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A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ILORIN

METROPOLIS

MUHAMMED, Shuaib Abolakale

Department of Counsellor Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT: Alcohol has played a central role in almost all human cultures since Neolithic times. All

societies without exception make use of intoxicating substances, alcohol being by far the most common. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges associated with alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis with a specific objective of determining how variables such as school location and gender influence respondents’ perception on the challenges of alcohol consumption. A researcher developed questionnaire titled “Consequences of Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire (COACQ)” was used for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in analyzing the collected data. The demographic data of the respondents was evaluated using percentage and frequency count while the items on consequences of alcohol consumption were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA at 0.05 alpha levels. The results of the study showed that consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis includes; impaired thinking, liver problems such as fatty liver, reduced academic achievement, school dropout, mental disorder, truancy among others. The findings also revealed that there was no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis based on school location and gender.Based on the finding of the study, it was recommended that: preventive health education should be intensified in schools and media to raise students’ awareness of risks of alcohol consumption; education programme aimed at addressing drug abuse among students should be holistic and address both risk and protective factors; benefits of healthy lifestyle choices and development of skills needed in making informed and responsible decisions to resist drug abuse among secondary school students should be emphasized and counselors should create an awareness programme in school on the effects of drug use and abuse on the students and to the society as a whole.

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Vol. 2(2), pp. 070-084, June 2019 ISSN 2315-6179 DOI: 10.14412/SRI2019.84 Copyright© 2019 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Available online at http://www.scienceparkjournals.org/JEE

Journal of Education and Essays

Introduction

The advent of human civilization and urbanization has precipitated an exponential increase in

the availability and accessibility of different types of drugs that are usually taken for a plethora of

reasons which could be medical, psychological, social and physiological in nature. To this end,

several scholars have advanced several definitions to shed more light on the nature and

meaning of drugs. A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the biological

function through its chemical actions (Okoye, 2001). It is also considered as a substance that

modifies perceptions, cognition, mood, behaviour and general body functions (Balogun, 2006).

According to Nnachi (2007), drugs can be considered as chemical modifiers of the living tissues

that could bring about physiological and behavioural changes. Drugs are basically in two

groups, that is, legally approved and acceptable drugs and illegal or legally disapproved drugs.

Legally approved and acceptable drugs are drugs which have through the ages becomes a part

of the society and had remained, Ballas (2006). On the other hand, illegal drugs are drugs that

are not legally approved to be accessed by the general people in the society. Drugs are helpful

when they are properly used and destructive when they are misused or abused. Drug abuse is

the use of modifying substances in dosage many times in excess of those used medically and

over lengths of time that cause damage to the individuals, society or both. UNICEF and the

World Health Organization (2006) defined drug abuse as the self-administration of any drug in a

manner that diverts from approved medical or social patterns within a given culture. Among the

illegal drugs commonly used by students are cannabis, ecstasy, heroin, cocaine, mandrax and

lysergic acid diethylamide (NAFDAC, 2004). Conversely, alcohol is a depressant that poses

more danger to adolescent health in nation globally because it is one the legal drugs that is

easily accessible and available to secondary school students. Today civilization and science

have increased the number of alcoholic drink in the society for example, spirits, beer, wine etc.

This makes alcohol to be always available when needed. Based on this fact, many people

especially youth now indulge in alcoholic drinking. Alcohol is one of the most common drugs

among youths, and its use is increasing dramatically between age 11 and 24 in all Western

countries (Currie, Roberts & Morgan, 2004).

Alcohol use in Nigeria dates for back in history. Alcoholic beverages in the pre-colonial period

consisted mainly of palm (or distillates of palm wine example “ogogoro”) and fermented cereals

such as guinea corn. Elaborated alcohol consumption by the priests and pouring of libations

formed essential part of many religious ceremonies and rituals. In the most cases, alcohol played a social

harmonizing role, as it has been shown among Kofyar people near Jos (Netting, 2004). Carnival drinking

during important social events was characteristic of many traditional Nigerian communities (Odejide &

Olatawuru, 2007). Many of the students in Nigerian secondary schools are adolescents and some

of them engage in various risky behaviours such as smoking, premarital and indiscriminate

sexual activities, alcohol abuse. In different parts of the globe, the incidence rate of alcohol use

among adolescents in secondary school give room for great concern. The prevalence rate of

alcohol use and abuse vary from one country to the other, for instance, in the United States of

America, 52% of the eighth graders and 80% of the high school seniors have used alcohol at

sometime, while 25% of the eighth graders and 62% of high school seniors have been drunk

(National Youth Violence Prevention, 2000). In Nigeria, the situation shows there is high

prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents and there is high probability that the frequency of

alcohol drinking will continue to increase (Adeyemo, 2007).

