it concept comp. history

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IT ConceptsIT Concepts

Chapter: 03

Muhammad BabarMuhammad Babar



History of Computer History of Computer



GENERATION OF GENERATION OF

COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

There are total five generations of theThere are total five generations of thecomputers. Which depend upon the periodcomputers. Which depend upon the period

of developments in this field?of developments in this field?�� First Generation (1942 First Generation (1942--1959)1959)

�� Second Generation (1959Second Generation (1959--1965)1965)

�� Third Generation (1965 Third Generation (1965--1971)1971)�� Fourth Generation (1971Fourth Generation (1971--Present)Present)

�� Fifth Generation (Future)Fifth Generation (Future)



First GenerationFirst Generation

(1942 (1942- -1959)1959)�� In first generation of computers vacuum tube wasIn first generation of computers vacuum tube was

used.used.�� In 1946 Professor J.Presper and John MauchlyIn 1946 Professor J.Presper and John Mauchly

developed the first vacuum computer ENIACdeveloped the first vacuum computer ENIAC(Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator)(Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator)�� EINAC has no idea of stored program conceptEINAC has no idea of stored program concept��

�� In 1946 Br. John Von Neumann started work onIn 1946 Br. John Von Neumann started work onEDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable AutomaticEDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable AutomaticComputer) which used the concept of storing theComputer) which used the concept of storing theprogram.program.



Vacuum TubeVacuum Tube



�� Its development was completed in 1952Its development was completed in 1952

�� Before the EDVAC in 1949 the EDSACBefore the EDVAC in 1949 the EDSAC

(Electronic delay Storage automatic(Electronic delay Storage automaticComputer) was developed by Maurice anComputer) was developed by Maurice anEnglishmanEnglishman

�� In 1951 Eckert and John developedIn 1951 Eckert and John developedUNIVAC (Universal Variable AutomaticUNIVAC (Universal Variable AutomaticComputer) which was the first digitalComputer) which was the first digitalcomputer.computer.



�� The first Business Oriented computer The first Business Oriented computer UNIVACUNIVAC--1 was developed by General1 was developed by GeneralElectronic Corporation in 1954Electronic Corporation in 1954

�� In the first generation of computers theIn the first generation of computers thepunch card were used for getting andpunch card were used for getting andfeeding informationfeeding information

�� The use of the vacuum tube in computer isThe use of the vacuum tube in computer isusually regarded as the beginning of theusually regarded as the beginning of thecomputer age.computer age.



Punch CardPunch Card



FGCFGC



S econd GenerationS econd Generation

(1959(1959- -1965)1965)�� In 1948 the transistors were developed in the Bell LabsIn 1948 the transistors were developed in the Bell Labswhich formed the basis for the second generation of thewhich formed the basis for the second generation of thecomputerscomputers

�� Through the use of transistors the second generationThrough the use of transistors the second generationthese computers were much faster, more reliable andthese computers were much faster, more reliable andmore versatile than the first generation of computersmore versatile than the first generation of computers

�� Like the first generation of computers punch cards andLike the first generation of computers punch cards andmagnetic tape used for input of the datamagnetic tape used for input of the data



Transistor Transistor



�� In the second Generation high levelIn the second Generation high levellanguages were developed likelanguages were developed likeFORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC etcFORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC etc

�� The typical computers are IBM 650,The typical computers are IBM 650,BURROUGHS 220 etc.BURROUGHS 220 etc.



IBM 650IBM 650



Third GenerationThird Generation

(1965 (1965- -1970)1970)�� The use of ICs (Integrated Circuits) signified theThe use of ICs (Integrated Circuits) signified thebeginning of third generation of computersbeginning of third generation of computers

�� Again the third generation computers were Again the third generation computers weresmaller, more efficient and more reliable thansmaller, more efficient and more reliable thantheir predecessor weretheir predecessor were

�� In 1958 the ICs were developed by Jack St.In 1958 the ICs were developed by Jack St.

Clair and Robert Noyce.Clair and Robert Noyce.



IC (Integrated Circuit)IC (Integrated Circuit)



�� The earliest ICs using a technology nowThe earliest ICs using a technology nowcalled SSI (Small Scale Integration) couldcalled SSI (Small Scale Integration) couldpick up 10 or 20 Circuitspick up 10 or 20 Circuits

�� By the late 1960 the engineers hadBy the late 1960 the engineers hadachieved MSI (Medium Scale Integration)achieved MSI (Medium Scale Integration)which placed up to between 20 and 200which placed up to between 20 and 200

transistors on a chiptransistors on a chip

�� By 1969 as many as 1000 transistorsBy 1969 as many as 1000 transistorscould be build on one chip of silicon.could be build on one chip of silicon.



