j. vaissière
DESCRIPTION
Perceptual explanations of articulatory variability in the realisation of the nasal feature for the consonants. J. Vaissière. Perceptual explanations of articulatory variability in the realisation of the nasal feature for the consonants. Jacqueline Vaissière - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1
Perceptual
explanations
of articulatory
variability
in the realisation of
the nasal feature
for the consonants.J. Vaissière
2
Perceptual explanations of articulatory variability
in the realisation of the nasal feature
for the consonants.
Jacqueline Vaissière
Laboratoire de Phonétique et de phonologie -UMR 7018, Paris
3
1) The nasal feature?
• Most of the languages use the feature [nasal] for contrasting consonants
• Only 20% of the languages use it also for contrasting the vowels (but often no real pairs, such as in French)
• Most of the nasal vowels emerge from contextual anticipatory nasalisation due to N in coda, followed and N-loss
• Easy articulatory, difficult acoustically, complex perceptually
4
The death of nasal consonant in coda and the birth of nasal vowels?
• Regressive vowel nasalisation• Final nasal consonants are more likely to nasalize the
preceding vowels – Ex « pan » in English
• But also « cama » first /a/ nasalized
• Final nasal consonants are more likeky to dissappear (N-loss) than initial consonants (nasal vowels)– Ex « panum » in Latin > pE in French
• Intervocalic nasal consonants may dissappear too– Ex portuguese
• Luna = Lua Solo = Só
• Some cases of spontaneous nasalisation.
• .
5
• the observed articulatory and aerodynamic inter-speakers and inter-languages differences
• between initial nasal consonants (/n/), and unreleased final consonants (/N/)?
• Perceptual ?• Other known types of explanations for
velum behavior in general– articulatory (for anticipation)– aerodynamic (for stops and fricatives)
2) goal of this communication?
2) Goal of this communication?
6
• Does not deal directly with the vowels• or with the place of articulation of the nasal consonants• -----• This paper does deal with the nasalisty feature, the
perception of nasality• and the differences between initial and final nasals• Data from in a number of languages• French and English (X-ray), Japanese, and others• Based on the available litterature, work in my lab, my
own work.
2) goal of this communication?
2) Goal of this communication?
7
3) the effect of the position of a consonant in a syllable in general
8
the effect of the position of a consonant in a syllable in general: The syllable as a unit?
• Unit of physiological organization? (Stetson, 1951) – no
• Coextensive with the temporal domain of coarticulation (Kozhenikov and Chistovichn 1965) ?– no
• Thoughs in the mvt pattern of one articulator (Gay, 1978)? – no
• Characteristics patterns of articulatory organisation (Krakow, 1989)? – yes, in careful speech at least
• Syllable organisation of phonological patterns (Ohala et Kawasaki, 1984)– yes
3) the effect of the position of a consonant in a syllable in general
9
Straka and Durand1) stress
2) Position in syllable, word, syntagma
the effect of the position of a consonant in a syllable in general
10
Sonorant in coda
• Sonorants « fused » with the preceding vowel– Becoming more vowel-like– /l/ > [u] (chevals > chevaux)– /r/– Nasal consonant > nasal vowels or nasal
glide or glide
– Backing also for nasal (velar nasal)
11
4) what is well known about the nasality feature?
12
A lot of very nice studies
• Japanese (Fujimura, Sawashima, Honda, etc.)
• English (Cohn*, Krakow*, Ohala, Bell-Berti, …
• French (Benguerel, Amelot*; Rossato*, Delveaux*, Basset & al; Cohn*, Badin …
• Spanish (Solé …)
13
Which have shown the many different factors influencing the velum behavior
The many different factors influencing the velum behavior
14
Many factors
Syllable boundaries
style
Language influences production and perception
Speaker’s strateegy
South French
Canadien French
dialects
Intrinsic velar height
Nasal features first !
