Geographic Information System(GIS)

MD. ZAHIRUL ISLAMAssistant ProfessorGeography and EnvironmentRajshahi College, Rajshahi

GEOGRAPHICimplies that locations of the data items are known, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)

INFORMATIONimplies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield useful knowledge, often as colored maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to interactive queries.

SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related and linked components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation, visualization, combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.

DefinitionA Geographic Information System is a collection of tools to build, maintain, and use electronic maps and associated databases

DefinitionGIS is a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the earth.

Definition

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data.

Definition , , , ,

Geospatial Data ( ) A combination of spatial data and atribute dataSpatial data Location, long-lat, UTC, cordinate, distance etcAtribute data This data describes the characteristics of spatial feature.Example A road

Firstly, it has a locationSecondly, it has some characteristics like length, name, speed limit, direction, width.

Component of GISGIS software Arc ViewMfworksMapInfoArc GISCatalinkArc/InfoAutodesk mapGRASSMicrostationTransCAD, MaptitudeIDRISIMGE, GeomediaILWISGeomatica

Component of GISComputer system ComputerOperating system to run the GIS programmeMonitor for displayingDizitizer and Scanner for spatial data inputGPS receiver and mobile devices for field workPrinter or plotter for hard copy map display

Components of GISData various kinds of inputs that the system takes to produce informationPeople GIS professionals and usersInfrastructure the necessary physical, organisational, administrative, and cultural environments that support GIS operations.

Social FactorsBiodiversityEngineeringLand UseEnvironmentalConsiderationsGIS Layers

Approach:

Explore the database:In conventional waysAND geographicallyAllows us to think about the implications of locationAllows us to think holistically ()Should not be restricted by vendor-provided functionality ( ) Should be used imaginatively taking into account :the advantages and limitations of geographical informationthe traditions of humanities scholarship

HistoryEast LondonGIS concepts are not new!Soho A British researcher saw that Colera is occurred beside some water pump in 1954

HistoryIntrodction in late1960s;But according Goodchild (1995) it was introduced in 1964 by CGIS (The Canadian Geographic Information System)Canadian Govt started to make descriptive list and classification of land based on climate, soil, drainage, and natural characteristics of land;Problem was felt to find out spatial variations;CGIS got help from computer;They did not succeeded before 1970.In 1970s firstly G\computer based GIS was used in urban planning;Around 1980 ESRI made Arc/info software which is on of the first age;Arc/info was produced commercially in 1986;

HistoryIn decade of 1980s GIS technology was spread in different countries for development plannings;ESRI made and marketed Arc View in 1991;In 1992 they marketed a more developed software name Arc/CAD (hybrid GIS)ESRI started Arc data online through internet to spread it worldwide in 1998;After 2000 GIS was populated markedly worldwide, price of GIS components was lowered;Recently Arcview marketed another developed software named Arc GIS;But under developed and developing countries are still backward in case of GIS.

HistoryIn Bangladesh GIS was introduced after 1990;In 1991 CEGIS started GIS related activites naming FAP.LGED, SOB, WARPO, BWDB etc institutes are credible to start GIS in Bangladesh;After 2000 this technology is spread and many institutes started to include GIS in their .

Typical GIS Applications

Environmental AssessmentsLand Information SystemLand Use And Thematic MappingHealth Care, Disease Profile Forestry And Wild Life TrackingWaste Land DevelopmentGround Water Resources ManagementUrban And Town PlanningDefenceBusiness And Retails

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