO;s ks¾udkh fldg ;sfí.fldfydU (Azadirachta indica), uqrex.d (Moringaoleifera), jegudr - ,dvmamd (Gliricidia sepium) trnÿ(Erythrina variegate), fldÜgx (Terminalia catappa),mqjla, f,aka;srs (Areca concinna), j,a u[af[dlald(Manihot glaziovilceara rubbur) wdoS jQ YdL m%cdjkafuys olakg we;. i;a;aj wdydr fuka u ñksidf.affoksl mßfNdackh iඳyd wjYH wdydr o fuys olakgwe;. jif¾ hï ld,hl oS fuu moaO;s lmamdÿ flf¾.kuq;a mQ¾K f,i bj;a fkdlrhs. rcrg úh<s l,dmfhajeõ wdY%s; j fuka iq,n yd ixlS¾K fkdjqj;a my; rgf;;a l,dmfha l=vd jeõ wdY%s;j o Ydl $ rela $ .iajeá olakg ,efí. tAjd l=Uqla (Terminalia arjuna) udr(Albizia lebbek lebbek) ó (Madhuca longifolia) jeksjDlaIj,ska iy úúO mka j¾.j,ska iukaú; hs. ñksidúiska ia:dms; fldg we;s fïjdfha wruqKq jkafka jejwjidokh ùu je,elaùu yd jeõ c,h jdIamSlrKhwju lsÍu hs.

bjqre $ nv

fuys Ydl wdjrKh ñfo,a, (Barringtonia acutangula),j,a wd;a;d (Annona glabra), oshmr (Dillenia triquetra),ng (Ochlandra stridula), WK (Bambusa vulgaris), ó(Madhuca longitolia), l=Uqla (Terminalia arjuna), mqjlayd mka j¾.j,ska iukaú; fõ. .x bjqre, we, ydfod, mdrj,a fomi fuu iqúfYaIS jDCI,;d wdjrKhyඳුkd.; yel. ;Sre wdldr msysàula ksÍlaIKh l<yels h. we;eus .x.d fomi .sx fmd,a (Nypa fruticans)iy lgq fmd,a (Elaeis guineensis) Ydlj, jHdma;shla oyÿkd.; yels h. tu m%foaY tu Ydlj, u kus .kS.

foksh $ foks

jkdka;r ;=< mj;akd ;j;a iqúfYaIS mßir moaO;shls“foks”. jkdka;rfhka msg; oS fïjd ù (Oryza sativa)j.d, fldrgq j.d yd nq,;a (Piper betle) j.dj iඳydilid f.k we;. lඳුj,ska jg jQ f;;ukh /ඳS my;aìuls. “foKsh”. tys Bg u wdfõKsl jQ Ydl m%cdjlamj;S. foosh., jkdka;rh foks j.dj iïnkaOfhkajvd m%lg h. th 1970-80 olajd u jk ixrlaIKfomd¾;fïka;=j uඟska ksl=;a l< “foks n,m;%”hgf;a j.d lrk ,o foks j.d ìï 50 la muKwog;a tys ksÍlaIKh l< yels h. fïjd fndfydauhlayඳුkajkafka tA foks j.d l< mqoa.,hkaf.a fyda tA

foksfha mej;s m%uqL ;=re wdjrKfha kñks. wo jkúg jkdka;rh ;=< we;s fï foksìïj, .Dyia;lrKhlrk ,o Ydl úfYaI o yuq fõ. tA by; udkjn,mEïj, cSjudk idOl jYfhks. Y%S mdo wvúfhafujeks ìï fndfydauhla wkjir m;,a ksid yඳුkd.;fkdyels mßos fjkia ù we;. Y%S mdo wvúh m¾hka;jkdka;rhla jk bඳුrej rlaIs;fha we;s foks ìul“lgq rys; fldys,” úfYaIhla o yuq fõ. ìkr, (Binaraexacum) mka j¾., nv,ajkiai (Lycopodiella cernua),lඳු,eiai (Drosera indica), uvquyk (Sphaeranthusindicus), l=Uqre (Caesal pinia bonduc), lS lsrsඳsh(Eclipta prostrata) wdos fYaI foks ìul oS ksÍlaIKhl< yel. .ïudk ;=<g jk úg, N+ rEm úoHd;aul jfunÿ ,CIK orK ìï l=Uqre, l,úg, ´ úg, nv jeánjg mßj¾;kh jk w;r u Bg u wfõKsl jQ YdlwdjrKhlska .ejiS .kS.

hdh

tl u j¾.hlg wh;a fyda tla j¾.hla (úfYaIhla)m%uqL jQ Ydl m%cdjla idfmalaIj úYd, N+f.da,Shm%foaYhl jHdma; j we;akï th “hdhla” kñkayඳුkajhs. jkdka;rhla ;=< oS kï fnre (Agrostistachyscoriacea) .ia, fk (Strabilathes anceps) mඳුre hdhj,ayඳුkd .; yels h. we;eï úg l=Uqla .ia o hdhls..ïudkhg tk úg fl;a hdhj,a olakg ,efí. tAjdueoska .,k fod, mdrj,a wdY%s; j ó, l=Uqla, fydarUqla (Saccharum arundinaceum), hdhj,a ksrSlaIkhl< yel. udk iy b la jeks ;DK úfYaI o hdhj,ajYfhka yuq fõ.

msáh $ msá

my;rg f;;a l,dmfha olakg we;. “msá” mßir moaO;súh<s l,dmfha olakg we;s “jeõ msáj,ska” ;rula ÿrgfjkia fõ. fïjd .x j;=rg hgjk msgdr ;eksj, msysgd;sfí. jir mqrd >K ;DK jeiaula fuys olakg ,efnkw;r w;ßka m;r úiqreKq mඳුre ksÍlaIKh l< yels h.f;dar (Cassia sophera), we;af;dar (Cassia alata) oshmr(Dillenia suttruticosa), wdoS mඳුre Ydl o ó, fldÜgïnd,mqjla jeks Ydl uola iómfha o jHdma; j ;sfí. .eñhkaúiska we;s lrk t< .jhkaf.a iy ó .jhkaf.a m%Odkf.dඳුre ìï jkafka fïjd h. fïjd jkdka;rh ;=<fuka u jkdka;rfhka msg; oS o yඳුkd .; yel.Wmfhdackfha oS fmdÿ Wmfhdack rgdjla fmkaj hs.

nq,k

“nq,k” hkak fhoS we;af;a jir mqrd osh iSrdj /ඳSidfmaCIj my;a ìula yeඳskaùu iඳyd h. úh<s ld,hloS jQj o “nq,k” kñka yeඳska jQ m%foaYfha c, uQ,dY%isඳS fkdh hs. tys olakg we;s YdldjrKh o tu mßirmoaO;shg yev.eiqKq tAjd fjhs. tu ksid oeä úh<sld,hl oS jqj;a iuia; mßir N+ o¾YKfhka fuu“nq,k m%foaY” yß; meyefhka yඳුkd.; yel. úh<s



iD;=j, oS ó .jhka, w,ska jeks c,h m%sh lrk i;=kaf.a,e.=ï fmd,j,a jkafka fuu ia:dk $ m%foaY fõ. ñksiawjYH;d iඳyd fuu m%foaY t<sfmfy<s lsÍu iïu;wdpdr O¾uhkag mgyeks l%shdjla jYfhka ms<s.eKqks.

fma

“fma” hkak fm<, fma<sh hk wre;ska Wmkakla njfmfka. we;eï .%du kdu iy m%dfoaYSh kduj, Wm;úYaf,aIKh lr ne,Sfuka meyeos<s jkafka tl uúfYaIhlg wh;a .ia fm<la fyda f.dkqjla we;sia:dkhla fyda m%foaYhla yeඳska ùug “fma” hkak fhoSwe;s nj hs. ;j;a úYaf,aIK wkqj “fma” hkak jHjydrù we;af;a jkdka;r m%foaYhla yeඳska ùug hs. “fma”hkakg mQ¾jfhka tu jkdka;rh l=uk j¾.fha tkïl=uk Ydl m%uqL fldg.;a jkdka;rhla o hkak úia;rflf¾. ksoiqkla f,i l=reúg m%foaYfha y,afma y,aYdl m%uqL ù mej;s m%foaYhla ke;fyd;a y,a le,hls.wog;a tu m%foaYfha y,a Ydl nyq, nj tA wdY%s; N+ñhksÍCIKh lsÍfuka meyeos,s fõ. fï whqßka u, ófma,;,afma, fndfma, fodïfma, fodvïfma, bUq,afma, ls;=,afma,udoïfma, kQfma, hk .%du kdu yd m%dfoaYSh kdu o hïm%uqL úfYaIhla fyda tla iq fYaIS Ydlhla mokï jjHjydr ù we;s nj fmfka.

f.j;=$ jk f.j;=

my;rg jkdka;r fia u my;rg merKs f.j;=rEmdldrfhka jkdka;r yd iudk fõ. jkdka;rhgidfmaCI j tys Ydl yd i;a;aj úúO;ajh wvq jqj;a tAlfnda. j.djlg (Monoculture) jvd tys ffcj úúO;ajhjeä h. iaÓrNjkh ie<l=jfyd;a, tys meyeos<s f,i uhka, Wm hka, moqre, ìï wdoS jYfhka ia:r ;=kla fyda

y;rla ksÍlaIKh l< yels h. .Dyia;lrKh lrk,o Ydl úfYaI fuka u iajdNdúlj j¾Okh jQ Ydlika;;shla o fuu f.j;= i; =h. úfYaI;ajh jkafkatu jk.; úfYaIj, j¾Okhg yd m%pdrKhg wjia:djysñùu hs. tksid iq oej, jkc yd fjk;a ffoksl .DywjYH;d bgq lsÍug fuu jk f.j;= iu;a h.

ks.ukh

úúO;ajh ;=< mj;akd iqúfYaI;dj, WmfhdackfhaiajNdjh iy N+ wjldYSh jHdma;sh hk ks¾kdhl u;mokï j Y%S ,xldfõ my;rg l,dmfha YdldjrKhyඳුkd .ekSu yd j¾.SlrKh isÿ l< yels w;r Bgwjeis miqìu ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;af;a tu m%foaYj,cSj;ajk m%cdjka iy Tjqka úiska mrïmrdkq.; jmj;ajdf.k tkq ,nk idïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;s uඟsks.tu idïm%odhsl oekqï moao;sj, uQ,hka m%cdjfha Ñka;kúê iy idrO¾u moaO;s, NdIdj yd cSjk jHdjydrhka;=<g lsඳdnei ;sfí. idïm%odhsl oekqï moaO;sj,skauQ¾;su;a lrkafka fuu uQ,hkaf.ka Wkd .,kdfidndjhs. fï wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla idïm%odhsloekqu u; Y%S ,xldfõ my;rg YdldjrKh yඳුkd .ekSu

iy j¾.Slrkh yqÿ YdldjrKh yඳුkd .ekSula muKlafkdj Bg noaO j mj;skakd jQ mq ,a iudc ixialD;sljmißhla yඳුkd .ekSula o jk nj hs.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

tmsgj;a;, tia. iy fma%u;s,l, gS. wd¾. (2005).mrd. oHdj( fyda¾gka ;ekak iy ol=Kq wdishdfw;smqrdK lDIs ld¾usl mrsirh. fld<U ( iageus*¾vsf,ala.

kkaodru à, (1997). WoaNs; kdu m%oSmsld, fld<U ( weiaf.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda.

.=K;s,l osidkdhl iy ohd wurfialr (ixial-rkh). bඳුjr iudc moku 01, jrldfmd<, wdßhm%ldYlfhda.

iurfldaka, tiaa., mS ; (2009). fy< *af,dard, fld<U (f.dvf.a bkag¾keik,a mí,sflaIka.

isßfiak, ví,sõ. tï. (2004). “mßirfõoh, udkjúoHdj yd ixialD;sh”, tï fidau;s,l iy tÉ tï

fyar;a tÉ. tï. ã. wd¾. (2004). “foaYSh {dkh, msßil<uKdlrkh iy idïm%odhsl idro¾u moaO;sh”.

fyar;a ã wd¾ (ixialrKh). wkqfudaokd, uydpd¾hwkqrdO fifkúr;ak Wmydr ,sms ix.%yh, fld<U,tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda .

Anderson, E.N., (1996). Ecologies of the Heart: Emo-tion, Belife, and the Envirment. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Dikshith, R.D.,(1997). Geographycal Thought ( AContextual history of ideas. NewDelhi: Prentice Hallof India Private Limited.

Karunaratne, M.S.M.L., (2009). Establishing forestbuffer zones in the rain forests as a forest conser-vation strategy- A Case Study on Peakeilderness(Samanala Adaviya) Forest Reserve. unpublishedBA Thesis. Matara: Department of Geography,University of Ruhuna.

Lovelock,J.,(1995). The Ages of Gaia: A Biographyof Our Living Earth.Yew York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Hennink,M et al. (2011). Qualitative Research Meth-ods. New Delhi: SAGE.



Martin, L., (1896) “Eskimo Words for Snow” (A CaseStudy in the Genesis and Decay of an Anthropo-logical Example, American Anthropologist Volume88, Issue 2, pages 418-423, June 1986, AmericanAnthropogical Association.

Somadeva, R., (2006). Urban Origins in Southern SriLanka. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.

Forest and Agriculture Organization., (2000), Forest re-sources of Sri Lanka – country report. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad678e/AD678E02.htm –accessed on 2016.09.23

Wm.%ka:h

m%d:ñl o;a; odhl kdudj,sh

⋄ l<HdKsj;S, fla.î., (56) 2016.10.11, kss,añKs Whk,mrlvqj.

⋄ fidauodi, tï. tia., (60) 2016.10.09, Wv.ïlkao,fmdfydrndj, mrlvqj.

⋄ mshodi, tï. tia., (61) 2016.10.11, Wv.ïlkao,fmdfydrndj, mrlvqj.

⋄ .=Kfiak, tï.ã., (80) 2016.10.11, by< f.dvïm,,mrlvqj.

⋄ ohdjxY, mS.tï., (44) 2017.01.07, os.kao,, fouqjl,rlajdk.

⋄ O¾ufiak, fla.cS., (47) 2017.01.07, fmd,aj;a;,ÿkals,j;a;, ud;f,a.

⋄ .reisxy, tÉ., (58) 2016.09.28, je,sleáh, foosh.,,wl=/iai.

⋄ chr;ak tA.wd¾., (52) 2016.09.28, je,sleáh, u,s¥j,

wl=/iai.

⋄ ir;apkaø, tÉ., (51) 2016.09.27, je,sleáh, u,sÿj,wl=/iai.

⋄ ෙජ්ka, tÉ. fla ., (85) 2016.09.27, je,sleáh, u,sÿj,wel=/iai.

⋄ ohdr;ak, fla.fla.cS., (54) 2016.11.11, ohdjdi,.=re jdk, .s,suf,a.

⋄ fidaumd,, cS. wd¾., (55) 2016.11.11, osúh.,, .=rejdk, .s,suf,a.

⋄ ෙජ්ñia, mS. tÉ., (56) 2016.11.11, .=re jdk, .s,suf,a.

⋄ frdi,ska, mS., (77) 2017.01.03, l=vj, jeoaod.,.

⋄ fm%auj;S, î.tA. (54) 2016.04.13, l fmaä.u,n,xf.dv.

⋄ O¾uisß, fla. tA. tï., (58) 2016.04.13, khs.,,n,xf.dv.

⋄ lreKdr;ak, î. tï., (55) 2016.04.12, l fmaä.u,n,xf.dv.

⋄ .=Kr;ak, mS. à., (55) 2016.04.12, fldka.yukalv,n,xf.dv.

⋄ lreKdj;S, î., (63) 2016.04.13, je,sfmd;,n,xf.dv.

⋄ wdhqj¾Ok, hQ. tï., (48) 2016.04.11, mqyq,ahdh,n,xf.dv.

⋄ .=Kfiak, hQ., (33) 2016.04.12, f.dvl=Uqr,n,xf.dv.

⋄ .=Kodi, ví.tï., (60) 2016.04.12, f.dvl=Uqr,n,xf.dv.




m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djkaf.a n,mEu oUq,a, k.rh iy tys;odikak m%foaYh weiqßka

(Impact of the Rural-urban Relationships on Regional Development: Study in Relation to Bambulla

City and Adjacent Areas)

fyaupkaø î.tï.tï.tÉ.1* iy hdmd t,a.Ô.ã.tia.2

1 N+f.da,úoHd yd mdßißl l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh, inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h2 N+f.da,úoHd wOHhkdxYh, reyqK úYajúoHd,h

∗[email protected]

úYd, .%dóh ck;djla iy wvq kd.ßl ck;djla isák Y%S ,xldj jeks rglg m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha mr;rhwvq lr .ekSfuys ,d m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha § iy ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï § .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍuflfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu id¾:l m%fõYhls. .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;s ùu i|yd n,mdk idOl y÷kd.ekSu ;=<ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg isÿ jk n,mEu wOHhkh lsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqK jk w;r oUq,a, k.rhiy ;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾. y÷kd .ekSu, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d wdY%s; .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSuiy tu in|;d jeäÈhqKq lsÍu Wfoid mj;sk ixj¾Ok úNj;d y÷kd .ekSu hk wkq wruqKq Tiafia wOHhkhisÿ lrk ,§. oUq,a, k.rfha isg úúO ÿßka hqla;j tkï, lsf,daóg¾ 0-5, 5-10, 10g jeä jYfhka fldgia lrtla fldgilska .%duks<Odß jiï 02 la jYfhka iuia; kshe¢h f,i .%duks<Odß jiï 06 la o tu jiï ;=<skatla .%duhla ne.ska o wruqKq.; iiïNdù kshe¢h weiqßka f;dard .kakd ,§. fuu wOHhkh i|yd m%d:ñl o;a;iy oaú;shsl o;a; uQ,dY% fhdÞ.;a w;r ir, iiïNdù kshe¢hg wkqj m%Yakdj,s 100 la uÕska iuia; kshe¢hksfhdackh jk mßÈ f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd ,§. SPSS 21 uDÿldx.h weiqßka lhsj¾. mßlaIdj o, Odrd is;shïiy Yÿw; úYaf,aIKh o o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd fhdÞ .kakd ,§. fuu wOHhkfha úYaf,aIKhkag wkqj 1990§ msysg jQ oUq,a, wd¾Ól uOHia:dkh fya;=fjka oUq,a, k.rfha jd‚c ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh 58] muKolakg ,efí. k.rfha ld¾hhuh úúO;ajh u; mokï j ;Þikak m%foaYh fN!;sl, wd¾Ól, fiajd myiqlï,;dlaI‚l, m%cdúoHd;aul iy iudc jYfhka k.rh iuÕ úúO in|;d mj;ajkq ,nk w;r lhsj¾. mßlaIdjuÕska ,enqKq m%;sM,j,g wkqj wd¾Ól in|;d m%uqL fõ. oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYh w;r mj;sk ÿru; in|;djkaf.a ;Sj%r;djh fjkia jk w;r .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d i|yd m%n, f,i n,mdk ud¾. moaO;sfhald¾hlaIu;dj fya;=fjka m%foaYfha in|;djkaf.a ;Sj%r;dj olakg ,efí. m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d fya;=fjka iudÔh, wd¾Ól fuka u mdßißl jYfhka .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka olakg ,efí. oUq,a, k.rhiy ;Þikak m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk .%dóh kd.ßl in|;d fya;=fjka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg Okd;aul n,mEulaisÿ ù ;sfí. fuu wOHhkfhka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fhdackd f,i oUq,a, k.rh ;=< l¾udka;Yd,djla msysgqùu;=<ska k.rfha mj;sk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhkag úi÷ula ,nd .; yels w;r ;Þikak m%foaYh iuÕ mj;sk in|;d;Sj%r fõ. m%foaYfha fuf;la y÷kd f.k fkdue;s ft;sydisl yd iajNdúl jákdlulska hq;a ia:dk y÷kd .ekSu;=<ska ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq l< yels jk w;r th m%foaYfha ixj¾Okhg Þhl;ajhla imhkq we;.

flakaøSh jpk( .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d, m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh, ixj¾Ok úNj;d, wd¾Ól in|;d, oUq,a, k.rh

Linkages between rural and urban areas can generate income and improve the quality of the lives of peoplein both rural and urban areas. Current development planning focuses the potential advantages of urban centers instimulating regional development of a country. Dambulla town plays a vital role in regional development in SriLanka. The main objective of this study is to identify the impact of rural urban linkages in regional developmentin Dambulla town while identifying the nature of rural urban linkages, problems and development potentials arethe minor objectives of this study. Simple random sample method was used to collect data from six GN divisionsand each two GN divisions belongs to 0-5km, 5-10km and more than 10km from Dambulla town to its adjacentarea. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study and the analysis was done by using SPSS 21,Arc GIS 9.1 as well as with an inclusion of SWOT analysis. Findings of this research revealed that 58% ofcentralization for commercial purposes was due to the Dedicated Economic Centre in Dambulla. The linkageswere continued with the town for physical, economic, technical, demographic and social purposes. In response tothe result shown in Chi-Square Test, the economy was the main positive linkage in this area and the efficiencyof road networks was the key factor behind this. Some problems related to social, economic and environmentalhave been identified as a result of the continuous process of rural-urban linkages. The positive impacts to theprocess of regional development are clearly recognized. Further, this study suggests that there is a need to setup amanufacturing industry in Dambulla area to intensify the rural-urban linkages and the importance of identificationof both historically valuable places and scenic sights in Dambulla area to uplift the regional tourism industry isalso essential.

