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11/25/2014 1 It Takes a Village: Lessons Learned Along the Journey Towards Reducing 30day Readmissions 1 These presenters have nothing to disclose Session: C29 December 9, 2014 Learning Objectives 2 Understand the importance of a systematic, performance improvement approach in developing targeted solutions to reduce readmissions Learn from the lessons learned by a large, Academic Medical Center in its pursuit of reducing 30day readmissions Understand the power of partnering with independent healthcare delivery organizations to reduce readmissions Understand the approach by which the relationships with these community partners were developed and fostered over time Learn about the power and limitations of predictive analytics in its ability to support clinicians target readmissions reductions strategies

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11/25/2014

1

It Takes a Village:Lessons Learned Along the Journey Towards 

Reducing 30‐day Readmissions

1

These presenters have nothing to disclose

Session: C29

December 9, 2014

Learning Objectives

2

• Understand the importance of a systematic, performance improvement approach in developing targeted solutions to reduce readmissions

• Learn from the lessons learned by a large, Academic Medical Center in its pursuit of reducing 30‐day readmissions

• Understand the power of partnering with independent healthcare delivery organizations to reduce readmissions

• Understand the approach by which the relationships with these community partners were developed and fostered over time

• Learn about the power and limitations of predictive analytics in its ability to support clinicians target readmissions reductions strategies

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Outline

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Topic Presenter Approx. Duration

Approach to Target Readmissions 

Reductions Omkar Kulkarni, MPH Manager, Performance Improvement

10 minutes

Learning from Failures 10 minutes

Partnering with Home Health Agencies

Neil Romanoff, MDAssociate Chief Medical Officer

20 minutes

The Enhanced Care Program: SNF Collaborative Neema Haria, MHSA

Lead PI Consultant, Population Health

10 minutes

Predictive Analytics 10 minutes

Setting the Stage

4

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Cedars‐Sinai Health System

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•One of the largest not‐for‐profit medical centers in the western United States with 886 licensed beds

•More than 10,200 full‐time employees, 2,100 physicians on medical staff, 2,800 nurses and more than 2,800 volunteers

• In FY2013 more than 7,000 babies delivered, 32,000 operating room procedures, 85,000 emergency department visits, 49,000 admissions and 630,000 outpatient visits 

•Only nonprofit, private hospital in Los Angeles County with a Level I Trauma Center and one of only four such centers in the entire region

Los Angeles Primary Service Area

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• 90+ languages spoken• Spanish, Farsi, Russian, Korean

• High proportion of patients Age 85+• 60+ independently owned Skilled 

Nursing Facilities• 300+ Home Health Agencies

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30‐day Readmissions Rates

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July 2012 – June 2013Source: Health Services Advisory Group

30‐day Readmissions Rates

8

July 2012 – June 2013Source: Health Services Advisory Group

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30‐day Readmissions Rates

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July 2012 – June 2013Source: Health Services Advisory Group

Approach to Target Readmissions 

Reductions

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CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

11

CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

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Setting the Table

• Understand & empathize with our customers• Empathy Interviews

• Validate the data measurement system• Readmissions vs. Acute Care Encounters (ACEs)

• Study analogous situations, industries to learn other perspectives• Car mechanics, restaurants

• Develop a project charter with key stakeholders• Define the problem• Setting S.M.A.R.T. goals• Agreeing upon the Scope

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CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

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Collect and Analyze Data 

• Conduct questionnaires, surveys to understand the current state

• Review patient records to determine modifiable root causes for readmissions

• Identify root causes that closely link with high % of readmissions

• Conduct a Pareto assessment to focus on high yield targets that will help achieve goals

CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

14

Design Creative, Targeted Solutions

• With a focus on the high yield ‘root causes’, generate ideas from customers, stakeholders and thought leaders (suppliers, vendors).

• First test ideas in small, controlled patient populations.

• Expand tests that suggest potential opportunity, ensuring a significant sample size.