/a/ lower thet /i/
/p,t,k/ > sonorants
Impedance extremely important
/a/ less thet /i/
Around stops
Coarticulatory nasalized phonologized in English
Spontaneous/carefully
Stress and effort
Position in sentence
15
style
Less than expectedMore than expected
Basset & al, 2001
Nasalized /k/
Nasalized /v/
Anticipation attendue avant N
Basset & al, 2001
No anticipation
16
Open velopharyngeal port is the unmarked case
Natural « coda nasalisation »
Position in sentence
sentence
17
/atu/ sequence
From the university of Strasbourg (France)
Final position favors nasalisation
Pause behave as a nasal consonant in
French
cV+pause = final nasalisationLess well known,
wrongly ignored in current litterature
18
/atu/
19
/atu/
20
Maximum opening(before /a/!!!)
/atu/
21
Jaw starts to riseClosing gesture startsAt the vowel beginning !!!
/atu/
22
/atu/
Vocal tract already halfClosed (in the middle of the« acoustic » vowel !!!
23
Protrusion of the lip starts
/atu/
24
/atu/
25
Lip continue to round(in anticipation of /u/)
/atu/
26
Lip continue to protrude
/atu/
27
/atu/
28
Lip continue to protruded, they areAs protruded as for /u/
/atu/
29
/atu/
30
/atu/
31
Deprotrusion startsVelum lowers
/atu/
32
/atu/
33
/atu/
34
Lips still very protrudedCarry-over; velum low)
35
Natural final nasalisation
• You don’t hear it.• You barely see it on spectrograms• But it is there.
• in French• mV + pause = the velum does not rise again• Pause act as a nasal phoneme
• This may explain presence of N as a coda
36
But conflicting conclusions …
• Transitional because unspecified in English
• Cohn: airflow
• phonologized anticipatory nasalisation in English
• Malécot, Ohala, Vaissière, and others
37
Initial /n/ Final /N/
Vn V N
Onset Release
V
38
Partly due to different instrumentations
• In all cases, the nasal feature is realized by lowering the velum
• Connection oral and nasal cavities
• If enough acoustic coupling, the phoneme is perceived as nasalized or as a nasal vowel or consonant
39
Principal results
A phoneme is perceived as nasal when there is enough coupling between the main VT and the nasal cavity
Coupling necessary depends on the phoneme identity and on the speaker native language.
40
1) Velar height
• velum only down for the realisation of the nasal phonemes?
– Yes, but sometimes down for oral low vowel• Same height for all oral consonants?
– No, lower for stops than sonorants, lower for low vowels than high vowels
• Same height for all nasal consonants?– No, ower for final consonants, than initial,– Yes, for /m/ and /n/
• Few data because invasive?– X-ray, yes, but MRI, no
41
2) Nasal airflow
1. Nasal airflow is always a by-product of an open velopharyngeal port?
No, positive airflow may be the result of a pumping effect
No, Negative airflow is possible when velum goes down long the velo-phayrngeal wall
No, glottal consonants
No; cold
2) Nasal airflow proportionnal to VP opening
No, impedance (/i/ > /a/)
42
3) Velopharyngeal port
1. The best!
but, lateral opening of theVP port is possible (IRM)
43
4) Articulatory synthesis
Rather easy
Maeda’s model
Vowels and consonants
44
5) acoustics
• Not too bad, but dangerous to infer the velum behavior from only acoustic data
• Consonants: /l/ has also zeros
• Vowels: – Zeros due to context
45
5) Perception
• If easy to create the sensation of nasality• More difficult to do it in a well-motivated way• Nasal tract very complicated• Aerodynamics constraints difficult to model1. Nasalisation of sonorants , fricatives and
vowels may go unnoticed because no nasal counterparts (non-native contrasts)
2. For stops, corresponding nasal may be more easily heard
3. The listeners would be sensitive to the total nasalisation in VN# sequence (Beddor, 2007)
46
Is differences between initial and final consonants strickly
physiologically necessary (production) ?
No !