The finding of studies carried out in Nigeria have consistently found that alcohol was one of the

commonly abused substances; with varying prevalence rates found for both overall and specific

substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria. (Anochie , Nkanginieme , Eke &

Alikor, 1999; Makanjuola , Daramola & Obembe , 2007).For instance, in South western, Nigeria,

the lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol use among secondary and university students was found

to be high compared to other drug (Adelekan et al. 2002).In the North, the reported prevalence

rates were 10.9%-17.8% among secondary school students and 19.5%-50.7% in the south

(Ononye & Morakinyo,1999). As a consequence, alcohol abuses have been reported to have

serious effect on the general wellbeing of secondary school students globally. As an addictive

depressant, the initial effect is an apparent stimulation; it gives a feeling of well-being, reduces

inhibition, and makes one to be more out-going (Durand & Barlow, 2003). This is because the

inhibitory centers in the brain are initially de-pressed or showed down with continued drinking,

however, alcohol depresses more areas of the brain, which impedes the ability to function

properly Motor co-ordination is impaired (staging, slurred speech), reaction showed, it causes

confusion and reduction in judgment ability even vision and hearing can be negatively affected

(Durand & Barlow, 2003). However, maladaptive pattern of use of substance is regarded as

substance abuse, most adolescents use/abuse alcohol for several reasons ranging from

excitement, peer pressure, compliance and so on.

Alcohol abuse has been substantially linked to the overall burden of disease in Europe with the

highest level of drinking alcohol in the world (Rehm, 2003; WHO, 2004; Anderson & Baumberg,

2006). Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is known for its high alcohol consumption (Popova et

al., 2009) Consequently, alcohol is a leading cause of disease in CEE countries, which is

associated with the irregular binge drinking patterns typical in these countries (Varvasovsky et

al. 1997; Popova et al., 2009). Mba (2008) identified numerous negative effects of drug abuse

on the body chemistry as follows: alcohol-related problems includes physical problems liver

cirrhosis, pancreatic, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, hypertension, neurological disorder, mental

retardation for the fetus in the womb, growth, deficiency, delayed motor development,

Craniofacial abnormalities, limbs abnormalities and cardiac deficits, pathological drunkenness,

suicidal behaviour, socially-broken homes, increased crime rate, sexual offences, homicide and

sexually transmitted diseases.

Alcohol use is suspected to play a role in risky sexual behavior because of its intoxicating

property and the behavioural inhibition it causes. It was found by Pithey and Parry (2009) that

more drinkers engage in high risk behaviours and are at high risk of contracting HIV and other

sexually transmitted infections than non-drinkers. In studying alcohol consumption, there is also

a need to establish associations between predictor variables like drinking status, quantity and

frequency of consumption (Obot, Ibanga & Zamani, 2012). Osikoya and Alli (2006) asserted that

socially, an alcoholic is always preoccupied with how to obtain alcohol and crave for the

substance. Attention is diverted from learning and other schools activities as he or she is absent

from school frequently. Majority of alcoholics have no respect for constituted authorities and

criminal behaviours are often associated with drug abuse. Condemnable activities such as

armed robbery and kidnapping are perpetuated mostly when people are under the influence of

alcohol (Osikoya & Alli, 2006).

The United Nations Organization on Drug Council (UNODC, 2005) also reported that alcohol

abuse is public health problem all over the world. Specifically, UNODC (2005) noted that alcohol

abusers are characterized by diverse anti-social ills such as rape, mass failure in examinations,

indiscriminate sexual acts, unintended pregnancies, low self-concept, truancy, lying and stealing

and many other vices that may interfere with teaching/learning and peaceful atmosphere in the

school settings.

Alcohol consumption has been linked with liver problems such as fatty liver (Rothschild, Oratz &

Schreiber, 1989), liver cirrhosis (Corrao, Bagnardi, Zambon & La Vecchia, 2004) alcohol

hepatitis, jaundice and abdominal pain (Crabb & Lumeng, 1989). Other alcohol-related health

problems include anaemia, malnutrition, gastrointestinal haemorrhage and ulcers that require

surgery, chronic pancreatitis and social problems such as injuries, violence, loneliness (Corrao

et al 2004). Many students who drink heavily have been discovered to be at high risk of mental

disorders, alcohol abuse and dependence (Buddy, 2004). Alcohol and tobacco use contribute

to the development of chronic health problems (Sturm, An, Maroba & Patel, 2013). Alcohol acts

by inhibiting neural and cerebral functioning and offers its peculiar form of pleasure, but at the

cost of impaired thinking, memory and decision-making which negatively affect the academic

performance of secondary school students (Ojiji et.al. 2006).