• Validate effective strategies using proportion testing (p‐tests)

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CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

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Implement and Sustain Gains

• Identify process owners to lead the deployment and long‐term sustainment of successful interventions

• Use historic data to build control limits that serve as thresholds to help process owners manage and prevent drift.

CSHS Approach to Reducing Readmissions

16

What We Try to Avoid

• Implementing strategies simply because other hospitals have implemented them.

• Testing strategies without data to support that there is a problem that requires fixing.

• Avoid testing strategies that can not be measured

• Implementing strategies for which there is no designated process owner.

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Learning from Failures

17

Paramedic Transitions Coach

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The Intervention• A paramedic, trained as a Coleman Transitions Coach, helped transition 

hospitalized HF patients from the hospital to the home, when he was off‐duty . • He visited the patients at home, called them every week and would contact 

their doctor when problems arose.

The ResultsAfter helping transition 46 patients, the 30‐day readmission rate was nearly 40%, higher than the historical 24% baseline rate.

Why it Failed• We never engaged Primary Care physicians in the process• The protocols that were laid out were loosely followed• The paramedic was not dedicated fully to this project. 

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Post‐Discharge Clinic

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The Intervention• Hospitalized Heart Failure patients were asked to return to the hospital campus, 

48 hours after discharge, for a 90 minute, coordinated outpatient clinic visit with a pharmacist, nurse and dietitian to review self‐care instructions, medications and follow‐up appointments.

The ResultsThe first five patients who had agreed to attend the clinic, were all no‐shows. Attempts to reschedule the appointment also failed.

Why it Failed• We did not talk to the patients when designing this intervention

• Patients later told us they didn’t want to have drive all the way back to the hospital, just 48 hours after discharge.

Telephone Hotline

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The Intervention• Hospitalized patients were given a phone number and were instructed to call 

the phone number whenever they had any questions about their self‐care instructions or medications.

The ResultsTo date, there have been zero phone calls to the hotline. 

Why it Failed• We didn’t talk to the patients when designing this intervention

• Patients later told us that they would feel more comfortable calling their doctor with questions, rather than a nurse from the hospital. 

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Post‐Discharge Phone Calls

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The Intervention• 48‐72 hours after discharge, a floor nurse called a discharged HF patient, 

verifying that the patient could teach‐back information about their self‐care instructions (diet, exercise, fluid overload, weight mgt., appointments, medications). When questions would arise, the nurse asked the patient to call their doctor. 

The ResultsAfter calling and speaking with 375 HF patients, the readmission rate remained unchanged. 

Why it Failed• We asked the patient to call their doctor when there was a question, instead of 

answering it immediately. • Patients answering the phone were likely not the ones at highest risk for 

readmission.

Partnering with Home Health Agencies

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.

Baseline Data (January 2012 to December 2012)

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Where we started: Enhanced Home Health Pilot

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Four high volume Home Health agencies tested the ‘Enhanced Home Health’

bundle during a 6‐week period in February & March 2012.

A total of 396 patients were enrolled.

Home Health Agency

BASELINE% 30‐day ReadmissionsFeb 2011‐ Jan 2012

TEST OF CHANGE% 30‐day ReadmissionsFeb 15‐Mar 31 2012

# enrolled in TOCFeb 15‐Mar 31 2012

Agency 1 12.7% 10.3% 121

Agency 2 12.1% 7.8% 103

Agency 3 14.7% 11.8% 110

Agency 4 17.3% 6.4% 62

35%Reduction

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Home Health Readmissions Data  (March 2013)

Home Health Order 

(in CS‐LINK)

Enhanced Home Health 

Patients

Home Health Order 

(in CS‐LINK) but no EHH

# of Readmissions (within 30 days of 

discharge)

31 14 17

# of Discharges 246 166 80

% Readmitted 13% 8% 21%

Root Causes for Home Health Readmissions

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• Patients & families often turn away Home Health agencies after hospital discharge

• Inconsistency in frequency of home visits post‐discharge

• 45% of readmissions occurred on a Saturday or Sunday

• Patient/Family not communicating Red Flags to Home Health agency

• Medication Management/Reconciliation 

• Physicians not responsive when Home Health Agencies have questions/concerns

A chart review of 45 Home Health patients revealed recurring factors that likely contributed to preventable readmission within 30 days.

