italian renaissance 1300-1600. italian states the civilization of the italian renaissance was urban,...
TRANSCRIPT
Italian Renaissance
1300-1600
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists.
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. In northern Italy, the city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice became major centers of the Renaissance civilization.
• Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy, while the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies embraced most of southern Italy.
Italian States• Florence
– Oligarchy– Medici family– Savonarola
• Milan– Condottiere– Spanish empire
• Venice– Great Council
• Doge– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
• Papal States– Renaissance
Popes• Julius II
– Kingdom of the Two Sicilies• Poor land• Spanish empire
Renaissance Literature
• Tuscan Triumvirate ---> vernacular– Dante Alighieri
• Divine Comedy
– Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6)
• Literary humanism
– Giovanni Boccaccio• Decameron
• Niccolo Machiavelli– The Prince
• Bladassare Castiglione– The Book of the Courtier
• Benvenuto Cellini– Autobiography
• Lorenzo Valla– Linguistic/historical
analysis
Italian Renaissance Art
• Religious scenes focused on expressions• Holy as human• God’s beauty in world• Neo-Platonism• Nude body• Uniqueness - self-portraits• Pagan myths as Christian icons• Individual-secular-profane
Giotto• Religious subjects in more
human fashion and realistic setting
• Illusion of depth
Masaccio
• Used light and shade to perspective
• The Holy Trinity
Sandro Botticelli• Vivid colors• Classical mythology• The Adoration of the Magi• The Birth of Venus• Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci• First Italian artist to use oil
paints• Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• The Virgin of the Rocks• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci• Studying fossils• Anatomy from
dissections• First accurate
description of human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings
• Sistine Madonna• School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarotti• Sistine Chapel
– Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
• The Last Judgment• David• Moses• Pieta• Dying Slave• Night
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Titian
• Tiziano Vecellio• Most famous
Venetian painter• One painting a
month• “Titian” red• The Assumption of
the Virgin
The Northern Renaissance
• The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward.
• The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.
Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries
• Printing press w/ moveable type– Johannes Gutenberg– 1456 - the Bible– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism– Unite classical
learning w/ Christian faith
– Erasmus• ‘Prince of the
Humanists’• Praise of Folly• Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck– First to use oil paints– The Adoration of the
Lamb– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
• Hieronymus Bosch– Nightmarish fantasy
worlds– Garden of Earthly Delight
• Peter Brueghel– Earthly and lively
activities of peasants– Peasant Wedding– Children’s Games
German Painting
• Albrecht Durer– Mastery of
expression– Woodcuts– Self-Portrait
• Hans Holbein the Younger– Portraits
• Henry VIII
• Erasmus
• Thomas More
• The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature
• Edmund Spenser– Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe– playwright– Brief career– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare– Most famous playwright
• Ben Jonson– Last major literary figure
Spanish Renaissance
• Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros
• Miguel de Cervantes– Don Quixote
• Felix Lope de Vega– Most prolific playwright
• El Greco– Greatest painter of SR– Studied with Titian– Intense religious mysticism– Mannerism
• El Escorial
The Protestant Reformation• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses• 1534 - Act of Supremacy• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
Martin Luther• Planned to be a lawyer• Religious conversion to
Augustinian monk• Theology teacher at
university of Wittenberg• “The just shall live by
faith.” Romans (1:17)– Justification by faith
• Johann Tetzel– Indulgence controversy
• 95 Theses• Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
1. “Justification by faith”
2. “Sola scriptura”
3. Baptism and holy communion
4. Priesthood of believers
5. German translation of Bible
6. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy
Lutheranism
Lutheranism• Peasants’ Revolt• Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V• Diet of Augsburg• Peace of Augsburg
– German prince right to determine religion of his state
• Lutheran or Roman Catholic• No recognition of Calvinists
or Anabaptists
– Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia
Calvinism
• Ulrich Zwingli– Humanist and
Catholic priest– Sacraments only
symbolic ceremonies– Rejected celibacy of
clergy– Emphasized
simplicity in worship– Killed by Catholic
forces
• John Calvin– Protestant– Exile in Geneva– Institutes of the
Christian Religion– Predestination
• Salvation by election
– Puritanism
• Theocracy
Spread of Calvinism
• Switzerland• France
– Huguenots
• John Knox– Presbyterians
• England– Puritans
• Netherlands• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”
Anglicanism• King Henry VIII
– Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
– Thomas Cramner
• Act of Supremacy– King head of Church of
England– Six Articles
• No papal supremacy
• Sold monasteries• Supported by English
people– Papal taxes– “Babylonian Captivity”– Monastic land
• Execution of Thomas More
• Edward VI– 42 Articles
• More Protestant
• Cramner’s Book of Common Prayer
• Bloody Mary– Executed Cramner– Married Philip II
• Elizabeth I– Last Tudor– 39 Articles– Opposition
• Pilgrims - Separatists
• Mary Queen of Scots
• Philip II
Anabaptism
• Radicals of the PR• Rejection of infant
baptism• Active in Peasants’
Revolt• Thomas Munzer• John of Leyden• Menno Simons
– Mennonites