TGCTGC



Fourt h GenerationFourt h Generation

(1970 (1970- -Present)Present)�� The significant distinction of the 4th generationThe significant distinction of the 4th generationof the computers is the development of LSIof the computers is the development of LSI(Large Scale Integration)(Large Scale Integration)

�� With VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), theyWith VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), theycould place the equivalent of more than 5,000could place the equivalent of more than 5,000transistors on a single chip.transistors on a single chip.

�� Similarly in the MID 70s the first microprocessor Similarly in the MID 70s the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was developed.the Intel 4004 was developed.



�� In MID 1970s it was followed by VLSIIn MID 1970s it was followed by VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration), the(Very Large Scale Integration), theincorporation of several thousandincorporation of several thousandtransistors on a single chiptransistors on a single chip

�� This creation was followed by the creationThis creation was followed by the creationof faster, more powerful microprocessors,of faster, more powerful microprocessors,

such as the Intel 80386.such as the Intel 80386.



Fift h Generation (Future)Fift h Generation (Future)

�� Some say that the creation and use of aSome say that the creation and use of acomputer with AI (Artificial Intelligence) willcomputer with AI (Artificial Intelligence) willpresent the next steppresent the next step

�� Although expert systems are already Although expert systems are alreadybeing used for the specializedbeing used for the specializedapplications, true AI, or computers thatapplications, true AI, or computers that

can think and behave like human mindcan think and behave like human mind



TYPES OF COMPUTERS TYPES OF COMPUTERS

ACCORDING TO WORKINGACCORDING TO WORKING

There are three basic types of computer There are three basic types of computer

according to working:according to working:�� Analog Computer Analog Computer

�� Digital Computer Digital Computer

�� Hybrid Computer Hybrid Computer



ANALO G C OM PU TER ANALO G C OM PU TER

�� Analog computer is used to process analog data Analog computer is used to process analog data�� Analog data is of continuous nature which is not discrete Analog data is of continuous nature which is not discrete

or separate Such type of data includeor separate Such type of data include ± ± temperature,temperature,

± ± pressure,pressure, ± ± speed,speed, ± ± weight,weight, ± ± depth etc.depth etc.

�� these quantities are continuous and having an infinitethese quantities are continuous and having an infinitevariety of values.variety of values.



�� It measures the change in some physicalIt measures the change in some physicalquantity. E.g.quantity. E.g.

± ± speedometer of a car measures speed,speedometer of a car measures speed,

± ± the change of the temperature is measured bythe change of the temperature is measured bya thermometer,a thermometer,

± ± the weight is measured by weight machinethe weight is measured by weight machine

± ± These are such computers where data can beThese are such computers where data can beaccepted directly from measuring instrumentaccepted directly from measuring instrumentwithout having to convert it into numbers or without having to convert it into numbers or codescodes



DI G I T AL C OM PU TER DI G I T AL C OM PU TER

�� A digital computer, as its name implies, works with digits to A digital computer, as its name implies, works with digits torepresentrepresent ± ± numeric,numeric, ± ± letters, and digits or letters, and digits or ± ± other special symbols Digital computers operate on inputs which are ONother special symbols Digital computers operate on inputs which are ON--OFF OFF

type.type.�� A digital computer can be used to process numeric as well as non A digital computer can be used to process numeric as well as non--

numeric data It can perform arithmetic operations likenumeric data It can perform arithmetic operations like�� Addition, Addition,�� Subtraction,Subtraction,�� multiplication,multiplication,

�� division) and alsodivision) and also�� logical operations.logical operations.



�� Most of the computers in use today areMost of the computers in use today aredigital computersdigital computers

�� The most examples of the digitalThe most examples of the digitalcomputers are accounting machines andcomputers are accounting machines andcalculators.calculators.

�� The results of digital computers are moreThe results of digital computers are moreaccurate than the results of analogaccurate than the results of analogcomputers.computers.



�� Analog computers are faster than digital Analog computers are faster than digital

�� Analog computers lack memory whereas Analog computers lack memory whereas

digital computers store informationdigital computers store information�� We can say that digital computers countWe can say that digital computers count

and analog computers measureand analog computers measure



HYBR ID C OM PU TER HYBR ID C OM PU TER

�� A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog A hybrid is a combination of digital and analogcomputerscomputers

�� It combines the best features of both types of computers.It combines the best features of both types of computers.I.e.I.e.