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Solutions from outside of the hospital environment to:• Optimize patient health and experience across

the continuum• Build high performance win/win partnerships

with providers and patients/families

Our Approach

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Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards (Healthcare) Criteria

•A model for excellence proven over several decades

•One element of many

Vendor relationships

How to create Win – WIN RELATIONSHIPS

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• To improve coordination, quality & safety of care and reduce readmissions

• Define mutual expectations and accountabilities for prospective HHA partners and CSHS

Objectives & Deliverables

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Components of EHH 2.0

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Enhanced Home Health Protocol Touch points to occur within the first two weeks of discharge

24 – 48 Hours prior to discharge

Day after discharge

1st weekend patient is at home

Pre-Discharge Hospital Visit

with Home Health Liaison

Home visit• Med rec• Safety check• Assessment &

education• Identify other

disciplines that may be needed

Home visit (2-3 in first week)

• Med compliance• Vitals

assessment• Schedule next

home visit

Tuck-in Phone call

• Identify red flags• Schedule next

home visit• MD Follow up

appointment?

2nd weekend that patient is at home

1st Friday patient is at home

Home visit• Med compliance• Vitals• Well-being

assessment

Monday-Thursday Minimum of 1 home

visit

Home visit• Med compliance• Vitals• Well-being assessment

Tuck-in Phone call

• Address questions• Schedule next home

visit

Week 1

Week 2-4

2nd Friday patient is at home

Tuck-in Phone call

• Address questions• Schedule next home

visit

Weekly 15-30 days post discharge

Intro Phone Call

• Identify red flags

• Address questions/anxiety

Evening of Discharge

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Proposed Pre-discharge visit: Home Health Liaison

Home Health Liaison complete the following on site, prior to discharge:

• Patient contact information

• Caregiver contact information

• MRN and ACCT ID Number

Verify the following in CS‐Link

• EHH fact sheet to set expectations

• Review when to call 911

Review Cedars‐Branded Patient Education Materials with patient and family

• Preferred language

• Preferred time of day

• Presence of a caregiver (if applicable)

Identify patient preferences

• Speak with Attending Physician and identify the MD who will be following the patient in the post‐discharge setting

• Call identified MD and ensure they are on board with post‐discharge plan

Identify post‐discharge MD follow‐up

• Data CollectionTool

• CS‐Link (long‐term)

Documentation and Data Collection

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24/7 On-Call Clinical Support

How might hospitals, home health agencies and doctors work together to ensure the availability

of 24/7 support to patients to prevent unnecessary visits to the Emergency Department?

Agency Selection Process

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Interview Criteria

•Clinical Quality

•Service

•Technology

•Willingness to Partner

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Status Update

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• 5 Home Health Agencies identified on March 1, 2014.

• Since March, nearly 1500 patients have been enrolled into Enhanced Home Health

• Represents 50‐65% of all Home Health referrals

• 17% reduction in re‐hospitalizations (either inpatient or observation)• Statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction

• Variation in re‐hospitalization rate between agencies

• Patients who receive the entire intervention (all 7 touch‐points) had a readmission rate 40% lower than the historical baseline. 

A Deeper Dive into the Data

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39

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Next Steps

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Keys to Success

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Reframing the Relationship to Build a Partnership

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Customer Service

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EMR Access & Data Sharing

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Using Core Values of Baldrige Health Care Criteria to Build Partnerships

Visionary LeadershipVisionary Leadership

Organizational and Personal LearningOrganizational and Personal Learning

Focus on the Future

Focus on the Future

Value Workforce Membership and 

Partners

Value Workforce Membership and 

Partners

Managing for innovation

Managing for innovation

Management by Fact

Management by Fact

Focus on Results and Creating ValueFocus on Results and Creating Value

AgilityAgilitySocietal 

Responsibility and Community Health

Societal Responsibility and Community Health

System PerspectiveSystem 

PerspectivePatient‐Focused 

ExcellencePatient‐Focused 

Excellence

THE ENHANCED CARE PROGRAM (ECP):

A Cedars-Sinai and Skilled Nursing Facilities Collaborative

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ECP Background—why the focus on SNFs?

