issues of emerging contaminants, rebecca klaper, phd, 9/2010

8/8/2019 Issues of Emerging Contaminants, Rebecca Klaper, PhD, 9/2010

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Rebecca Klaper, Ph.D.

Shaw Associate Scientist

Great Lakes WATER Institute

School of Freswhater Sciences

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

GREAT LAKES

WATER INSTITUTE

Issues of Emerging

Contaminants in our Lakes



How do they get into our water?



Opportunity for exposure:

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Productsin our Freshwater Systems



Distribution in

Surface Waters

x

x

xx

xx



Sampling



Natural estrogens- Industry Effluent

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

L o g C o n c e n t r

a t i o n ( n g / L )

Industrial Process Type

Genistein Daidzein

Lundgren and Novak 2009



Results from WWTPs

Removalefficiency

Influentconcentration

Effluentconcentration

City 1 95.0 % 1,011 ng/L 51 ng/L

City 2 99.8 % 53,341 ng/L 71 ng/L

City 3 93.1 % 18,009 ng/L 1,236 ng/L

City 4 “100%” 38,181 ng/L Non-detect

Lundgren and Novak 2009



Also need to worry about breakdown products:

Buth et al. 2010 EST



Buth et al. 2010 EST



Opportunity for exposure?



How are we exposed?



Opportunity for Exposure:

Drinking water?

Milwaukee

Atrazine, caffeine

Other cities

Philadelphia 56 pharmaceuticals or byproducts in treated drinking water,

medicines for pain, infection, high cholesterol, asthma, epilepsy, mental

illness and heart problems. Sixty-three pharmaceuticals or byproducts were

found in the city's watersheds.

Southern California: Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety medications were detected

in a portion of the treated drinking water for 18.5 million people

Northern NJ: drinking water treatment plant, which serves 850,000 people in

found a metabolized angina medicine and the mood-stabilizing carbamazepine

in drinking water.



Opportunity for Exposure:

Food Consumption?

• Plastics

• Linings and Coatings

• Animal products – fish, other meats• Plant products

• Phytoestrogens

• Uptake from sludge



Dangerous at levels of Exposure?

Toxic at levels higher than environmental concentrations

• Salicylic acid 1293.1 13.3

• Clofibrate 28.2 .01

• Naproxen 66.4 .33

Drug Acute (mg/L) Chronic mg/L

Daphnia magna



What do they do?

Ecological Effects

• Endpoints not necessarily toxicity

• Chronic low-level exposures



What do they do?

Ecological Effects

• Designed for specific action

• Trigger same reaction in ecological species?• Cause other problems?

**



W hat are some effects? -Estrogenic

White Sucker

Intersex 0% 19% # o f O o c y t e s t a g

e s ,

a d u l t f e m a l e s

G S I , f e m a l e s

P l a s m a V T G ,

m a l e s n g / m L

Vajda et al., 2008



A recent paper showed

intersex fish across thecountry (Hinck et al ., 2009)

73% of the smallmouth basscaught at Lake City, MN

were intersex

From Hinck et al ., 2009

W hat are some effects? -Estrogenic



W hat are we seeing in humans?

Aksglaede et al. Pediatrics 2009

The effect could not be explained

by change in BMI



Swan et al. Env. Health Perspectives 2000

W hat are we seeing in humans?



W hat are some effects? Other effects

Bacteria

Reduced soil microbial activity

Synergistic effects of mixtures

Effects to planktonic bacteria

Plants

Inhibited photosynthesis of microalgae Shifts in algal community structure

Sulfanamide antibiotics disrupt folate biosynthesis (herbicidal effects)

Animals

Effects to tadpole development (triclosan)

Abnormal development in clams and decreased

Larval survival Fish behavior changes

Induction of spawning

Drug mixtures inhibited growth of human embryonic cells

Renal failures in vultures (diclofenac)



WHY?

Diet?

Psychosocial stress?

BMI

Chemicals, including environmental contaminants?



Do not know what most chemicals may do

• Low level exposures

• Chronic exposures

• Mixture of chemicals

– Low levels of 2 or more chemicals of same

action?

– Mixture of chemicals with contrary actions?



What can we do?

• Does something need to be done?

– It may only be certain compounds that need

control

• Removal from waste stream?

– Waste treatment?

– Collection of unused pharmaceuticals



Removal from Waste Water • Varies with drug

– 20% (carbamazepine) to 99% (acetaminophen)(Gomez et al. 2007)

• Varies with treatment process

– Biological treatment (water soluble)

– Solids treatment over time (antibiotics)

– Ozone• Some are not removed with any treatment

• New treatments being studied



Collection

Days

2006-2007

-MMSD,

WATER Institute,

Aurora Healthcare

-13, 30 gallon drums

of non-controlled

medicine.

-oldest 1963

-Will this help the

problem?

issues of emerging contaminants, rebecca klaper, phd, 9/2010

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