± ± it has the speed of the analog computer andit has the speed of the analog computer and ± ± memory and accuracy of the digital computer memory and accuracy of the digital computer

�� Hybrid computers are mainly used in specializedHybrid computers are mainly used in specializedapplications where both kind of data need to beapplications where both kind of data need to beprocessed.processed.



�� they help the user to process boththey help the user to process bothcontinuous and discrete data. For continuous and discrete data. For example,example,

± ± a petrol pump contains a processor thata petrol pump contains a processor thatconverts fuel flow measurement into quantityconverts fuel flow measurement into quantityand price.and price.

± ± In hospitals intensiveIn hospitals intensive--care, which measurescare, which measurespatient¶s blood pressure and temperature etc.,patient¶s blood pressure and temperature etc.,which are then converted and displayed in thewhich are then converted and displayed in theform of digits.form of digits.



TYPES OF COMPUTER TYPES OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO SPEED AND SIZEACCORDING TO SPEED AND SIZE



S UP ER C OM PU TER S UP ER C OM PU TER �� The super computers are the largest, fastest and mostThe super computers are the largest, fastest and most

expensive computers in the worldexpensive computers in the world�� They are used where vast quantity of data must beThey are used where vast quantity of data must be

manipulatedmanipulated

�� The price of the super computer ranges from $5 to $20 millionThe price of the super computer ranges from $5 to $20 milliondollarsdollars

�� They are designed to process complex scientific applicationsThey are designed to process complex scientific applications

�� As it produces enough internal heat therefore, it needs special As it produces enough internal heat therefore, it needs specialrequirements, It is placed in a special room.requirements, It is placed in a special room.

�� These computers are 50,000 times faster then the microThese computers are 50,000 times faster then the microcomputer computer



�� They are five times faster then the largeThey are five times faster then the largemainframe computersmainframe computers

�� 60 miles of wiring is used while60 miles of wiring is used while

constructing a super computer.constructing a super computer.�� They can calculate 400 million number sThey can calculate 400 million number s

per second where as mainframe can 10per second where as mainframe can 10

millions numbersmillions numbers�� There accuracy is up to 14 decimal places.There accuracy is up to 14 decimal places.



�� It can process 1billion instruction in aIt can process 1billion instruction in asecondsecond

�� 1000 individual PCs can be attached to a1000 individual PCs can be attached to asuper computer super computer

�� They are used in:They are used in:

± ± oil exploration,oil exploration,

± ± weather prediction,weather prediction,

± ± generation of the film imagery etc.generation of the film imagery etc.

�� Examples of the super computer areExamples of the super computer are

CRAYCRAY--1 and CYBER1 and CYBER--205.205.



Computers for OrganizationsComputers for Organizations

�� Supercomputer sSupercomputer s ± ± The most powerfulThe most powerful

computers madecomputers made

± ± Handle large andHandle large andcomplexcomplexcalculationscalculations

± ± Process trillions of Process trillions of operations per operations per

secondsecond ± ± Found in researchFound in researchorganizationsorganizations



MAI N F R AM E C OM PU TER MAI N F R AM E C OM PU TER

�� They are less expensive, less powerful and slower then the super They are less expensive, less powerful and slower then the super computer. Still they are faster then the other types of computer.computer. Still they are faster then the other types of computer.

�� They can process 10 million numbers per second.They can process 10 million numbers per second.

�� The cost of the normal mainframe computer ranges from severalThe cost of the normal mainframe computer ranges from severalhundred dollars to many million dollars.hundred dollars to many million dollars.

�� The IBM introduced the families of mainframes (small, medium,The IBM introduced the families of mainframes (small, medium,large).large).



�� 1000 workstation can be attached to a1000 workstation can be attached to anormal mainframe.normal mainframe.

�� These computers are mainly used for theThese computers are mainly used for the

networking purposes.networking purposes.�� The application areas of the mainframeThe application areas of the mainframe

computers are banks, hospitals,computers are banks, hospitals,universities etc.universities etc.

�� Examples of mainframe computers areExamples of mainframe computers areIBMIBM--4381, ICL4381, ICL--2900, and NEC 610 etc.2900, and NEC 610 etc.



