jucks sarp
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NASA AtmosphericComposition Research
Ken JucksProgram Manager, NASA Upper Atmosphere
Research Program
Student Airborne Research Program
July 13, 2009
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What defines Atmospheric Composition?What defines Atmospheric Composition?
3 All the stuff in the atmosphere that has an impact on human lives.
u The basic gases involved biological and anthropogenic processes (O2,CO2, N2O, CH4, CFCs, hydrocarbons, pollutants (NO, Ozone).
u The gases that are secondary products from chemistry that involves the
above gases (NO2, OH, HO2, O3,..)
u Aerosols (condensed gases, dust, organic reactants, sea salt, etc.)
u
Water in ALL its forms (gas, liquid, ice)!
3 The atmospheric constituents that constrain the radiative balance
of the atmosphere (i.e. climate forcing)
u Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFCs, etc.)
u Water in ALL its formsu Aerosols
2
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How is atmospheric research done atHow is atmospheric research done at
NASA?NASA?
3 Atmospheric Composition is divided up into 4 programs
u Upper Atmosphere Research Programu Tropospheric Chemistry Program
u Radiation Science Program
u Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program
3 Research is performed along the following lines:u Satellite observations of the atmosphere (Much more later)
u Airborne observations of the atmosphere (what you are here to learn
about!)
u Other suborbital observations of the atmosphere (sonde balloones and
LARGE high altitude balloons)u Ground based observations of the atmosphere.
u Modeling and data analysis studies using and/or tying togetherALL the
above observations.
3
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Upper Atmosphere Research ProgramUpper Atmosphere Research Program
3 Concentrates on observations that augment the satellite
observations of ozone and the composition of the stratosphere andupper troposphere.
3 High altitude airplane observations of O3, CFCs, water vapor, other
source gases that can deplete ozone, and the reactive free radicals
that directly react with ozone.
3 Higher altitude large balloon observations making similarmeasurements.
3 Ground based observations that provide the long term records of
ozone, ozone depleting substances, and reactive radicals.
3 Other observations that validate the satellite observations from the
Aura satellite.
3 Laboratory studies that help to interpret the observations from all of
the above.
4
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Ozone and ChlorineOzone and Chlorine
3In 1974, Richard Stolarski and Ralph Cicerone, then at
the University of Michigan, suggest that chlorine couldalso catalytically destroy ozone in the stratosphere. They
had been studying, for NASA, the possible impacts of solid
rocket propellants such as used by the Space Shuttle.
Stolarski Cicerone
Cl + O3 -> ClO +O2
ClO + O -> Cl + O2
Net: O + O3 -> 2O2
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AAOE: 8/23/87 & 9/16/87 Data:AAOE: 8/23/87 & 9/16/87 Data:
The Smoking GunThe Smoking Gun
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15x103
1 0
5
Altitude
(m
)
30252015
Total O rganic Brom ine (pm ol /mo l)
< > 20151050
Lat i tude
Tropical surface to stratosphere profile of
ozone-depleting bromine source gases
From NASA DC-8 and WB-57
Tropical surface sources of
short-lived organic bromine
Elevated levels above 20 ppb in
upper troposphere are a sign of
convective transport.
Decreasing levels signify
Transport through TropicalTropopause Layer (TTL)
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ER-2
track
H2O rh%
Ice: mg/m3ER2: Cloud Physics Lidar (upper)
WB57: In situ data (lower)
T (K)
supersat
O3
WB57
alt
Ice
Probing of a tropical subvisible cirrus layer with two planes during TC4
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High Altitude Balloon FlightsHigh Altitude Balloon Flights
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High Altitude Balloon DataHigh Altitude Balloon Data
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Examples of photochemistry studies from balloon dataExamples of photochemistry studies from balloon data
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AGAGE is distinguished
by its capability to
measure over the globe at
high frequency almost all
of the important speciesin the Montreal Protocol
to protect the ozone layer
and almost all of the
significant non-CO2 gases
in the Kyoto Protocol to
mitigate climate change.
