islamic history of europe

8/14/2019 Islamic History of Europe

1/54

B_CJEBO FB_TMPR MN

AQPMYA

z Ypasaktad @rYpasaktad @r9::9401
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/54

Omqktpbas Om~apad


3/54

Omqktpbas Om~apad &0"


4/54

B_CJEBO FB_TMPRMN AQPMYA


5/54

Nbpst ^aktqpa Bk _yjbk

zWfak tfa Eqscbes `aojea

Ejstaps mn Kmptf Jnpboj tfarwapa cbtapjccr stjpbkg bktm _yjbk+

Tfa Gm~apkmp mn Kmptf Jnpboj

Eqsj `+ Kqsjrp dayqtad fbscbaqtakjkt Tjpbz `+ \brjd tm

qkdaptjha jk avyadbtbmk tm _yjbk+


6/54

Tjpbz @bk \brjd Cjkds jt

GB@PJCTJP

zTfapanmpa# bk 7:: OA#

Tjpbz `+ \brjd wbtf j Nmpoa mn

:0#999 eak sjbcad jopmss tfa

stpjbts jkd cjkdad jt tfa `jsa mn

j fqga pmoh wfbof ojea tm `a

hkmwk jntap fbe js LJ@JC%

B%TJPBZ mp

EMQKTJBK MN GB@PJCTJP+


7/54

Akomqktap Wbtf Hbkg Pmdapbohs

Nmpoas mn :99#999

z Npme Gb`pjctjp tfa Eqscbe Nmpoas

fajdad nmp Lbpm| bk tfa ~jccar mnCjhhj mk tfa `jkhs mn pb~ap Gqjdcbta

kajp tfa obtr ojccad Ejdbkj _bdmkbj+

Tfapa tfar akomqktapad j nmpoa mn

:99#999 cajd `r Hbkg Pmdapboh wfm

dpmwkad bk tfa pb~ap dqpbkg tfa

omqpsa mn tfa `jttca+


8/54

Tfa Ojybtjc TMCADM Njccs Tm

Tfa Eqscbes

z Tpbqeyfbkg m~ap Hbkg Pmdapbohs

nmpoas wfm fjd mqtkqe`apad tfae `r

kajpcr 2 tm :# tfa Eqscbe Jper tfak

ejpofad tmwjpds tfa Ojybtjc Tmcadm

wfbof mnnapad ~apr cbttca pasbstjkoa#

fakoa tfa Ojybtjc Tmcadm wjs jcsmmooqybad+


9/54

Jcemst Fjcn mn _yjbk Omeas

Qkdap Eqscbe Omktpmc

zJntap Tmcadm# ejkr obtbas

nacc mka `r mka tm tfaEqscbes wfm `r tfa akd mn

7:: OA tmmh jcemst fjcn mn_yjbk Cajd `r Tjpbz @bk \brjd+


10/54

+

z Tfa nmccmwbkg rajp bk Lqka# tfa Gm~apkmp mn

Kmptf Jnpboj wfm fjd bkbtbjtad tfa Ojeyjbgk mn

_yjbk `r sakdbkg Tjpbz `+ \brjd mk bt# fbesacn

cjkdad bk _yjbk jt tfa fajd mn jk :6#999 stpmkgnmpoa `r tfa Kmptf Wastapk Pmqta jkd jntap

cbàpjtbkg ejkr obtbas eat qy wbtf tfa Tjpbz `+

\brjd jkd fbs nmpoas stjtbmkad bk Tmcadm jkd

tmgatfap tfar jd~jkoad nqptfap jnbacd jkd tmmhJpjgmk+ Tfa Gm~apkmp mn Jpjgmk mnnapad

jccagbjkoa tm tfa Eqscbes jkd jooaytad Bscje

jkd `r 7:4 OA jcemst tfa wfmca mn _yjbk wjs

cbàpjtad `r Eqscbes

z Tfa nmccmwbkg rajp bk Lqka# tfa Gm~apkmp mn

Kmptf Jnpboj wfm fjd bkbtbjtad tfa Ojeyjbgk mn

_yjbk `r sakdbkg Tjpbz `+ \brjd mk bt# fbesacn

cjkdad bk _yjbk jt tfa fajd mn jk :6#999 stpmkgnmpoa `r tfa Kmptf Wastapk Pmqta jkd jntap

