The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

JRC Emission-PECO Project and

Dioxin Emissions in Candidate Countries

P. Dilara, B. Paradiž, Emissions and Health Unit

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

The JRC is one of the twenty-four Directorate Generals of the European Commission

What is the Joint Research Centre?

CCRDG

RECHERCHEDG

BUDGETDG

AGRICULTURE DG

European Commission 20 Commissioners

Mr Philippe Busquin European Commissioner for Research

DGRESEARCH

DGJRC

DGENVIRONMENT

and TWENTYOTHER DGs

………

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European CommissionEmissions and Health Unit

Socio-Economic Drivers

Environmental Pressures

Environmental State Changes

Impacts

Policy Response

Changes in Transport / industry / society

Emissions

Air Quality

Impact on Ecosystems / human health

CAFÉ ProgrammeSectoral Directives

WIND

Laboratory

VELA

Laboratory

ERLAP

Laboratory

Mobile Labs

Exposure / epi / toxi studies

EHU

REM

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

• Activities of JRC to support enlargement

• Status of dioxin inventories in Candidate Countries

• CC dioxin sources profile

• Capacities at national level

• JRC small sources programme

Outline

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Enlargement Actions in JRC

• Emission-PECO and AIRPECO projects in EHU

• In total 18 Projects throughout JRC

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Emission-PECO

Set-up a network of laboratories on emissions (more than a 100 contact points up to now)

Harmonisation of measurements on emissions (round robin tests, intercalibration, training)

Review of emissions inventories, policies and measures (questionnaires, reports)

Transfer of know-how on emission measurements, EU emission regulations (visits, training, participation to/organisation of conferences)

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Main Focus

• Assist DG-ENV in implementing the Dioxin Strategy in Candidate Countries

– dioxin emissions and inventories

– policies and measures to reduce emissions

– training course on dioxin stack sampling and analysis

– intercomparison of dioxin analysis

– assessment of emissions due to household use of solid fuels and abuse of waste as fuel

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Status of Dioxin Inventories in CEEC

• CEEC: 7 out of 10 countries with 75 % of total CEEC population already presented their official inventory to CLRTAP

• Comparison with EU: 11 out of 15 countries with 78% of total EU

population already presented their official inventory to CLRTAP

• CEEC: Reported per capita dioxin emissions on average 0.03 TEQ mg in 1990

• EU: Reported per capita dioxin emissions on average 0.02 TEQ mg

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

[g I

-TE

Q]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

[µg I

-TE

Q/c

apita]

1990 1999 per capita1990

Dioxin emissions in CEEC as reported to CTLRAP

CEEC Mean Per capita

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

A B* D DK E EL F FIN I IRL L NL P S UK

[g I

-TE

Q]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

[µg I

-TE

Q/c

apita]

1990 1999 per capita 1990

Dioxin emissions in EU countries as reported to CTLRAP

EU Mean Per capita

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Reported sectorial profile of dioxin emissions - CC

Com

bustion in energy and transformation Industries

Non-industrial com

bustion plants

Com

bustion in industry P

roduction processes R

oad transport O

ther mobile sources

Waste treatm

ent

Slovenia

Slovakia

Lithuania

Bulgaria

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

sectorial share

[%]

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Reported sectorial profile of dioxin emissions - EU

Com

bustion in energy and trans...

Non-industrial com

bustion plants

Com

bustion in industry P

roduction processes S

olvents and other products use

Road transport O

ther mobile sources

Waste treatm

ent A

griculture

Other

Austria

Finland

France

Netherlands

UK

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

secto

rial sh

are

[%]

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Approaches for dioxin emission estimations

• Most CEEC use only literature derived emission factors

• Only two countries have performed an extensive, coordinated

measurement activity in order to determine national specific

emission factors for key sources

• Uncertainty of dioxin emission estimations likely higher than in

EU, due to specific national circumstances and use of non-

verified emission factors

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Ratio of dioxin to CO2 emissions wide range of EF

BulgariaLithuania

PolandSlovenia

Slovakia

Energy industries

Transport0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000T

EQ

dio

xin/

CO

2 em

issi

ons

ratio

[10

E-1

2]

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Ratio of national dioxin estimation submitted to CLRTAP to the TNO/UBA estimates for 1990

* CEEC with emission factors

derived from measurements

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Priority sectors *

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

uncontrolled landfill f ires

institut ional/ commercial combustion

municipal waste incinerators

co- combustuion waste derived fuel in industry

cement production&waste co- inceneration

industrial combustion

residential combustion - wood

residential combustion - coal

residential co- combustion of waste

transport

industrial waste incinerators

hospital waste incinerators

production non- ferrous metals

production iron&steel

powerplants

percents of answers

*for reducing of overall inventory uncertainty and focusing abatement measures Responses from 12 experts from CEEC to the JRC questionnaire