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and Affiliated
Networks
The AGAGE, and its predecessors (the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment, ALE,
and the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, GAGE) have been measuring the
composition of the global atmosphere continuously since 1978.
SOGE: System for Observation of HalogenatedGreenhouse Gases in EuropeNIES: National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies, Japan
SNU: Seoul National University, Korea.AGAGE WEB SITE athttp://agage.eas.gatech.edu
The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE stations occupy
coastal & mountain sites around the world
chosen to provide accurate measurements
of trace gases whose lifetimes are long
compared to global atmospheric circulation
times.
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Tropospheric Organic Chlorine
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Network for the Detection of
Atmospheric Composition Change
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Satellite Measurements:
HALOE derived Cl. The solid
black line is the UNEP baseline
scenario lagged 5.3 years.
Ground-based Remote Sensing:Jungfraujoch Station Cl derived
from the summation of column
HCl, ClONO2, and modeled
background ClO.
Ground-based In Situ:
AGAGE data
Russell and Anderson, 2005)
Cl Time Series for 55 km, Column and Surface
S
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Radiation Sciences ProgramRadiation Sciences ProgramUnderstanding Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth SystemUnderstanding Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth System
Scientific Foci: Aerosols; optical properties
(microphysical and chemistry), sources,
transport, sinks, distribution
Clouds; optical properties (cirrus particle
shape), distribution, cloud meteorology
Aerosol Cloud Interactions; aerosol
impact on clouds and cloud properties
Radiative Transfer; emphasize 3D RT as
it relates to the effect of clouds on
radiative flux and remote sensing
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Projects typically funded in RSP: Analysis and modeling of satellite remote sensing and
other data (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI, CALIPSO,CloudSAT, Glory, )
Network measurements of radiation, aerosols andclouds for scientific investigations and satellitecalibration and validation
Field campaigns to measure aerosols, clouds andradiation (e.g., TC-4, ARCTAS, MACPEX, )
Laboratory studies to refine understanding of aerosoland cloud properties and the processes controllingthem
RSP funded tasks
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Th D i At h
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The Dynamic Atmosphere:
AERONET-Defining Aerosol Optical Properties
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Status:12 active sites
6 planned sites (in preparation)
6 proposed sites (funding dependent)12 short-term field campaigns
1 ocean cruise (two cruises pre-dating MPLNET are available)
Accomplishments: MPLNET has generated and contributed to over 30 peer reviewed
publications since 2000. Validation & algorithm development for ICESat & TOMS. CALIPSO pending. Cooperation with AERONET, modeling, and satellite groups led to
formulation of new Synergy Tool (online aerosol database)
Goddard team + 13 Partners compose MPLNET:NASA LaRC
NOAA ESRL
Naval Research Lab - MontereyJapans National Institute of Polar Research
Spains Instituto Nacional de Tcnica Aeroespacial - INTA
4 US Universities
2 Korean Universities
1 Taiwan University
1 Chinese University other partners pending
Objective: Long-term, local - regional - worldwide aerosol and cloud profile
observations using common instrument & data processing in a federated network
active sites
field campaigns
planned sites
proposed sites
former campaign, permanent site planned
former campaign, permanent site proposed
* Most sites are co-located with AERONET
* Campaigns utilize SMART-COMMIT and/or
MAARCO platforms
* line denotes research cruise
http://mplnet.gsfc.nasa.gov
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Observations of Saharan Dust Transport
Reid et al., JGR, 2003: Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE) in 2000
Pink dots indicate Marine Boundary Layer heights from nearby radiosonde
Aerosol & Cloud Extinction Profiles km-1
MPLNET Level 3 DataCabras Island Site
A l S Pl Ph i l Ch t i tiA l S Pl Ph i l Ch t i ti
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Aerosol Source Plume Physical CharacteristicsAerosol Source Plume Physical Characteristics
from MISR Space-based Multi-angle Imagingfrom MISR Space-based Multi-angle Imaging
From: R. Kahnet al.JGR2007 Wildfire smoke plumes tend to concentrate in layers of high relative atmospheric stabilitylayers of high relative atmospheric stability.
