GLOBAL POLITICS AND EURO-MEDITERRANEAN RELATIONS Department of Political and Social Sciences University of Catania ItalyJohn Locke

Presented By

Waqas SHAHZADDepartment of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - Italy Presented To

Prof.ssa Giorgia COSTANZOPresentation

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyIntroduction:Father of LiberalismPhysician, Economist, Ideologue and Political Philosopher One of the greatest Enlightenment ThinkerPlayed a great role towards modern Liberal DemocracyJohn Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyHis Philosophy:Where we get our Ideas from?Can we rely on what our senses tells us?Is there some limit to human understanding?What rights human naturally have?Believed that human being can know with precision about God and Morality Human being born with no innate ideas and is shaped by experience. So we are the creator of Morals and Political IdeasSenses and Reflections are two sources of all our ideas Good or evil largely depends on the kind of education we receive John Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyViews about Religion:God is Immaterial Mere matter cannot produce thoughts We are thinking being, something can be created by something superior, so, we are created by something that thinks and is superior to usThere are things that we cannot demonstrate but still believe based on revelationBut we cant be sure about it as other knowledge and it should be rationally evaluated John Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyPolitical Theory:Human Nature is characterized by reason and tolerance Sole right to defend is not enough in the state of natureCivil Society is required for Conflict Resolution in the Society in civic way

John Locke (1632 1704)Lokian State of Nature:Absolute Liberty One ought not to harm other fellows and their property One is ones own judge for how to use ones rightsOne might abuse the rights and come into conflictSo, properties are not secure

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Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyLockian Natural Rights:Any state without government will be subjected to Natural LawsNatural Laws are God given and discoverable through reflection Natural Laws can be enforced by anyone There exist a potential of bias regarding the way laws are enforcedPeople are equal at individual, social and political level so need Laws by consent Individual RightsRight to LifeRight to Liberty and EqualityRight to own the fruits of ones Labor John Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyLockian Natural Rights:Communal RightsNo group of human beings is entitled by God or Nature to rule others because all have the same Godgiven authority over ourselvesEvery individual born with the same authority as Adam authority on him and his children as long as they themselves become responsibleThere is no reliable way to decide between the potential claimants of the Adamic authorityEconomic RightsRight to bear the fruits of ones Labor People will be willing to work together in absence of Government John Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyLockian Natural Rights:Political RightsCan group and politically organize Authority of the King must be derived from the consent of all the Individuals (who are all free and equal)Government is based on the consent of the GovernedGovernment is for common benefits not for personal benefitsJudicial RightsEquality before the LawSupremacy of Law (No one above the Law)

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Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyCivil Society:Main reason is the protection of propertySociety arises because men seek to leave the state of nature Creation of civil society based on social contractCivil society is a political society and society of laws

John Locke (1632 1704)Three Elements of Civil Society:A common Established LawA known and impartial body to Judge Power to support such Judgements

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Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyCivil Government:Laws must preserve natural freedomSurrender rights to an authority which will preserve their property The authority can punish for violations of rights according to civil lawsGovernment should implement laws instead of enjoying absolute power because no man is superior than others Separation of Legislature and ExecutiveJohn Locke (1632 1704)Social Contract:Creates a commonwealth for the peopleEstablishment of Laws Designation of Supreme powerBy Virtue of the Contract Majority Wins Contract entails consentNatural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyCivil Government:Laws should be for common good Legislature can operate according to standing lawsNo one even rulers are not above the law No one can be deprived of property without consent Principle of non-delegation of powers Separation between Legislative and Executive functionsPeople still holds power to remove or alter the legislature Abusive rulers command no allegiance over their subjects Secularization of the state RationalismJohn Locke (1632 1704)Natural

Department of Political & Social Sciences, University of Catania - ItalyCivil Government:John Locke (1632 1704)Natural

HOBBES LOCKEROUSSEAU THOUGHTS People create Government for Law and Order People are born with Natural Rights but give up some freedom to protect these rightsThe only good Government can be formed out of free will by the people for the people

GOVT. FAVORED Absolute Monarchy Self-GovernmentRepresentative DemocracySelf-GovernmentDirect Democracy

APPROACHIndividual Based ApproachCommunity Based ApproachGovernment Based Approach

Conclusion

Thank You! QUESTIONS & QUERIES

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