Thus, in view of the identified consequences of drug abuse among in-school adolescents

globally, it is imperative to investigate the consequences of alcohol consumption among

secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis. As the capital city of Kwara State, Nigeria, Ilorin

is growing metropolis that has witnessed an unprecedented influx of people from diverse ethical

and religious backgrounds in recent times. As a consequence, consumption of alcohol is

increasingly becoming a norm especially among secondary school students and students in

higher institutions who normally take advantage of the relative accessibility and availability by

consuming alcohol from time to time. To this end, several studies have been carried out in

Nigeria to investigate the multidimensional nature of alcohol consumption among secondary

school students. Awosusi and Adeboyega (2013) investigated alcohol consumption and tobacco

use among secondary school students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The results revealed a low

prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use. Also, significant relationship was found between alcohol

consumption and tobacco use as well as, between knowledge of health effects and tobacco

use. Agu, Nwankwo, Obi, Sydney-Agbor and Mgbenkemdi (2013) investigated the effect of

gender and locality on alcohol abuse among secondary school students in Enugu State.

Findings of the study revealed a significant influence of gender and locality on alcohol abuse.

The study also showed a significant interaction effect of gender and locality on substance abuse

among adolescents. Adeoye, Adeoye, Akoma and Ani (2014) investigated some underlying

factors that necessitated the use of alcohol among youth in Ikenne Local Government in Ogun

State and

results indicated that there is a significant combined contribution of emotion ,physical, social on

alcoholic usage. Oladele and Atoyebi (2013) carried out a study to determine the pattern of

substance abuse among senior secondary school students in a South-Western Nigerian city

and reported that the most commonly abused substances were analgesics, cannabis, tobacco,

alcohol and sedatives. In a study carried out by Eneh and Stanley (2004) on pattern of

substance use among secondary school students in Rivers State, the prevalence of alcohol use

was found to be 65% Also, a study of 2888 high school students in Lagos metropolis found that

the most commonly used substance were alcohol (44%), cigarettes (21%), cannabis (11%), and

stimulants(2%) (Anumonye, 1990).

Based on the foregoing, it appears that none of these studies focused their research

light on the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin

Metropolis. Consequently, there is a paucity of related empirical findings on the consequences

of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis. Thus, in order to

fill the gap created by the previous studies, a study on the consequences of alcohol

consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis a study is deemed

necessary. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the consequences of alcohol consumption

among secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis. Hence the question that readily comes to

mind is what are the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students

in Ilorin Metropolis?

Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were formulated to be tested in the study:

1. Significant difference will not exist in the consequences of alcohol consumption among

secondary school students based on school location.

2. There will be no significant gender differences in the consequences of alcohol consumption

among secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis.

Methodology

The research design that was adopted for this study is the descriptive survey method.

The population of this study comprises of all secondary school students in Ilorin Metropolis,

while the sample consisted of 200 randomly selected respondents drawn from the selected

secondary schools in Ilorin Metropolis. The procedures used in selecting sample for this study

were purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The purposive sampling technique was used to

select secondary schools from Ilorin Metropolis on the basis of their location and proximity to alcohol

access. The schools that were selected purposively include: Community Secondary School, Baboko;

Government High School Ilorin; Saint Anthony Secondary School Ilorin; and Okele Secondary School

Ilorin. The simple random sampling technique was then used to select 200 respondents from the selected

secondary schools. The simple random sampling technique was adopted because it gives fair

opportunities for all the respondents that would participate in the study. The data for the study were

collected with a questionnaire tagged “Consequences of Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire

(COACQ)”.The instrument has two sections namely: Section A and B. Section A dealt with

demographic data of the respondents including gender and school location of the respondents.

Section B consisted of items on the consequences of alcohol consumption and the responses

were patterned after the Four point Likert type rating scale format. The instrument was validated

by experts in the Department of Counsellor Education, University of Ilorin while the test-retest

reliability method used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument and was correlated using

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The correlation coefficient 0.68 was obtained

at 0.05 alpha level. The data generated were analyzed using percentages, mean score, t-test

and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the research hypotheses.

Demographic Data

This section presents the results of data obtained on the respondents using frequency

counts and percentages.

