RenaissanceThe term means rebirth, and in this context, it refers to a revival of art and learning.

Humanisman intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.

SecularWorldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.

PatronsWealthy people that financially support artists.

PerspectiveA technique which shows three dimensions on a flat surface.

VernacularA native, local language.

Which event most affected the rise of Italian city-states?

Sample Answer: I. Advantages: A. thriving cities, B. wealthy merchants, C. classical heritage (most important). !

II. Values: A. citizens involved in politics, B. merchants dominated politics.

What are some of the characteristics of the “Renaissance man” and “Renaissance woman”?

Man—Excelled in many fields, charming, witty, educated, politically powerful. !

Woman— Well educated in classics, charming, modest, knowledgeable in arts.

How did Italy’s cities help to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Cities offered wealth, talent, and new ideas.

What was the attitude of Church leaders and the wealthy toward the arts? Why?

They supported the arts because they wanted to beautify their communities and show their own importance.

RECOGNIZING EFFECTS In your judgment, what are the benefits and drawbacks of the belief that the group was more important than the individual?

Benefits—Parents respected, strength in numbers. Drawbacks—Individuals less important, few rights for women.

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did study of the classics influence branches of learning such as history, literature, and philosophy?

Study of classical texts led to a different outlook on life, one emphasizing human potential and achievements.

MAKING INFERENCES How is the humanism of the Renaissance reflected in its art? Explain with examples.

Sample Answer. Renaissance art such as David celebrates the human body and individual achievement.

COMPARING What were the differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward worldly pleasures?

In the Middle Ages, some people believed that denial of worldly pleasures would please God. During the Renaissance, many believed that God intended them to enjoy those things

WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought? Support your opinions in a three-paragraph essay.

Essays should discuss how Renaissance scholars looked to classical writers for inspiration. Note the ways Renaissance artists revolutionized art by using perspective, a more realistic style, and glorifying individuals.