jammu electricity distribution l

7/29/2019 Jammu Electricity Distribution l

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)

10-12 October ,2011

Venue: JKPDD , JAMMU


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Er. A.K. BhagatEr. A.K. Bhagat

REC New DelhiREC New Delhi


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BasicsofElectricity


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The production of electricity and its transmission and

distribution to our houses, factory or place of work

involves a long process, which consists of operation

of power machines and system network. The whole

process is referred to as the Power System. The power system can be divided into three broad

sections Generation, Transmission & Distribution

and utilisation


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Types of Generations

- Thermal (Coal, Gas & Diesel)

- Hydro

- Non-Conventional Energy i.e. Wind,Tidal, Solar, Biomass Gassifiers,Fuel

Cells etc


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Transmission system It is a process by which the power is

transmitted over long distances.

Consists of transmission lines and substationsat EHV &HV (66kv & above)

Connects two substations at the same voltage

Transmission substation Consists of transformers, bus bars, circuit

breakers,isolators, protection andcommunication equipments and a controlroom.


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Distribution system Involves distribution of Power received at HV substations

to consumers through distribution system which operatesat voltages at 33 KV and below.

Consists of electrical sub stations, distributiontransformers and distribution lines.

Primary distribution system

It connects the transmission system with secondarydistribution network, at 33 kV or 11 kV voltage levels andform the back bone of the distribution system.


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Secondary distribution system Supplies power to consumers at voltages of 415 volts

and/or 240 volts and constitutes the first contact of utilityauthorities with the consumers.

Distribution lines Consists of over head lines and/or cables. Lines in rural area are mostly radial in nature Lines in city area are mostly a mesh-like networks often

called ring mains which are used to increase the reliability

of supply and to meet the high density of loads.


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Utilization-It refers to the process throughwhich the electricity is put to different uses such

as- Power for industrial units Power for different kinds of household

appliances and gadgets

Power for communication and electrical traction Use in medical equipments, Electrolysis, etc.


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Power is related to the voltage and current by the formula,Power = voltage x current

Replace voltage with current x resistance in the above

equation.Therefore, Power=current x current x resistance

Power is measured in watts, denoted by W

1000 w = 1 kW 1000kW=1MW(megawatt)


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Energy is the product of power and time, that is,energy = power x time.

We say that one unit of electricity is consumed when welight a 1000-W bulb for one hour.

Since 1000 W is equal to 1kW,the unit of energy isKWh(kilowatt-hour).

Electricity consumption of any appliance in units can be

calculated by the following formula.

Unit consumed = number of hours of operation xpower in kW


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T&D losses can be broadly categorised as:

Technical losses

Commercial losses


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Technical Losses areattributed to:Energy dissipation in the conductors and

equipments used for transmission, transformationand distribution of power.

Improper operation of power system.Can be reduced to a certain minimum level but

cannot be eliminated completelyThe Technical losses in the distributionfeeder(line) increases with (i) an increase in thelength of feeder (ii)a rise in the current flowingthrough the feederand(iii)increase in resistance ofthe line/feeder due to decrease in the crosssection of the conductor


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Commercial Losses are attributed to:

Pilferage of energy by tapping/hooking.

Theft of energy by Tampering ofmeters

Defective energy meters.

Un-metered supply.

AT&C


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Amount billed to

Consumers

( C = Rs. 240)

Units billed to

consumers

(B =60 units)

Amount realized by utility

(D=Rs. 220)

Units Collected (E=B/C*D

=55 units)

Units purchased

(A =100 units)

AT&CLOSSES

AT&C losses = units input-units collected

100-55 =45 units or 45%

Collection losses Technical & Commercial losses


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Thank You

jammu electricity distribution l

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