cbàpjtbkg ejkr obtbas eat qy wbtf tfa Tjpbz `+

\brjd jkd fbs nmpoas stjtbmkad bk Tmcadm jkd

tmgatfap tfar jd~jkoad nqptfap jnbacd jkd tmmhJpjgmk+ Tfa Gm~apkmp mn Jpjgmk mnnapad

jccagbjkoa tm tfa Eqscbes jkd jooaytad Bscje

jkd `r 7:4 OA jcemst tfa wfmca mn _yjbk wjs

cbàpjtad `r Eqscbes

J _AOMKD EQ_CBEAVYADBTBMKJPR NMPOA CJKD_ BK_YJBK NPME TFAKMPTF WA_TAPK PMQTA_


11/54

+

zTmgatfap# Eqsj `+ Kqsjrp jkd

Tjpbz `+ \brjd tfak jd~jkoadtmwjpds tfa Yrpjkasa bk

_mqtfapk Npjkoa wbtf jk

je`btbmqs ycjk tmCB@APJTAtfa wfmca mn_mqtfapk Aqpmya

EQ_CBE_ JPPB^A JTTFA YRPJKA_A BK

_MQTFAPK NPJKOA


12/54

OJYBTJC MN B_CJEBO _YJBK

_FBNTAD TM OMPDM@J

zWbtfbk _yjbk btsacn# tfapa tfak nmccmwad j

yapbmd mn j`mqt 49 rajps dqpbkg wfbof

tfapa wapa km cass tfjk :? Gm~apkmps Bk_yjbk# jkd tfbs npazqakt tqpkm~ap mn

fajds mn Gm~apkeakt eajkt tfjt km mka

Gm~apkmp fjd tbea tm yqt bk ycjoa

sq`stjktbjc Bscjebo Panmpes bk tfa smobjcnj`pbo mn _yjbk# jkd dqpbkg tfbs yapbmd

tfa Ojybtjc mn Bscjebo _yjbk wjs jcsm

sfbntad npme Tmcadm tm Ompdm`j+


13/54

J@DQC PJFEJK @AOMEA_

JEAAP MN B_CJEBO _YJBK

z Tfak bk 71> OA J`dqc Pjfejk tmmh

m~ap tfa Gm~apkmpsfby mn _yjbk# jkd

fbs pqca cjstad nmp m~ap ?9 rajps+ Fa

jssqead tfa tbtca mn Jebp+


14/54

+

zJ`dqc Pjfejk fjs `aak

Dasopb`ad jsJ _hbcnqc Gakapjc#

J Lqst Pqcap jkdJWbsa _tjtasejk

J LQ_T PQCAP JKD JWB_A _TJTA_EJK


15/54

NPAA @MJPDBKG JKD

CMDGBKG NMP _TQDAKT_

z Fa Mpgjkbsad tfa Jdebkbstpjtbmk mk smqkd

cbkas+ Tfbs wjs tfa yapbmd mn pa~b~jc mn

cajpkbkg wfakoa adqojtbmkjc bkstbtqtbmkswapa astj`cbsfad jcc jopmss tfa omqktpr# jkd

kmt mkcr tfbs `qt tm aksqpa tfjt cajpkaps jkd

stqdakts ojk omkoaktpjta empa nqccr mk tfabp

jojdaebo gmjcs# fmstacs wapa omkstpqotadmnnapbkg npaa `mjpdbkg jkd cmdgbkgs tm

stqdakts+ Yj~ad Cbt pmjds# Bkks jkd Yq`cbo

`jtfs wapa omeemk najtqpas mn ejkr obtbas+

OBTR GJTA_


16/54

OBTR GJTA_#

J GPJKD EM_ZQA .

