Junior High American Junior High American HistoryHistory

Chapter 14Chapter 14

The Age of ReformThe Age of Reform

(1820-1860)(1820-1860)

ObjectivesObjectives

Describe the various reform movements Describe the various reform movements of the mid-1800s and the development of of the mid-1800s and the development of American artists and writersAmerican artists and writers

List important abolitionist and List important abolitionist and summarize the arguments of those who summarize the arguments of those who supported slavery and those who fought supported slavery and those who fought against itagainst it

Describe the relationship between the Describe the relationship between the women’s movement and summarize the women’s movement and summarize the progress of women in the 1800sprogress of women in the 1800s

Chapter 14 Section 1Chapter 14 Section 1Social ReformSocial Reform

A new reforming spirit arose in A new reforming spirit arose in American in the early 1800s. This American in the early 1800s. This

reforming spirit sought to extend the reforming spirit sought to extend the nation’s ideals of liberty and equality nation’s ideals of liberty and equality

to all Americansto all Americans

The spirit of reform brought The spirit of reform brought changes to many areaschanges to many areas ReligionReligion PoliticsPolitics EducationEducation ArtArt LiteratureLiterature

Some reformers sought to improve Some reformers sought to improve society by forming utopiassociety by forming utopias Communities based on a vision of a Communities based on a vision of a

perfect societyperfect society

Religious InfluenceReligious Influence

In the early 1800s a wave of In the early 1800s a wave of religious fervor stirred the nationreligious fervor stirred the nation Known as the Second Great AwakeningKnown as the Second Great Awakening

Began with frontier camp meetings Began with frontier camp meetings called called revivalsrevivals

Revivals often made men and women Revivals often made men and women eager to reform both their own lives eager to reform both their own lives and the worldand the world

War Against AlcoholWar Against Alcohol

Religious leaders stood at the Religious leaders stood at the forefront of the war against alcoholforefront of the war against alcohol

Reformers blamed alcohol for many Reformers blamed alcohol for many thingsthings PovertyPoverty Break up of familiesBreak up of families CrimeCrime InsanityInsanity

Called for Called for temperance temperance Drinking little to no alcoholDrinking little to no alcohol

Lyman Beecher and other Lyman Beecher and other temperance crusaders used lectures, temperance crusaders used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of the dangers of to warn people of the dangers of liquorliquor

Gained a MAJOR victory in 1851 Gained a MAJOR victory in 1851 Maine passed a law banning the Maine passed a law banning the

manufacture and sale of alcoholic manufacture and sale of alcoholic beveragesbeverages

Reforming EducationReforming Education

Reformers also focused on educationReformers also focused on education

Argued that the poor state of Argued that the poor state of education threatened the nation’s well education threatened the nation’s well beingbeing

In the early 1800s, only New England In the early 1800s, only New England provided free elementary educationprovided free elementary education

The leader of the educational reform The leader of the educational reform was Horace Mannwas Horace Mann A lawyer who became the head of the A lawyer who became the head of the

Massachusetts board of education in Massachusetts board of education in 18371837

Made many improvements to schoolsMade many improvements to schools Lengthened the school year to six monthsLengthened the school year to six months Made improvements in curriculumMade improvements in curriculum Doubled teacher salariesDoubled teacher salaries Developed better ways to train teachersDeveloped better ways to train teachers

Believed that education was vital to Believed that education was vital to democracydemocracy

Founded the first state-supported Founded the first state-supported normal schoolnormal school School for training high-school School for training high-school

graduates as teachersgraduates as teachers

“If we do not prepare our children to be good citizens, then our republic must go down to destruction, as others have gone before it.”

Horace Mann

By the 1850s all states had accepted three By the 1850s all states had accepted three basic principles of public educationbasic principles of public education

Schools should be free and supported by taxesSchools should be free and supported by taxes Teachers should be trainedTeachers should be trained Children should be required to attend schoolChildren should be required to attend school

Most women received a limited educationMost women received a limited education Based on the belief that a woman’s primary Based on the belief that a woman’s primary

role was wife and motherrole was wife and mother African Americans in all parts of the African Americans in all parts of the

country had few opportunities to go to country had few opportunities to go to schoolschool

Cultural TrendsCultural Trends

The changes taking place in The changes taking place in American Society influenced Art and American Society influenced Art and Literature.Literature.

American painters started choosing American painters started choosing subjects that were specifically subjects that were specifically AmericanAmerican American LandscapesAmerican Landscapes WildlifeWildlife Native American Life in the WestNative American Life in the West

TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists

Stressed the relationship between Stressed the relationship between humans and nature as well as the humans and nature as well as the importance of the individual importance of the individual conscienceconscience

Margaret FullerMargaret Fuller Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau Thoreau put his beliefs into practice Thoreau put his beliefs into practice

through civil disobedience or refusing through civil disobedience or refusing to obey laws he thought were unjustto obey laws he thought were unjust

Chapter 14 Section 2Chapter 14 Section 2The AbolitionistsThe Abolitionists

The spirit of reform that swept the The spirit of reform that swept the United States in the early 1800s was United States in the early 1800s was not limited to improving education not limited to improving education and expanding the arts. It also and expanding the arts. It also included the efforts of abolitionistsincluded the efforts of abolitionists Members of the growing band of Members of the growing band of

reformers who worked to abolish reformers who worked to abolish slaveryslavery

Even before the American Even before the American Revolution some Americans had Revolution some Americans had tried to limit or end slaverytried to limit or end slavery

By the early 1800s Northern states By the early 1800s Northern states had ended slaveryhad ended slavery

The religious revival and the reform The religious revival and the reform movement of the early and mid-movement of the early and mid-1800s gave new life to the 1800s gave new life to the antislavery movementantislavery movement

The first large-scale antislavery effort The first large-scale antislavery effort was not aimed at abolishing slavery was not aimed at abolishing slavery but at resettling African Americans in but at resettling African Americans in Africa or the CaribbeanAfrica or the Caribbean

American Colonization SocietyAmerican Colonization Society The Society did not halt the growth of The Society did not halt the growth of

slaveryslavery Most African Americans did not want to Most African Americans did not want to

go to Africago to Africa The simply wanted to be free in The simply wanted to be free in

American SocietyAmerican Society

Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison stimulated the growth of the stimulated the growth of the antislavery movementantislavery movement

He founded his own newspaper He founded his own newspaper The The Liberator Liberator in Boston in 1831.in Boston in 1831.

