Ca Jets Discovered by Hinode/SOT

Three Dimensional Visualization of the Solar Corona and study of coronal cavity observed by Yohkoh/SXT and Hinode/XRTJ. Okumura, D. Mineyama, H. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, K. Otsuji, S. Aoki, E. Asano, and K. Shibata

Department of Astronomy & Kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University2008 October 9, Flux Emergence Workshop 2008, Kyoto, JapanToday, I would like to talk about Three Dimensional Visualization of the Solar Corona and study of coronal cavity observed by Yohkoh/SXT and Hinode/XRT.My name is Jun Okumura, undergraduate student from Department of Astronomy & kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University.

1.Please keep red-blue glasses. 2.And this is the my second experience to make a presentation in English.1Content1. Introduction2. How to make 3D movies

3. Brief report about cavity

SXTSo I want talk in this content. This summer, we had an exhibition related to Astronomy in Kyoto University Museum.And we made three dimensional solar movies using soft X-ray images taken with Yohkoh/SXT and Hinode/XRT for this exhibition.First, I would like to speak about how we made 3D solar movies.

And during our preparation, we found many structure known as coronal cavity.So I would like to make a brief report about cavity.2IntroductionSolar corona

SXTMagnetically DominatedSource of solar windSolar flares and Corona Mass Ejection(CME)Space weather forecast

We made 3D movies of the solar corona.Solar corona is magnetically dominated, and known as source of solar wind,, and also the place that solar flares and corona mass ejection occurs.And sometimes these activities have effects on the earth. So the solar corona is important in terms of space weather forecast.3IntroductionWhy X-ray?We can see the magnetic structure of the solar corona

Why 3D?the origin of coronal activity is closely related to 3D configuration of magnetic fields

So, I have to mention about the importance of X-ray observation of the Sun and comprehension of three-dimensional structure of the solar corona.(X-ray observation of the Sun such as Yohkoh, revealed the dynamical activity of the Sun.)The X-ray solar images are reflecting the magnetic field of the solar corona, and thats the most important points of X-ray observations.We can see the magnetic structure of the solar corona.Thanks to these observations, our understanding of the solar corona grew dynamically.

And now, the significance to detect the three-dimensional sturucture of the solar corona is increasing.Since the origin of coronal activity is closely related to 3D configuration of magnetic fields, the observations of 3D structure of the corona is very important.4IntroductionTo know the three dimensional structure of the solar coronaSTEREO (2006-)reveal three dimensional structure of solar coronausing simultaneous observation with two satellites.

100Aschwanden et al.(2008)And to know the three dimensional structure of the solar corona, STEREO enabled us to see the Sun in 3D, and has been revealing three dimensional (3D) structure of the solar corona for the first time using simultaneous observations with two satellites.5IntroductionYohkoh/SXT1991-2001Spectral range : 3-45(0.3-4.1keV)spatial resolution 2.5/pix

Hinode/XRT (2006-)Spectral range : 6-200(0.06-2.1keV)spatial resolution 1/pix

2007/01/01 21:54:45.6XRT

SXT (SXT=Soft X-ray Telescope) (XRT=X-Ray Telescope)Today, we would like to report a new method to make 3D Sun movies using full Sun soft X-ray images taken with Yohkoh/SXT, and Hinode/XRT. 6IntroductionTwo projection equipmentsSpecial kind of screen(reflects polarized light)

(Watching 3D movies with polarized glasses at Kyoto University Museum)I think there are various way to see the movie in three-dimensions, and we strongly recommend to use polarized 3D glasses.This is the scene that we are watching 3D Sun movies with polarized glasses.But in this case, we need two projection equipments and a special kind of screen, so today we would like to present the movie in this red-blue 3D glasses.Please put on your glasses.

7Yohkoh/SXT

(I would like to show you the stereoscopic Sun movie we made. )This is the stereoscopic Sun movie using the data from Yohkoh/SXT.I hope you see the 3D structure and associated dynamical activity of the Sun more intuitively.And we can see also faint structure in three dimension.Then, I would like to speak about how we made this movie.8How to make 3D solar movieTimeYohkoh was taking the full Sun soft X-ray images approximately every 20 minutesWe make images put in the same interval!30 min5 hoursAs you know, Yohkoh was taking the full Sun soft X-ray images approximately every 20 minutes.But those images are not taken in same interval, so we need to make images put in the exactly same interval.And this time we used 30 minutes as a time interval.