M I N I C OM PU TER M I N I C OM PU TER

�� Mini computers are also known as midsize or lowMini computers are also known as midsize or low--endendmainframe computersmainframe computers

�� They are less expensive and smaller then the mainframeThey are less expensive and smaller then the mainframe

computerscomputers

�� They are designed for the computerization of data for They are designed for the computerization of data for research, industrial process and small businessresearch, industrial process and small businessapplicationapplication

�� The size of the mini computer prevents it from beingThe size of the mini computer prevents it from beingportable but it can be moved more easily than aportable but it can be moved more easily than amainframe.mainframe.



�� Time sharing, batch processing and onlineTime sharing, batch processing and onlineprocessing are available on the miniprocessing are available on the minicomputerscomputers

�� The examples of mini computers areThe examples of mini computers arePRIMEPRIME--9755, VAX9755, VAX--8650, and IBM System8650, and IBM System36 etc.36 etc.



Minicomputer Minicomputer



M I C R O /Personal C OM PU TER M I C R O /Personal C OM PU TER

�� A micro computer is the smallest, less expensive of all the A micro computer is the smallest, less expensive of all thecomputerscomputers

�� They generally fall into the price of $100 to $10,000They generally fall into the price of $100 to $10,000

�� The word micro refers mainly to the physical size and circuitryThe word micro refers mainly to the physical size and circuitry

�� It a small computer and originally it had rather limited capabilities asIt a small computer and originally it had rather limited capabilities ascompared to the large mainframe computerscompared to the large mainframe computers

�� Now the microcomputer is more powerful than the early mainframe.Now the microcomputer is more powerful than the early mainframe.



�� The micro computers are easilyThe micro computers are easilyaccommodateaccommodate--able on a table and thusable on a table and thushad the name desktop. Examples of thehad the name desktop. Examples of the

micro computers aremicro computers are ± ± IBM,IBM, ± ± Apple, Apple, ± ± Compaq,Compaq,

± ± Radio Shack,Radio Shack, ± ± Commodore,Commodore, ± ± Atari Atari ± ± HPHP

± ± DELLDELL



�� IBM compatibilities: 286,386,486,586 andIBM compatibilities: 286,386,486,586 andnow Pentium IV as the latestnow Pentium IV as the latest

�� The desktop, laptop, and hand heldThe desktop, laptop, and hand heldcomputers fall into this categorycomputers fall into this category



MicrocomputersMicrocomputers



TYPES OF COMPUTER TYPES OF COMPUTER

ACCORDING TO PURPOSEACCORDING TO PURPOSE

There are two types of computer accordingThere are two types of computer accordingto the purpose.to the purpose.

�� General Purpose Computer General Purpose Computer

�� Special Purpose Computer Special Purpose Computer



G E N ER AL PU R P O SE G E N ER AL PU R P O SE

C OM PU TER C OM PU TER

�� Most computers in use today are generalMost computers in use today are generalpurpose computerspurpose computers

�� Those built for a great variety of processing jobsThose built for a great variety of processing jobs

�� Simply by using a general purpose computer Simply by using a general purpose computer and different software, various tasks can beand different software, various tasks can beperformed, includingperformed, including ± ± writing and editing,writing and editing,

± ± manipulating facts in a database,manipulating facts in a database,



± ± tracking manufacturing inventory,tracking manufacturing inventory,

± ± making scientific calculations to evenmaking scientific calculations to even

± ± controlling an organization¶s security system,controlling an organization¶s security system,

± ± electricity consumption etc.electricity consumption etc.



S P E C I AL PU R P O SE C OM PU TER S P E C I AL PU R P O SE C OM PU TER

�� A special computer as the name implies is designed to A special computer as the name implies is designed toperform a specific operation and usually satisfies theperform a specific operation and usually satisfies theneeds of a particular type of problemneeds of a particular type of problem

�� Special purpose computers are also known asSpecial purpose computers are also known as

dedicated computers, because they are designed todedicated computers, because they are designed toperform a particular jobperform a particular job

�� Such a computer would be useful in games, controlSuch a computer would be useful in games, controltraffic lights, weather prediction, satellite tracking or traffic lights, weather prediction, satellite tracking or programming a video cassette recorder.programming a video cassette recorder.



�� While a special purpose computer mayWhile a special purpose computer mayhave many of the same features found in ahave many of the same features found in ageneral purpose computer,general purpose computer,

�� its applicability to a particular problem is aits applicability to a particular problem is afunction of its design rather than to afunction of its design rather than to astored program.stored program.



End of the Chapter End of the Chapter

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