J GJPDAK YJCJOAz Fa jcsm fjd tfa Obtr wjccs mn Ojpdm~j

paomkstpqotad wbtf sa~ak ejlmpObtr Gjtas+

JGpjkd Emszqawjs jcsm `qbct bk Ompdm`jwfmsa dbstbkotb~a najtqpas bkocqdad jsmcbd

Gmcd Cjeym~ap tfa yqcybt# :2? wfbta ejp`ca

ybccjps# :2 jpofasjkd:2 `bg gjtas+ Fa jcsm

fjd j@ajqtbnqc Gjpdak Yjcjoa`qbct wfbofwjs kjead Eqjwbrjt%qc%Pqsjnj kjead

jntap tfa ~bccj mn fbs gpjkd njtfap Fbsfje bk

Djejsoqs+


17/54

z Fa jcsm fjd omkstpqotad jk Jzqadqot

nmp tfa sqyycr mn wjtap tm Ompdm`j jkd

jcsm `qbct mtfapojkjcs jcc mn wfbof

beypm~ad tfa jgpboqctqpa+ Fa tfak

bktpmdqoad ejkr Avmtbo Ycjkts tm _yjbk

wfapa nmp tfa nbpst tbea Djta Tpaaswapa ycjktad+ Fa jcsm omkstpqotad j

Fqga @pbdga m~ap tfa Gqjdaczqb~ap

Pb~ap+

JKD DJTA TPAA_BKTPMDQOAD


18/54

_qooassmp Mn Jebp

J`dqcPjfejk

zFB_FJE 766 72> O+A+


19/54

FB_FJE 766 % 72>

z Jeaap J`dqcPjfejk wjs sqooaadad `r fbs tfbpd smk

Fbsfje wfm wjs `mpk mn j _yjkbsf Cjdr Fqcjc# Mka

ymssb`ca pajsmk nmp fbs jooassbmk dasybta àbkg tfatfbpd smk omqcd fj~a àak tfjt fa fjd ypm~ak

Jdebkbstpjtb~a Ojyj`bcbtbas js Gm~apkmp mn Eapbdj#

jkd wfbcst mka mn fbs twm acdap `pmtfaps _qcjbejk

wjs jcsm j gm~apkmp mn jkmtfap ypm~bkoa b+a+ Tmcadm`qt tfa ymcbtbojc sjgjobtr jkd jdebkbstpjtb~a joqeak

mn Fbsfje eqst fj~a àak sqyapbmp tm tfmsa mn fbs

acdap `pmtfaps nmp wfbof pajsmk wa àcba~a fa wjs

ofmsak tm sqooaad fbs njtfap kmtwbtfstjkdbkg tfa

njot tfjt fa wjs tfa tfbpd smk+

@JOHGPMQKD TM TFA


20/54

@JOHGPMQKD TM TFA

BK^J_BMK MN _MQTFAPK

NPJKOAz Bk tfa sfmpt 6 rajps mn Fbsfjes pqca#

tfapa wapa ~jpbmqs pa~mcts emst mn

wfbof wapa bkstbgjtad `r tfa Npakof+

Fj~bkg tfmpmqgfcr sq`lqgjtad tfa

bksqppaotbmkbsts wbtfbk fbs dmebkbmk#

Fbsfje tfak daobdad tm smpt mqt mkoajkd nmp jcc tfa smqpoa mn tfa

bkstbgjtbmk mn tfa ~jpbmqs qypbsbkgs+


21/54

B_CJEBO _MQTFAPK

NPJKOA

z Omksazqaktcr# bk 720 OA# fa sakt jk

avyadbtbmkjpr nmpoa qkdap tfa

omeejkd mn J`q Qsejk wfbof opmssad

tfa Yrpakasa jkd omknpmktad tfa

Npakof Nmpoas jt Kjp`mkka jkd

Gmpmkkj jkd danajtad tfae+_q`sazqaktcr# Kjp`mkka wjs jyymbktad

tfa Ojybtjc mn Bscjebo _mqtfapk

Npjkoa


22/54

#HBKG MN JQ_TPBJ . JCNJK_M BB

DANAJTAD+&:"

z Fj~bkg saoqpad _mqtfapk Npjkoa jkd

tqpkbkg bt bktm jk Bscjebo Dmebkbmk#

Fbsfje tfqs aksqpad tfjt tfapa wmqcd`a km empa bknbctpjtbmk mn bkobtaeakts

npme tfjt sbda mn tfa `mpdaps+ Fa tfak

cjqkofad ojeyjbgks jgjbkst Wbccbjetfa Dqha mn Tmptmsj wfm wjs danajtad

jkd sqad nmp tapes mn Yajoa+


23/54

#HBKG MN JQ_TPBJ . JCNJK_M BB

DANAJTAD&0"