Keywords: Rural-urban linkages, Regional Development, Development Potentials, Economic Linkages, DambullaTown

49


ye¢kaùu

úisjk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha iy bkamiqj ixj¾Okhfjñka mj;sk rgj,a úiska ixj¾Ok úIu;dj iytys m%;sM, wjfndaO lr .ksñka fndfyda ck;djgixj¾Okfha m%;s,dN w;aú£ug yels úl,am m%fõYhlaf,i m%dfoAYSh ixj¾Okh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrwe;. j¾;udkfha m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh Wfoid .%dóh-kd.ßl jYfhka mj;sk in|;dj m%n, idOlhla njgm;a j ;sfí. .%dóh iy kd.ßl jYfhka mj;sk fn§uhqfrdamfha ld¾ñl úma,jh iuÕ we;s jQ fõ.j;akd.ÍlrKh;a iuÕ jHjydrhg meñ‚hls. .%dóh iykd.ßl m%foaYj, mj;sk jHQyd;aul ,laIK mokïfldg.ksñka tu m%foaY tlsfklg fjkia jQ m%foaYf,i ks¾jpkh jQ w;r wdfhdack iy ixj¾Ok ie,iqïilia lsÍfï § fuu m%foaY fjka fjka jYfhkai,ld ie,iqï ilia lrk ,§. .%dóh m%foaYj, uQ,slwd¾Ól lghq;a; lDIsl¾uh jk w;r kd.ßl m%foaYj,uQ,sl wd¾Ól lghq;a; jkafka ld¾ñl ksIamdokhiy fiajd iemhSu hs. k.rhla hkq jd‚c, ld¾ñl,uQ,H, wOHdmk, fi!LHh, mßmd,kh iy fkajdislhkd§ úúO ld¾hhka ixflakaøKh jQ ckdjdihls.kd.ßl ckdjdij, oaú;shsl, ;D;shsl iy pd;=¾Ól/lshdj, kshq;= ck ixLHdj idfmalaI j by< w.hla.kS. fï ksid .%dóh m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j úYd,ld¾hhuh úúO;ajhla kd.ßl m%foaYj, mj;S (udkjvqiy ,shkf.a 2008). tu ld¾hhuh úúO;ajh fya;=mdol lr.ksñka úYd, /lshd m%udKhla ckkh jkw;r fj<| lghq;= fya;=fjka o .%dóh m%foaYj, isgk.rhg ckhd úYd, jYfhka ixl%uKh fõ.

.%dóh-kd.ßl ixl%uK ;djld,sl j, iaÒr j fydaffoksl j isÿ úh yels h. fuu ixl%uK mdollr.ksñka .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djka j¾Okh fõ.fndfyda ckhdf.a Ôjfkdamdh, wd¾Ólh ;=< fuu.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d m%Odk N+ñldjla fõ. iudÔh,wd¾Ól, foaYmd,ksl, ixialD;sl iy N+f.da, úoHd;aulhk wxYhka uඟිka .%duh iy k.rh úúO mqoa.,hkaiuÕ iïnkaO fõ. Tacoli mjik wdldrhg .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d hkq foaYSh wd¾Ólfha iy Ôjfkdamdfham%Odk ixrplhka jk w;r iudÔh, wd¾Ól, ixialD;slúm¾hdihka r|d mj;skafka .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d u;h (Mushi 2003).

ixj¾ê; rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| jhqfrdamd rgj, lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj turgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d b;d by< uÜgulmj;S. fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj hqfrdamd l,dmfhakd.ÍlrKh yd ld¾ólrKh noaO fjñka .uka l<w;r tuÕska lDIsl¾udka;h kùlrKh ùu, fiajdúhqla; lDIsld¾ñl Y%ñlhkaf.a .eg¨jg m%n, úi÷ulaúh. fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka j¾;udkh jk úghqfrdamfha kd.ßl m%foaY yd tA wdY%s; m¾hka; m%foaY

w;r úúO yqjudre in|;d rdYshla f.dv ke.S ;sfí.ixj¾ê; rgj,g jvd fjkia jQ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, olakg ,efí. turgj, lDIsl¾udka;h jd‚clrKh jqj;a th hqfrdamdl,dmfha fuka .%dóh N+ñ mßfNda.h fjkia lsÍug;rï Þhl ù fkdue;. thg fya;=j jkafka ixj¾ê;rgj,g idfmalaI j ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,kd.ßl m%foaY j¾Okh jkafka tAjdfha m¾hka;h jk.%dóh m%foaY iuÕ noaO ùulska f;dr j ùu h (Mushi2003). tu rgj,a .%dóh m%foaYj,g jvd cd;sl iycd;Hka;r wd¾Ólh iuÕ noaOùu fya;=fjka .%dóhlDIs wxYh iy kd.ßl ld¾ñl wxYh w;r >DKd;aulin|;djla j¾Okh ù mj;S. kd.ßl l¾udka; ÿria:mßndysr m%foaYj,ska f.k tkq ,nk wuqøjH u; mokïùu fya;=fjka k.r ;=< mj;sk ,dNÞhs Y%uh ksidkj /lshd W;amdokfhka .%dóh w;sßla; Y%uh Wrd.ekSug fkdyelsjk w;r fï ;=<ska .%dóh lDIs wxYfhakùlrKh m%udo lrkq ,efí.

iuyr wdishdkq rgj, m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólhka ksjerÈiy Yla;su;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ksid fõ.fhkajefvk w;r ;j;a rgj, ÿ¾j, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dksid m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólhka b;d miq.dó ù we;. Y%S,xldfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj, miqìu iy mj;skiajNdjh ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § ksoyiska miqfld<U j¾Okhg uQ,sl;ajh ÿka rdcH m%;sm;a;s u;j¾;udkh jk úg fld<U mqrjr m%foaYh Y%S ,xldfõyrh njg m;a ù wfkl=;a nyq;r .%dóh m%foaYukao.dó m¾hka; m%foaY f,i mj;S. niakdysr m<d;yereKqfldg Y%S ,xldfõ wfkl=;a m<d;a lDIsld¾ñlmoku u; jefvk m<d;a fõ. ukao.dó m¾hka;fha;sfnk W!j, inr.uqj, W;=reueo m<d;aj, m%dfoaYShwd¾Ólh iඳyd lDIsld¾ñl Þhl;ajh b;d by< h..%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| j W;=reueo m<df;af;dard .kakd ,o kd.ßl uOHia:dk lsysmhl isÿl< m¾fhaIKhlg wkqj fy<s jQfha tu kd.ßluOHia:dkj, m¾hka; m%foaYfha f.dúhdf.a wd¾Ólhflfrys .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d t;rï jeo.;a fkdjknj hs. tu m<df;a l=vd k.r iuÕ iïnkaOjkjdgjvd fld<U, l=reKE., jeks msgia;r úYd, k.riuÕ Okd;aul f,i iïnkaOùu thg fya;=j hs(Rathnayake 2003)¡ Y%S ,xldfõ oUq,a, k.rh hkq,wd¾Ól jYfhka jákdlula iys; ksIamdokhkaf.atalrdYS ùu isÿ jk tla ixêia:dkhls. tu jákdlumokï lr .ksñka, ;Þikak m%foaYj, ck.ykfhkajeä m%udKhla lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, ksr; ùufya;=fjka kd.ßl jeishka .%dóh lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdoku; hemSu;a, .%dóh jeishka ;u wdÞhu i|yd k.rhNdú;hg .ekSu;a nyq, f,i olakg ,efí. fuu wka;¾in|;dj ;=< lDIsld¾ñl øjH .%dóh m%foaYj, isgkd.ßl fj<|fmd<g .,d hdu, .%dóh yd kd.ßlm%foaYj, isÿ jk ffoksl fyda iD;=uh ixp,;dj,



;dlaIKh yd f;dr;=re .,d hdu yd uQ,Huh .e,Sïwd§ ixlS¾K l%shdj,Ska rdYshla mj;S. tA wkqj mqoa.,slwjYH;d u; .u yd k.rh iuÕ ffoksl j isÿ jkwka;¾ in|;d wLKav j mej;Su tu m%foaYfha .=KlM, we;s lrñka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg Þhl fõ. tfia,nd fokakd jQ Þhl;ajh mokï lrf.k .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d uÕska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg isÿjk n,mEuy÷kd .ekSu fuuÕska úfYaI;ajfhys ,d i,lkq ,efí.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

.=k¾ ñ¾vd,a olajk wdldrhg ixj¾Okh hkq uq¿iudc l%ufha u by<g tiùuls. ixj¾Okh jQ l,Sfjkia ùulg jvd jeäùuls. th fjkiaùu kï,tys w¾:fhka iudchSh, ixialD;sl, wd¾:sl jYfhka.=Kd;aulj yd m%udKd;aulj o flfrk fjkiaùuúh hq;= nj W! ;dkaÜ úiska fmkajd foa. ixj¾Okhhkq wd¾:sl ck.yk idOl muKla fkdj iudÔh,ixialD;sl, iodpdr lreKq we;=<;a fjkialï ydjeäùu ms<sn| l%shdoduhla nj hqfkiaafldaj yd fojeksixj¾Ok oYlh uÕska ks¾jpkh lrhs (ú;drK 2000).ta wkqj “ixj¾Okh” hk fhÿug by; i|yka l<wd¾Ól wxYh yd iudÔh wxYh hk fowxYh uwe;=<;a jk w;r, tu wxYhka ys we;s jk m%udKd;aulyd .=Kd;aul ÈhqKqj ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ixl,amfhawka;¾.; fõ. .%dóh m%foaYj, uQ,sl wd¾Ól lghq;a;lDIsl¾uh jk w;r kd.ßl m%foaYj, uQ,sl wd¾Óllghq;a; jkafka ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokh iy fiajdiemhSu hs. fuu m%foaY fol w;r in|;djh f.dvkefÕkafka .%dóh ck;dj kd.ßl NdKav iy fiajdu; hemSu;a, kd.ßl ck;dj .%dóh iïm;a u; hemSu;aksid h. kd.ßl iy .%dóh m%foaYj, jHQyd;aul ,laIKwkqj fuu m%foaY tlsfklg fjka j y÷kd .;a; otAjd ksrka;rfhka u tlsfklg noaO j l%shd lrhs.Jefferson mjik mßÈ k.rj,g ;ksj u j¾Okh úhfkdyels w;r .%dóh m%foaYj, wkq.%yh tA i|yd wjYHfõ. Dauglas mjikafka .%dóh mqoa.,fhl=f.a ffokslÔú;hg .%dóh iy kd.ßl hk wjYH;d folu we;=<;anjhs (Mushi 2003).

.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djh iy iudÔh-wd¾Ólixj¾Okh ms<sn| .=crdÜys .%duhka follaweiqßka (Rural-urban Linkages and Socio-EconomicDevelopment: A case study of two villages in Gujarat)isoaê wOHhkhla isÿ lr we;. fjkia jQ .%duhkafolla w;r mj;sk .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djfhaiajNdjh wOHhkh lsÍu fuu wOHhkfha m%OdkwruqK fõ. lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok, ksIamdok i|ydfhdojk fhojqï, Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh jeks wxYhkawëlaIKh lsÍu iy .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djhiy iudÔh-wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok uÜgu w;r mj;skin|;djh i|yd n,mdk idOl y÷kd .ekSu hk wkqwruqKq Tiafia wOHhkh isÿ lrk ,§. ,nd .;a o;a;

iy f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKhkag wkqj W!k ixj¾ê;m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j ixj¾ê; m%foaYj, jd‚c fnda.jeä jYfhka fhdÞ .kakd nj;a, lDIsld¾ñl iylDIsld¾ñl fkdjk wxYhka ys fiajd kshqla;sh jeänj;a, .%dóh jeishkaf.a idudkH wdÞhu by< f.diawe;s nj;a iy ud¾., nexl=, ;eme,a ld¾hd, jeks uQ,slhá;, myiqlïys ie<lsh hq;= ixj¾Okhla olakg,efnk nj;a wkdjrKh jQ w;r ÿ¾j, .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d iys; m%foaY W!k ixj¾ê; m%foaY njg m;ajk nj;a wkdjrKh úh (Pundir and Singh 2001).

Mushi úiska 2003 § .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ;=<skam%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| hqfrdamfha ixj¾Okhfjñka mj;sk rgj,a wdY%fhka (Regional Developmentthrough Rural-urban Linkage) m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lrwe;. m%Odk wruqK f,i n,mEï m%foaYh ;=< .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾. y÷kd .ekSu;a, wkq wruqKqjYfhka n,mEï m%foaYh ;=< ixj¾Ok uÜgï iy.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djfha m%udKh úia;r lsÍu,.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djkays m%n,;djh iy ÿn,;djhwe.hSug ,la lsÍu, n,mEï m%foaYfha k.rh iy ckd-jdihkays úfYaI flakaø.;ùu ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh lsÍu,.%dóh-kd.ßl m%foaYj, Ôjfkdamdhka ys N+ñldj WiialsÍu ms<sn| ;lafiarelrKhka isÿ lsÍu iy .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d iy Ôjfkdamdh Wiia lsÍu Wfoidl%shdud¾. l%uj;a j ±laùu biau;= lr fmkajkq ,efí.iudc, wd¾Ól, ;dlaI‚l iy fiajd myiqlï hk wxYhgf;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d mj;sk nj;a .%dóh m%foaYiy kd.ßl m%foaY w;r m%n, in|;djla mj;sk nj;afidhd .kakd ,§. Tacoli úiska 2002 § .%dóh-kd.ßlwka;¾ l%shdjkaf.a fjkiaùu iy Tjqkaf.a ÔjfkdamdhgjQ n,mEu Wmiyrdkq wm%sldfõ kd.ßl iy .%dóhm%foaY wdY%fhka (Changing Rural-urban Ineractions inSub-saharan Africa and their Impact on Livelihoods: ASummary) m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lr we;. fuu wOHhkhWfoid l=vd iy uOHu m%udKfha kd.ßl uOHia:dkyd tA jgd msysá m%foaYhkays wjldYSh in|;djh, wd¾Óll%shdldrlïys iajNdjh fjkiaùu iy .%dóh-kd.ßlm%foaYhkays Ôjfkdamdhkaf.a úúO;ajh wruqKq lr.kq,eîh. msysàu, fi!LHh, ia;%S mqreINdjh, mrïmrdjiy ckj¾.h hk jeo.;a idOl u; mokï jÔjfkdamdhkaf.a ie,lsh hq;= fjkila mj;sk nj;a;reK mrïmrdj jeä jYfhka nyq l%shdldrlï ys ksr;jk nj;a tA fya;=fjka .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ;Sj%r jknj;a fuu wOHhkh weiqßka fidhd .kakd ,§.

Riley úiska 2013 § mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;djh, wdydrNdú;h iy .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djh wm%sldfõ Blan-tyre iy Malawi k.r weiqre lr.ksñka (GenderedMobilities, Food Access and Rural-urban Linkages inBlantyre, Malawi) m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lr we;. wdydrj,úúO;ajh, ñ, iy ;;a;ajh i|yd mqoa.,hkaf.aixp,;djfha n,mEu wOHhkh lsÍu fuu wOHhkfha



m%Odk wruqK jk w;r wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj flfrys.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djfha jeo.;alu wOHhkh lsÍuo ;j;a tla wruqKls. fuu wOHhkh ;=<ska wd¾Ól,foaYmd,ksl fuka u iudÔh jYfhka .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d mj;sk nj;a, .Dyia: wdydr iqrlaIs;;djhWfoid wju n,mEula iys;j wdydr ñ,§ .ekSui|yd .%dóh iy Wm kd.ßl m%foaYhkays mqoa.,hkaf.aixp,;djh jvd jeo.;a jk nj;a fidhd .kakd ,§.

Jayathilaka and Mahaliyanarachchi úiska 2007 §t<j¿ iy m<;=re mdßfNda.slhskaf.a yeisÍfï rgdjfudKrd., Èia;%slalfha i;sfmd< weiqßka (BehavioralPattern of Fruit and Vegetable Consumers in the.POLA. System in Monaragala District in SriLanka)m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lr we;. fuysoS .%dóh ksIamdok iykd.ßl fj<|m< w;r wka;¾ in|;djh, iudc wd¾Ól,laIK iy ñ,§.ekSfï rgdjka wOHhkh lrkq,efí. fuu wOHhkhg wkqj mdßfNda.slhskaf.ka 77]la muK fudKrd., Èia;%slalfha i;sfmdf<ys ksh;.ekqïlrejka jk nj;a thg m%Odku fya;=j jYfhkat<j¿ iy m<;=rej, kejqï nj iy ñ, wvqùu nj;afidhd .kakd ,§. tu fidhd .ekSïj,g wkqj wd¾ÓljYfhka .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh ù we;s njwkdjrKh úh. r;akdhl iy f.dvf.a úiska 2001§ l¿;r Èia;%slalfha fmd< ms<sn| wOHhkhla isÿlr we;. fmdf<ys l%shdldß;ajh, meje;au, j¾Okh,ie,eiau, mßmd,kh iy fj<| lghq;= isÿjk wdldrhwdÈh úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuys wruqK úh. fmdf<a meje;auiy j¾Okh Wfoid .%dóh jYfhka mj;sk wka;¾in|;djh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su o fuys wkq wruqKlafõ. .ekqïlrejkaf.ka 37] la fj<| jD;a;sfha o, 16] lalïlre jD;a;sfha o, 12] la f.dú;efkys o, 11] la .=rejD;a;sfha iy 24] la fjk;a jD;a;Ska ys fyda /lshdjlafkdue;s mqoa.,hka o jk nj fidhd .kakd ,o w;rNdKav ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd fmd< f;dardf.k ;snqfKaiudcfha uOHu mka;sfha iy my< fmf<a wdÞhï ,nkmqoa.,hka msßila nj ñka wkdjrKh lrk ,§. tAwkqj .%dóh mqoa.,hka úúO wruqKq Wfoid k.rh iuÕin|;d mj;ajk nj;a, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d mq¿,af,i j¾Okh ù we;s nj;a fidhd .kakd ,§.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

j¾;udk f.da,Sh m%jK;dj ;=< .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl idOlhla f,i ie,lSu iyf.da,ShlrKh yryd fuu m%foaY wfkfhdakH jYfhkajvd ióm lrjk fya;= idOl l%shd;aul lsÍu lemSfmfkk ,laIKhls. tA wkqj ;jÿrg;a .%dóh iykd.ßl m%foaY fjka fjka jYfhka i,ld tA u; l%shdlsÍu fkdj tAjd w;r mj;sk wka;¾ mrdh;a;;djy÷kdf.k tA u; l%shd lsÍfï jeo.;alu y÷kdf.kwe;. tA wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh Wfoid.%dóh kd.ßl in|;djkaf.a n,mEu flfiao hkak

y÷kd .ekSu fuys iqúfYaI;ajh fõ. ta ;=<ska .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d wdY%s; .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu iy .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd ixj¾Ok úNj;dy÷kd .ekSu oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYhweiqßka wOHhkh lr we;.

m¾fhaIK wruqKq

oUq,a, k.rh yd ;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d we;s ùu i|yd n,mdk idOl y÷kd .ekSu;=<ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg isÿ jk n,mEu wOHhkhlsÍu fuu m¾fhaIKfha m%Odk wruqK jk w;r oUq,a,k.rh yd ;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj¾. y÷kd .ekSu,oUq,a, k.rh yd ;Þikak m%foaYfha.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d wdY%s; j we;s .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSuyd oUq,a, k.rh yd ;Þikak m%foaYh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuWfoid we;s ixj¾Ok úNj;djhka y÷kd .ekSu wkqwruqK fõ.