Table 1: Percentage Distribution of Respondents Based on School Location and Gender

S/N Variables Frequency Percentages%

1. Gender Male 105 52.5 Female 95 47.5 Total 200 100.0

2. School Location Surulere/ Agbooba 50 25.0 Adewole/ Adeta 50 25.0 Okelele /omoda 50 25.0 Flower Garden/GRA 50 25.0 Total 200 100.0

Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents based on gender. The table shows that 52.5%

(105) of the respondents were male while 47.5% (95) of the respondents were female. This

indicates that male respondents participated more than female in the study. The result also

shows that 25.0% (50) of the respondents school is located at Surulere/Agbo Oba area, 25.0%(50) of the

respondents school is located at Adewole-Adeta area, 25.0% (50) of the respondents school is located at

Okelele-Omoda area while 25.0% (50) of the respondents school is located at Flower Garden/GRA area.

This also indicates that respondents who school location are Surulere/Agbo Oba, Adewole-Adeta,

Okelele-Omoda and Flower Garden participated the same in the study.

Research Question: What are the consequences of alcohol consumption among

secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis?

Table 2: Mean and Rank Order on the Consequences of Alcohol Consumption among

Secondary School Students Item No. In my opinion, the Consequences of Alcohol Consumption includes: Mean Rank

4 Drunkenness 3.60 1st

19 indiscriminate sexual acts 3.56 2nd

18 Hypertension 3.51 3rd

20 mental disorders 3.51 3rd

3 poor decision-making 3.50 5th

6 liver problems such as fatty liver 3.48 6th

15 poor academic achievement 3.48 6th

5 jaundice 3.47 8th

16 Hangovers 3.47 8th

9 unintended pregnancies 3.46 10th

13 Malnutrition 3.46 10th

8 poor financial management 3.45 12th

14 suicidal behavior 3.45 12th

1 impaired thinking 3.44 14th

12 increased crime rate 3.44 14th

10 low self-concept 3.43 16th

11 Truancy 3.43 16th

7 Loneliness 3.42 18th

17 alcohol poisoning and blackouts 3.42 18th

2 impaired memory 3.31 20th

Table 2 presents the mean and rank order of consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary

school students in Ilorin metropolis. The Table indicated that Item 4, 19 and 18 which stated that; In my

opinion, the consequences of alcohol consumption includes, “drunkeness”, “indiscriminate sexual acts”

,”mental disorder”, “hypertension” and “poor decision making” are ranked as the top 5 items with the

mean scores of 3.60, 3.56, and 3.51, 3.51 and 3.50 respectively. Item 7, 17 and 2 which stated that; In

my opinion, the consequences of alcohol consumption includes, “loneliness”, “alcohol poisoning and blackouts”

and “impaired memory” are ranked with the least mean score of 3.42, 3.42 and 3.31 respectively. Since

none of the mean score of the items fall below the mid-mean score of 2.50, then it can be said that there

are several consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students.

Hypotheses Testing

Two null hypotheses were postulated and tested for this study. The hypotheses were

tested using t-test and ANOVA statistical methods at 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis One: There is no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis based on school location.

Table 3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showing the Consequences of Alcohol Consumption

among Secondary School Students Based on School Location Source Df SS Mean Square Cal. F-ratio Crit. F-ratio Sig.

Between Groups 3 24.50 8.16 0.24 2.60 0.86

Within Groups 296 6645.00 33.90

Total 199 6669.50

Table 3 shows the calculated F-ratio of 0.24 and a critical F-value of 2.60 at 0.05 alpha

level of significance. The calculated F-ratio is less than the critical F-value. The null hypothesis

is accepted. Hence, there is no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption

among secondary school students based on school location.

Hypothesis Two: There is no significant difference in the consequences of

alcohol consumption among secondary school students

in Ilorin metropolis based on gender.

Table 4: Mean, Standard Deviation and t-value on the Consequences of Alcohol Consumption

among secondary school students of Based on Gender Gender N Mean SD Df Cal. t-value Crit. t-

value

Sig

Male 105 69.32 6.31

198 0.70 1.96 0.48

Female 95 68.74 5.16

Table 4 shows that the calculated t-value of 0.70 and the critical t-value of 1.96 at 0.05

alpha level of significance. Since the calculated t-value is less than the critical t-value, thus, the

hypothesis is accepted. This indicates there is no significant difference in the consequences of

alcohol consumption among secondary school students based on gender.

Discussion of Findings

The findings of the study reveals that 52.5% (105) of the respondents that participated in the

study were male while 47.5% (95) of the respondents were female, 49.0% (98) of the

respondents were practicing Christianity while 51.0% (102) of the respondents were practicing

Islam. Also 25.0% (50) of the respondents were school is located at Surulere/Agbo Oba area,

25.0%(50) were located at Adewole-Adeta area, 25.0% (50) of the respondents were located at

Okelele-Omoda area, while 25.0% (50) of the respondents were located at Flower Garden/GRA

area, more so, 47.5% (95) of the respondents were resident in Ilorin interior while 52.5% (105)

of the respondents were residing in the suburb of Ilorin Town.