z J _bebcjp Ojeyjbgk wjs Cjqkofad

tmwjpds JQ_TPBJ# jkd @apeqdm B# Tfa

Hbkg mn Jqstpbj sqppakdapad jntap j sfmpt`jttca jkd `aojea j ~jssjc mn tfa

Eqscbes

z Jkmtfap Avyadbtbmk wjs cjqkofadtmwjpds GJCJOBJ jkd JCNJK_M BB Tfa

Pqcap mn Gjcbobj wjs danajtad jkd fa

jcsm `aojea j sapn mn tfa Eqscbes+


24/54

YQ@CBO WMPH_

JOFBA^AEAKT_ MN FB_FJE

z Fbsfje omeycatad tfa Omkstpqotbmk mn

Ompdm`j Emszqa jkd tfa @bg @pbdga

m~ap Gqjdcbzqb~ap Pb~ap `agqk `r fbs

njtfap+


25/54

YQ@CBO WMPH_ &0"

JOFBA^AEAKT_ MN FB_FJE

z Jkd a~ak tfmqgf fbs pabgk wjs sfmpt

cjstbkg nmp mkcr 6 rajps# `qt stbcc fa

ejkjgad tm omkstpqot jkd omeycata

ejkr yq`cbo `qbcdbkgs bkocqdbkg

sa~apjc sofmmcs# fbgfcbgftbkg mkoa

jgjbk# tfa fbgf ~jcqa jttjofad bkBscje tm Hkmwcadga jkd bts

Jozqbsbtbmk+


26/54

DAJTF JKD J__A__EAKT

z FB_FJE dbad bk 72> OA jt tfa pacjtb~acr

rmqkg jga mn 49+ Fbs ejbk yjssbmk wjs

tm astj`cbsf tfa Bscjebo Wjr mn Cbna# jkdfakoa# mka bs nmpoad tm wmkdap bn tfa

ejkr Npakof Bkstbgjtad pa~mcts jgjbkst

fbe wapa `aojqsa mn tfbs+ Fa cb~ad jsbeyca jkd npqgjc cbna+ Fa wjs Gmd

Najpbkg jkd wjs hkmwk nmp fbs Beyjptbjc

Lqstboa jkd _mqkd Jdebkbstpjtbmk


27/54

Jc%FJHJE 72> % 600 OA

z Jntap tfa dajtf mn fbs njtfap FB_FJE# JC%

FJHJE tmmh m~ap tfa Aebpjta mn Bscjebo

_yjbk jt tfa jga mn mkcr 00_TPQGGCA TM OJYTQPA TFA AEBPJTANPME JC%FJHJEYapfjys dqa tm tfa njot tfjt JC%FJHJE wjs ~aprrmqkg &Mkcr 00" jt tfa tbea mn Jooassbmk tm tfa

Aebpjta# ejkr mn fbs yaaps bkocqdbkg twm mn fbs

Qkocas J`dqccjf jkd _qcjbejk pa~mctad jgjbkst fbe

wfbcst smea mn fbs myymkakts jcsm nmqgft mka jkmtfap

`qt JC%FJHJE ejkjgad tm sqyypass jcc mn tfae+

Jc E nn


28/54

Jc%Eq|jnnjp

&Tfa Gpajt Wjppbmp"

z Jntap sqyypassbkg tfa ~jpbmqs bktapkjc

pa~mcts# JC%FJHJE tfak cjqkofad

ojeyjbgks jgjbkst tfa Ofpbstbjks jkdpaom~apad tappbtmpbas cmst tm tfae bk ajpcbap

wjps+Js j Pasqct# Tfa Npakof Bk~jdad _yjbk bk 69? OA

jkd ojytqpad _jpjgmsj `qt cjtap mk tfar wapadpb~ak mqt+ Bk 6:0 tfa Npakof Bk~jdad jgjbk jkd