m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh Wfoid .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djkaysn,mEu ms<snඳj f,dalh ;=< fndfyda wOHhk isÿ lrwe;;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< ta ms<snඳj wOHhkhka yuq jkafkab;d w,am jYfhka h. m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok yd iu.dó jixpdrl l¾udka;h, fmdfydr iykdOdrhkaf.a n,mEujeks úúO wxYhka Tiafia wOHhkhka isÿ lr we;;a.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djkays n,mEu iuÕ iïnkaOfjñka Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ lr we;s m¾fhaIKhkayuq fkdjk ;rï h. .%dóh ksIamdok iy kd.ßlfj<|fmd< weiqre lr .ksñka úúO wOHhkhka isÿ lrwe;;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djka j¾., tA wdY%s; .eg¨wruqKq lr .ksñka lsisÿ m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lr fkdue;sksid fuu wOHhkh wfkla m¾fhaIKhkag jvd fjkiafõ. Y%S ,xldj ;=< uE;l oS fujeks wOHhkhla isÿlr fkdue;s ùu;a, úfYaIfhka Y%S ,xldfõ oUq,a,k.rh weiqre lr .ksñka fujeks m¾fhaIKhla isÿlr fkdue;s ùu;a fuu wOHhkfha we;s jeo.;aluls.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

fuu wOHhkh i|yd oUq,a, m%dfoaYSh f,alïfldÜGdifha .%duks<Odß jiï 56 w;ßka .%duks<Odßjiï yhla f;dard .kakd ,§. th oUq,a, k.rfhaisg úúO ÿßka hqla; j tkï, lsf,daóg¾ ìkaÿj;amy;a, my;a oyh;a, oyhg jeä jYfhka fldgia lrtla fldgilska .%duks<Odß jiï folla jYfhkaiuia; kshe¢h f,i .%duks<Odß jiï yhla o tujiï ;=<ska tla .%duhla ne.ska o wruqKq.; iiïNdùkshe¢h weiqßka f;dard .kakd ,§. tu .%duhka ys mÈxÑmqoa.,hka 100 la i|yd ir, iiïNdù kshe¢hg wkqjm%Yakdj,s bÈßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska o;a; /ia lr .kakd ,oS.



rEmigyka wxl 1( ;Þikak m%foaYfha ckhd k.rhgmeñKSfï wjYH;djuq,dY%h ( fËa;% iólaIKh, 2014

idlÉcdj

k.rhl ld¾huh ixflakaøKh tu m%foaYfhaixj¾Okhg uy;a rel=,la fõ. oUq,a, k.rfhald¾hhuh ixflakaøKh jd‚c ld¾hhka, ksIamdokl¾udka; iy fiajd myiqlï hkqfjka j¾. lsÍu ;=<skaoUq,a, k.rh ;=< mj;akd ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKhúúO wxYhka Tiafia y÷kd .; yels h. oUq,a, k.rh;=< isÿ lrk ,o lafIa;% iólaIKhg wkqj tysld¾hhuh ixflakaøKfha úfYaI;ajhla olakg ,enq‚.j¾. lrk ,o fldgia ;=kysu ukd ixflakaøKhlaolakg ,eîu tu úfYaI;ajh hs. tA wkqj n,k l, 58]la muK fj<| yd jd‚c ld¾hhkays ixflakaøKhlaolakg ,enq‚. tys úúO j¾.fha fj<| yd jd‚clghq;= wka;¾.; ù ;snq‚. tjf.a u ksIamdok ydl¾udka; 17] la muK o fiajd myiqlï 25] la muKo oUq,a, k.rh ;=< ixflakaøKh ù ;sfnkq olakg,enq‚.

m%Odk jYfhka u oUq,a, wd¾Ól uOHia:dkh msysgd;sîu fya;=fjka tA wdY%s; j f;d. nvq fj<|ie,a, is,a,rnvq fj<|ie,a iy m<;=re fj<|ie,a fukA u t<j¿fj<|ie,a o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska ia:dms; ù we;.Bg wu;r j ckhdf.a úúO wjYH;d wkqj frÈms<s,mdjyka, .Dyúÿ,s WmlrK, lDIs ridhk øjH, lDIsWmlrK, iaj¾KdNrK, jdyk, mdie,a ,sms øjH jeksúúO wjYH;d bgq lrk fj<| yd jdKsc lghq;=j,ia:dk.;ùula oUq,a, k.rh ;=< ±l.; yelsfõ.jd‚cuh ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh i,ld ne,Sfï §by< fmf<a fiajd imhkq ,nk Food City, Co-op Cityfuka u Family Care jeks ld¾hhka o ixflakaøKh ù;sfnkq olakg ,efí. Bg wu;rj ARPICO, DAMROjeks m%o¾Ykd.dr myla o fuu k.rh ;=< olakg ,efí.ta jf.a u wjYH .Dy úÿ,s WmlrK, jdyk ñ,§ .ekSui|yd o tAjdg wjYH wfkl=;a fiajd iemhSu i|yd o

is;shï wxl 1( lDIs wiajekak wf,úh i|ydf;dard.kakd ,o .%duhkays mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;djuQ,dY%h( fËa;% iólaIKh, 2014

myiqlï ia:dms; ù ;sfí. ta jf.a u mdie,a WmlrK,lDIslghq;= i|yd wjYH WmlrK yd lDIsøjH, úis;=relghq;= iඳyd wjYH øjH fuka u ksjdi bÈlsÍu i|ydwjYH wuqøjH imhkq ,nk wf,úie,a o oUq,a, k.rh;=< ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla olakg ,efí. tA wkqj n,kl< fj<| yd jd‚cuh jYfhka ;Þikak m%foaYfhackhd r|jd ;nd .; yels uÜgfï j¾Okhla oUq,a,k.r ;=< olakg ,efnk nj ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh;=<ska jgyd .; yels h.

oUq,a, k.rh jgd we;s .%dóh m%foaYj, ckhd úúOwjYH;d tkï, NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu, lDIs NdKavñ,§ .ekSu iy lDIs wiajekak wf,úh hk jd‚cld¾hhka wdY%s; lghq;= i|yd k.rh iuÕ iïnkaOùu lemS fmfka¡ oUq,a, k.rh fiajd uOHia:dkhf,i i,lñka ;Þikak m%foaYj, ckhd 75] la muKk.rhg meñfKkafka lDIs wiajekak wf,úh i|yd h.;Þikak m%foaYj, ckhdf.a Ôjfkdamdh jeä jYfhkalDIsl¾udka;h u; r|d mj;sk neúka fj<| lghq;=Wfoid ckhd k.rhg meñŒu fuu k.rfha m%Odk,laIKhls. Bg wu;r j nexl= yd uQ,H lghq;= iඳyd70] la o NdKav ñ,oS .ekSu i|yd 50] la o jYfhkamqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;djh úúO jYfhka by< uÜgulafmkakqï flf¾ (rEmigyka wxl 1).

ta wkqj, lDIs wiajekak wf,úh i|yd ;Þikakm%foaYfha ckhd oUq,a, k.rhg ixp,kh ùu yd.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;s ùu w;r in|;djla mj;sknj ld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mßlaIdj (p w.h 0.000)



;=<ska fudkjg meyeÈ,s fõ¡ oUq,a, k.rh iy;odikak m%foaYh lDIs wiajekak wf,úh i|yd k.rhiuÕ mj;ajkq ,nk in|;djkaf.a ;Sj%r;dj, .%dóhm%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia fõ. tu fjki m%OdkjYfhka u mdol jkafka mqoa.,hkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh iyud¾. myiqlï u; h. lDIsld¾ñl Ôjfkdamdhla mj;skmqoa.,hska Ôj;ajk lKav,u, jEj,jej hk m%foaYj,mqoa.,hska jeä jYfhka o fjk;a /lshdj, kshq;=mqoa.,hska isák oUq¨.u, hdmd.u jeks m%foaYj, wvqjYfhka o ixp,;djhla fmkakqï lrhs. k.rfha isgmj;sk ÿr jeä jqj o ud¾. myiqlïj, ld¾hlaIu;djksid ÿßka msysá m%foaY o lDIs wiajekak wf,úh i|ydjeä ;Sj%r;djla fmkakqï lrhs (is;shï wxl 1).

NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;dj ms<sn|i,ld ne,Sfï§ oUq,a, k.rhg wdikak .ï jkoUq¨.u iy hdmd.u isák mqoa.,hka NdKav ñ,§ .ekSuisÿ lrkq ,nkafka k.rfhka h. tkï, oUq¨.u 12]la o hdmd.u 10] la o jYfhka NdKav ñ,§ .kq,nkafka k.rfhks. kuq;a k.rfha isg .ug mj;skÿr jeäjk úg mj;ajk iïnkaO;dfõ m%udKh owvq uÜgula fmkakqï lrhs. lKav,u, jEj, jej,È.ïm;y .%duhkays mqoa.,hka jeä m%;sY;hla NdKavñ,§ .kq ,nkafka .fï fj<|ief,ks. tu fya;=fjkak.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr jeäjk úg NdKav ñ,§.ekSug meñfKk mqoa.,hkaf.a m%udKh wvq njlaolakg ,efí. tA wkqj 26] la jEj,jej .%dufhka o,3] la bkdu¨j .%dufhka o, 17] la lKav,u .%dufhkao NdKav ñ,§ .kq ,nkafka .fï fj<|ief,ks.

oUq,a, k.rfha ld¾hhuh ixflakaøKh ;=< jeo.;awxYhla f,i ksIamdok l¾udka; oelaúh yels h.ksIamdok l¾udka;hkaf.a tAlrdYSùu i,ld n,kúg jd‚c yd fj<| ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKhgjvd wvq w.hlska mj;S. th m%udKd;aul j 92la muK jk w;r m%;sY;d;aul j 17] ls.fuys§ ksIamdok l¾udka;hka f,i uyd mßudKfhal¾udka;Yd,djkaf.a ia:dk.; ùula olakg fkd,enqKo mqoa.,hkaf.a tÈfkÞ Ôú;hkag uy;a rel=,la jkw;HjYH u wjYH;djkaf.a tAlrdYS ùula oUq,a,k.rh ;=< olakg ,efí. ixpdrl lghq;= yd fj<|lghq;= fya;=fjka oUq,a, k.rh fndfyda mqoa.,hkaf.aixp,;djg mdol jk k.rhla ùu;a tu mqoa.,hkaf.awdydr wjYH;d imqrd,Sug wjYH jk mßÈ fydag,aj,tAlrdYS ùula olakg ,efí. oUq,a, k.rh ;=<41 la muK fydag,a olakg ,efnk w;r tAjdhskafndfydauhla Èjd rd;%s fiajhka imhkq ,efí. thm%;sY;d;aul j 44] la muK fõ. Bg iu‘.dó jfílß ksIamdok isÿ lrk ia:dk 05 la o k.rh;=< olakg ,efí. tfia u ieÆka 12, ,S jevm<j,ay;la, uqøKd, myla jYfhka úúO ksIamdok l¾udka;k.rh ;=< ia:dms; ù mj;S. Bg wu;r j weUreïy,a,cdhdrEm.;lrK ia:dk, we÷ï uik ia:dk, bkaOk

msrjqïy,a jeks úúO ld¾hhka k.rh ;=< olakg,efí. fuu ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh fya;=fjkaoUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYfha ksIamdokin|;djka o olakg ,efí. ksIamdok ld¾hhka i|ydY%uh .,d tAu isÿ jkafka .%dóh m%foaYj,sks. tuksIamdok l¾udka;hka ys ysñlrejka, l=,shg jevlrk mqoa.,hka ish,a,ka u mdfya .%dóh m%foaYj,isg kd.ßl m%foaYj,g Y%uh iemhSug meñfKkmqoa.,hka fõ. k.rh ;=< olakg ,efnk ksIamdokiy l¾udka;hkays ixflakaøKh fya;=fjka ;Þikakm%foaYj, ckhd /lshd lghq;= i|yd ffoksl jk.rhg ixp,kh fõ (is;shï wxl 2). tu ixp,kh.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djka we;sùug fya;=fõ hkakld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mßlaIdj ;=<ska (p w.h 0.005).uHudk úh.

is;shï wxl 2( /lshd lghq;= i|yd f;dard .kakd ,o.%duhkays mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;djuQ,dY%h( fËa;% iólaIKh, 2014

k.rhla hkq fiajd myiqlï imhkq ,nk m%Odkia:dkh fõ. oUq,a, k.rh ;=< o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKfhafiajdjka rdYshla tAlrdYS ù mj;S. rdcH wdh;kfuka u fm!oa.,sl wdh;kj,o ukd tAlrdYS ùulaoUq,a, k.rh ;=< olakg ,efí. th m%;sY;d;aul j±lajqjfyd;a 25] la muK fõ. wOHdmkh, fi!LHh,mßmd,kh, ikaksfõok iy úfkdaÞ;aul lghq;= hkfiajdjkaf.a ixl,khla oUq,a, k.rh ;=< ±l.; yelsfõ. oUq,a, k.rh ;=< wOHdmk, mßmd,k, fi!LHh,ixpdrl, m%jdyk, nexl= yd uQ,H, úfkdaÞ;aul fukau ikaksfõok hk fiajdjka iemhSu i|yd fiajd



uOHia:dk ia:dms; ù mj;S. wOHdmk lghq;= i|ydrcfha mdie,a folla o, fm!oa.,sl mdie,la o oUq,a,k.rh ;=< ia:dms; ù we;. nexl= yd uQ,H lghq;=ie,lSfï § nexl= úisy;rla o, ,Sisx yd *skEkaiawdh;k oyhla o rlaIK iud.ï folla o msysgd we;.Bg wu;r j fmd,Sish, k.r iNdj, m%dfoaYSh f,alïld¾hd,h jeks rcfha wdh;k o fi!LHh myiqlïi|yd fm!oa.,sl ffjoH uOHia:dk, wlaIs ridhkd.dr,f,a uQ;%d mßlaIKd.dr, rcfha frday,a jeks fndfydafiajd uOHia:dk k.rh ;=< olakg ,efí. Bg wu;r jg%ej,¾ lef*a, bvï fjkafoais wdh;k, ksjdi ie,iqïieliSfï wdh;k, úfoaY /lshd wdh;k fuka u wdÞhïnÿ WmfoaYl wdh;k jeks úfYaIs; fiajd imhkq ,nkwdh;k olakg ,eîu o úfYaI;ajhls.

oUq,a, k.rh ;=< nexl= 24 la muK tAlrdYS ù we;snj y÷kd.; yels h. ,xld nexl=j, uyck nexl=j,fldu¾I,a nexl=j, m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl=j, cd;slb;sßlsÍfï nexl=j jeks rdcH fuka u fm!oa.,sl nexl=rdYshla YdLdjka lsysmhlska hqla; j oUq,a, k.rh mqrdjHdma; j mj;S. fj<|fmd< mokula iys; k.rhlaùu fya;=fjka ckhdf.a uQ,H lghq;= myiq lrùuWfoid fuf,i jHdma;shla b;d w.fka h. k.rhla;=< olakg ,efnk nexl=, *skEkaia iy ,Sisx wdh;k,rlaIK iud.ï fya;=fjka ;Þikak m%foaYh uQ,Huhin|;d we;s lr.kq ,nhs. wdÞhï .,kh, uQ,H lghq;=yd m%d.aOk .,kh hkdÈh uQ,Huh in|;d f,i jeo.;afõ. kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, msysá nexl= yd fjk;auQ,H wdh;k .%dóh ck;djg wjYH Kh ,nd .ekSugmyiqlï imhk w;r u b;sßlsÍu i|yd fmd<Ujkq,nhs. th fm!oa.,sl fuka u m%dfoaYSh j¾Okhg ofya;= fõ. oUq,a, k.rh ;=< fm!oa.,sl nexl= 12 la ydrdcH nexl= 12 la jYfhka iudk f,i jHdma; ù we;.tA wkqj oUq,a, k.rh ;=< ixflakaøKh ù we;s uQ,Hwdh;k fya;=fjka k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYh w;rin|;djla we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;. oUq,a, k.rh yd;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;sùu iynexl= lghq;= i|yd k.rhg hdu w;r uQ,H in|;df.dvkeÕS we;s nj ld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mßlaIdjgwkqj (p w.h 0.044) ks.ukh l< yels h.

oUq,a, k.rh ;=< fiajd myiqlïys ixflakaøKh i,ldne,Sfï§ fi!LHh myiqlï i|yd jeä keUqre;djlaolajk nj olakg ,efí. oUq,a, k.rh ;=< Èia;%slauQ,sl frday,la msysgd we;s w;r ;Þikak m%foaYj,mqoa.,hkaf.a fi!LHh myiqlï imhd .eksu Wfoidfm!oa.,sl ffjoH uOHia:dk myla o ia:dms; ù mj;S.tjf.a u ngysr Tiqie,a 11 la o, foaYSh Tiqie,afolla o k.rh ;=< ixflakaøKh ú mj;S ld,amsh¾ikalhsj¾. mßlaIdjg wkqj, oUq,a, k.rh yd ;Þikakm%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;sùu iy fi!LHhlghq;= i|yd k.rhg hdu w;r in|;djla (p w.h0.028) mj;sk neõ meyeÈ,s úh¡ oUq,a, k.rh iy

;Þikak m%foaYfha wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd mqoa.,hkaf.aixp,;djh iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ysñ lr .kS. thgfya;=j jkafka oUq,a, k.rh ;=< wOHdmk lghq;= i|ydwjYH fiajdjka imhkq ,nk uOHia:dkhka lsysmhlaia:dms; ùu hs. oUq,a, k.rhg wdikak j msysá oUq¨.uiy hdmd.u hk .%duhkays <uqka m%Odk jYfhka uoUq,a, m%d:ñl úoHd,h iy oUq,a, cd;sl mdie, ;uwOHdmk lghq;= i|yd fhdÞ .kS. kuq;a k.rfhkaÿriajk úg tu .%dóh m%foaYj, msysgqjd we;s mdie,afya;=fjka <uqkaf.a oUq,a, k.rhg isÿjk ixp,;djwvq jqj o ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh, oUq,a, ld¾ñlúoHd,h iy Y%S iqux., jD;a;S mqyqKq uOHia:dkhjeks wOHdmksl fiajd imhkq ,nk uOHia:dk u.ska;Þikak m%foaYj, <uqkaf.a wOHdmksl ;;a;ajhka úúOwxYhka Tiafia Tma kxjd .ekSug myiqlï i,idwe;. tu fya;=fjka ;Þikak m%foaYj, <uqka úúOmqyqKq wdh;k uÕska ;ukaf.a yelshdjka mßmQ¾Klr .ekSug oUq,a, k.rh yd in|;d mj;ajkq ,nhs.f;dard .kakd ,o kshe¢h i,ld ne,Sfï § wOHdmklghq;= i|yd <uqka k.rhg meñfKkafka b;d iq¿m%udKhlsks. th 25] la muK fõ. 75] la muKwOHdmkh ,nkafka .%dóh mdie,a j, h. ixj¾OkuÜgula mj;sk fuu .%duhkays mdie,a msysgd ;sîufya;=fjka wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd <uqkaf.a meñŒub;du wvq h. k.rhg wdikak j msysgd we;s hdmd.u,oUq¨.u jeks m%foaYj, <uqka ish,a,ka u mdfya kd.ßlmdie,aj, wOHdmkh ,n;s. ÿr m%udKh jeäùu;a,.%dóh mdie,aj, wjYH myiqlï ia:dms; ù mej;Su;afya;=fldg f.k <uqkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla .%dóhmdie,aj, wOHdmkh ,n;s. tA fya;=fjka wOHdmkhi|yd mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;dj wvq uÜgul mj;sk w;rth wdikak m%foaYj,g muKla iSud ù mj;S.