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• These patients are high‐risk.

• Approximately 30% of Medicare discharges from acute care 

hospitals are sent to a skilled nursing facility (SNF).

• CMS  is penalizing hospitals based on 30‐day readmission rates.

• Cedars‐Sinai is working on improving care transitions and 

reducing 30‐day readmissions.

ECP Overview

48

Readmissions Oversight Committee initiative

Launched in 2012

Nurse Practitioner‐driven program

Enrollment of over 1,600 Cedars discharges thus far

Collaborative effort with 7 SNFs and over 110 private MDs in the community

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Deploying NPs to SNFs– A 2011 test of changewith Private physicians

49

• Based on success with working with a NP to round on SNF 

patients.

• TOC:  All pts transferring to a SNF were eligible.

• All first calls from SNF went to NP, who then worked with 

Attending MD and SNF staff to manage patient.

• Data and feedback tracked by PI team, results reviewed.

Program Overview

• If enrolled, NP would see patient at the SNF within 24 hours of transfer and then 1‐2 times/week + as‐needed.

•Medication Reconciliation with Pharmacist occurs within 24‐48 hours

•NP participates in Interdisiplinary Team Program at SNFs to manage patients

•Dedicated Attending MD ‘SNF‐ologist” available for MDs who are not following their patients in the SNF

•Patients that are part of the Foundation receive a Tuck‐in Visit NP House Call upon discharge from SNF

50

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ECP EnrollmentJuly 2013 through June 2014

72

90

6678 81

127 132

174161 157 157

143

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1‐Jul 1‐Aug 1‐Sep 1‐Oct 1‐Nov 1‐Dec 1‐Jan 1‐Feb 1‐Mar 1‐Apr 1‐May 1‐Jun

V

o

l

u

m

e

ECP Patients ECP Average Enrollment

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110 private Attending MDs have agreed to participate with ECP since inception

Daily ECP census: 200‐250 patientsat 7 local SNFs

ECP Pharmacy Medication Reconciliation

52

Patient Discharged from 

hospital, admitted to SNF

SNF MAR created with Attending MD, SNF staff faxes MAR to ECP 

pharmacy team

ECP pharmacy team reconciles SNF MAR with 

hospital discharge list

If potential discrepancies identified, 

Pharmacist will contact ECP NP

CY 2013

# of Patients 1034

# of Serious/ Significant Drug‐Related Problems 

(DRPs) Identified910

% of Patients Requiring Intervention

45% (469 pts)

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Incorrect Dose/Dose Adjustments

30%

Omission of Medication

17%Recommended 

Initiation of Therapy16%

Recommended Discontinuation of 

Therapy16%

Other16%

Duplication5%

Types of Drug‐Related Problems (n=910)

*Other: Includes categories of NP Consult, Drug‐Drug Interaction, Drug Level Monitoring, Wrong Instructions, Medication Substitution, and Extraneous Medication

*

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Get Vaccinated

Wash Your Hands

Cover Your Cough and Sneeze

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SNF Staff Flu Vaccination Rates as of March 2014

Flu season ’12-13 Flu season ’13-14

ECP Nurse Educator

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• 84 in‐service class sessions in SNFs• Emphasis on healthcare trends• Provided learning materials and CEU• Involvement in Quality Improvement Initiatives

• 84 in‐service class sessions in SNFs• Emphasis on healthcare trends• Provided learning materials and CEU• Involvement in Quality Improvement Initiatives