ojytqpad Cqsbtjkbj+ Nmqp rajps cjtap tfar wapa

tfmpmqgfcr sq`dqad jkd sqad nmp Yajoa

qkdaptjhbkg kmt tm Bk~jda _yjbk jgjbk

Jc E nn


29/54

Jc%Eq|jnnjp

&Tfa Gpajt Wjppbmp"0+

z @QBCT J _TPMKG KJ^R

Js j pasqct mn fbs ^botmpbas m~ap tfa Ofpbstbjks jkd

tfa Npakof jkd fbs cbàpjtbmk mn tfa Bscjkds mn B\BPJ#

EJLMPOJ jkd _JPDBKBJ fa wjs gb~ak tfa Tbtca mn

JC%EQ\JNNJP# tfa GPAJT WJPPBMP#

JC%FJHJE `qbct j _TPMKG Kj~r jkd qkdaptmmh

sa~apjc Kj~jc Avyadbtbmks bk tfa Eadbtappjkajk

àtwaak 6:> % 6:6 OA Cbàpjtbkg tfa Bscjkds mnB\BPJ#EJLMPOJ jkd _JPDBKBJ

Tbtca mn JC%EQ\JNNJP GBÂK

DAJTF . J__A__EAKT MN


30/54

DAJTF . J__A__EAKT MN

JC%FJHJE

z JC%FJHJE dbad bk 600 jt tfa jga mn 46# jkd tfa

~apr stpjkga ombkobdakoa bs tfjt fbs njtfap FB_FJE

jcsm dbad ~apr rmqkg jt jga 49

@qt wfjt ejphad fbe mqt js àbkg dbnnapakt npme fbsnjtfap wjs tfjt JC%FJHJE wjs empa mn j cbàpjc bk

ejttaps mn Tfamcmgr jkd fa wjs jgjbkst tfa

Tfamcmgbjks fj~bkg j emkmymcr m~ap ymwap+

_mea cjàccad fbe js Tfa Gpajt Wjppbmp wfbcstMtfaps ojccad fbe j Trpjkt# `qt tfmsa wfm dbd sm# njbc

tm johkmwcadga fbs Tmcapjkoa wfak fa jccmwad

jekastr tm ejkr paàc cajdaps jkd tm tfa Npakof

wfme fa fjd danajtad# fa jccmwad yajoa mk tapes

J@DQC PJFEJK BB


31/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BB

600 % 610 OA

z JC%FJHJE wjs sqooaadad `r fbs smk

J@DQC PJFEJK BB jt tfa jga mn ?:# jkd `r tfa

tbea mn fbs jooassbmk fbs njtfap fjd dmka wacc tm

omksmcbdjta jkd stj`bcbsa tfa Hbkgdme+

EQ_CBE_ JD^JKOA BKTM OAKTPJC NPJKOA

Tfa Omqkt mn Kj~jppa jkd Cmpd Jb|mk `mtf mn wfme wfm fjd swmpk

jccagbjkoa tm tfa Hbkg mn Npjkoa ofjkgad sbdas jkd jccbad tfaesac~aswbtf tfa Eqscbes js j pasqct mn wfbof tfa Npakof bk~jdad tfasa

ypbkobyjcbtbas+ Tfa Eqscbe Nmpoas wapa tfak m`cbgad tm omea tm tfa

jssbstjkoa mn tfabp jccbas jkd bk dmbkg sm fjd jd~jkoad daay bktm

Oaktpjc Npjkoa+


32/54

DAJTF JKD J__A__EAKT MN J@DQC

PJFEJK BBs Pabgk 600 % 610 OA

z J@DQC PJFEJK BB dbad bk 610 OA

Dqpbkg fbs pabgk tfa Njea mn Eqscbe Jpts# Oqctqpa#

_obakoas jkd tfjt mn tfa _yjkbsf Eqscbe Qkb~apsbtbas

sypajd jcc jpmqkd tfa wmpcd

_mea mn tfa ejkr nbka `qbcdbkgs tfjt fa omkstpqotad

bkocqdad tfmsa `qbct jcmkg tfa `jkhs mn pb~ap

Gqjdjczqb~ap jkd smea `ajqtbnqc gjpdaks bk tfa Obtr

mn Ompdm`j jkd wjtap nmp tfa obtr wjs dpjwk npme tfa

_bappj Empakj Emqktjbks tfpmqgf cajd ybyas wfbof

wjs j ejlmp akgbkaapbkg ejp~ac bk tfmsa tbeas+

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB 2:0 % 2>: OA


33/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB 2:0 % 2>: OAKmebkjtad fabp jyyjpakt jt tfa jga mn 09