fiajd myiqlï hgf;a y÷kd .; yels ;j;a tla m%Odkmyiqlula jkafka mßmd,k lghq;=j, ia:dk.; ùuhs. mßmd,k lghq;= ia:dk.;ùu k.rhl wkkH;djms<sônq lrkakls. oUq,a, k.rh ;=<o mßmd,k lghq;=wdY%s; myiqlï ia:dms; ù mj;S. uyk.r iNdj,m%foaYsh f,alï ld¾hd,h jeks wdh;k ia:dms;ùuuÕska ;Þikak m%foaYj, ckhdf.a wjYH;d imqrd.ekSug uyÕ= Þhl;ajhla imhkq ,efí. mßmd,klghq;= i|yd ffoksl j mqoa.,hka ixp,kh fkdjkw;r wjYH jQ wjia:dfõ § in|;d we;s lr .kq,nkafka oUq,a, k.rh iuÕ fõ. tfia we;s lr.kq ,nk in|;dj .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ;Sj%r lsÍuflfrys n,mEula isÿ lrkafka o hkak ms<sn| jixLHd;aul j úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§ oUq,a, k.rh yd;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;s ùu iymßmd,k lghq;= i|yd k.rhg hdu w;r in|;djla;sfí hkak ld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mßlaIdj wkqj (pw.h 0.027) ikd: úh¡ ffoksl ixp,;dj o .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d fmkakqï lrk idOlhls. lsishï



m%foaYhl ffoksl ixp,;djg wd¾Ól iy iudÔhfiajdjka ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj, by< jegqma, wOHdmkwjia:d, ÿr m%udKh, .uka úhoï iy .ufka myiqjhkd§ lreKq n,mdkq ,nhs. úfYaIfhka u rgl l=vdyd uOH mßudK kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, fuu myiqlïmj;skafka kï .%dóh ck;dj tu k.r iuÕ mj;skiïnkaOh jeä fõ. f;dard .kakd ,o .%dóh m%foaYhkaw;ßka i;shla ;=< ffoksl j k.rhg meñfKkafkaoUq¨.u iy hdmd.u hk k.rhg wdikak .%duhkaj,mqoa.,hka h. k.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr jeäjk úgffoksl j isÿ jk ixp,khka o wvq njla fmkakqïlrhs. tu m%foaYj, mqoa.,hka jeä m%udKhla i;shlgjrla fyda fojrla k.rhg meñfKa. thg m%OdkjYfhka u k.rfha isg we;s ÿr, .uka úhou iy.uka myiqj hk ldrKd n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yelh. oUq,a, k.rh iy f;dard .kakd ,o .%duhka w;rmj;sk ÿr i,ld ne,Sfï § oUq¨.u iy hdmd.u hk.%duhka oUq,a, k.rhg b;d wdikak j lsf,daóg¾myg wvq ÿrlska msysgd we;. tjf.a u lKav,u iybkdu¨j hk .%duhka k.rfha isg hï;dla ÿrlskatkï lsf,daóg¾ my;a oyh;a w;r o È.ïm;y iyjEj, jej hk .%duhka lsf,daóg¾ oyhg jeä ÿrlskao msysgd we;. k.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr mokï lrf.kmqoa.,hkaf.a ffoksl ixp,;dfõ m%udKhka fjkiafõ. tjf.a u ÿr iuÕ .uka úhou iy .;jk fõ,djhk idOl flfrys o mqoa.,hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq fõ.

rEmigyka wxl 2( oUq,a, k.rh iy .%duhka w;r mj;sk ÿr, .;jk fõ,dj iy m%jdyk úhou w;riïnkaO;djuQ,dY%h( fËa;% iólaIKh, 2014

fuu wOHhkfha kshe¢h i|yd f;dard .kakd ,o.%duhka yhys úúO ÿr wkqj m%jdyk úhou iy .;jkfõ,dj hk idOlhkaf.a iïnkaO;dj i,ld ne,Sfï §fuu úp,Hhka w;r Ok iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk njolakg ,efí (rEmigyka wxl 2). fuys§ tla tla .%duhi|yd k.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr wkqj m%jdyk úhou iy.;jk fõ,dj tlsfklg fjkia fõ. tA wkqj k.rfhaisg .ug mj;sk ÿr jeäjk úg Bg idfmalaI j tA i|ydjeh jk m%jdyk úhou iy .;jk fõ,dj jeäjk

nj olakg ,efí. tA wkqj ÿr jeäjk úg mqoa.,hkaf.affoksl ixp,;dj wvqjk w;r th i;shlg jrla fydafojrla f,i olakg ,efí.

hdmd.u iy oUq¨.u hk .%duhkays mqoa.,hka ffokslj k.rhg meñfKa. NdKav ñ,§.ekSu, wOHdmksllghq;=, /lshd wd§ ish¨ u ld¾hhka i|yd k.rhNdú; lsÍu thg fya;=j hs. kuq;a È.ïm;y iy jEj,jej hk .%duhkays mqoa.,hka i;shlg jrla muKk.rhg meñfKa. thg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka lDIsksIamdok wf,úh i|yd mqoa.,hka i;shlg jrla oUq,a,wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhg meñŒu hs. tA yereKqfldg tum%foaYj, ckhd tÈfkÞ wjYH;d imqrd.k ,nkafka.fï fj<|fmdf<ks. k.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr jeäjkúg ffoksl j meñfKk mqoa.,hkaf.a m%udKh wvqjkw;r iq¿ msßila ffoksl j meñfKa. thg fya;=jtu mqoa.,hka /lshd lghq;=, wOHdmksl lghq;=i|yd ffokslj meñfKkakka ùuh¡ oUq,a, k.rhyd ;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d we;sùuiy k.rhg mj;sk ÿr w;r in|;djla mj;S hkakld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mÍlaIdjg wkqj (p w.h 0.001)ikd: úh. k.rfha isg .%dóh m%foaY i|yd we;s ÿrfjkia jk úg .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;djkaf.a iajNdjh ofjkia fõ. tkï k.rfha isg .%dóh m%foaYj,g mj;skÿr wvqjk úg .%dóh - kd.ßl inඳ;djka jeä jkw;r k.rfha isg ÿr jeäjk úg .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dwvqjk nj o olakg ,efí. tA wkqj n,k l< k.rfha

isg .%dóh m%foaYj,g mj;sk ÿr iy .%dóh - kd.ßlin|;djka we;sùu w;r RK iïnkaO;djla fmkakqïlrhs. mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;djfha iajNdjh flfrysm%n, j n,mdk ;j;a idOlhla jkafka Tjqka k.rhg.uka lrk udOHh hs. Tjqka Ndú; lrk udOHhwkqj ffoksl j, i;shlg jrla fyda fojrla o hkidOlh r|d mj;S. hdmd.u iy oUq¨.u hk m%foaYj,mqoa.,hka jeä jYfhka k.rhg meñfKkafka mhsks.



thg fya;=j k.rhg b;d wdikak j msysgd ;sîu hs.kuq;a jEj, jej, È.ïm;y jeks m%foaYj, mqoa.,hkajeä jYfhka nifhka k.rhg meñfKk w;r ;j;afldgila fm!oa.,sl jdyk fhdÞ .kS. k.rfha isgmj;sk ÿr jeä jk úg fmdÿ m%jdyk myiqlï fhdÞ.ekSug fm<fUk w;r ffoksl j ixp,kh jkm%udKh o wvqfõ. tuÕska kj ×;s in|;d we;s ùÔú; ld,h mqrd u wka;¾ N+f.da,Sh m%foaY yryd .ukalrk w;r fuh m%foaY w;r in|;d j¾Okhg fya;=fõ. fu uÕska k.rhlg meñfKk jdr.Kk jeäjk w;r th fj<| yd fiajd lghq;= mq¿,a ùug ydmqoa., ixp,;dj we;s ùug fya;= fõ. ;reK mqoa.,hkagfuu in|;d yryd /lshd fidhd .ekSug o wjia:dj,efnk w;r kd.ßl wxYfha /lshdjl ksr;ùu kjwoyia iy wdl,am we;s ùug fya;= fõ. fuu fya;=mdol lr .ksñka oUq,a, k.rh ;=< iudc in|;df.dv keÕS we;s nj olakg ,efí. oUq,a, k.rh;=< m%;sfudaol lghq;= i|yd WoHdk, ldh j¾OkuOHia:dk, ixialD;sl uOHia:dk, l,dh;k, iskudYd,d, l%Svd iudcYd,d jeks úúO uOHia:dk msysgd we;sw;r wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd ft;sydisl oUq¨ rcuydúydrh msysgd we;. fuu fya;= ksid ;Þikak m%foaYj,ckhd ksrka;rfhka k.rh yd in|;d mj;ajkq ,nhs.tu fya;= ksid oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYh ;=<iudc in|;d olakg ,efí. oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikakm%foaYh ;=< olakg ,efnk .%dóh kd.ßl in|;dj¾., tu m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok w;r in|;djlamj;sk nj ld,amsh¾ika lhsj¾. mßlaIdjg wkqj (pw.h 0.002) meyeÈ,s úh. tA wkqj oUq,a, k.rh iy;Þikak m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d tu m%foaYfham%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh Wfoid Okd;aul n,mEula isÿ lrwe;s nj olakg ,efí.

.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d fya;=fldgf.k k.rh iy

.%dóh m%foaY hk wxY foflys u úúO .eg¨ldÍ;;a;ajhka Woa.; úh yels h. iudÔh jYfhka we;sjk.eg¨ f,i ckdjdi .eg¨, c, iy úÿ,s myiqlï ysÕh,cd;sjdoh iy mka;s fNaoh, fi!LHh .eg¨, ixialD;slmßydksh, iudc mßydksh tkï, wmrdO, u;aøjH, wúwdhqO cdjdrï, <ud wmpdr iy .‚ld jD;a;sh hk.eg¨ ±laúh yels h. mdßißl .eg¨ jYfhka mßir¥IKh tkï, >k wmøjH neyer lsÍu wdY%s; .eg¨ iyr:jdyk ;onoh ±laúh yels h. wd¾Óluh jYfhkaú/lshdj, we;s ke;s mr;rh jeä ùu iy lDIs ksIamdokwf,úfha § uqyqK §ug isÿ jk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka±laúh yels h. fuu .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka jeä jYfhkaolakg ,efnkqfha kd.ßl m%foaYj, h. thg m%Odku fya;=j ld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh fya;=fldgf.k.%dóh ckhd kd.ßl m%foaYj,g ffoksl j fyda R;=uhjYfhka ixl%uKh ùu hs.

k.rh ;=< mj;sk wdl¾IŒh idOl, .%dóh m%foaYj,skakd.ßl m%foaYhg ckhd ;,a¨ lsÍug yd kd.ßl

m%foaYhg weo .ekSug fya;= ù we;. .%dóh m%foaYj,lDIsld¾ñl w¾: l%uj,ska ,nk wdÞhug jvd jeäwdÞhula kd.ßl m%foaYfha iq¿ /lshdjl ksr;ùfuka,nd .; yels fõ hehs wfmalaId lsÍu ksid ;Þikakm%foaYj, ckhd oUq,a, k.rh lrd ixl%uKh ù we;.oUq,a, rcuyd úydrh wjg wvq wdÞhï,dNS mjq,a ±l.;yels w;r Tjqka l+vdrï ksjdij, Ôj;a fõ. k.rhlrd ixl%uKh ù we;s mqoa.,hka wvq wdÞhï,dNS iywvq wOHdmk uÜgula iys; msßila ùu fya;=fjka mßir¥IKh jeks .eg¨ o we;s ù ;sfí. fmd,s;Ska jeks Èrdm;afkdjk wmøjH mßirhg uqÞ yeÍu fya;=fjka rcuydúydrh wdY%s; m%foaYh wmú;% ù we;. ;j o ikSmdrlaIllghq;= wdY%s; fiajd ksis f,i isÿ fkdùfuka fi!LHhuÜgu o my< jeà we;. tjf.a u ck;dj w;rmj;sk úúO iïnkaO;d fya;=fjka fï ckdjdi wdY%s;j wmrdO, u;aøjH, wú wdhqO cdjdrï, <ud wmpdr iy.‚ld jD;a;sh hk iudc úfrdaë l%shd j¾Okh ùu oie,lsh hq;= ;;a;ajhls.

oUq,a, k.rh ;=< ia:dms; ù we;s wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhfya;=fjka Èjd rd;%s foflys u b;du;a ld¾hh nyq,njla k.rh ;=< olakg ,efí. tneúka Y%S ,xldfõ“fkdksok k.rh” f,i oUq,a, k.rh ye¢ka fõ.,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj,ska mqoa.,hka ;u lDIs ksIamdokwf,úh iy ñ,§ .ekSu Wfoid oUq,a, k.rhgmeñfKk w;r tA wdY%s; j úúO iudc úfrdaël%shdjka ks¾udKh ù mj;S. oUq,a, k.rh ;=< u;aWjÿr, uxfld,a,lEï, .eglmkakka jeks iudc úfrdaël%shdjka uE;ld,Sk j nyq, jYfhka isÿfjñka mj;S. tAnj miq.sh Èkl meje;a jQ oUq,a, uyk.r iNd /iaùugiyNd.s jQ j.lsj hq;= ks<OdÍkaf.a wjOdkhg o ,la jQlreKla njg m;a úh.

isoaê wOHhkh“oUq,a, k.rh ;=< u;a Wjÿr jeäfj,d.fuh b;d Nhdkl ;;a;ajhla. fuu m%foaYfhauxfld,a, /ila o miq.sh Èkj, isÿ fj,d;sfhkjd. fuu kd.ßl m%foaYfha Y%ñlhkagúúO fya;= ksid /lshd wysñ fj,d. fuu;;a;ajh ksid Tjqkag Ôj;aùfï ud¾.hla kE”.

-kd.ßl uka;S% rEmisxy uy;d-

oUq,a, kd.ßl uka;%S tÉ. tï. rEmisxy uy;d olajkwdldrhg oUq,a, k.rh ;=< u;a Wjÿr, uxfld,a,lEïby< hEug m%Odk fya;=j m%foaYfha Y%ñlhkag /lshdwysñ ùu hs. tuksid mqoa.,hka Ôj;aùu i|yd iudcúfrdaë l%shdjkag fm<ö isà.

oUq,a, k.rh wd¾Ól mokula u; ks¾udKh jQ Y%S,xldfõ m%Odk k.rj,ska tlls. ;Þikak m%foaYj,



ckhd jeä jYfhka lDIsl¾udka;fha ksr; jk w;r;u lDIs ksIamdok wf,úh i|yd oUq,a, k.rhgmeñfKa. oUq,a, wd¾Ól uOHia:dkh ;=< l%shd;aul jkw;rueÈ mqoa.,hkaf.a l%shd l,dmh fya;=fjka ;Þikakm%foaYj, ckhdg w¾Óluh jYfhka .eg¨ iy.;;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ ù ;sfí. ;Þikak m%foaYfhackhdf.ka jeä fldgila ;u ksIamdok wf,úh i|ydoUq,a, wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhg meñfKa. tu m%udKh84] la muK fõ. bka 16] la muK .ug meñfKkfjf<kaokag úl=Kkq ,nhs. thg fya;= f,i olajkafkam%jdyk úhou wêl ùu;a, ksis wdldrfha ,dNhla ,nd.; fkdyelsùu;a ksid wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhg fkdf.dia.ug meñfKk fjf<kafol=g ksIamdok úl=Kk nj;ah. kuq;a wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhg ksIamdok f.khkq ,nkmqoa.,hkaf.ka jeä jYfhka ,dN ,nkafka w;rueÈmqoa.,hka nj Tjqka fmkajd foa. tu fya;=fjka j¾;udk;reK mrïmrdj lDIsl¾udka;fhka neyer j k.rhg/lshd fidhñka meñfKa. tu fya;=j ksid /lshd úrys;mqoa.,hka m%udKh jeä jk w;r th wd¾Ól jYfhka.eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs.

kd.ÍlrKh;a iuÕ kd.ßl m%foaYj, ksmofjk >kwmøjH m%udKh o Èfkka Èk by< hk nj fmfka.wêl ck ixLHdj, ld¾ólrKh, ksjdi, lvidmamqyd frday,aj,ska msglrk wmøjH, ixpdrl jHdmdrhjeks idOl ksid mdßißl jYfhka we;sjk .eg¨ldÍ;;a;ajhka oUq,a, m%foaYh ;=< olakg ,efí. fuys§jeo.;a u lreKla jkafka oUq,a, k.rfhka bj;alrkq ,nk wmøjH ksid .%dóh m%foaYj, ckhdg.eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿùu hs.oUq,a, k.rfhka bj;a lrkq ,nk wmøjH ish,a,uÈ.ïm;y kue;s .%dóh m%foaYfha we;s f;alal bvulg±óu fya;=fjka tu m%foaYfha ckhd .eg¨ iy.;;;a;ajhlg uqyqK § isà. Tjqka uqyqK fok m%Odku .eg¨j jkafka fuu wmøjH wdydrhg .ekSugmeñfKk j,aw,ska .ug meñK w,dNydks isÿlsÍu hs.fuu w,s ñksia .egqu ksid Ôú; ydks, foam, ydks iyj.d ydks jeks .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK § isà.

oUq,a, k.rh iy ;odikak m%foaYfha ixj¾Okhjeä ÈhqKq lsÍu Wfoid mj;sk ixj¾Ok úNj;dwOHhkh lsÍu i|yd ,nd .;a f;dr;=re weiqßka“Yÿw; úYAf,aIKh” (SWOT Analysis) fuys§ isÿlrk ,§. tys§ YlH;d, ÿ¾j,;d, wjia:d iy ;¾cky÷kd .ksñka m%foaYfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid mj;skixj¾Ok úNj;d ms<sn| wOHhkh isÿ lrk ,§. ta wkqjy÷kd.;a YlH;d f,i, ixj¾Ok l%shdldrlï i|ydwfmalaIs; ckixLHdjla isàu, by< ck>k;ajhlaolakg ,eîu, m%foaYfha úúO fldgia c, uQ,dY%,fidndoyfï o¾YkSh m%foaY, wd.ñl ia:dk jeks is;awe|.kakd iq¨ ,laIK iys; ùu, m%foaYh iajNdúl ydft;sydisl ia:dkj,ska iukaú; ùu, m%foaYh ;=< úúON+ñ mßyrK rgd (ù j.dj, ld,Sk fnda. j.dj iy

fmd,a j.dj wd§ jYfhka) olakg ,eîu, .%dóh m%foaYj,fyaka j.dj uÕska jeä wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu, by<lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok iys; wfkl=;a j.djka olakg,eîu, .%dóh m%foaYj, ù f.dú;ek olakg ,eîu,k.rh ;=< iq¿ mßudK ksIamdok l¾udka; msysgd;sîu, wd.ñl iy mqrdúoHd;aul msysàïj,ska hqla;ùu,ld¾hlaIu f,i úysÿKq ud¾. moaO;shla olakg,eîu yd .%dóh ckdjdi lDIs wd¾Ólhla u; hemSuoelaúh yel¡ ckixLHdfõ úIu jHdma;sh fya;=fjkawka;¾ m%dfoaYSh úIu;d olakg ,eîu, fndfyda iïm;amqoa.,hka úiska ;ju y÷kdf.k fyda we.hSug ,lalr fkdue; sùu, m%foaYh ;=< jkdka;r mßydkshfya;=fjka mdßißl wiu;=,s;;djhla ks¾udKh ùu,mdßißl wiu;=,s;;djhla we;s lsÍu iy tu j.djka ysjHdma;sh wvq uÜgul mej;Su, N+ñfha wvq m%udKhla ùf.dú;ek i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu, há;, myiqlï wvq ùuyd mqoa.,hkaf.a ixp,;dj iSñ;ùu wd§ oE y÷kd.;aÿ¾j,;d fõ¡

;j o y÷kd.;a wjia:d f,i, wkd.; wd¾Ólixj¾Okh i|yd Y%u n,ldh fhdÞ .ekSfïiïNdú;djla mej;Su, wkd.; ckdjdi i|yd cd;slie,iqï ilia lsÍfï § wjldYSh jYfhka úysÿKq ud¾.cd,hla ieliSfï yelshdj mej;Su, ixpdrlhkaf.awdl¾IKhg ,la ùu, ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|ydft;sydisl jeo.;alulska hq;a wdl¾IŒh ia:dk msysgd;sîu, j¾;udkfha foaYSh wdydr ksIamdok i|yd b,a¨uby< kexùu iy wmkhk fj<|fmd< lrd fhduq ùugúNj;djla mej;Su oelaúh yel¡

m%foaYfha fN!;sl rEmdldrh fya;=fjka ckdjdi;=< há;, myiqlïj, úIu jHdma;shla mej;Su,ie,iqï fkdl< ñksia l%shdldrlïj, m%;sM,hla f,iiajNdúl úm;a we;sùu, md,khlska f;dr j jkdka;rt<slsÍu fya;=fjka mdxY= Ldokh iy N+.; c, uÜguwvqùu, l,ska l,g mqoa.,hkaf.a ;onoh jeäùu iykd.ÍlrKh iSudùu iy m%jdykh i|yd .;jkfõ,dj wd¾Ól j¾Okhg ndOd we;s lsÍu wd§hm%foaYfha ixj¾Okh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu Wfoid mj;sky÷kd.;a ;¾ck f,i fmkajdÈh yels h¡

ks.ukh

oUq,a, k.rfha ld¾hhuh úúO;ajh i,ld ne,Sfï §jd‚c yd fiajd myiqlïj,g idfmalaI j ksIamdokl¾udka;hkays wvq ixflakaøKhla fmkakqï flf¾.oUq,a, k.rfha msysgd we;s wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhfya;=fjka tA wdY%s; jdKsc ld¾hhka rdYshla ia:dms;ù mj;S. tu fya;=fjka ksIamdok l¾udka; iyfiajd myiqlï ys ixflakaøKhg idfmalaI j jd‚cld¾hhkaf.a ixflakaøKh by< w.hla fmkakqïlrhs. ksIamdok l¾udka;hka f,i uyd mßudKfhal¾udka;Yd,djkaf.a ia:dk.; ùula olakg fkd,enqKo mqoa.,hkaf.a tÈfkÞ Ôú;hkag uy;a rel=,la jk



w;HjYH u wjYH;djkaf.a tAlrdYS ùula oUq,a, k.rh;=< olakg ,efí. tkï nexl= yd uQ,H lghq;=,lDIs wiajekak wf,úh, /lshd lghq;=, NdKav ñ,§.ekSu, wOHdmkh, fi!LHh i|yd k.rhg meñfKa.k.rhg meñfKk wjYH;djh mokï lrf.k úúO.%dóh kd.ßl in|;d oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikakm%foaYh wdY%s; j olakg ,efí. w¾Ól, fiajd myiqlï,m%cdúoHd;aul, ;dlaI‚l, iudc in|;d jYfhka tAjdj¾. l< yels h.