He was the first white abolitionist to He was the first white abolitionist to call for the “immediate and complete call for the “immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people”.emancipation of enslaved people”.

Attracted enough followers to start Attracted enough followers to start the New England Antislavery Societythe New England Antislavery Society

Among the first women who spoke Among the first women who spoke out publicly against slaver were out publicly against slaver were Sarah and Angelina GrimkeSarah and Angelina Grimke

Angelina Grimke and her husband, Angelina Grimke and her husband, abolitionist Theodore Weld, Wrote abolitionist Theodore Weld, Wrote American Slavery As It Is in 1839American Slavery As It Is in 1839..

The abolition of slavery was an The abolition of slavery was an especially important goal to the free especially important goal to the free African Americans of the North, who African Americans of the North, who numbered about 250,000 in 1850.numbered about 250,000 in 1850.

African Americans took active part African Americans took active part in organizing and direction the in organizing and direction the American Antislavery Society.American Antislavery Society.

Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm started the first African American started the first African American newspaper newspaper Freedom’s JournalFreedom’s Journal

Frederick Douglass was the most widely Frederick Douglass was the most widely know African American abolitionistknow African American abolitionist

Taught himself to read and writeTaught himself to read and write He was a powerful speakerHe was a powerful speaker

““What, to the American slave ,is your Forth What, to the American slave ,is your Forth of July? I answer: a day that reveals to of July? I answer: a day that reveals to him more than all other in the year, the him more than all other in the year, the

gross injustice and cruelty to which he is gross injustice and cruelty to which he is constant victim. To him, your celebration constant victim. To him, your celebration

is a sham…your national greatness, is a sham…your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless…your shouts of are empty and heartless…your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery.”liberty and equality, hollow mockery.”

For 16 years he For 16 years he edited an edited an antislavery antislavery newspaper newspaper called the called the North North Star.Star.

He insisted that He insisted that African African Americans Americans receive not just receive not just their freedom their freedom but full equality but full equality with whites as with whites as well.well.

Some abolitionist risked prison or Some abolitionist risked prison or death by secretly helping enslaved death by secretly helping enslaved Africans escape.Africans escape.

The secret network of escape routes The secret network of escape routes out of the South became known as out of the South became known as the Underground Railroad.the Underground Railroad.

Had no trains or tracksHad no trains or tracks Traveled through the night, often on Traveled through the night, often on

foot and went north guided by the foot and went north guided by the North Star.North Star.

During the day During the day passengers rested passengers rested

at “Stations” at “Stations” barns, attics, barns, attics,

church basements, church basements, or other places or other places where fugitives where fugitives could rest, eat, could rest, eat,

and hide until the and hide until the next night’s next night’s

journey. The journey. The railroad’s railroad’s

“conductors” were “conductors” were whites and African whites and African

Americans who Americans who helped guide helped guide

slaves to freedom.slaves to freedom.

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

Escaped from slavery Escaped from slavery to become the most to become the most famous conductor on famous conductor on the Underground the Underground RailroadRailroad

Was never capturedWas never captured The Underground The Underground

railroad only helped a railroad only helped a small number of small number of enslaved people but it enslaved people but it gave tremendous hopegave tremendous hope

Chapter 14 Section 3Chapter 14 Section 3The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement

In the early 1800s, American women In the early 1800s, American women lacked many of the rights that men lacked many of the rights that men enjoyedenjoyed

The law treated women like childrenThe law treated women like children Unmarried women came under the Unmarried women came under the

authority of their fathers or nearest authority of their fathers or nearest male relativesmale relatives

Women and ReformWomen and Reform

Women played a major role in all the Women played a major role in all the American reform movements of the American reform movements of the 1800s.1800s.

Some men believe that women should Some men believe that women should not speak in public or publish their not speak in public or publish their writingswritings

Women abolitionists became the first Women abolitionists became the first American American feministsfeminists People who work for women’s rights and People who work for women’s rights and

improve women’s lives and win equal rightsimprove women’s lives and win equal rights

The Seneca Falls The Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and a few other women Lucretia Mott, and a few other women organized the first women’s rights organized the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York.convention in Seneca Falls, New York.

The convention issued a Declaration of The convention issued a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions modeled on Sentiments and Resolutions modeled on the Declaration of Independence.the Declaration of Independence.

Called for an end to all laws that Called for an end to all laws that discriminated against womendiscriminated against women

The most controversial issue at the The most controversial issue at the convention concerned women’s suffrageconvention concerned women’s suffrage

The Seneca Falls Convention paved The Seneca Falls Convention paved the way for the growth of the women’s the way for the growth of the women’s right movementright movement

Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s rights, temperance and the reform of rights, temperance and the reform of New York property and divorce lawsNew York property and divorce laws

She also wanted equal pay for women, She also wanted equal pay for women, college training for girls and college training for girls and coeducationcoeducation The teaching of boys and girls togetherThe teaching of boys and girls together