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

CC sources profile - waste incineration

BG CY CZ EE HU LV* LT MT***

PL RO SK SI* TR*Waste incineration

Number of municipal waste incinerators 0 0 3 # 1 0 1 0 2 0

Quantity of m.l waste incinerated [Gg] 0 0 339 # 348 0 2.9 0 179 0

N. of MWI in compliance with 2000/76 0 0 # # # 0 1 0 0 0

Number of hazardous waste incinerators 1 0 47 0 45 0 44 6 28 5

In compliance with 2000/76 0 0 # 0 # 0 8 0 6 3

Number of hospital waste incinerators 7 4 21 # 11 0 430 2 39 2

In compliance with 2000/76 1 1 # # # 0 20 0 9

Waste co-incinerated at

Powerplants + +

Cement kilns + + + + + + + +

Other +

No waste co-incineration +

# no data available form national contact point

*no response form to JRC questionnaire

SI- information preliminary assessed by JRC- do not quote

one order of magnitude lower quantity of MW incineration in CEEC than in EU (per capita)

Responses to the JRC questionnaire

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

CC sources profile - industrial activities

BG CY CZ EE HU LV* LT MT* PL RO SK SI* TR*

Potential industrial sources

Iron ore sintering + + + + + + + +

Electric arc furnaces + + + + + + +

Primary non-ferrous metalproduction

+ + + + + +

Secondary aluminium smelters + + + + + +

Other non-ferrous metal recovery + + + + +

*no response to the JRC questionnaire

SI- information preliminary assessed by JRC

Responses to the JRC questionnaire

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

CC sources profile - Iron&Steel

BG CZ HU PL RO SK TR EU

Rank among world crudesteel producing countries

- 23 - 19 27 32 17 -

total crude steelproduction [million tons]

- 6.2 - 10.5 4.8 3.7 15.0 158.9*

pig iron production[kg/ capita]

150 450 130 170 130 590 80 260

scrap steel consumption[kg/capita]

130 210 80 140 120 260 190 230

source: World Steel in Figures-2002 edition, International Iron and Steel Institute

200 data, 2001 where marked with *

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

CC sources profile - residential heating

BG CZ EE HU LT LV PL RO SI SK CC* EU**

coal [TJ / capita] 4.3 5.1 1.9 3.7 2.4 1.0 20.3 0.5 1.4 4.6 9.1 0.9

wood [TJ / capita] 4.2 5.6 18.3 5.1 5.9 15.4 3.3 8.6 7.6 4.1 5.6 1.9

share of flats withoutcentral heating [%]

81 3 34 44 8 30 33 60 14 8 38 23

CEEC: 10 times higher coal and 3 times higherwood per capita consumption in residentialsector than EU

Source: Energy Consumption in households, EUROSTAT, 1999 (data from 1995 (EU) and 1996 (CC)

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

EU vs. CC sectorial emissions

Range Snap activity EU 2000emission

share[%]

CCactivity

relative toEU

CCemissionsrelative to

EU

1 0202 Residential combustion - wood 21 + 0+2 030301 Sinter plants 12 - 0+3 090201 Municipal waste incineration - MWI 11 - - -4 090201 Hospital waste incineration 95 1201 Fires 8 0 0+6 0202 Residential combustion - coal 8 + + ++7 040309 Preservation of wood 88 090201 Municipal waste burning- illegal 4 + +9 090201 Hazardous waste incineration- HWI 4 - 0+10 040207 Electric furnace steel plants 3 -11 0701 Road transport 2 - 012 0301 Combustion in industry 2 0 013 040309 Non ferrous metal foundries 214 01 Power plants 2 0 +15 030310 Secondary aluminum production 216 030326 Metal reclamation from cables 1 0 ++

LUA - EU Dioxin Inventory Stage II data + estimations

very rough preliminary estimation

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

EU inventory uncertainty contribution

Range snap activity EU 2000 share in low –high estimate difference [%]

1 0202 Residential combustion - wood 222 030301 Sinter plants 183 090201 Municipal waste incineration -MWI 174 040309 Preservation of wood 55 090201 Hazardous waste incineration - HWI 56 090201 Municipal waste burning - illegal 57 040207 Electric furnace steel plants 58 090201 Hospital waste incineration 49 0202 Res. combustion- coal 310 1201 Fires 211 01 Power plants 212 030326 Metal reclamation from cables 213 040309 Non ferrous metal foundries 2

LUA - EU Dioxin Inventory Stage II

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Identified capacities at national level

Dioxin stack sampling groups + dioxin lab: • Czech republic,• Hungary, • Poland, • Slovenia.

Dioxin stack sampling group:

• Lithuania ?

Dioxin lab: • Slovakia, • Latvia ?

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Dioxin Labs Intercomparison Campaign

CC1 CC3

CC3

Bavel van B.: Final report Seventh Round of the International Intercalibration Study, 2002

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

JRC small sources programme

• Parallel approach: direct measurement of emissions and inverse modelling of dioxin ambient air concentrations

• New JRC small sources facility put into the operation– optimisation of the test ring to reflect real world conditions,– physical conditions identified which cause elevated dioxin conditions

from stoves in comparison with central heating boilers,– 2 additional visiting scientists from CC to work on the issue

• Inverse modelling– preliminary results of the evaluation of the data from Graz, Austria and

Krakow, Poland indicate high emission factors– new measuring campaigns planned for 2003/2004 heating season

The

Joi

nt R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

European Commission

Conclusions

• Emissions sources profile not uniform across the CC - national approach has to be followed

• Different source profile in CC than in EU - importance of the non-industrial sources might be higher

• Proficient stack sampling group exist in CC as well as some proven dioxin labs

• GEF supported enabling activities under POPs convention starting in CC - possible synergies with “Dioxin emissions in CC”