oUq,a, k.rh ;=< wd¾Ól uOHia:dkfha ia:dms;ùu fya;=fldg f.k oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikakm%foaYfha m%Odk jYfhka wd¾Ól in|;d olakg ,efí.oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYh w;r mj;sk ÿru; fuu in|;djkaf.a ;Sj%r;dj fjkia fõ. tkïk.rhg b;d wdikakj msysá oUq¨.u iy hdmd.uhk .%duhka ys .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d by< w.hla.kq ,nk w;r k.rhg ÿßka msysá .%duhkays in|;djwvq uÜgula fmkakqï flf¾. .%dóh kd.ßl in|;dwe;s ùu flfrys k.rfha isg mj;sk ÿr, m%jdykúhou iy .;jk ld,h hk idOl Rcqj n,mdhs.oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d fya;=fjka iudÔh, wd¾Ól fukau mdßißl jYfhka .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka .%dóhiy kd.ßl hk wxY foflys u olakg ,efí.oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYfha mj;sk ixj¾OkúNj;d y÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska tu m%foaYfha .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d ;Sj%r lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S. oUq,a, k.rhiy ;Þikak m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk .%dóh-kd.ßlin|;d fya;=fjka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg Okd;auln,mEula isÿ ù ;sfí.

oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikak m%foaYh w;r mj;sk .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d jeäÈhqKq lsÍu Wfoid bÈrsm;a lrkq,nk fhdackd f,i, oUq,a, k.rh iy ;Þikakm%foaYfha olakg ,efnk /lshd úhqla;s .eg¨jgúi÷ula f,i l¾udka;Yd,djla ia:dms; lsÍu yd tA;=<ska m%foaYfha isÿ jk wmrdOj,g úi÷ula ,nd .;yels úu, m%foaYfha Ôj;a jk wvq wdÞhï,dNS mjq,ai|yd ksjdi fhdackd l%uhla l%shd;aul lr TjqkagiaÒr kjd;ekla ilid §u, k.rh ;=< olakg ,efnkiudc úfrdaë l%shdjka flfrys j.lsj hq;= wxYhkaf.aueÈy;aúfuka wjYH kS;s Í;s iïmdokh lsÍu iytAjd ksis f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu, wd¾Ól jYfhkamj;sk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhkag úi÷ula f,i w;rueÈmqoa.,hkaf.a ueÈy;aNdjh wju lsÍug wjYH l%shdud¾..ekSu, k.rfha ie,iqulska f;drj bÈ ù we;s lvidmaiq ish,a, tla fldg nyq ld¾hh f.dvke.s,a,laielisu ;=<ska k.rhg meñfKk ck;djg ;ukaf.ald¾hhka myiqfjka isÿ lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,eìuyd th ixpdrlhskag o wdl¾IKSh idOlhla f,ij¾Okh l< yels úu hkdÈh oelaúh yel¡

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

udkjvq, t,a. iy ,shkf.a, tka. (2008). f;jk f,djkd.ÍlrKh. fnd/,a,( úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh.

r;akdhl, î. iy f.dvf.a, ã. (2001). l¿;rÈia;%slalfha fmd< ms<sn| wOHhkh. isxy, m¾fhaIKjd¾;d wxl 40. uehs 2001. wf,ú yd wdydr m%;sm;a;swxYh, fylag¾ fldínElvqj f.dú lghq;= m¾fhaIKyd mqyqKq lsÍfï wdh;kh, fld<U 07.

ú;drK, ms. 2000. ixj¾Ok ixjdo. foysj,( ;srirm%ldYl.

Jayathilaka, P.J. and Mahaliyanarachchi, R.P. (2007).Behavioral pattern of fruit and vegetable consumersin the .POLA. (fair) system in Monaragala districtin Sri Lanka. The Journal of Agricultural science,Sabaragamuwa university of SriLanka:Belihuloya.

Mushi, N.S. (2003). Regional development throughrural-urban linkage.[Abs].Emerald Group Publish-ing Limited. Available at: http://eldorado.tudortmund.de:8080/handle/2003/2862. [Ac-cessed on 26 August 2014].

Pundir, R.S. and Singh, K.(2001).Rural-urban linkagesand socio-economic development: A case study oftwo villages in Gujarat.[Abs].Emerald Group Pub-lishing Limited.Available at: https://www.irma.ac.in/pdf/randp/978_86717.pdf. [Accessed on29 August 2014].

Rathnayake, R.M.K. (2003). Rural-urban linkages inregional development: The experiences of NorthCentral Province. Malabe: Piyasiri Printer and Com-pany.

Riley, L. (2013).Gendered mobilities, foodaccess, and rural-urban linkages in Blantyre,Malawi.[Abs].Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250179. [Accessedon 29 August 2014].

Tacoli, C. (2002).Changing rural-urban interactions inSub-Saharan Africa and their impact on livelihoods:A summary.[Abs].Emerald Group Publishing Lim-ited. Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/9153IIED.pdf. [Accessed on 29 August 2014].




oDYH ikaksfõokfha mdrfN!;slNdjh yeoEÍug fycfudksh yd oDIaájdoh weiqrskaúYaf,aIKd;aul ixl,amSh m%fõYhla

(The Meta-physics of Visual Communication: A Conceptual Approach through the Lenses of

Hegemony and Ideology)

m%shdka wd¾. úfÊnKavdr1*

1 fld<U úYajúoHd,h, Y%Smd,s uKavmh∗[email protected]

idrixlafIamh

oDYH ikaksfõokfhys wod<;ajh wefia fmkSug (seem) fkdj oelaug (gaze) h. oDYHùu fyda fkdùu hkakld,h yd wjldYh ms<snඳ .eg¿jla muKs. fvÍähdkq w¾:fhka bv mr;r (Space) iy m%udohka u.ska (differand differed) lshùula fkdfyd;a h<s ,sùulg fmr ;;a;ajhla muKs. fuu f.dv kexùïj, mdrfN!;slNdjhod¾Yksl ;,hl tf,i u ;sìh§ Bkshd oDYH h:d¾:h udOH fycfudksfha È.=jla f,i f.dv kexùfï m%;sM,,dxflah iudch w;aolsñka isáhs. woyia (ideas) ld,hla ;siafia wNHdi fjñka oDIaájdoh (ideology) f,iiudch ;=< fycfudksl wdêm;Hhla ord isákafka hï fiala o, ta whqßka u ckudOH u.ska th wjfYdaIKh lr.ksñka, kv;a;= lrñka yd ;j ÿrg;a úúO ixo¾Nhka hgf;a f.dv kඟñka fyda fmdaIKh lrñk isáhs. tuN+ñldj ffoksl Ôú;h ;SrKd;aul lr ;sfí. mYapd;a kQ;k iudc ixo¾Nhl tlai;a ckmojdishdf.a úldrrEmsckm%shjd§ Ôú;h flfrys ióm ksÍlaIK wOHhkhla isÿ l< ðka fn!v%s,doa udOH m%;srEm, jiඟh, ihsn¾;dlaIKh u.ska fuu hq.h ksIamdok udÈ,sfhka (Mode of Production) úfkdaoh yd oekqu ksIamdokh lrkksIamdok fla;hlg (Code of production) ú;ekaùu w¾: .kajk ,§. mYapd;a hqo ,dxflah iudch flfrys fuuióm ksÍlaIKhkays j,x.= fyda wj,x.=Ndjh flfrys fuys§ ieflúka wjOdkh fhduq flfrhs. tkï ,dxflahwjj¾ê; iudc i;a;dj fkd;ld fkdyefrhs. tfy;a ta iඳyd jk kHdhd;aul fodrgqjla újr lr .kq msKsifycfudksh, oDIaájdoh ms<snඳ ieflúka ixl,amSh ú.%hla fuka u tu lreKq ,dxflah ;;a;ajhka u; w;smsys;jk iajrEmh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flfrhs.

flakaøSh jpk( oDIaájdoh, fycfudksh, oDYH ikaksfõokh, wkaf;daksfhda .%dïiaÑ, ¨ù w,a;=I¾, fkdaïfpdïials, mdrfN!;slNdjh

The visual communication.s relevance is not about seemed of eyes but gaze. Seemor not seem isa matter oftime and space. In Derridian sense, it is a precondition of a text before we written or read it.While the meta-physicsof these constructions are confined to philosophical sphere,the Sri Lankan society experiences the results oftheso-called visual reality that is produced through the media hegemony.Similar to the ways in which ideasare developed into a hegomonized ideology in a certain society, the media not only absorbs and maintains butalsoconstructs and feeds that hegomonized ideologyin different contexts. This process has become decisive in daytoday life. In a study of absurd and populist life in the United States in a post-modern context, Jean Baudrillardhaspointed out the prominent role that media images and seduction plays. In particular, cyber technology has replacedits mode of production of the contemporary era to code of production in which it produces entertainment andknowledge. The focus of this study is to explain the relevance or the irrelevance of this analysis in post warSri Lankan society. Although, the social contexts these analysis are based on are different, they are based onEurope and the United States, whereasSri Lanka in particular represents an underdeveloped social reality, theseanalyses are relevant to this study as the narratives overlap despite the difference. Further, the study will analyzethe concepts of hegemony and ideology to open up a new theoretical and conceptual gate and to explain thesimilarities of visual communication in different social contexts.

Keywords: Visual Communication, Hegemony, Ideology, The Meta-physics, Jean Baudrillard, Social Reality,Social Contexts

ye¢kaùu

oDYH ikaksfõokh u.ska fmkSu (seem) fkdj oelau(gaze) flakaøShj jr kefඟhs. tys§ flfkl=f.a oelaujHqy.; flfrk oekqu, w;aoelSï, wjfndaOh u;=msg;,h jkúg tys wfOda jHqyh oDIaájd§ iudc ieliqugiumd;S h. iïNjH udlaiajd§ w¾:fhka wd¾Ólh wfOdajHqyh jk úg ta u; ixialD;sh WmßjHqyhla f,i

f.dv keඟSu o, ixfYdaOk iys;j fï yd iudkh. ta wkqj wefia fi!LH iïmkakNdjh, fmkSug,lajk jia;=j mj;akd ÿr yd fldaKh, wඳුr ydwdf,dalh, ld,h yd wjldYh hk uQ,Od¾ñl fya;=iudk jkafka kï flfkl=f.ka flfkl=g fmkSuiudk úh yels jqj o, oelau tfia úh fkdyels h.oDYH ikaksfõokhg WmfoaYk j,x.= fkdfõ. ta ms<snඳ,sÅ; WmfoaYk .%ka: mjd Bg idlaIs orhs. “fuh

60


Wmfoia muKla fyda .,a.iajk ,o kS;suh ÍÜ wd×jlafkdfõ. yqfola w,xldßlhla f,i muKla ie,l=jo, oDYH ikaksfõokh hkq ft;sydisl yd ixialD;slixo¾Nfhka jHq;amkak fldgils. fï wkqj tys wre;aúYaùh fyda iod;ksl ke;. kuq;a tys l%shdj,sh jHqy.;fjñka yd wkqj¾;kh fjñka mj;S” (Hilligoss &Howard,2002). fï wkqj wjika wre;a fkdue;s jQ o,rEm flakaøSh jqj o, ;ud flfrys ;u wNsu;h mßÈikaksfõok l%shdj,shlg moku jQ fycfudksl ydoDIaájdoh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h.

.%dïiaÑ, w,a;=I¾ jekakkaf.a fycfudksh yd oDIaájdohms<snඳ ixl,amSh w¾: ±laùï ,dxflah h:d¾:h ;=<wNHdi ùu fuys ,d ckudOH, b;d ;SrKd;aulWmlrKhla f,i Ndú; jkq ±lsh yels h. ‘mqj;a’ hkqyqfola ixisoaê jd¾;dlrKhla fkdj ‘ks¾udKd;aul’f.dv kexùuls. tlS f.dv kexùfï§ Bg we;=<;a lr.kakd fuka u thska msgux lrkafka l=ula o, hkak;=< mj;akd mr;rh lshùu u.ska fï fudfydf;aoDIaájdoh n,mj;a jkq ,nk iajrEmh wOHhkh l<yels h. wfkla w;g Y%djlhd$fm%alaIlhd$mdGlhd tlSmqj; ;u oDIaájd§ ukfia È.=jla f,i lshùu o, fuys,d fkd;ld y< hq;= ke;. ukaoh;a fm%alaIl$Y%djl$mdGl leue;a; hkq o, iudchSh f.dv kexùula jkneúks. fuu ,smsfha fkdaï fpdïials úiska wfußldkqiudchg wod< j ‘leue;a; f.dv kexùu’ ms<snඳflfrk wjOdrKh lsÍï th ukdj meyeÈ,s h. th,dxflah iudch ;=< o, jsúO wvqjeälï yd hï hïiqúfYaI ;;a;ajhka u; isÿ úh yels iq¿ fjkialulaiys; j tlS hdka;%Kfha iajrEmfhka u w;a±lshyelsùu fuys § ieflúka idlÉPdjg ,la flfrhs.ðka fn!ä%,doa, ud¾I,a uela¨ydka jekakkaf.a ixl,am;;ald,Sk ckudOH lafIa;%h flfrka ksrEmkh jkwhqre;a, cd;Hka;r f,dalh ;=<, úfYaIfhka u wfußldtlai;a ckmoh úiska f,dalh u; iajlSh wdêm;H;yjqre lsÍu isÿ lrkafka hïfiala o, tys u È.=jlafyda W!ks; yrialvla f,i ,dxflah iudch ;=< thu fjkia .;slhka iys; j wNHdi ùu yඳුkd .; yelsh.

idys;H úu¾Ykh

wkaf;daksfhda .%dïiaÑ, ¨ù w,a;=I¾, w¾kiafgda ,la,dõ,Ika;d,a uQ*a, fkdï fpdïials, ud¾I,a uela¨yka, jeksÑka;lhska, úoaj;=ka wd§ka úiska úrÑ; uQ,sl ixl,amfuka u tlS ixl,am h<s w¾: ±laùï flfrys fuys ,dwm úiska ie,ls,a, fhduq l< hq;= h.

‘fycfudksh’ (hegemony) hk ixl,amh o jpkh oisxy, NdIs; ixo¾Nhl jrkeඟ=fka uE; b;sydifha§h.90 oYlfha w. Nd.fha§ fld<U flakaøSh ixialD;sll=vd lKavdhï foaYmd,kfha l;slduh ueÈy;aùfukath isÿ úh. miq ld,Sk j úYajúoHd, yd WiiawOHdmk wdh;k we;=<;a j fmdÿfõ ,dxlSh welvñhdj

yd kj jdudxYsl foaYmd,k jHdmdrhkays wOHhklj ;=< ‘fycfudksh’ foaYmd,k ixl,amhla f,iidlÉPdjg nඳුka úh. tys w¾:h 90 oYlhg tyd,dxflah iudcfha iudÔh - ixialD;sl - foaYmd,kslwjldYh ;=< fycfudksl ,laIK yeඳිksh fkdyelsnj fkdfõ. mj;akd kHdhsl yd fN!;sl iSudjka úiskatlS ,laIK yqÿ iïm%odhsl lreKq ldrKd f,i fydata jk úg wêksYaph ù mej;s oekqfï w¾:.eka ùug,>q lsÍu fya;=fjka ksjrÈ yd jvd M,odhs whqßkanqoaêuh l;sldjg th tl;= ù fkd;sîuh. uE; ld,SkjHegemony hk jpkhg isxyf,ka “iduia;sldêm;Hh”hk jpkh Ndú;d lsÍug we;eï foaYSh W.;a;= fhdackdlr;s.

“OfkaYajr iudcfha mx;s wdêm;Hh mj;ajdf.k hdugwdOdr jk ;SrKd;aul idOlhla jYfhka u;jd§iduia;sldêm;Hh (Hegemony) kHdh .%dïiaÑ ie,lSh(ùrisxy, 2011). wmf.a m%ia;+;hg wod< j lreKqoelaùug Hegemony hk hqfrdamSh ixl,amh yd jpkh“fycfudksh” f,iska u ñka bÈßhg Ndú; lrk j.muKla fuf,i yeඳිkaùfï § Wmqgd olaùug woyiaflßKs.

w¾kiafgda ,la,dõ yd Yka;d,a uQ*a fmkajdfok mßÈ“fycfudksh” ms<snඳ .%dïiaÑhdkq ixl,amh f,kskaf.afycfudksh ms<snඳ ixl,amfhka fjkia jk m%OdkidOlhla kï f,kskaf.a foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg.%dïiaÑ úiska iodpdruh yd nqoaêuh kdhl;ajh otl;= lsÍu h. f,kska úiska “fycfudksh” kue;sixl,amh ft;sydisl kS;ska ms<snඳ wksjd¾h;djd§kshuhka iu. iumd; lsÍug W;aidy oeÍu ksid thf,kskaf.a foaYmd,k wêm;sjd§ ia:djrhla njg m;aúh (Torfin,1999).

fï wkqj iudcfhka úhqla; jQ nqoaêuh fydaiodpdruh ueÈy;aùï fjkqjg ñksiqkaf.a ftkaøShoDIaáka ixúOdkh lrkq ,nk nqoaêuh ueÈy;aùula.%dïiaÑ wfmalaId lf<a h.

;;= flfia fj;;a .%dïiaÑ woyia lrk ,oafoa m%xYfhacefldìhkajreka úiska isÿ l< ld¾hNdrh jekakls.m%xY úma,jfha§ cefldìhkajreka úiska lrk ,oafoaOkm;s mx;sfha nqoaêuh yd iodpdruh kdhl;ajhhgf;a m%xY cd;sh ixúOdkh lsÍuls (Gramsci,2007).taa wkqj fycfudksh ms<snඳ .%dïiaÑhdkq iQ;%.;lsÍfï m%cd;dka;%sl udkh mj;skafka f,kskag fjkiajfycfudksl Ndú;h úiska u iudc tacka;hskaf.awkkH;dj f.dvkeඟSu mßj¾;khg ,laùu fmka-jdÿka ksidh..%dïiaÑf.a “iduQysl wNsu;h” (CollectiveWill) ixl,amh Tiafia fuu ldrKh jvd;a meyeÈ,slr ;sfí. ñksiqka w;r oDIaájd§j f.dvkxjkq,nk iduQysl wNsu;h foaYmd,k n,fõ.hla f,iuQ¾;su;aùu“kQ;k l=udrhd” kï w,xldßlhla f,ifmkajd §ug .%dïiaÑ l,amkd lr we;.ta wkqj “kQ;k



l=udrhd” (foaYmd,k mlaIh$n,fõ.h) úiska iudcfhanqoaêuh yd iodpdruh m%;sixialrKhka Èh;a lrkjdhkq kj f,dal oelaula jgd ckhd w;r oDIaájd§uhtlai;aNdjhla f.dv kexùuhs. flfkl=g tfrysj ;jflfkl= f,i iuia;hla f.dv kexùuhs.fuys § mx;shiajlSh wd¾Ól wNs,dIhka blaujd f.dia fiiq úúOmx;Ska yd lKavdhï w;r fmdÿ foaYmd,k wruqK,úYajdihka yd Ndú;hka fnod .ekSu hs. th m%xYfhacefldìhkajrfhl= f.a N+ñldj Ndr .ekSulg iudknj .%dïiaÑf.a ms<s.ekSu h. tfia kuq;a fuhska woyialrkq ,nkafka yqfola Wmß jHqyfha muKla isÿflfrk mßj¾;khla fkdfõ. ienúka u .%dïiaÑhdkqfycfudksl kHdh Wmß jHqyh$wfOda jHqyh hk.;dkq.;sl j¾. lsÍu blaujd hk fuka u ixialD;slm%;sixialrKh wjYHfhka u wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKhkaiu. o iïnkaO úh hq;= nj .%dïiaÑf.a úYajdih hs.