With buoyancy from a fire or volcanofire or volcano, they can reach stable layers above the boundary layerabove the boundary layer.The MISR plume height measurements can be used in models that predict aerosol transportin models that predict aerosol transport. The GEOS-CHEM ModelingGEOS-CHEM Modeling group at Harvard (J. Logan et al) is investigating this application.
0.0 0.6 1.2 0.0 1.2 2.4 0 5000 10,0001
2
3
4
5
MISR nadir view
Oregon wildfire Sept 04 2003 Smoke & bkgd aerosol amount ~Particle Size Smoke Plume Height
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
MISR Stereo-Derived Smoke Plume Height histograms for five patches, plus model-derived atmospheric stability profile
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CALIPSO Observations All 3 Lidar ChannelsCALIPSO Observations All 3 Lidar Channels
Desert
dust
Biomass
smoke
Cirrus
56.71
32.16
47.85
28.57
39.92
25.78
31.94
23.46
23.93
21.42
15.90
19.55
7.81
17.77
-0.23
16.05
-8.28
14.23
-16.31
12.56
-24.33
10.69
-32.32
8.64
-40.27
6.30
Altitude,
km
Altitude,
km
Altitude,km
Fire locations in southern
Africa from MODIS
10 June 2006
9 June 2006
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Quantitatively calculate intercontinental transport of dust (Kaufman et al.,
2005) or pollution (Yu et al. in preparation)
Observationally-based estimate of aerosol direct radiative effect (Remer and
Kaufman, 2006; Yu et al., 2006; Bellouin et al.2005; Chung et al., 2005)
Observationally-based estimate of oceanic aerosol anthropogenic component
or direct forcing (Kaufman et al. 2006)
Tool for operational air quality forecasts (Al Saadi et al. 2005)
MODIS Aerosol Products View the Global
Aerosol System in an Entirely New Way
Glory Instruments Measure ImportantGlory Instruments Measure Important
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Glory Instruments Measure ImportantGlory Instruments Measure Important
Parameters for Understanding ClimateParameters for Understanding Climate
APS Provides:
Determination of the global distribution of natural andanthropogenic aerosols and clouds with accuracy and
coverage sufficient for significantly improved quantification ofdirect and indirect aerosol climate effects:
Uncertainty in the effect of aerosols on global warmingaccounts for roughly 40 percent of the uncertainty in theradiative forcing function.
Retrieval of aerosol particle microphysical properties byinverting multi-angle and multi-spectral radiance andpolarization measurements will significantly extend the
information content concerning aerosols from multi-spectralinstruments such as MODIS and MISR. TIM Provides:
Continued measurement of the Total Solar Irradiance to determinethe Suns direct and indirect effect on the Earths climate. Total Solar Irradiance with precision of 10 ppm and accuracy of
100 ppm are needed to understand the role of the sun in climatechange and to understand the astrophysics of the nearest star tothe Earth.
Understanding climate variability and change requires measuring:
Aerosol Properties - optical thickness (/2), size (explicit),
shape (new), and refractive index (new)
Total Solar Irradiance
Glory Will Increase Our Understanding of
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Glory Will Increase Our Understanding of
the Earths Energy Budget
warming
cooling
Effective climate forcings (W/m2) (18802003)
Hansen et al., Science
308, 14311435 (2005)
Overlap of TIM Measurements
Enables Long-term Record
Direct/Indirect Aerosol Effects
Are Large and Uncertain
ARCTAS bl f d ll i d
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Analysis of ARCTAS measurements is showing that organic carbon contributessignificantlyto the CCN activity of fresh biomass burning plumes and thatquantifying the water soluble (organic/inorganic) carbon fraction is fundamentalto improved prediction of CCN.
