U.S. History Chapter 16 Sectional Differences Chapter 16 Sectional Differences Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 2 River Transportation Prior to 1807 river travel only went downstream. Most people used flatboats Traveling upstream was hard and slow 1807 Robert Fulton created the first operational steamboat named the Clermont Clermont traveled from New York City to Albany in 32 hours The steamboat revolutionized river travel This idea spread throughout the nation and made travel & trade easier & cheaper Prior to 1807 river travel only went downstream. Most people used flatboats Traveling upstream was hard and slow 1807 Robert Fulton created the first operational steamboat named the Clermont Clermont traveled from New York City to Albany in 32 hours The steamboat revolutionized river travel This idea spread throughout the nation and made travel & trade easier & cheaper Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 3 Fitchs First Steamboat Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 4 Robert Fulton Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 5 Clermont Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 6 Ocean Travel 1842 China opened for trade and Chinese tea had a high demand in America. Most ships could only sail to China and back in 6 months (most tea spoiled) 1841 John Griffiths designed a ship with a knife shaped bow that sliced through the water. These ships were called Clippers (Clip meant a fast pace) Clippers traveled to China and back in about 3 months Clippers also ran from New York to San Francisco Clipper era lasted about 20 years 1842 China opened for trade and Chinese tea had a high demand in America. Most ships could only sail to China and back in 6 months (most tea spoiled) 1841 John Griffiths designed a ship with a knife shaped bow that sliced through the water. These ships were called Clippers (Clip meant a fast pace) Clippers traveled to China and back in about 3 months Clippers also ran from New York to San Francisco Clipper era lasted about 20 years Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 7 Clipper Ship Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 8 John Griffiths Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 9 Railroads Railroad overtook river travel. Railroads could go anywhere, and they were faster First successful locomotive was in South Carolina in 1831 By 1860 America had over 30,000 miles of railroads (enough to cross the country 10 times) Early railroads were not safe, comfortable, or reliable, but people continued to ride them Railroad overtook river travel. Railroads could go anywhere, and they were faster First successful locomotive was in South Carolina in 1831 By 1860 America had over 30,000 miles of railroads (enough to cross the country 10 times) Early railroads were not safe, comfortable, or reliable, but people continued to ride them Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 10 Early Locomotive Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 11 Simple steam engine a simplified triple- expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue) to the condenser. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 12 Mechanics of an early steam engine Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) Railroad Map Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 14 Stage coach attacked Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 15 Communication 1832 Samuel Morse began experimenting with sending electricity along wires Morse and Alfred Vail developed the dot-dash communication system that is today called Morse code 1843 Congress funded an experimental telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore May 24, 1844 the first telegraph message was sent saying What hath God Wrought! Telegraph revolutionized communication. People could get news and send messages instantly. By ,000 miles of telegraph line crossed the nation 1832 Samuel Morse began experimenting with sending electricity along wires Morse and Alfred Vail developed the dot-dash communication system that is today called Morse code 1843 Congress funded an experimental telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore May 24, 1844 the first telegraph message was sent saying What hath God Wrought! Telegraph revolutionized communication. People could get news and send messages instantly. By ,000 miles of telegraph line crossed the nation Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 16 Samuel Morse Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 17 Original Telegraph Machine Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 18 Telegraph Operation Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 19 Northern Economy Northern economy exploded between 1840 & 1860 Farming improved due to new ideas: 1837 John Deere made a lightweight steel plow 1831 Cyrus McCormick created a reaper that harvested 14 times more grain than two men 1830s Walter Hunt created a sewing machine, but didnt patent it Patent is the exclusive right to use, make, or sell the invention. 1840s Elias Howe created a sewing machine and patented it. He went to England and marketed it, but when he returned, Isaac Singer had already sold a similar product in the U.S. Howe sued Singer and won a royalty, or payment for all the sewing machines that he sold. The two later struck a deal and put their ideas together and mass produced one machine. The machine put seamstresses out of business. Clothes were now made cheaper and faster, and were more available to everyone Northern economy exploded between 1840 & 1860 Farming improved due to new ideas: 1837 John Deere made a lightweight steel plow 1831 Cyrus McCormick created a reaper that harvested 14 times more grain than two men 1830s Walter Hunt created a sewing machine, but didnt patent it Patent is the exclusive right to use, make, or sell the invention. 