47
Initial and final
Consonants
Could behave
the same way
Anticipatory
and carry-over
are not strictly necessary
48
what differences between initial and final consonants generally
observed ?
Yes !
Why?
49
Lower velum for final than initial nasal
a) Differences in velar height and VP opening
50
Also X-ray, X-ray microbeam system, IRM, French, Japanese, etc.
Differences in velar height and VP opening
51Krakow, English
52
b) Differences in coarticulatory patterns
53
• More anticipation than carry-over
• More coarticulation when tautosyllabic but no blocking
• More anticipation when tautosyllabic (cvN)
54
what differences between initial and final consonants generally
observed ?
Some conflicts in the conclusion
But I will concentrate on similarities
55
Variability observedsame instrumentation
same language (French)
• Variability beginning and middle of murmur in nV
• Maximum at /n/ release
• = the only instant where nasality is necessary
Benguerel
Ouvaroff
Cohn
56
Maximum nasal airflowMinimal velum height
Close for aerodynamic reason
Perceptual requirement
But masking
A point of rendez-vous:
The release of the nasal consonant
If missed: no nasality perceived
57
demo
• Most of the nasal murmur • in nV, or VnV or VnV• is not necessary for /n/ to be perceived as nasal
• J’admets > Jeanne met• Et demi > ennemi• Maintenant > mainnant• Nombre, number > nomme
• What counts perceptually is the release; only the release
58
• So if the release perceptually counts for initial /n/
• What happens when a non released final consonant to be perceived as a nasal?
• Observations: – Articulatory observation: minimum VH at VN
boundary, that is at the N onset.
• A perceptual complication: If short and no anticipatory nasalisation of the vowel, masking and murmur not perceived
105
59
Maximum nasal airflowMinimal velum height
Close for aerodynamic reason
Perceptual requirement
But masking
60
• So if the release perceptually counts for initial /n/
• What happens when a non released final consonant to be perceived as a nasal?
• Observations: – Articulatory observation: minimum VH at VN
boundary, that is at the N onset.
• A perceptual complication: If short and no anticipatory nasalisation of the vowel, masking and murmur not perceived
105
61
What solution(s)?
• What to do the nasalisity of the coda to be perceived• The French way:
– Released it ! – Liaison– Enchaînement
• Make it long !• Vowel anticipatory nasalisation ! (Beddor, 2007:
integration)
• Anticipatory nasalisation even in French
62
language
Anticipatory
nasalisation
In languages
With
Even in languages
With nasal vowels
Cohn
63
64
VN/ + C
• Different behavior depending on the surrounding consonants
• N+stop: nasal release of the stop, maximum velar height
• If unvoiced stop: VP close at the beginning
• If fricative: maximum velar height at the middle
65
Maximum nasal airflowMinimal velum height
Close for aerodynamic reason
Perceptual requirement
But masking
66
Conclusions?
67
1) Perceptual consideration
• nV, VnV,• A long murmur is not
necessary• Not audible for most
of its lenght• Around the consonant
release • It is essential
importance
• VN, VNC,• Long murmur
necessary• If short, masked• Anticipatory
nasalisation as a compensation
• Integration of nasality over V and N (Benguerel, Beddor)
68
Recall …
• The same perceptual constraints for
• /k,g/
Perceptual necessity and not articulatory ease!
F2
69
2) alignement
• Consonants:
• Onset of unvoiced stop is [- nasal] (of better VP close), aerodynamics
• Release of stops has to be |-nasal] , perception, nasal counterparts
• Fricative: middle, variability at the edge
• Nasal vowels: middle and last part, perception
70
3) From phonetic to phonology
• Much advantage to phonetically divide the « phoneme » into three or four parts
• Onset, steady state, just before release, release, transition …
71
4) multi-instrumentation
• Necessary for the nasality feature
72
5) Integration of multiple considerations
• Release
• And duration
• And anticipatory phenomena
• Should be faced in once
• Because of perception
73
Merci!