Such improvement in CCN closure theory is critical to reducing uncertainty inprediction of aerosol indirect effects on climate, particularly given expected
changes in biomass burning.
ARCTAS measurements enable fundamentally improvedprediction of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) in biomassburning smoke plumes
10-X underprediction of CCN indicateslarge fraction of organics are watersoluble
Before:
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31
Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program
Modeling studies using NASA satellite data.
Modeling and analysis of NASA ground, airborne, and balloon
data sets.
Model development to improve atmosphere and climate change
prediction.
All of these studies are to advance the knowledge of the
fundamental processes of the atmosphere and its interaction with
the rest of the Earth Climate system.
GMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inGMI Reproduces Ozone Observations in
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GMI simulated ozone reproduces daily featuresGMI simulated ozone reproduces daily featuresseen by Auras Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) inseen by Auras Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in
thethe Lower StratosphereLower Stratosphere..
The seasonal cycle variability of AuraThe seasonal cycle variability of Aura
MLS O3 (shaded) is nearly matchedMLS O3 (shaded) is nearly matched
by GMI (red cross-hatched) for 2005.by GMI (red cross-hatched) for 2005.
Mean O3 values track each otherMean O3 values track each other
faithfully (black, MLS; red GMI).faithfully (black, MLS; red GMI).
GMI zonal mean column ofGMI zonal mean column ofTropospheriTroposphericc ozoneozone
nearly matches the Auranearly matches the AuraTroposphericTroposphericcolumn,column,(i.e., the difference between the OMI total ozone(i.e., the difference between the OMI total ozone
column and the stratospheric ozone columncolumn and the stratospheric ozone column
from MLS).from MLS).
GMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inGMI Reproduces Ozone Observations inboth the Stratosphere and Troposphereboth the Stratosphere and Troposphere
DU
DU
J F M A M J J A S O N D
OMI - MLS
2005 GMI
J F M A M J J A S O N D
90
60
300
-30
-60
-90
90
6030
0
-30
-60
-90
Latitude
75
0
75
0
DU
DU
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HIRDLS Cloud ExtinctionHIRDLS Cloud Extinction
HIRDLS, Steve Massie NCAR
April 2007
cloud occurrenceNorthern Winter 2006
cloud extinction
Thin clouds are difficult to detect from space. The first
comprehensive climatology of thin clouds has been
developed with the HIRDLS limb viewing IR radiometer. Tropical thin cirrus are important in controlling climate
change and water vapor in the the stratosphere. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are key players in
spring polar ozone depletion.
Comparisons with MLS relative humidity (RHI) andCALIPSO backscatter show good agreement.
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Combining OMI and MODIS allows for:- better estimates of aerosol height- better estimates of aerosol absorption- ability to characterize aerosol
absorption.
0.92
0.860.89
The combination of OMI/MODIS dataenables the determination of singlescattering albedo at 388 nm over 3 dust
regions during Jan 2006 with less certaintythan before combining sensors
Satheesh et al., (2009) JGR
idi l ( b i d
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Aerosol optical depth
Cloudfra
ction
All data
Koren et al. (2008) Science
At low AOD, increasing aerosol
increases cloud fraction via a microphysical pathwayAt high AOD, increasing aerosol decreases cloud fraction via a radiative pathway.
Davidi et al., (submitted toACP)
MODIS AOD
AIRSTemperature
850 mb
925 mb
1000 mb
Combining MODIS aerosol and cloud data with AIRS temperature profilesleads to a semi-quantitative understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions
In upper boundary layer (850 mb)
increasing aerosol increases temp(absorption)At surface (1000 mb) increasing aerosol decreases temperature (mostly from
increasing cloudiness through microphysical pathway.)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50.6
AOD=0.2
700 mb
Note turning point at AOD =
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