9How to make 3D solar movieTimeYohkoh was taking the full Sun soft X-ray images approximately every 20 minutesWe make images put in the same interval!

future 7 Imagespast 7 Images5 hours

To make these images, we utilized 14 data, 7 data before and 7 data after around the time we want to make the image.And this is the 14 data. But we cannot simply merge these 14 images taken at different time.Its a little bit moving.

10

How to make 3D solar movieTime

We rotate these 14 images (interpolation)5 hours(Rigid body rotation model rotating in 27.5 days)So we have to rotate the solar images for this purpose, depending on how before or how after the image was taken. Like this.To rotate the images, we used rigid body rotation model rotating in 27.5 days.

11How to make 3D solar movieModified 14 Images

14 Images

This is the difference after rotating the Sun. After this modification, we can get 14 images that are not rotating.Finally we can merge these images.

In this method we may destroy the structure during about several hours.But to avoid that, we are adding weight depending on how far the data was taken from the time we want to make the image.So you can decide that these lines are all real.

12How to make 3D solar movie

Right eyeLeft eye t t+7 hours

At last we could make a smoothed movie.And preparing two movies with several hours difference, well be able to make a stereoscopic sun movie.In this time, we used 7 hours as a time separation.13Hinode/XRT

First Hinode 3D movie!!And we also applied this method to Hinode data.Hinode are taking approximately 4 full solar images a day. In Yohkoh case, we could use 14 data, but this time, we cannot use too much data because of less data comparing with Yohkoh.So, we are utilizing only 4 data to make the images at exactly 30 minutes interval.Hinode, have a good spatial resolution and I hope you see the faint coronal structure in this stereoscopic movie.And I want to mention that this is the first stereoscopic Hinode movies in the world.14Cavity

So that was the technical story.During our preparation, we found the structure known as cavity, as I mentioned first.These 3D movies enabled us to see the faint eruption and arcade structure.

And now, we were watching this movie and found the structure known as filament cavity here.In January 1st, we see the structure here, a circle void region with soft X-ray source in the center.

15Cavity

And after about 2 weeks, in January 14th the structure came into west-limb. Something passed the west-limb.But in this case we cannot see the bright center point.16Cavity

Cavity2006/12/182007/01/012007/01/132007/01/272007/02/112007/02/26

?

?

2007/01/11 09:10:202007/01/12 09:45:52

2007/01/07 08:28:20

Hinode/XRTKanzelhoehe Solar ObservatoryX-rayHThis is the appearance of the cavity.In this case, we could find the cavity-like structure only in Jan 1st , Jan 13th, and Jan 27th.The right images are H-alpha data from Kanzelhoehe.The bright point in the center of the cavity may have related to this filament, and the filament erupted during Jan 11th to 12th. After half rotation, in Jan 13th, we could not see the bright point, so the bright point and filament may have some relation.18Cavity

1991/11/19

1991/12/12

1992/01/07

1992/07/16

1992/08/23dark circular X-ray void (sometimes with core)

1993/02/17(Yohkoh/SXT)Cavitydark circular X-ray void (sometimes with core)

1995/01/111995/06/191995/01/11

1997/07/21

1997/11/06

1997/11/19

1997/09/12(Yohkoh/SXT)Cavity1. We found 153 cavities- 110 appeared on the east limb- 43 appeared on the west limb 2. Cavity and Eruption

3. Polar cavity??Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many cavities. And among them, we also found eruptions after appearance of cavity.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.

22Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many cavities. And among them, we also found eruptions after appearance of cavity.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.

23Cavity-Eruption relation

This is other examples, there is a very faint cavity structure here in July 15th, and made eruption in July 14th .As you see, there must have relation between cavity eruption and arcade structure.

24Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many cavities. And among them, we also found eruptions after appearance of cavity.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.

25Cavity-Eruption relation

Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many cavities. And among them, we also found eruptions after appearance of cavity.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.

27Polar Cavity?YearAppearance Date199110/18South11/04South19921/26South20005/11North8/29?North20011/11South3/04North

1991/11/04

1992/01/26

1992/01/26Polar Cavity?

29Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)199110/18South Pole11/04South Pole11/1911/26N7012/1212/19N5012/13South pole12/26South pole19921/071/10S501/121/19N601/12S501/25N601/25South pole2/112/13N602/11S70Finally, we found many eruptions after appearance of filament cavity during 1991 to 2001. This shows that these eruptions have something with cavity appearances.As my feeling, cavity structure appeared most in 1992, and the number of cavity appearance declined after that, and increased after 1997. And interesting thing is that these cavity sometime appear near the pole of the Sun30Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)3/013/05N703/233/24N505/10N205/266/03S207/167/21N508/23S509/149/16S409/1910/14N409/20S209/209/26S7011/04N4011/27N2012/2312/25S5031Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)19931/231/29N602/13?2/18N702/172/25S703/173/22S704/13S305/035/13S505/135/21N809/2410/06S4019942/24?2/27S506/06N406/136/20S306/276/30N308/239/04S10Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)8/27N309/19S1011/15N6012/02S3019951/11N702/25N406/19N508/068/13S1010/16N6019962/21S804/30S705/24S707/25N70Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)19972/012/07S702/28S703/17N805/31S806/21S706/25N607/19S708/18S709/04S609/12N7010/0210/17S6011/03N7011/20N80Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)12/02N8012/0412/13S8012/18N8019981/171/20N802/213/05S803/12S503/22S705/07S706/076/16S709/06?9/09?S5010/14S7010/26S8011/30S70Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)19991/26S704/02N404/06?S804/22N805/04S806/046/15S806/21N807/107/16S807/258/04?N808/03S809/02S8010/06S8010/0810/13N60Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)10/30S1012/0512/13S8020002/162/20?N503/163/18N503/30S805/095/13S605/11N605/11North pole20006/09N606/09S706/166/19N607/02North pole7/097/23?N70Cavity-Eruption relationYearCavity Appearance on the east limbEruption Date2nd Appearance after half rotationNorth/SouthDegree(rough)8/29North pole11/0411/17S5020011/11South pole3/04North pole5/205/31S207/207/29S70SummaryThree dimensional visualization of solar coronaWe made stereoscopic movies, using data for 10 years taken by Yohkoh/SXTWe made stereoscopic Hinode movies for the first time in the worldWe can see the faint structure of the solar corona in3D

CavityWe discovered many cavitiesWe found many eruptions after appearance of cavityCavity may be utilized as a sign of a future eruption(In future, we will make a statistical analysis and determine the three dimensional structure of cavity)39Cavity appeared on the west limbYearCavity Appearance on the west limbNorth/SouthDegree(rough)199112/13S4019921/07N601/22S503/25S505/03N5010/03N7011/05S7012/06S6019931/25S703/29S308/31S3010/22N4019941/28?N30YearCavity Appearance on the west limbNorth/SouthDegree(rough)19945/24N405/19S509/10N3019951/26S404/16S405/23S309/04N7019962/22S803/08S808/01N7012/24N7019975/11?S808/28N70Cavity appeared on the west limbYearCavity Appearance on the west limbNorth/SouthDegree(rough)199711/06N7011/06N6011/17S5011/17S7011/18S8011/20N8019982/06S806/08N807/12N8010/07N7019994/01N604/15S104/21S80YearCavity Appearance on the west limbNorth/SouthDegree(rough)19999/21S8020003/17S806/09S709/14N60Rotation of images

Rotation of images

Rotation of images

Image correction

Unsharpmask

46Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many cavities. And among them, we also found eruptions after appearance of cavity.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.47Cavity-Eruption relation

Then we tried to find those cavities with expectation that we might be able to see the three-dimensional sturucture of cavity, and found many eruptions after appearance of cavity-like structure.This is the example, in May 27th , here we see the cavity, and this cavity made eruption in June 3rd.48Cavity-Eruption relation

This is other examples, there is a very faint cavity structure here in July 15th, and made eruption in July 14th .As you see, there must have relation between cavity eruption and arcade structure.49Polar Cavity

This is the example. There you see the cavity with core near the south pole. This structure remained for about 3 month.(And in December 19th, there was a eruption near this cavity.)

50Cavity-Eruption relation

This is other examples, there is a very faint cavity structure here in July 7th, and made eruption in July 14th .As you see, there must have relation between cavity eruption and arcade structure.51