Topics covered: Detecting  and Reporting Change in Condition SBAR Respiratory Assessment Cardiovascular Assessment Fall Prevention Flu Prevention Nasopharyngeal Swab Flu Testing Foley Catheterization Reducing Use of Antipsychotic Drugs Among 

Residents with Dementia Atrial Fibrillation Hospice eligibility Stroke Advance Care Planning/POLST Tuberculosis Choosing Wisely PleurX Drainage System Stress Management

Topics covered: Detecting  and Reporting Change in Condition SBAR Respiratory Assessment Cardiovascular Assessment Fall Prevention Flu Prevention Nasopharyngeal Swab Flu Testing Foley Catheterization Reducing Use of Antipsychotic Drugs Among 

Residents with Dementia Atrial Fibrillation Hospice eligibility Stroke Advance Care Planning/POLST Tuberculosis Choosing Wisely PleurX Drainage System Stress Management

Upcoming topics:  Laboratory Result Interpretation

COPD

Diabetes Mellitus

Renal Failure

Infection Control

Myocardial Infarction

Hyponatremia

And many more….!

Upcoming topics:  Laboratory Result Interpretation

COPD

Diabetes Mellitus

Renal Failure

Infection Control

Myocardial Infarction

Hyponatremia

And many more….!

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Expedited Blood Transfusions—ED avoidance

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Outpatient transfusions , thereby avoiding an ED transfer (and possible readmission)

• Coordinated effort btw ECP, blood bank, hospital lab, Procedure Center, registration

End of Life issues are of paramount importance—more Advance Care Planning needed!

Greater collaboration with dialysis centers and nephrologists may help reduce readmissions of ESRD patients, better optimize and coordinate their care.

Weekend Attending MD coverage can be a challenge.

The Hospital‐to‐SNF and SNF‐to‐Home transitions need greater standardization and coordination.

Quantifying true impact of the intervention

Challenges and Opportunities

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Results

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• Evaluating metrics to drive Performance Improvement

• SNF LOS• Provider touch points as

driver of better outcomes?

• Comparing outcome metrics BY SNF

Leveraging Analytics to Drive Program Evaluation

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61

Predictive Analytics

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Predictive Analytics 

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Predictive Analytics uses quantitative methods to derive insights from the data and to provide estimates of future events. It guides an organization’s resource use so it can be more efficient in realizing its business goals and objectives.

64

Background

•Assess predictive performance of the retrospective HOSPITAL Model* applied to Cedars‐Sinai Medical population

•HOSPITAL Model performance consistent with publication

•Opportunity to enhance predictive performance by creating a retrospective CSHS Readmission Model

*Donze J, Aujesky D, et al. Potentially Avoidable 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in Medical Patients. JAMA Intern Med 2013; Online March 25, 2013

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CSHS Model: Risk Factors Explored

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Clinical Data

Comfort ScoreDialysisLaboratory•Serum Sodium•Serum Hemoglobin

Morse Score (fall risk)Pain ScorePrior To Admission (PTA) Medications•Total #• Insulin•Opioids•Anticoagulants•Digoxin• Immunosuppressant

Psych Consult

Administrative Data

AgeAdmitted from ObservationESRDGenderLength of Stay (LOS)Mental Health diagnosisNon‐Elective Index Admission Type Oncology ServiceProcedure (any)Risk of Mortality (ROM)Severity of Illness (SOI)Substance abuse diagnosis# Prior Admissions

• All•Non‐elective• Elective

# Prior ED Encounters# Prior Outpatient Encounters

HOSPITAL and CSHS Models: Risk Factors

66

Risk Factors HOSPITAL CSHS

Last Serum Hemoglobin x x

Oncology Service x x

Last Serum Sodium x x

Procedure (any) x

Non‐Elective Index Admission Type x x

# Prior Inpatient Admissions in last year (All) x

# Prior Non‐elective Inpatient Admissions in last year x

# of ED admissions within prior 6 months x

Length of Stay x

# PTA Meds x

Anticoagulants in PTA medication list x

Digoxin in PTA medication list x

Opioids in PTA medication list x

Dialysis during admission x

Last documented Morse Score (fall risk) x

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HOSPITAL and CSHS Models: Predictive Performance*