1840s Elias Howe created a sewing machine and patented it. He went to England and marketed it, but when he returned, Isaac Singer had already sold a similar product in the U.S. Howe sued Singer and won a royalty, or payment for all the sewing machines that he sold. The two later struck a deal and put their ideas together and mass produced one machine. The machine put seamstresses out of business. Clothes were now made cheaper and faster, and were more available to everyone Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 20 John Deere Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 21 Deeres steel plow Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 22 Cyrus McCormick Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 23 Cyrus McCormicks Reaper Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 24 Replica of Reaper Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 25 Walter Hunt Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 26 Elias Howe Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 27 Isaac Singer Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 28 Labor & Working Conditions In the early 1800s working conditions in northern factories were terrible. Early factories treated their workers well, but as industries grew larger, things became less personal and owners cared less about employees. In 1851 most workers received between $4 & $6 per week. Children made up 1/3 of the factory workers (paid 11 cents per day) Work week was 6 days (Sunday off) & days were at least 12 hours Many workers were killed, crippled, or injured on the job. In the early 1800s working conditions in northern factories were terrible. Early factories treated their workers well, but as industries grew larger, things became less personal and owners cared less about employees. In 1851 most workers received between $4 & $6 per week. Children made up 1/3 of the factory workers (paid 11 cents per day) Work week was 6 days (Sunday off) & days were at least 12 hours Many workers were killed, crippled, or injured on the job. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 29 4-year-old Mary,.shucks oysters Dunbar, Louisiana Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 30 Factories Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 31 Child Labor Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 32 Child Labor Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 33 Labor Unions Form Labor Unions are organizations that try to improve working conditions Labor Unions slowly formed in the early 1800s Some Unions went on strike (refused to work until demands were met), but strikes were illegal and failed in the early union days Female workers also created unions to challenge their lower wages and working conditions Labor Unions are organizations that try to improve working conditions Labor Unions slowly formed in the early 1800s Some Unions went on strike (refused to work until demands were met), but strikes were illegal and failed in the early union days Female workers also created unions to challenge their lower wages and working conditions Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 34 Labor Unions Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 35 Immigrants Immigrants are people that come to a country to live there permanently. 4.2 million immigrants entered the U.S. between 1840 & The two largest groups were the Germans and Irish. Irish made up 40 % of all immigrants Most settled on the east coast where they had entered the U.S. These immigrants provided a large portion of the unskilled labor needed in factories. Immigrants are people that come to a country to live there permanently. 4.2 million immigrants entered the U.S. between 1840 & The two largest groups were the Germans and Irish. Irish made up 40 % of all immigrants Most settled on the east coast where they had entered the U.S. These immigrants provided a large portion of the unskilled labor needed in factories. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 36 Irish Immigrants leaving for America Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 37 Ellis Island Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 38 Immigrants at Ellis Island Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 39 THE NEW COLOSSUS Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset- gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin-cities frame. Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp! cries she, With silent lips. Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! THE NEW COLOSSUS Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset- gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin-cities frame. Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp! cries she, With silent lips. Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 40 Irish Immigration Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 41 German Immigration Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 42 Immigrant Acceptance Most immigrants assimilated, or adopted the manners and language of the U.S., but they also brought their own cultures and beliefs with them. Many in the U.S. did not accept immigrants. These people were called Nativists. Nativists wanted to deny citizenship and rights to immigrants. They formed a political party known as the American Party, but it was called the Know- Nothing Party Immigrants did gain their citizenship and rights. The right to vote made the large immigrant populations very powerful. Most immigrants assimilated, or adopted the manners and language of the U.S., but they also brought their own cultures and beliefs with them. Many in the U.S. did not accept immigrants. These people were called Nativists. Nativists wanted to deny citizenship and rights to immigrants. They formed a political party known as the American Party, but it was called the Know- Nothing Party Immigrants did gain their citizenship and rights. The right to vote made the large immigrant populations very powerful. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 43 Know Nothing Party Flag Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 44 African Americans in the North Most Northern states had emancipation laws by the 1800s. Blacks were free, but they constantly faced discrimination (meaning they were not treated fairly) Blacks could not vote, could not serve on a jury, could not serve in Congress, could not ride in the same carriage or work in the same buildings as whites Blacks seldom received good jobs Despite this discrimination, some free blacks were successful. Most Northern states had emancipation laws by the 1800s. Blacks were free, but they constantly faced discrimination (meaning they were not treated fairly) Blacks could not vote, could not serve on a jury, could not serve in Congress, could not ride in the same carriage or work in the same buildings as whites Blacks seldom received good jobs Despite this discrimination, some free blacks were successful. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 45 The South South was very different from the north. South was rural, agricultural, not many large cities, goods were purchased from the north. Southerners prided themselves on tradition The south was made up mostly of small farms owned by yeoman farmers (small farmers) South was very different from the north. South was rural, agricultural, not many large cities, goods were purchased from the north. Southerners prided themselves on tradition The south was made up mostly of small farms owned by yeoman farmers (small farmers) Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 46 Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 47 King Cotton In colonial times rice, indigo, and tobacco were the large southern crops. The Industrial revolution and textile mills created an enormous demand for cotton. Cotton was a labor intensive crop. Picking the seeds took many man hours and slowed the production process In 1793 Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, which was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton. Production skyrocketed The Cotton Gin made cotton the souths most important cash crop and the chief export of the United States. Plantations spread throughout the southern states The North demanded cotton and the south supplied it. They relied on one another. In colonial times rice, indigo, and tobacco were the large southern crops. The Industrial revolution and textile mills created an enormous demand for cotton. Cotton was a labor intensive crop. Picking the seeds took many man hours and slowed the production process In 1793 Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, which was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton. Production skyrocketed The Cotton Gin made cotton the souths most important cash crop and the chief export of the United States. Plantations spread throughout the southern states The North demanded cotton and the south supplied it. They relied on one another. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 48 Eli Whitney Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 49 Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 50 Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 51 Cotton Gin Advertisement Changes in Cotton Production Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports A Real Georgia Plantation Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 55 Southern Agriculture Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 56 Slavery African slavery always existed in the south. Before the cotton boom, slave labor was not in demand any longer The U.S. banned the slave trade with Africa in The cotton boom increased demand for slave labor. Slaves were now harder to come by, so the price of a slave went up. In 1790 a slave cost $300-$350. In 1860 one slave usually cost around $1,500. Between 1790 & 1860 slaves in the south increased from 500,000 to over 4 million Slaves were the most valuable property in the south. African slavery always existed in the south. Before the cotton boom, slave labor was not in demand any longer The U.S. banned the slave trade with Africa in The cotton boom increased demand for slave labor. Slaves were now harder to come by, so the price of a slave went up. In 1790 a slave cost $300-$350. In 1860 one slave usually cost around $1,500. Between 1790 & 1860 slaves in the south increased from 500,000 to over 4 million Slaves were the most valuable property in the south. Slave Auction Notice, 1823 Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 58 Slave Quarters Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 59 Slave Life Some slaves were house slaves, but most were field hands (worked in the fields) Everyone worked from sunup until they were instructed to stop. Children worked as young as four or five years old Slave Codes laws created in the south to control enslaved persons. They denied human rights to blacks Could not appear or testify in court, could not own property, could not strike a white, could not leave the plantation without permission, could not own guns, could not buy or sell goods, could not assemble without whites present, could not learn to read or write. Some slaves were house slaves, but most were field hands (worked in the fields) Everyone worked from sunup until they were instructed to stop. Children worked as young as four or five years old Slave Codes laws created in the south to control enslaved persons. They denied human rights to blacks Could not appear or testify in court, could not own property, could not strike a white, could not leave the plantation without permission, could not own guns, could not buy or sell goods, could not assemble without whites present, could not learn to read or write. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 60 Slave Culture Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 61 Slaves Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 62 Slave Sales Slaves were sold & purchased, b/c they were property. Most slaves were purchased at a slave auction. Families were regularly separated due to sales. Due to the breakup of families many slaves relied on their extended family (grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.) for support An overseer was placed in charge of slaves on the plantation when the master was away. Slaves were sold & purchased, b/c they were property. Most slaves were purchased at a slave auction. Families were regularly separated due to sales. Due to the breakup of families many slaves relied on their extended family (grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.) for support An overseer was placed in charge of slaves on the plantation when the master was away. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 63 Slave Auction Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 64 Runaways & Revolts Some slaves attempted to runaway Revolts were very rare, b/c the whites were so paranoid about them. Denmark Vesey was a free black that planned a revolt in Whites found out and executed Vesey and 35 others. Aug. 21, 1831 Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia. He & his followers killed his master & his family and killed 60 whites in 24 hours. Whites killed over 100 blacks trying to capture all the rebels. All were caught and executed. The revolts led to stricter control on slaves. Some slaves attempted to runaway Revolts were very rare, b/c the whites were so paranoid about them. Denmark Vesey was a free black that planned a revolt in Whites found out and executed Vesey and 35 others. Aug. 21, 1831 Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia. He & his followers killed his master & his family and killed 60 whites in 24 hours. Whites killed over 100 blacks trying to capture all the rebels. All were caught and executed. The revolts led to stricter control on slaves. Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 65 Nat Turners Revolt Chp 16 (Sectional Differences) 66 Nat Turner Slave Rebellio ns Througho ut the America s Slave Resistance 2.Refusal to work hard. 3.Isolated acts of sabotage. 4.Escape via the Underground Railroad. Runaway Slave Ads Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.