Yka;d,a uQ*a fmkajd fok mrsos .%dïiaÑg wkqj fycfud-ksl úh yelafla uQ,Od¾ñl mx;shlg (FundermentalClass) muKs. ukaoh;a fycfudksh iodpdruh ydfoaYmd,ksl jk w;r u th wd¾Ól o jk neúks(Mouffe 1979).

.%dïiaÑhdkq fycfudksl kHdfha /äl,a udkh jkjHqyhka, WmßjHqyhka blaujdhdfï ;;a;ajh ukdjmeyeÈ,s lr we;af;a ft;sydisl yjq, (Historical bloc)ixl,amh Tiafia h.tfy;a ta ms<snඳ È.ska È.gu lreKqúNd. lsÍu wmf.a m%ia;+;hg wod< fkdjk neúka fuu“iduQqysl wNsu;h” hkafkys foaYmd,k-ixialD;sl-iudcSh udkh muKla wjOdkhg ,la l< ukd h.

/äl,a foaYmd,k fjkila fjkqfjka .%dïiaÑ úiskafuf,i mj;akd iudc l%uhg tfrysj ueoy;aùulafhdackd lrk úg u fïid u iduQysl j f.dvkxjk,o leue;a;lska mj;akd l%uh md,lhska fuka uiudc n,fõ. úiska mj;ajdf.k hk nj o wmms<s.; hq;= h.fjk;a whqrlska lsjfyd;a foaYmd,kslj ckwkque;sh f.dvkexùu fyda mj;akd ck-wkque;sh ta whqßka u mj;ajdf.k hdu;a fycfud-ksl l%shdoduhls.tkï leue;af;ka hg;aùu fyj;awkque;sh wNHdi lsÍu fycfudksh hs.ta ksid um%;sfycfudksl oDIaájdohla fmdaIKh lsÍu fyda tafjkqfjka wr., lsÍug m%:ufhka mj;akd md,kl%uh fyda iudc l%uh ta whqßka u mj;ajdf.khdug n,mj;ajk fycfudksl h:d¾:h w¾: olajd.ekSu l< hq;= h.ta wkqj .%dïiaÑhdkq kHdhsl oekqumokï fldgf.k udOH N+ñldj Tiafia ,dxflahiyjdohla yඳුkd .ekSug fuys§ yelshdj ,efnkq we;.b;d,shg idfmalaIj jrkඟk ,o fuu kHdh ,dxflahWodyrKj,g oelajk iïnkaOh fjk u mÍlaId l<yelsh. iqñ;a pdñkaog wkqj iïm%odhsl udlaiajd§b.ekaùï ;=< jQ “oDIaájdoh hkq jHdc ú×khls”hkakg fjkiaj .%dïiaÑf.a oDIaájdoh ms<snඳ kHdh

jgyd .ekSfï h;=r we;af;a oDIaájdoh yd woyiatlsfklska fjka lsÍu ;=<hs (pdñkao, 2003). oDIaájdohjkdyS jHdc ú×khla fkdjk nj;a, th udhdjla fyda/jàula fkdjk nj;a, fláfhka u lsjfyd;a .%dïiaÑúiska oDIaájdoh hhs i,lk ,oafoa ñksiqka is;k m;kyd l;d lrk wdldrh fkdj Tjqkaf.a we;a; Ôú;hneõ fuys§ meyeÈ,s lrk ,§. Gramsci immediatelyplaces himself on the entirely different ground fromthose viewing ideology as false consciousness or asa system of ideas (Mouffe,1979)..%dïiaÑg fjkiaixo¾Nhl oDIaájdoh jHdc ú×khla f,i ie,lSu h<smsysgqjkakg isÿùu ms<snඳ uQ*af.a woyi Wmqgd olajñkapdñkao fufia ,shhs.

“jHdc ú×kh hhs lshk úg u hï ;eklwjHdc ú×khla ;sfnk nj ms<s.kakg isÿ fõ.(tkïfojk cd;Hka;rfha udlaiajd§ka úYajdi l< mßÈlïlrejdg lïlre mx;s ú×khla ;sîu.)kuq;a,.%dïiaÑf.a ld,fha iudcjd§ka fufia jHdc ú×khlahhs yඳුkd.;a c¾udkq iy b;d,s cd;sjdoh .%dïiaÑbÈßfha fmkS isáfha jHdchla f,i fkdfõ. iudcúma,jh isÿfõ hhs f,kska mjd wjidk fudfydf;a§úYajdi l< c¾uksh kdisjdofha .%yKhg ,la úh.b;d,s iudcjdofha n,dfmdfrd;a;=j *eisiaÜ jHdmdrhúiska úkdY lr ouk ,§. ‘wjka;’mqj;amf;a ysgmql;=jrhd .%dïiaÑ *eisiaÜ isrf.hl isr lf<ah. (fuufN!;sl w;aoelSïj,ska fjkalr.kakd .%dïiaÑ jkdySkslï idys;H l;djl ùrfhla muKs.) tfyhska,b;d,s$c¾udkq cd;sjdoh yqÿ woyila, jHdc-ukila fydaudhdjla hhs lsj fkdyelsh. th fN!;sl n,fõ.hls.“b;sydifha kS;s” j,g úreoaOj hñka b;d,s lïlrejd,lïlrefjl= fkdù b;d,s cd;slfhl= njg m;aúh. fuub;d,s cd;slhd mej;s lïlre jHdmdrhg tfrysj wdhqOw;g .;af;ah. fï wkqj “b;d,s cd;sh” kï woyioeka yqfola woyila muKla fkdfõ. th oDIaájdohls”(pdñkao, 2003).

fï wkqj .%dïiaÑg wkqj woyia ixl,amSh jqj;aoDIaájdoh fN!;slùu ,dxlsl iqúfYaI;ajhkago tlfia wod< lr .; yels h. tkï wmf.awjOdkh fhduq úh hq;af;a lïlrejdùu mfil,dcd;sl rdcHhla f,i ksoyi ,nk úg jqj“,dxlslcd;sh” fkdù yqÿ “isxy,” ùu, t;ekskqÿ fkdkej;S“fn!oaOd.u” wd.ula fyda o¾Ykhla fkdù “isxy,-fn!oaO” idrhla ìysùu flfrys h. mYapd;a hqo Y%S,xldj ;=< udOH yeisÍu ms<snඳ úuiSfï§ c¾uksfhalïlrejd, lïlrefjl= fkdù “kdisjdÈfhl=” ùhqfoõjka iuQ, >d;kh lsÍug fm<öu, b;d,sfha§lïlrejd, lïlrefjl= fkdù b;d,s cd;slfhl= njgm;aù lïlrejkag tfrysj wú w;g .ekSug fm<öufuka u ,dxlslhd, lïlrefjl= fyda ,dxlslfhl=fkdù isxy,-fn!oaOfhl= ù fou< ckhdg tfrysj wúwfudard .ekSu ikao¾N fjkia jQ tlu l%shdoduhls.



hqo ld,Skj fuka u Bg fmrd;=j o ld,dka;rhla;siafia fuu i;=rd ks¾udKh l< nj;a, hqo ld,fha§tlS i;=rd uqyqKg uqyqK yuq jQ nj;a meyeÈ,sh. tfy;ahqoaO ld, jljdkqfõ fuka u Bg fmr isg “øúvcd;slhd” i;=rdùu hk ldrKh jvd;a w¾: .ekaùugyels mßÈ miq lf,l “uqia,sï cd;slhd” i;=rd njgm;aùu mYapd;a hqo Y%S ,xldj ;=< w;aoelsh yels úh.ta wkqj øúv cd;slhd i;=rd l< iajrEmh u fjkiakùk Wmdh Wml%u fyda ;dlaIKh Tiafia “uqia,sïcd;slhd” flfrys wdfoaYùu oelsh yelsh. fuuoDIaájdoh f.dv keඟSug ckudOHh úiska bgqlrkq,enQ fufyjr ;SrKd;aul h.fuu w¾:fhka fuuhq.fha fycfudksh yd oDIaájdoh f.dvkexùfuys ,dyd kv;a;= lsÍfuys ,d m%uqLhd jkafka ckudOHhs.Bg leue;af;ka wjk;ùu fyda th h:d¾:hla f,iNdr.ekSu ;=< “udOH fycfudksh” flfrys jkmYapd;a hqo ,dxflah neඳිhdj fuka u th woH;koDIaájdofha uqyqKqjr njg ks;e;ska u m;aj ;sfí.

¨ù w,a;=I¾ (1918-1990) oDIaájd§ rdcH WmlrK

mYapd;a udlaiajd§ Ñka;lfhl= f,i ie,flk ¨ùw,a;=I¾ ,shQ Lenin and Philosopyand Other Essays(1970) lD;sfha iඳyka lrk mßÈ “oDIaájd§ yd oDIaájd§rdcH WmlrK” úiska oDIaájd§ ksIamdokfha ;;a;ajhkam%;sksIamdokh lrhs (Althusser, 1970). w,a;=I¾ úiskaoDIaájdoh ksfhdackh lrk udÈ,s lsysmhla yඳුkd.kakd w;r tajd my; mßÈ idrdxY .; l< yels h.

• wd.ñl oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%K(mkai,a$m,a,s$foajia:dk wd§ wd.ñl wdh;k.

• wOHdmk oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%K( rcfha ydmqoa.,sl mdi,a moaO;sh.

• mjq,auh oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%K( uj-mshd-ifydaor-ifydaoßhkaf.ka ieÿï,;a mjq,.

• ffk;sl oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%K( kS;sh, ms<sfj<yd th wdrlaId lrk fmd,Sish, nkaOkd.dr we;=¿rdcH u¾ok wdh;k.

• foaYmd,kuh oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%Kh( foaYmd,kmlaI, n,mEï lKavdhï we;=¿ iïm%odhslfoaYmd,k wdh;k.

• jD;a;Sh ix.ï oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%Kh( jD;a;Shiñ;s.

• ikaksfõok oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%Kh( mqj;am;a,.=jkaúÿ,s, rEmjdyskS wdÈh.

• ixialD;sl oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%Kh( idys;Hh,l,d Ys,am, l%Svd wdÈh.

mj;akd fycfudksl iudc inඳ;d ta whqßka umj;ajdf.k hdug fyda kj fycfudksl wjldYhlaf.dvkඟd .ekSug iDcqj iïnkaO ù we;s oDIaaájd§rdcH hka;%K folla neÆ ne,aug yඳුkd.; yelsh.taikaksfõok oDIaájd§ rdcH hka;%K yd ixialD;sloDIaájd§ hka;%Kh fiiq wjia:djka ¥ria: hhs fmkqko, mYapd;a udlaiajd§ oDIaá fldaKhlska i,ldn,kafka kï ta lsisjla oaú;Shsl fkdjk ;rugtlsfkl yd w;smsys;ù mj;shs. ksoiqkla f,i m<uqldrKh fyj;a wd.ñl oDIaájd§ ldrKh wod<lr.; yelsh. wd.u oyu ;=<ska isÿ lrkq ,nkafkamqoa.,hd YslaIKh lrkakd jQ;a, iudcdkqfhdackhlrkq ,nkakdjQ;a l%shdj,shla hhs tlfy<du mejishyels jqj;a tfia YslaIKh lrkq ,nk l%shdj,sh ;=<isÿjkafka o mj;akd iudc l%uh m%Yak lsÍulska f;drjta whqßka u mj;ajdf.k hdu iඳyd wjeis fldkafoaisimqrd,Suh. fjk;a úÈylg lshkafka kï iuld,Skiudc ;;a;ajh yd iudc inඳ;d iu. wkkHjQfycfudksh m%;sksIamdokh lsÍu h. mjq,, wOHdmkhwe;=¿ wka iEu lreKla u óg tl fia wod< h. ta wkqjmqj;am;a jd¾;d lsÍï, rEmjdyskS jevigyka ksIamdokhlsÍï, mqj;a fyda jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍï muKlafkdj tajd .%dylhska úiska ,nd .ekSug leue;af;kafm<öu u fycfudksl ;;ajdfrdams;hl m%ldYkhls. tawkqj hqouh jd¾;d lsÍïj,§ wdrlaIl wxY idudðlhskaÈúms§u;a, t,a.à.à.B idudðlhska “;%ia;jd§ka lsÍu”fuka u Tjqka uereïlEu wdÈh wd,xldßl NdIdjlskaTmuÜgï jqj o, tlS w;sYfhdala;Ska w;sYh idud-kHlrKh fldg Ndr .ekSu fuu foaYmd,k-iudcl%shdodufha lÈu m%;sM,hls.

woyia f,dalfha§ iú×kl j fnodyod .; yelsfoa oDIaájd§ ;,fha§ jHjydßlj jHqy.; ù we;sneúka wú{dkl úh yelsh. ksoiqkla f,i flfkl=gOfkaYajr úfrdaë woyia ;sìh yelsh. tfia jqj ojHjydßl Ôú;h yd iudc iïnkaO;d ;=< Tyq$wehW.% OkjdÈfhl= ùfï yelshdj ;sfí. mqoa.,sl;ajfhkatajdfha meje;afuys fldkafoaisj,g olajk mßl,amkShiïnkaOfhys ksfhdackhla f,i oDIaájdoh ie,lshyels nj w,a;=I¾ fmkajd fokafka ta ksid h(Ibid,1970). hqouh jljdkqj ;=< fuka u mYapd;ahqo ld,Skj o, hqo wmrdO yd udkj ysñlï lvùïms<snඳ ckudOH ;=< l;sldjla f.dvfkdkefÕkafkao, ñksiqka ta ms<snඳ m%Yak fkdlrkafka o woyiaf,dalhla ;=< tlS ldrKd flfrys iú{dkl jqjo, jHjydßl;ajh fyj;a oDIaájd§ mej;au ;=<wú{dklj tlS ;;a;ajh ndr .ekSug iQodkï ksid h.“wd.ñl oDIaájdoh, wdpdr O¾óh oDIaájdoh, foaYmd,koDIaájdoh jYfhka wmg th fmdÿfõ yeඳිkaúh yelsh.fndfyda fj,djg th fmdÿfõ f,dal oDIaáh hs. i;HhjYfhka u Wml,amkh lrñka isák wdldrhg fuuoDIaájdofhka tll wm ienE f,i Ôj;a fkdfõ.



(ksoiqkla f,i foúhka úYajdi lsÍu, rdcldßh,idOdrK;ajh...wd§ jYfhks.) úfõpkd;aul oDIaáhlskahq;=j idlÉPd lrñka, m%d:ñl iudcfha ñÓHdjkams<snඳ udkj jxYfõod;aul msßlaiqï mÍlaId lrñkawm tlS ta oDIaájdohg we;=¿ùu isÿ fõ. fï f,daloDIaáh mjd oeäj oDIaájd§h. ta flfia o h;a,h:d¾:h m%dfoaYShlrKh lrkak yelshdjla fkdue;”(Ibid,1970).

1845 j¾Ih jk úg mYapd;a-fy.,shdkq o¾Ykjdohúfõpkh lrkq msKsi udlaia yd tax.,aia úiska ,shkq,enQ “c¾udkq oDIaájdoh” lD;sh u.ska ksIamdokhudÈ,ssh yd ksIamdokh inඳ;dj, m%;sM,hla f,ioDIaájdoh ;yjqre jk whqre fmkajd fohs. iïNdjHudlaiajdoh ;=< oDIaájd§ rdcH u¾ok WmlrK f,iyඳුkd.kq ,nk fmd,Sish, kS;sh, wêlrK moaO;sh,nkaOkd.dr wdÈh fjkqjg tlS wdh;k o we;=<;ajrdcH oDIaájd§ WmlrK f,i mYapd;a udlaiajd§kaúiska yඳුkd.kq ,nk wm by;ska oelajQ u¾okuh njiඟjd Èh;aflfrk u¾okfh;a hq;= mjq,, mdi, wdÈfoa u.ska flfrk n,mEu w;sYh idudkHlrKh ùwú×kl j mj;S.

fycfudksh, oDIaájdoh yd ckudOH

jHjydrfha mj;akd idudkH oekqu fyj;a “fmdÿms<s.ekSu” hkafkka oelafjk wjfndaOh iajNdúlhhs fndfyda fofkl= úYajdi lrhs. tfia jqj th ofoaYmd,ksl ueÈy;aùula u.ska f.dvkxjk ,o fohls.fjda,ag¾ ,s*audka (1889-1974), 1920 oYlh ;rï wE;hq.fha§ wkque;sh ksIamdokh lsÍu ms<snඳ úêu;ajfmkajdfok ,§. ckm%sh wdKavqj, m%pdrK jHdmD;súêu;a bkaøshla f,i fmkS isák nj;a, th fkdkej;Súo.aO yd jeo.;a wx.hla f,i j¾Okh jk nj;afyf;u wjOdrKh lrk ,§ (Lipmann,1932).

,s*audkaj Wmqgd olajñka fuka u Tyqf.a b.ekaùï jvd;aw¾: .kajñka ixj¾Ok lrk ,oafoa fkdaï fp!ïialsúisks. tâj¾â tia. y¾uka iy fkdaï fp!ïials úiskrÑ; Manufacturing Consent;The political Economy ofthe Mass Media (1988) lD;sfhka m%pdrKhl udÈ,slsysmhla ms<snඳ fmkajd§ ;sfí. m%pdrK udÈ,shlakdNs.; ù we;af;a Okfhys yd n,fhys úIu;djka iyck udOHfha leue;a; yd f;dard.ekSï u; mokï jQúúO ;,hka flfrys h. uqo,a yd n,h úiska m%jD;a;sfmrd olajhs. ta flfia o hkak j. f;audjka lsysmhlawdY%fhka fpdïials meyeÈ,s lrhs. Tyq tajd fmrykhfyj;a *s,agr f,i yඳුkajhs.

01. m%udKh( ysñldß;ajh yd ckudOHfha ,dNixia:dmkh

m%udKd;aulj uyd mßudKfha wdfhdackhkagiß,k ck;dj w;rg hdfï YlH;djla ysñ udOH

ysñldß;ajfha iSud wod< jQfha ishjilg fyda Bg;afmr jqj o, wo jk úg tys n,mEu jeäù we;s njfpdïials fmkajd fohs (Chomsky,1988). ta jk úgwfußld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< mej;s udOH wdh;k ydtajdfha ysñldß;ajh fuka u ,dNh wruqKqfldg.;am%jD;a;s ksIamdokh ms<snඳ fuys WodyrK iys; jidlÉPd flfrhs.

02. fj<ඳ oekaùïlrKh( jHdmdr iඳyd n,m;% ,nd §u

udOHg fj<ඳ oekaùï ,nd .ekSfï ld¾hh, fj<ඳjHdmdr iඳyd n,m;% ,nd§fï l%shdj,shlg iudk h.fj<ඳdu ;=< we;af;a ,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqK ñiwka lsisjla fkdfõ. tjl NBC-TV m%Odkshd jQ .%dkaÜákal¾ Wmqgd olajñka fpdïials meyeÈ,s lrkqfha“fg,súIkh” hkq fj<ඳ oekaùïlrK udOHhla njhs.th wid¾:l jkafka kï jevigyka fjkiajkq we;snj Tyq wjOdrKh lrhs (Ibid,1988:16).

03. m%jD;a;s uQ,dY%

m%jD;a;s uQ,dY% ;=< mj;akd foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ólfldkafoais ms<snඳ fuys ,d §¾> jYfhka idlÉPdflfrhs. úfYaIfhka u tlai;a ckmo .=jka yuqodjkaysl%shdldrlïj,g wod< m%jD;a;s uQ,dY% iïmdokh lsÍuflfrys olajk úfYaI ie,ls,a, fuys ,d lreKq iys;j úuiqug ,lalr we;.

