Jefferson to Madison

The Embargo Act of 1807

Starter

What was the impact on the size of the United States with the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase?

What seaport was included in the deal that would alienate Spain?

What was the name of the young Native American girl who became part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Conflict With the Barbary States

North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean

Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”

U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary StatesAction induces respect for U.S. rights

The Barbary Coast

The Tripolitan Wars

Burning the Philadelphia

Stephen Decatur

To the Shores of Tripoli

The Chesapeake & Leopard Affair

The Embargo Act of 1807

With France and Britain at war once again both countries began to prey on US shipping and sailors.

In an attempt to bring France and Britain under control without resorting to actually open conflict President Jefferson recommended that Congress enact an embargo against both countries.

The embargoes would include grain, cotton and tobacco.

The Embargo Act or 1807

Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807 and other, related acts in January, March and April 1808.

The supplemental acts went on to include coasting vessels, fishing ships and smugglers.

Congress passed stiff penalties and authorized captains of US naval vessels and customs inspectors to stop and search any ship within US jurisdiction they had “reason to suspect” was in violation of the Embargo Acts.

The Embargo Act of 1807

With such measures, Congress and the President conveniently ignored that the Fourth Amendment, which was meant to protect people “against unreasonable searches and seizures” provided that no search warrant would issue absent “probable cause” – a much higher standard than suspicion or mere opinion.

Embargo Act 1807Forbade export of all goods from U.S.

– Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act

– Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France to respect its rights.

– Loose construction of the Constitution • Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports.

• Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy

Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy. Why? We need foreign business more than they do.

Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act)– Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except

France and Britain

– Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812.

JEFFERSON VS THE PASHA OF TRIPOLI

JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES

A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT– Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so that they

don’t take their cargo.– Pirates demands increase– Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through the gov’t of

Tripoli but does not succeed. – Jefferson realizes that with out a real military our nation is at

risk.

AND EXPENSIVE– Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay $60,000 in

ransom.

JEFFERSON’S NAVAL POLICY LEADS TO

WEAKNESS.

JEFFS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE USEFUL

WHEN THE WAR OF 1812 COMES WE MUST BUILD REAL SHIPS TO CONTEND WITH THE BRITISH.

The Embargo Act of 1807

Very unpopular in New England where commerce and shipping was an important industry. Some skilled seamen from N.E. moved to Canada so they could practice their trade. State of insurrection declared in April, 1808 in the Lake Champlain area. Massachusetts legislature declares the Act “unjust, oppressive and unconstitutional, and not legally binding on the citizens of this state.” Delaware and Connecticut follow with similar messages.

Jefferson, just days prior to his end of term, signed a bill repealing the embargo and permitting trade with the rest of the world with the exception of Britain and France, and providing the chief executive with the option to reopen trade with which ever country ceased to interfere with American shipping.

Macon’s Bill #2

Replaced Nonintercourse Act of 1809Reopened trade with “Warring Powers”

(Great Britain & France)

Provided that: If either nation dropped its restrictions on American trade;America would reimpose nonintercourse on the other

nation

Jefferson’s Legacy

Expansion became prime goal

Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic government

Total defeat of Federalists by 1816

Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging European war– War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first term.

What do you think the point is of this political?

What are some major events leading to The War

of 1812?US shipping was being harassed, and cargo was seized.

– Britain required licenses for ships bound for Europe– France confiscated cargo from licensed ships

Impressment of American sailors – Many British sailors became naturalized US citizens and

deserted British vessels and joined American crews.– British Navy kidnapped these sailors off American ships

and had them rejoin the British Navy

What are some major events leading to The War

of 1812?Economic Diplomacy Fails

(Jefferson)– Embargo Act of 1807

halted all trade with Europe

– Embargo is a government ban on trade with other countries

– Embargo was unpopular in port cities, especially in the North

Jefferson FarewellEnter James Madison

Jefferson did not want to run for a 3rd termMadison was Jefferson’s Secretary of StateMadison was an author of 30 of the 81 the

Federalist Papers (including No. 10 and No. 51)

Considered the most important contributor to the Constitution

Also the shortest President

What was Madison’s role leading up to The War of

1812?Non-Intercourse Act

– Forbade trade with France and Britain; however President could reopen trade when either France or Britain lifted restrictions

– Was this successful? Why or Why not

War Hawks– Southern congressmen favored war, even though it

hurt the east– Why did the War Hawks want war?

What were some of the benefits of going to war with

Britain?To allow reopening of trade

National Pride

To stop the impressment of sailors

CANADA!!!

What were some drawbacks to going to war?

Not everyone in the US wanted to go to warMilitary was small

– Standing Army was small– Militia comprised most of our forces, and they did not like

to fight outside of their state borders– Navy was quite small only 22 ships

Britain was a great Superpower and could crush us like a bug and we could lose territory that was gained in the Treaty of Paris or the Louisiana Purchase

Reasons for the War of 1812

Congress declared the War of 1812 on June 23

In-Class AssignmentsThe country is once again going to war with

Great Britain. You have three assignments:

1.Create a war/anti-war bumper sticker for the back of your wagon so everyone in town can see it.

2.Write a letter to President Madison and try to persuade him to go to war or fight to stop the impending deaths of your countrymen.

In-Class Assignment

3. You will create a graphic organizer that includes the following:

Name of first four presidents

Which events happened while they were president and a one sentence description of the event

Example provided

Example of graphic organizer