The result also shows that the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school

students included that it could lead to drunkenness, indiscriminate sexual acts, mental

disorders, hypertension, poor decision-making among others. This finding is in line with the

study of Aluede (2000), whose study revealed that drug abuse (alcohol inclusive) may lead to

organised crimes and disruption of normal academic programmes. It has led to increased secret

cult activities in secondary schools and most Nigerian universities, which has been a source of

threat to lives and properties. Also Mba (2008) argued that alcohol-related problems includes

physical problems liver cirrhosis, pancreatic cancer, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, hypertension,

neurological disorder, mental retardation for the fetus in the womb, growth, deficiency, delayed

motor development, Craniofacial abnormalities, limbs abnormalities and cardiac deficits,

pathological drunkenness, suicidal behaviour, socially-broken homes, increased crime rate,

sexual offences, homicide and sexually transmitted diseases. Hypothesis one which stated that

there is no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary

school students based on school location was accepted. This implies that school location does

not influence the respondent’s response on the consequences of alcohol consumption. This

negates the study of Obot (2005) whose study revealed that staffs of public secondary schools

face a number of professional, social, and

academic challenges in addressing substance abuse related issues among public secondary

school students. He stress further that such challenges are determined by such factors as the

school environment, level of training on how to handle substance abuse cases, and the extent

to which the problem is deeply rooted among other circumstantial factors when compare to

private secondary schools. The findings of this study may be as a result of the fact that the

consequences of alcohol use among secondary schools students is universal and not peculiar

to a particular group of students.

Hypothesis two which stated that there is no significant difference in the consequences of

alcohol consumption among secondary school students based on gender was accepted. This

implies that the response of the respondents on the consequences of alcohol consumption

among secondary school students in Ilorin metropolis do not differ in both male and female. This

does not corroborates with the study of Enakpoya (2009) who suggests that the compulsive use

of drugs is associated majorly with male gender. The gender differences in drug abuse are said

to have their foundation in the very first stage of drug involvement and the opportunity to use the

drugs. If given the opportunity to use the drugs, male and female are equally likely to use them

(Anthony et al., 1999).

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were drawn:

1. There are several consequences of alcohol consumption among secondary school

students in Ilorin metropolis which includes; impaired thinking, liver problems such as fatty liver,

reduced academic achievement, school dropout, mental disorder, truancy among others.

2. There was no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption among

secondary schools students in Ilorin metropolis based on school location.

3. There was no significant difference in the consequences of alcohol consumption among

secondary schools students in Ilorin metropolis based on gender.

Implications of the Findings for Counselling

Education is the principal means of preventing drug and alcohol abuse among youths,

therefore, the counsellor should organise an orientation programme for students on the negative

effect of alcohol consumption and abuse on their lives. The counsellor needs to take it up as

point of duty to enlighten parents during P.T.A. on the prevalence and consequences of alcohol

consumption and ways through which adolescents could be discouraged and prevented from its

use. Counsellors may also need to mount campaign groups in secondary schools against

alcohol and other form of drug abuse. School counsellors should also make use of the

opportunity of formal gathering such as assemblies, social and religious programmes to

sensitize students on the adverse effects of alcoholism.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:

1. Preventive health education should be intensified in schools and on the media by counsellors to

raise students’ awareness of risks of alcohol consumption. Different media platforms should be

used to address the issue of alcohol consumption by students because of its great influence on

their mental health.

2. Any education programme aimed at addressing alcohol use and abuse among students should

be holistic and address both risk and protective factors. The aim should be strengthen the

protective factors where potential buffers include positive role models, school commitment and

strong belief in one’s own efficacy. Parents require information on how to be role models and

the right value by family.

3. Benefits of healthy lifestyle choices and development of skills needed in making informed and

responsible decisions to resist alcohol use among secondary school students should be

emphasized by secondary school counsellors.

4. The government should enforce laws to regulate the production and consumption of the local

breweries which seem to be the bases where students learn the behaviour of alcohol abuse.

5. Counselors should create an awareness programme in schools on the effects of drug use and

abuse on the students and to the society as a whole.

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Cite this article as:

Shuaib Abolakale (2019 A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES

OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ILORIN METROPOLIS.

JEE 2(2).070-084

https://www.scopus.com/ https://scholar.google.com/ Submit your manuscript at: http://www.scienceparkjournals.org/jarnr/submit