04. ksfIaO m%ydr iy n,Odßfhda

Flak and The Enforcers hkqfjka fpdïials úiskameyeÈ,s lrk fuu ;;a;ajh m%jD;a;s yd f;dr;=refmÍug ,lajk wfkla wjia:djhs. Flak hkak ms<snඳiDcq YíofldaId¾:hla isxy,g jrkeඟsh fkdyels jqjo, tys w¾:h jkqfha iDcq $ksfIaO m%ydr, tfia;ake;skï m%;spdrhs. ta iඳyd n, uq¿.ekaùu hs. Tiala*¾âYío fldaIfha 7 jk ixialrKfha fufia oelafjhs.noun(U)1.guns on the ground that are shooting atenemy aircraft;bullets from these guns.(Oxford Ad-wanced Learners Dictionary-585). iudcfha fl;rïwdêm;HOdÍ ;;a;ajhl mej;=K o , udOH wdh;kj,gfuf,i my,ska tljr ixúOdkd;aul j t,a,úhyels m%ydr ;SrKd;aul h. m%jD;a;s fyda f;dr;=reksIamdokfha§ udOH wdh;kj,g tjeks wdldrfham%;spdr ,sms, fg,s.%Eï, ÿrl:k, fm;aiï, wêlrKksfhda., wdÈh fuka u ;¾ck yd úúOdldrfha o‘vqjïj,iajrEmfhka meñKsh yels nj fpdïials fmkajd fohs.wo jk úg fuu ;;a;ajh cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r .súiqï,Woaf>daIK, Wmjdi, meyer .ekSï wdÈh olajd u È.=l< yels h. úfYaIfhka u rEmjdyskS udOH fj<ඳoekaùï u; rඳd mj;sk nj yd ixúOdkd;aul f,ifj<ඳ oekaùï yd mdßfNda.sl NdKav j¾ckh lsÍug n,uq¿.ekaùu u.ska n,mEï t,a, l< yels nj fuys ,dksoiqka iys; j idlÉPd lr we;. ksoiqkla f,i ueld;shq.fha§ fuu ;;a;ajh olakg ,enqKq nj fpdïials



meyeÈ,s lrhs. fï fya;=j ksid ksfIaO m%ydrd;aul hka;%ksrka;rfhka ckudOHg m%ydr t,a,lrk nj;a, ta ksidu ckudOH Tjqkag ksrka;rfhka i;aldr olajk nj;alsj yelsh (Ibid,1988:28).

05. md,k hka;%Khla f,i fldñhqksiaÜ úfrdaOh

fidaúhÜ foaYh, Ökh yd lshqndj ;=< m%;sm;a;shlaf,i ngysr oDIaájdohg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍugiu.dój tys u hï hï taldêm;s ,laIK wdÈhovóud lr.ksñka iQlaIu f,i fldñhqksiaÜ úfrdaOhlaidudkH oDIaájdoh njg m;alr we;s whqre fuufmrykalvfhka idlÉPd lr ;sfí. mqoa., ksoyi,mqoa.,jdoh wêksYaph lsÍu u wfkla miska udOH ;=<f;dr;=re yd wkque;sh ksIamdokh lsÍug bjy,a jkwdldrh fuu.ska fmkajd fohs.

wo jk úg fidaúhÜ foaYfha fldñhqksiaÜ l%uhlaolakg fkdue;s w;r Ökh yd lshqndj ;=< olakg we;s;;a;ajh o fldñhqksiaÜjdoh yd f,dal ;;a;ajhka fukau kHdhka .eUqßka wOHhkh l< hq;= uÜgul mj;S.flfia fj;;a fpdïialsf.a fuu w¾: oelaùï ,dxflahiqúfYaI ;;a;ajhka ;=< wvqjeä jYfhka ta wdldrhgu olakg ,efnhs. uq,a fmrykalv 4 u Y%S ,xldjgwdfõKsl f,i hï hï wdh;k, ueÈy;aùfï iajrEm,W!k-ixj¾Okfha .;slhka, tackau;uh N+ñldjka wdÈwdlD;suh yd wka;¾.;uh fjkialï iys; j w;aoelshyels nj lsj yels h.

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

oDYH ikaksfõokh hkq yqfola f;dr;=rlaiïfm%alaIKh lsÍula muKla fkdj foaYmd,ksljqjukdjla iys; j we;eï úg mdrfN!;slNdùueÈy;aùuls. tfia jkafka fldfydu o@

m¾fhaIK wruqK

fmdÿfõ ikaksfõokfha;aa, fuu m¾fhaIK ,smshg wod<j oDYH ikaksfõokfha;a mdrfN!;slNdjh yeoEÍugfycfudksh yd oDIaájdoh hk ixl,amhka Ndú;d l<yels nj fmkajd §u.


kQ;k hq.fha wdrïNfha isg f;dr;=re yqjudrej,iïfm%alaIKh ‘ikaksfõokh’ f,i yඳුkd.;a w;r taiඳyd fhdod .;a fuj,ï ‘udOHZ njg;a, blaì;sj‘ckudOH’ njg;a m;a úh. uqøss; udOH fyda úoHq;audOH flfrka m%ldYhg fyda úldYhg m;a flfrkf;dr;=re ms<s.ekSug ckhd mqreÿù isá;s. ta fndfyda foaksjrÈ f;dr;=re f,i;a, ;udg m%fhdackj;a foa f,i;aksrka;rfhka weoySug ,la fjhs. tfy;a fuu f;dr;=reiEu úg u i;H f;dr;=re fkdjk njg;a, ta msgqmifoaYmd,k n,dêldßhla l%shd;aul jk nj;a wjOdkhg.; hq;=h. foaYSh jYfhka fuka u cd;Hka;r jYfhka

o, fulS l%shdldß;ajfha iduH;ajhla ±lsh yelsh. tfy;ata ta rgj,g wdfõKsl iq¿ iqúfYaI;ajhka o mj;akdnj yඳුkd .ksñka foaYmd,k úIh lafIa;%h ;=< jeäwjOdkhg ,la j we;s fycfudksh, oDIaájdoh jeksixl,am weiqßka weig fmfkk ikaksfõok l%shdj,shfl;rï mdrfN!;sl úh yels±hs jgyd .ekSu hq.wjYH;djls. th úIh lafIa;%hg muKla fkdj mqoa.,slyd iudÔh Ôú;hg mjd w;sYh jeo.;a h.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

ikaksfõokh fyda foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg wod< j fmd;m; yd o;a; nyq, jqj o, foaYmd,k ikaksfõokhgfyda iDcqj fuu m%ia;+;hg wduka;%Kh flfrk ,shú,sb;du;a w,am h. tneúka f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍfï §wkaf;daksfhda .%dïiaÑ, ¨ù w,a;=I¾, fkdaï fpdïials,w¾kiafgda ,la,dõ, Yka;d,a uQ*a jekakkaf.a kHdhslixl,am we;=<;a lD;s m%d:ñl o;a; f,i;a, tlS lD;swrnhd ,shejqKq w¾: újrK iys; ,shú,s iy isxy,mßj¾;k oaú;Shsl o;a; f,i;a, ;j;a úfgl hqouhmiqìu wdY%s;j ,shejqKq lD;s fuka u iuld,SkudOH w;a±lSï ksÍlaIK l%ufõod;aul keUqrejlskaúYaf,aIKhg ,la lsÍug;a wfmalaId flßKs. m%ia;+;hgwod< j lreKq fm< .eiaùfï § udlaiajd§ yd mYapd;audlaiajd§ kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh miqìul idlÉPdflreKq nj;a, fuh yqfola kHdhsl ixl,am oaú;ajhlaidudkHlrKh lsÍfuys ,d Ndú;djla neúka ,sÅ;idys;Huh f;dr;=re u; mokï j m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajhi,ld ne,Sug ±rE W;aidyhls.

idlÉPdj

,dxflah mqj;am;a whs;sh yd md,kh ms<snඳ, .dñKSúfÊ;=x. úiska l< ksnkaOkfha wdrïNfha isg uuqøs; udOH ysñldß;ajh yd foaYmd,k ikaksfõokhisÿ jQ whqre ±lafjhs. “,dxlsl mqj;am;a fj<ඳjHdmdrhla f,i j¾Okh jQfha b;d u fyñka h.óg n,mE tla m%Odk fya;=jla f,i yeඳිka úhyelafla u;jd§ m%pdrh;a, wf,úh;a hk wruqKqfolu tljr l%shd;aulùu;a, wf,úfhka u muKlamqj;am;a mj;ajdf.k hEug fm<ôu;a h. fofjkslreK ‘iriú iඳ/i’ (1880), ‘,lañKs myk’ (1862),‘isxy, fn!oaOhd’ (1906), ‘isxy, cd;sh’ (1910) wd§uq,a hq.fha ìys jQ fndfyduhla mqj;am;a msgqmi ;snQn,fõ.h jQfha w¨;ska ìysfjñka wd kj Okm;smx;sh jQ w;r, Tjqka mqj;am;a ;=<ska u ;u foaYmd,kwkkH;dj ,nd .ekSug ±rE W;aidyh hs. fï jdKsc m%N+mx;sfha nyq;rh fjf<ඳුka, fldka;%d;alrejka, bvïysñ jeú,slrefjda jQy. Tjqka mqj;am;a wdrïN lf<ayqÿ wf,úhg jvd iudc foaYmd,k wruqKq idlaId;alr .ekSug h” (úfÊ;=x., 2003). j;aukays ,dxflahmqj;am;a l¾udka;h ;=< w;a±lsh yels laIKslj wdrïNù laIKslj fj<ඳfmdf<ka ;=rka ù hk mqj;am;aflfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg .uH jkafka o, fulS



h:d¾:hu h.

flfia fj;;a, fïjk úg fldñhqksiaÜ l%uh ,dxflahiudc-foaYmd,ksl wjldYh ;=< wdêm;HOdÍ fkdfõ.th fycfudksl yd oDIaájd§uh l;sldj ;=< fydaf;audjla o fkdfõ. ta fjkqjg “wêrdcH úfrdaOhiu. uqiq jQ isxy, cd;sljdoh” wêksYaph ù ;sfí.tys wjika m%;sM,h ù we;af;a cd;sjdohg tfrysju; m<lrkakka “foaYfødaySka” f,i kdulrKh ùuh. ta wkqj “foaYfødaySka” meyer .ekSu, >d;khlsÍu ksyඬ wkque;shlg ,la ù we;.oYl .Kkdjlisg fï ;;a;ajh w;a±lsh yels whqre udkj ysñlïl%shdldßKshl yd ksoyia udOHfõÈkshl jk iS;drxckS fmkajd fohs.

“1981 isg 2009 ud¾;= udih olajd jk ld,h ;=<udOHfõ§ka$ udOH fiajlhska fyda l,d ixialD;sll%shdldÍka 114 fofkl= >d;khg ,la j ;sfí” (rxckS,2011). 2000 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg 2015 olajdld,h ;=< kS;sh fyda iodpdruh moku fkdi,ldñksiqka >d;kh lsÍu;a, ta iඳyd wdrlaIl wxY mjdfhdod.ekSu;a úiska yඟjkq ,nkafka fÄojdplhl;ruh. rdjh l¾;D fla.ví,sõ ckrxck fufiamjihs. “hqoaOh iu.ska flreKq wfkla ish¨u cvlï,ukqIH;ajhg tfrys l%shd, ¥IK jxpd ish,a, hgm;alsÍug;a, tajd .ek m%Yak fkdlsÍug ;rï ck;djgtajd .eg¿jla fkdjk ;ekg ck udkisl;ajhf.dvkexùug frðuhg yelsjqfKa fï ckudOH u.ska.w;sYh ñksia ixydrhlg miqj hqoaOh ch.%yKhlsÍfuka miq ;jÿrg;a fuu hdka;%Kh fufyhùugfjk;a idOl fydhd .kak fï whg neßjqKd”(ckrxck, 2015-11-25).

fï wkqj fpdïials úiska 90 oYlfha w. Nd.fha §tlai;a ckmo oDIaájdoh, ixo¾Nhg f.k “fldñhqk-siaÜ úfrdaOh” fmrykalvhla f,i yeisfrk wdldrhúuiqug Ndckh lsÍu fï fudfydf;a ,dxflahiqúfYaI;ajh ;=< “foaYfødayS úfrdaOh” fuka u thu¾okh lsÍug fhdod .kakd ´kEu l%shdjla iudchúiska bjik ;;a;ajhlg m;aùu iu. wkkHjk njlsj yels h.

fï fudfydf;a ck;djf.a idudkH oekqu fyj;a“fmdÿck jHjydrh” hkq fuf,i ckudOH úiskaf.dvkxjkq ,nk fohls. th w;S;fha isg u tawdldrfhka hï n,wêldßhl m%;sM,hla f,if.dvkxjkq ,enQ fohla jk uq;a tys§ ;SrKd;aulù we;af;a fjkhï idOl neõ meyeÈ,sh. fjk;af,ilska lsjfyd;a, ckudOH fkd;snqKq m%d:ñliudcj, m%cduQ, kdhlhska, weoys,s yd úYajdi,iïm%odh wdÈh flfrka th n,meje;afjkakg we;snj wkqudk l< yelsh. tfy;a kQ;k hq.h ;=< fukau úfYaIfhka u mYapd;a kQ;k hq.h ;=< ckudOHfhaN+ñldj b;du;a ;SrKd;aul ù ;sfí.

hqoaOh, ckudOH f.dvkexùï iy oDYH ikaksfõokfhamdrfN!;slNdjh

,xldfõ mej;s isú,a hqoaOh W;=rg fÄojdplhla(catastrophe) jkúg ol=Kg m%fudaohla (ecstasy) úh.úfgka úg W;=f¾ hqoaOhg hk ol=fKa È<sÿ ;reKhskau< ñkS f,i fyda w; mh wysñ wdndê; msßila f,i.u rg tkúg fuu m%fudaoh, idxldjla (anxiety) njgú;ekajQ nj ienEh. tfy;a ta b;du;a ;djld,sljh. ukaoh;a urKh, Èúms§ula yd w;mh wysñùu,weia-bia-uia-f,a oka§ula f,i;a, th mqKH lghq;a;laf,i;a iudch ;=< l;slduh wêm;s;ajhla ks¾udKhù ;sìKs. th uq¿ukska u mdfya udOH fycfudkslf.dvkexùula jqj o, ta ;=< ckÔú;h myiq lrkq,eìKs. hqoaOh hkqfjka fN!;slhla (Physics) mej;sw;r ta iïnkaOfhka ukiska f.dvkඟk ,o ixl,amf.dkakla o, tkï mdrfN!;slhla o, (meta-Physics)mej;sKs. fN!;slhg cSú; ydks, foam< ydks, Wkaysá;eka wysñùï, irKd.;hska, udkj ysñlï, ÿl, lඳු¿,fõokdj iïnkaOjk úg mdrfN!;slhg iïnkaOjQfhai;=re urK ixLHdj, w;am;a lr .;a ìï m%foaYfham%udKh, ùr;ajh, foaYfm%añ;ajh, w;S; Y%S úN+;sh jeksfoah. wm rEmjdyskS udOH u.ska (oDIH ikaksfõokh)w;aÿgqfõ fuu mdrfN!;sl;ajh hs. th ta wdldrfhkaw;aolskakg ckiudchla f,i wmj mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkq,enQfõ ;;ald,Sk oDIaájdoh hs. “rEmjdysksh ckudO-Hhla f,i mßyrKh lsÍfï§ tys we;s foaYmd,kslwk;=r jkafka tys mj;akd h:d¾: wdprKh hs (realityeffect). rEm fmÜáfhka olsk foa úYajdi lsÍug ñksiaiqfm<ö isá;s. bka cks; lrk m%o¾Yk YlH;dj hkq;j;a w;lska ixp,kfha (mobilize) YlH;dj ms<sônqùuhs. woyiaj,g, rEmj,g Ôjh fokak fuka u úúOwdka;sl lKavdhï l=,mamq lsÍug o, thg yelsh.foaYmd,ksl yd iodpdrd;aul w¾:j,ska fm%arKh jQtÈfkod idudkH ixisoaê iy ir, mqj;aj,g ‘neඳoud ;sfnk n,a,ka ,syd oukakg’ yelsh. fujeksmqj;a u.ska cd;sl wd,h;a, foaYdkqrd.h;a, wfkldfkdßiaikiq¿ nj;a cks; flfrhs.” (,shkf.a, 2014).

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, hqouh jd;djrKhl§f;dr;=re yd m%jD;a;s md,kh lsÍu, jdrKhg ,lalsÍu,u¾okh lsÍu fyda jHdchka ujd mEu isÿ ù ;sfí.ta fycfudksh mj;ajdf.k hdug, hqouh jdis w;am;alr .ekSug fyda hqoaOh idOdrKShlrKh lr .ekSugh. we;eï úg ;j;a rgj,a iajlSh wdêm;Hh ydoDIaájdoh f,dalh ;=< ;yjqre lr .ekSug hqouh;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug lghq;= lrk njo, wi;Hhla fkdfõ. wfußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska90$91 ld,fha brdlh wdl%uKh lrk ,o wjia:djBg ksoiqkla f,i fmkajdosh yelsh. 1990 wf.daia;=udifha tlai;a ckmoh úiska l=fjÜ foaYhg yuqodmsg;a lr heùug i;shlg fmrd;=j tjl ne.avEâ



kqjr wfußldkq ;dkdm;s OQrh oerE tam%s,a .eiams (AprilGaspie) brdlfha taldêm;s md,kh fufyh jQ iodïyqfiakag fufia mjid ;sfí.“brdl yuqod l=fjghwdl%uKh l<fyd;a wfußldj th i,lkq ,nkafkawrdì rgj,a folla w;r we;sjk m%Yakhla f,ihss”(*drela, 2007). fuu m%ldYfhka Woaoduhg m;a jiodï úiska l=fjgh wdl%uKh lrk ,o w;r thskamiqj oejeka; yuqod Yla;shla fhdod wfußldj úiskabrdl yuqodjkag m%ydr t,a, fldg yuqod mrdcfhkafkdkej;S wd¾Ól jYfhka o brdlh ÿ¾j, lr ouk,§. miqj wfußldkq ckdêm;s fcda¾Ê ví. nqIa(fcHIaG)“oeka hqoaOh wjidkhs. ueo fmrÈ.l,dmfha BY%dh,fhawdrlaIdj ;yjqre ù ;sfí. ndOdjlska f;drj f;,aiïm;a .,d ths.” (tu, 2007:148). hkqfjka m%ldYlsÍfuka wfußldfõ wruqK ù ;snqfKa l=ula o hkakms<snඳ ;yjqre lr .; yelsh. tfy;a wmf.a m%ia;+;hgm%fõYhla i,id .kq msKsi jeo.;a jkqfha wfußldfõkj hg;a úð;jd§ wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSu msKsihqoaOh ovóud lr.kq ,enqfõ flfia o, hkak úuidne,Su fkdj tjeks wjia:djl udOH N+ñldj flnඳුo hkak flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu h. “brdlfhañksiqka, .eyekqqka yd <uhska iduQyslj urdoeófïl%shdj,sh ,>q fldg fmkaùu iඳyd wfußld tlai;ackmofha udOH nrm;< W;aidyhla orkq ,efí. nqIamßmd,kh iy wfußlka wêrdcH fjkqfjka fmkSisák wfkl=;a m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol-tkïäfudfl%dála mlaIh yd ßmí,slka mlaIh we;=¿n,fõ. iu. udOH wdh;k o, oejeka; mßudKfhkaukqIH;ajhg tfrysj tfrysj isÿ flfrk wmrdOj,giyfhda.h olajñka lghq;= lrhs. tu wmrdO fl;rïnrm;<o h;a , wfußldj md,kh lrkq ,nk m%N+mka;sh úiska úkdY lr oeñh hq;= njg ;SrKh lr;sfnk mekudfõ fudÍ.d, i¾ìhdfõ ñf,dafidúla isgiodï yqfika olajd jQ md,lhska úiska isÿ lrk ,owmrdO, wfußldj úiska isÿ l< wmrdO yd ikaikaokhlsÍfï § fkdjeo.;a fia fmkS hhs” (tu, 2007(152-153).

f,dj m%cd;ka;%jdofha uqr n,a,d f,iska fmkS isákfuka u f,dj mqrd rgj, udOH ksoyi yd udkj ysñlïlvùï ms<snඳ ;u wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s njg ld,fhkald,hg rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=j yryd ksfõok ksl=;alrk tlai;a ckmoh f,dalhg jika lrk lreKqldrKd iq¿mgq fkdjk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s h.

“tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska brdlhgúreoaOj wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu, 500, 000 gwêl <uqka ixLHdjla ñh hEug fya;= úh. iajlShfoaYmd,k wNsu;d¾: idlaId;a lr .ekSu msKsiwfußld tlai;a ckmofha ysgmq rdcH f,alï uev,Ska´,an%hsÜ (Madeline Albright) tu l%shdj wkqu; l<dh.ta wjia:dfõ§ ngysr ckudOHh lf<a l=ula o@ yqfolabrdl cd;slhska ùu fya;=fldg f.k ¥IKhg ,la lr,jOysxid muqKqjd urdouk ,o brdl .eyekqkaf.a iy

msßñkaf.a o¾Yk we;=<;a PdhdrEmj,g isÿjQfha l=ulao@ wfußld tlai;a ckmo yuqod ;ykï lrk ,okdmdï fndaïn fhdod .ksñka fkdaïì w,a,ñka isábrdl ñksiqka, .eyekqqka iy <uhska wúpdrj;a f,iurdouñka *Æcd k.rfha ñksia ixydrhla isÿ l<wjia:dfõ § ngysr udOH wdh;k isáfha fldfya o@brdlfha isg ñkS fmÜá ;=< nyd wdmiq wfußldjgtaug isÿjQ wjdikdjka; hqo Nghka ms<snඳ jd¾;d iyPdhdrEmj,g isÿjQfha l=ula o@ Tjqkaf.a wdorjka;hskaguqyqK §ug isÿ jQ brKu ljf¾ o@ wys;lr m%;sl%shdwe;sfõh hk ìh ksid rchka úiska fujeks wm%ikakisÿùï yqjd oelaùug bvfokafka ke;” (tu, 2007(157).

fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ hqouh jd;djrKh wdYs%s;ckudOH l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka i,ld ne¨j o, jeäfjkila olakg fkd,efí. tfy;a fuys§ W;=f¾ igkaìfï§ ñh .sh ol=fKa isxy, yuqod fid,aodÿjka ms<snඳùrdNsodk, Wmydr Wf<,j,a, fid,aodÿjkaf.a uõ-mshjrekag jkaÈ wdOdr iu. iïudk fuka u nqÿ oyu;=< il,úO ysxidjka m%;slafIam lr ;snqK o, fn!oaOysñjrekaf.a yd wd.ñl m%cd kdhlhskaf.a rKldóO¾ufoaYkd yd m%Yia;s wd§h ysඟ fkdùh. ckudOH;=< fujeks fndfyda jHdmD;sj,g m%uqL fmf<a bvlvla,nd §u ksid we;eïúg fid,aodÿfjl=f.a urKhlajqj iudcfha hqoaOh flfrys ffO¾hh jeä lsÍugfya;=jqjd úkd wffO¾hu;a lsÍug fya;= fkdúKs.fjk;a whqrlska lsjfyd;a ckudOH jd¾;d, idys;Hh,Ñ;%mg, .S;, wd§ il,úO ixialD;sldx. ñ,sgÍlrKhúh. th ld,hla ;siafia isxy,-fn!oaO oDIaájdoh iu.uqiqù mej;s yrmoaO;Ska iu. wkkH úh. hqold,Sk jfï whqßka fuka u mYapd;a hqo ld,Skj o tys u È.=jlaf,i ckudOH l%shd l< wdldrh fuys ,d wjOdkhg,la úh hq;= h.

“ol=fKa ckudOHfõ§kag hqo ìug hdug wjia:dj,enqfKa rcfha yuqod tall (embedded) iuඟsks.rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s o¾Ykj, Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl Och,fid,aodÿjka, ;ukaf.a ch.%yK ms<snඳj lrk WoïwekSï, t,a.à.à.B idudðlhskaf.a isrere wksjd¾hfhkawka;¾.; úh. hqo ìfï isg jd¾;dlrejka l< jd¾;dj,“wfma ùrfhda” , “wms” hk jpk ks;r wka;¾.;úh. fndfyda úg jd¾;dlrejka yuqod fid,aodÿjkaf.aks, weඳුïj,ska ieriS isákq olakg ,eìKs. hqoìfï jd¾;d lsÍïj, f.d;k ,o l;d (FabricatedStories) f;dard.;a ixialrKh (Selective editing)lreKq jerÈ wdldrhg ksfhdackh lsÍu iy jd¾;dlsÍu (misrepresentation of facts) ks;r olakg ,enqKqnj m¾fhaIKhg iyNd.S jQ udOH úpdrlfhda mejiQy”(ùrisxy, 2013).

fujeks ùrdNsjdok fuka u i;H úlD;s lsÍï, f;dr;=re;ukaf.a hqouh jdis w;am;a lr.ekSu fjkqfjka Ndú;dlsÍu .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajhla ;=< ieuodu;a isÿ ù ;sfí.ksoiqkla f,i uela fkh¾ tlai;a ckmo foaYmd,k



ikaksfõokhg wod<j 1960 .Kka jk úg m%jD;a;sfiùfï ;dlaIKh fuka u hqo .egqï iÔú f,iúldYh lsÍfï yelshdj;a, tys m%fhdacH;dj;a ms<snඳksis ;lafiarejl isá nj fmkajdfohs (Nair 1995).ùäfhda o¾Yk udOH wdh;khg ,eîug Èkhl fydafoll m%udohla ;snqK o, we;eïúg tajd iÔú f,i(wඟjd) úldYh lr we;. i;H úlD;s lsÍï fuka uf;dr;=reyrKh fyj;a f;dr;=re fkd;ld yeÍu fukau jHdc f;dr;=re ksIamdokh lsÍu o, fuys ,d iqúfYaISjeo.;alula olajk nj lsj hq;= fkdfõ. Bg lÈuksoiqkla fkah¾ tl;= lr ;sfí.

“i;HjYfhka u úhÜkdï hqoaOfha isg f;dr;=reúlD;slrKh (Disinformation) hqo uyck inඳ;dwdlD;shla f,i fndfyda .egqïj,§ n,mEï lr ;sfí.1984 § kslr.=jdfõ iekaäksiagd md,khg tfrysjtlai;a ckmofha uyck u;h o,ajd,Su iඳyd fidaúhÜñ.a m%ydrl hdkd kslr.=jdjg wmkhkh l< njgf¾.ka mßmd,kh úiska wk;=re weඟùula lrk,§.(ienúkau tjekakla isÿfkdúKs.) tfy;a tlai;ackmoh fuka u ;j;a rgj,a .Kkdjla ;=< fuuñ.a l;d m%jD;a;sh i;Hhla f,i ckudOHh úiskajd¾;d flßKs. 1986 § á%fmd,s k.rhg fndaïn fy<Sfïisÿùuo tjeksh. n¾,skays tlai;a ckmo fiajlhkag;%ia; fndaïn m%ydrhla t,a,ùu ms<snඳ isßhdjg fpdaokdt,a,ù ;sìh § jqjo, g%sfmd,s k.rhg fuu fndïnfy<Su isÿ lrk ,§” (Ibid:202).

uela fkah¾ úiska foaYmd,k ikaksfõok úIhlafIa;%hg wod< j lrk ,o fuu w¾:.ekaùï tlai;ackmoh úiska 2jk f,dal hqoaOhg l< ueÈy;aùï,brdlh wdl%uKh lsÍu, úhÜkdï hqoaOh, iS;, hqoaOhwd§ fndfyda hqouh w;aoelSï iu. idlÉPdjg ,lalr;sfí. tfy;a tys§ Tyq úfYaIfhka u úhÜkdï hqoaOhhkq m%:u fg,súIka hqoaOh f,i yඳුkd .ekSula isÿlr;sfí. hqoaOh iÔú rEmjdyskS w;aoelSula njg m;aùfïwdrïNh th úh yels jqj o, fïjk úg hqoaOo we;=¿ishü .egqï uyfmdf<dfjka ú;ekajQ “udOH hqoaO”njg ú;ekaù ;sfí. .,a*a hqoaOhg wod<j 1995 § ðkafn!v%s,doa úiska rpkd 3 la wka;¾.; fldg ,shdksulrk ,o The Gulf war did not take place (1991)lD;sfhka “.,a*a hqoaOh hkqfjka fohla isÿ ù kE” hhs;¾l lf<ah.

fn!v%s,doa thska fmkajd § ;snqfKa hqoaOfha§ wfußldkqudOHh fl;rï ;SrKd;aul N+ñldjla bgqlr ;snqfKao h;a mqj;a ueùï yd ckudOH ksrEmK ñi uyfmdf<dfõ ienEjgu hqoaOhla fkdmej;s ;rug thck;djf.ka wE;a lr ;snqKq nj hs. fn!v%s,doa by;m%ldYfhka wjOdrKh lrkq ,en we;af;a .,a*a hqoaOh,tla md¾Yjhlg oeäj mlaImd;S nj hhs veksfh,amsmaiaf.a woyihs. “hqoaOh, th tla md¾Yjhlg oeäjmlaImd;shs. ta ksid th mej;s hqoaOhla f,i ia:dk.;lsÍu wmyiqhs. wfußldkqjka u< isrerej,g nhhs. ta

ksid nqIa f;drKla .eyqjd. th Wiia f,i ch.%yKhl< nj fmkajd ÿkakd. th w;skdgluh oelaula.wfußldkq oelaug wkqj “fuhska wk;=re isÿjQfhake;.” ishü foa È.yerefKa fmr ie,iqï.; lrk,o wdldrhgu h. 1991 .,a*a hqoaOfha isÿ ùu ×;s;ajhlaolajkafka kï ta mß.Klfhka ,nk ,sx.sl YDx.drhghs” (Pips,1996).

ud¾I,a uelaÿdkaf.a iqm%isoaO kHdh jk “udOH hkqmKsúvh fõ” (medium is the massage-1964) hkakgtfrysj fn!ä%,doaf.a ;¾lh jkqfha “fï fudfydf;audOH hkq mKsúvh fkdfõh” hkak h. th fudv,hhs. “udOH fudv,h njg mßj¾;kh fldg (m%jD;a;sfuka) úfrdaO ixfla;kfha wdhqI wvqlr we;. iajlShm%;sksIamdokfha ld¾hhla f,i yer ler,sldr l%shd;jÿrg;a ksIamdokh jQjla fkdfõ (fydalskaia iyfcúfgla, 2015).

‘udOHfha u<jqka iඳyd mQcdjka meje;aùu’ hkafkkafn!ä%,doa woyia lrkq ,nkafka udOH ms<snඳ kHdhlafkdue;s ldrKh hs. tys lsisu i;H;djla fkdue;snjg ;¾l lrk fyf;u udOHhg jv jvd;a <xùu;=<ska isÿ jkafka tys h:dj jv jvd;a wvqùug ,lajknjhs. rEmjdyskhg úfYaIs;j fyf;u fufia mji hs.

“rEmjdysksh fkdkj;ajdu úldYkh fõ. ksrka;rfhkakd,sldfjka kd,sldjg udreùu tys fudaykh hs.lsisfjla thg jiඟ fkdjk w;r úfkdaohla o ke;.th yqÿ ld¾hhla muKs. kshu mdmkaÿ ;r.hla,rEmjdyskfhka úldYkh flfrk ;r.hla iu.iiඳkak. kshu ;r.h WKqiqï, yeඟ=ïnr, jf.a urx.kSh hs. fojekak yiqrejk iy md,kh lrk ,oaols.th bÈßhg iy miqmig h<s Odjkh ùu fuka u iómrEmj, ifudaOdkhls. rEmjdyskfha uඳ wdf,dalh ;jÿrg;a m%;srEmhla fkdfõ. th ñ:Hdj yd *ekagishix,l,kh jQ iskudfõ mßl,amkh fuka fkdfõ.‘fg,s-wjldYh’ ;=< ia:djr jQ ;;a;ajhla fkdue;.l;sldj fuka fkdj äðg,a f,dalhg O%ejhla ke;.;sfnkqfha o;a; msßieliSu muKs. iEu mqoa.,fhla u;ukaf.au jQ m¾hka;hls. rEmjdysksh ikaksfõokhfkdlrhs. bf,lafg%dksl wixfõÈ;ajfha iïnkaO;djlamuKs. rEmjdyskh th iu.u l;d nyl fhfohs. wmwkqnoaOj we;af;a udkj-hka;% mßm:hla f,ih” (tu(134-135).

fuu udOH N+ñldj fl;rï ;SrKd;aul yd my;a;;a;ajhlg weo jeà o hkakg hï u;=msg ;lafiarejlalr .ekSug The Washington Post iy The NewyorkTimes hk mqj;am;aj,g tla;rd wdldrhl iajhxúfõpkhl fh§u iඳyd n,lrkq ,eîu isysm;a lsÍum%udKj;a h. Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s hqouh jd;djrKh ydneඳුKq ;;a;ajh óg fndfyda fihska fjkia fkdúKs.fjkila mej;sfha kï ta wfußldkq iudch úiska trgudOH wdh;k flfrys mYapd;a hqo ld,Skj oela jQ hï



hï úfrdaO;d fya;=fjka ta ms<snඳ kej; yeÍ ne,SugudOH wdh;kj,g isÿùu fjkqjg ,xldfõ mYapd;a hqold,Sk iudch tjeks n,mEula fyda fkdfldg ish,a,idOdrKSlrKh lr Ndr .ekSu h.

hqoaO ch.%yKfha kdufhka ´kEu i;H úlD;s lsÍula,u¾okhla bjid isàu h. tfy;a tfia ùS we;af;a ukaohk ldrKhg ms<s;=re f.dkq lsÍfï § wmf.a m%ia;+;fhab,lalh imqrd .ekSug yelsfjkq we;. tkï ,dxflahoDIaájdofha iqúfYaI;ajhka tys§ yඳුkd .ekSug ,efnkqwe;s w;r wfkla w;g hqoaO ld,Sk l%shdodufhau È.=jla f,i ckudOHh ;jÿrgla fycfudkshyd oDIaájdoh kv;a;= lsÍfï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.khkq ,nhs. “,xldfõ ckudOHfõ§ka jD;a;ShNdjhlafmkakqï lsÍug iu;a ù ke;. ckudOHfõ§kaf.aixl,am oekqu ;sfnkafka È<sÿ ;;a;ajhlh. jD;a;ShwNsudkhla we;af;a u ke;s ;rï h. iDcq yd wkshï f,iwh:d ,dN ,eîu iq,n ,laIKhlaj mj;S. ckudOHysñlrefjda wka;¾.;hg weඟs,s .ikjd muKla fkdjwka;¾.;h wjidk jYfhka ;Skaÿ lrkakka f,i ol%shd lr;s. ixf,aLH ksoyi (Editorial Independence).ek ckudOHfõ§kag n,j;a yeඟSula we;af;a u ke;s;rï h. n,fha isák wdKavq lrk jerÈ fy<sorõlrk fyda fmkajd fok m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajdf.khdu fjkqjg wkq.ukh lrñka isákqfha md,lhdf.awikaf;daIhg fya;= fkdjk j¾.jdohg, wd.ïjdohg,fyda ñ:Hd úYajdihkag nr ;nd l%shdlrk m%;sm;a;shls”(whsjka, 2015).

fï wkqj wd.ïjdoh, j¾.jdoh flfrys nr ;eîu isÿjkafka ysñlrejkaf.a ´kE tmdlï u; muKla fkdjth myiqfjka wf,ú l< yels NdKavhla jk ksid njwu;l fkdl< hq;= h. ‘myiqfjka wf,ú l< yels’hkafkys wre; m%Yak lsÍulska f;drj leue;af;ka ndr.ekSug ckhd ie§ meye§ isák njls. ta ksidu ta ;=<mj;akd fycfudksl wjldYh;a, oDIaÜjdÈ ieleiau;afkd;ld fkdy< hq;= h.

ks.ukh

úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOH u.ska ffoksl Ôú;fha w;aolskish,a, yqfola ±lSu (seem) u; mokïjQ f;dr;=reúඳ .ekSula muKla fkdj ikaksfõolhdf.a fukau .%dylhdf.a o, oelaug (gaze) wkqj fm<.iajk,o rEmuh yd ix×¾:uh m%ldYkhls. th md,k;ka;%fha fycfudksh f.dvkexùug fyda kv;a;=lsÍug;a, th úiska wNHdi lrk ,o ;;ald,SkiudÔh oDIaájdoh ;yjqre lsÍug;a Ndú; flfrhs.ta w¾:fhka ckudOH u.ska yqfola f;dr;=re jd¾;dlsÍula muKla isÿ fkdjk w;r f;dr;=re ksIamdokhlafyda m%;sksIamdokhla isÿ fjhs. tys§ m%d:ñl NdKavksIamdokhl§ fuka u hï hï wuqøjH tl;= lsÍu;a,hï hï wuqøjH neyer lsÍu;a, m%d.aOkh fyda fj<ඳm<;¾lKh;a, ysñldß;ajfha wNs,dIhka wd§ ´kEu fya;=

idOlhla wvq jeä jYfhka n,meje;aúh yelsh. ta wkqjf;dr;=re úlD;s lsÍï fuka u f;dr;=re yrKhka,ujdmEï wd§ jYfhka kdkdúO M, w;aúඳිh yelsh. fïl=ula isÿ jqj o, wjidk w¾:fhka oDIH ikaksfõokhhkq ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd w;r isÿjk yqÿf;dr;=re yqjudrejla muKla fkdj ‘mdrfN!;slikaksfõok l%shdj,shla’ neõ ks.ukh l< yelsh. ukao h;a Bg iudc h:d¾:fha iïnkaOhla mej;sh yels;rug u fkdmej;sh yels wjOdkula o, mj;sk neúks.

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%h

whsjka, úlag¾. (2015). whdf,a hk ckudOH, uyr.u (rdjh m%ldYlfhda.

pdñkao, iqñ;a (2003). mYapd;a udlaiajdohg yeඳිkaùula-oDIaájdoh yd l;sld úYaf,aIKh, X lKavdhfïwNHka;r wOHhk ljhg bÈßm;a l< m;%sldj, msgq24 (wuqøs;hs).

ckrxck, fla. ví,sõ (2015-11-25) fm.j 11.45, rdjhld¾hd,h, uyr.u.

rxckS, iS;d (2011). woyia >d;kfha f.dÿre, fld<U (ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh.

,shkf.a fi!uH (2014-11-16). wreu mqÿu rEm fmÜáh-mshf¾ fndaÈhq, rdjh. 16 msg.

úfÊ;=x., .dñKS. (2003). Y%sS ,xldfõ mqj;am;a whs;shyd foaYmd,k ikaksfõoh, kqf.af.dv ( iriúm%ldYlfhda.

ùrisxy áhqv¾ 2011(130, udlaiajd§ yd kj udlaiajd§ixy;sl udOH kHdh, iriú m%ldYlfhda, kqf.af.dv.

ùrisxy, m%§ma. (2013). ckudOHfõoh( kHdh, Ndú;h iy.eg¨, fld<U ( iageï*¾âf,ala m%ldYk.

fydalskaia, l%sia iy fcúfgla fIdrdka, (2015) fIdkafn!øs,doa rEmuh kshuqjla Introducing Baudrillard:AGrapic Guide, isxy, mßj¾;kh-WÈ; w,yfldaka).ïmy, Nine Publishing.

*drela, ,;S*a. (2007). ;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOfha ienEuqyqKqjr (War On Terrorism;The Untold Truths)isxy, mßj¾;kh - fla.ta.tka. fmf¾rd, uyr.u (rdjh m%ldYk.

Althusser, Louis (1971).Lenin and Philosopy and OtherEssays: Tra Andy Bluden, Ideology and IdeologicalState Apparatuses, Monthly Review Press.



Edward, S. Herman and Chomsky, Noam (1988).Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy ofthe Mass Media, New York City : Pantheon Books.

Gramsci, Antonio (2007). Prison notes, London: ElecBook.

Hilligoss Susan Howard Tharon (2002). Visual Com-munication; A writer.s Guide,Longman Publishers,London.

Hornby,A.S (2005) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dic-tionary Of Current English(seventh edition) OxfordUniversity press.

Laclau Ernesto and Mouffe Chantal (1985), Hegemonyand Socialist Strategy, London: VERSO.

Lane J, Richard (2000). Jean Baudrillard, Routledge, 11New Fetter Lane, London.

Lippmann, Walter (1932). Interpretation, The Macmil-lan Company,London.

McNair, Brian (1995). An Introduction To PoliticalCommunication(Third Edition), London and NewYork:Routledge.

Pips, Daniel (1996). The Gulf War Did NotTake Place By Jean Baudrillard,MiddleEast Forum (Retrived April 25, 2015 Fromhttp://www.danielpipes.org/696/the-gulf-war-did-not-take-place).

Torfin, Jacob (1999). New Reflections On the Revolu-tion OF Our Time,London:Verso.

Weerasinghe, Pradeep N. and Rao, S. (2011). CoveringTerrorism in South Asian Journalism: Journal OfJournalism Practices, 5:4, 414-428:Rutledge.


3

k nmmhnv o gpk irlhwqë - sab.ac.lk · pxg.kod hqt.t qm l_\n oundind l inv

Documents