67

Measure HOSPITAL CSHS

Cases flagged for readmission risk 3,811 3,191

Captured by Model:True Readmission correctly flagged for readmission risk

1,085 1,074

Missed by Model:True Readmission not flagged for readmission risk

1,701 1,712

SensitivityPercent of readmissions correctly flagged as readmission

38.9% 38.5%

SpecificityPercent of non‐readmissions identified as non‐readmission cases

84.0% 87.6%

Positive Predictive ValuePercent of cases flagged for readmission risk that are actually readmitted

28.5% 33.7%

Medical Unplanned Readmission rate if all readmissions identified were prevented

8.6% 8.6%

Medical Unplanned Readmission rate if nothing is done 14.1% 14.1%

Cases flagged for readmission/day 10.4 8.7

True readmission cases flagged for readmission/day 3.0 2.9

*Medical population FY 2013: 19,814 admissions

68

Conclusion

Retrospective CSHS Model is more efficient than the HOSPITAL Model: it requires review of fewer cases to achieve the same potential reduction in readmission rate.

11/25/2014

35

Current Application: Daily Report From Census 

69

Unit RoomHighRis

kRisk Score Patient_Name

AttendingMD

AdmitDate

LOS TDNumber_of_Meds_PTA

OpioidsAnticoagulants

DialysisED_ADMIT_FL

G

Any_Oncology

InPTAdmits in 365

ED_ADMITS180_CNT

3N‐UNIV 1 Y 50 Patient 1 MD 1 11/16/14 5 20 N N N Y Y 6 2

3N‐UNIV 2 Y 43 Patient 2 MD 2 11/19/14 2 11 Y N N Y N 4 2

3N‐UNIV 3 Y 27 Patient 3 MD 3 10/10/14 42 1 N N N Y Y 1 1

3N‐UNIV 4 N 21 Patient 4 MD 4 11/20/14 1 15 N N N Y N 3 0

3N‐UNIV 5 N 21 Patient 5 MD 5 11/8/14 13 15 Y N N Y N 2 0

3N‐UNIV 6 N 20 Patient 6 MD 6 11/20/14 1 7 N N N Y N 2 0

3N‐UNIV 7 N 19 Patient 7 MD 7 11/17/14 4 4 N N N Y N 1 0

3N‐UNIV 8 N 10 Patient 8 MD 8 10/27/14 25 7 N N Y N N 0 0

3N‐UNIV 9 N 9 Patient 9 MD 9 11/17/14 4 7 N N N Y N 0 0

3N‐UNIV 10 N 6 Patient 10 MD 10 11/17/14 4 1 N N N Y N 0 0

3S‐UNIV 11 Y 27 Patient 11 MD 11 11/18/14 3 15 N N N Y Y 4 0

3S‐UNIV 12 N 21 Patient 12 MD 12 11/17/14 4 16 N N N Y N 3 0

3S‐UNIV 13 N 20 Patient 13 MD 13 11/14/14 7 14 Y N Y Y N 1 0

3S‐UNIV 14 N 19 Patient 14 MD 14 11/13/14 8 11 Y N Y Y N 1 0

3S‐UNIV 15 N 18 Patient 15 MD 15 11/19/14 2 10 N N N Y N 1 0

3S‐UNIV 16 N 11 Patient 16 MD 16 11/19/14 2 8 Y N N Y N 1 0

3S‐UNIV 17 N 10 Patient 17 MD 17 11/15/14 6 17 N N N Y N 0 1

3S‐UNIV 18 N 9 Patient 18 MD 18 11/17/14 4 0 N N Y Y N 0 0

Recap

70

Topic

Setting the Stage

Approach to Target Readmissions Reductions

Learning from Failures

Collaborating with Skilled Nursing Facilities

Partnering with Home Health Agencies

Predictive Analytics