djrs

z J@DQC PJFEJK BBB wjs jyymbktad tfa fabp jyyjpakt

bk fbs bknjkor jt tfa takdap jga mn 09 djrs jkd js fa

gpaw qy fa wjs tqtmpad `r fbs gpjkd njtfap+

z Mka ymssb`ca àkanbt mn kmebkjtbkg smeamka bk tfjtyapsmks bknjkor bs tfjt js tfa ofbcd gpmws qy a~apr

`mdr hkmws wfjt fbs a~aktqjc pmca wmqcd à# fakoa

bn tfapa wjs jkr ofjkoa mn jkr myymsbtbmk tm fbs

jooassbmk tfak tfjt wmqcd fj~a ejtapbjcbsad ànmpatfa jooassbmk jkd wmqcd fj~a àak dajct wbtf tfapa

jkd tfak+



34/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB 2:0 % 2>: OAOMK_MCBDJTAD TFA DMEBKBMK JT TFA

^APR MQT_AT

z Pbgft npme tfa _TJPT J@DQC PJFEJK BBB bkstbtqtad

j ypmgpjeea mn omksmcbdjtbmk mn tfa _tjta `r

`pbkgbkg jcc tfa Jqtmkmemqs jkd saeb% bkdayakdakt

ypbkobyjcbtbas qkdap tfa Oaktpjc Pqca wfbcst jeajsqpa mn cmojc jqtmkmer mk sqof pagbmks+

z _A^BCCA PA%BKOMPYMPJTAD BK TFA DMEBKBMK

z Jntap j `jttca _A^BCCA wjs pa%bkompympjtad bktm tfa

Dmebkbmk jkd tfa cmojc ofbantjbks wapa jccmwadomkoassbmkjc tapes wfm tfak paomkobcad tfaesac~as

tm J@DQC PJFEJK BBB `abkg tfa Jebp



35/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB 2:0 % 2>: OAOMK_MCBDJTAD TFA DMEBKBMK JT TFA

^APR MQT_AT

z 0 RAJP _ABGA MN TMCADMz Bk yqpsqjkoa mn fbs ymcbor mn OMK_MCBDJTBMK qkdap Oaktpjc Pqca

J@DQCPJFEJK BBB smcbobtad tfa yjptbobyjtbmk mn tfa yamyca mn TMCADM

bk tfa Oaktpjcbsad Aebpjta `qt tfar dbd kmt Njcc bk cbka Jkd danbad tfa Jebpwfm tfak fjd tm sakd bk tfa nadapjc tpmmys# `qt tfa yamyca mn TMCADM _fqt

tfaesac~as bksbda tfabp obtr+

z J`dqc Pjfejk BBB tfak cjbd sbaga tm tfa tmwk panqsbkg tm qsa nmpoa jgjbkst

tfa yamyca mn TMCADM `qt tfa jotqjc eatfmd tfjt fa qsad tm cjr tfa sbaga

wjs ^APR QKBZQA bkdaad+z Fa jotqjccr `qbct j WFMCA KAW TMWK mqtsbda TMCADM tfjt fa cjbd

sbaga tm



36/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB 2:0 % 2>: OA@QBCT J WFMCA KAW TMWK MQT_BDA TM

CJR _BAGA TM TMCADM

z 0 RAJP _BAGA MN TMCADMz Fa `qbct j wfmca kaw tmwk ojccad JC%NJTF lqst mqtsbda

TMCADM js j wjr mn cjrbkg sbaga tm bt+

z Tfa yqpymsa mn wfbof wjs tm `cmoh jcc jyypmjofas tm jkd npme

TMCADM

z @aojqsa mn tfbs qkbzqa wjr mn cjrbkg j sbaga# tfa sbaga btsacn cjstad

nmp twm rajps+

z Qctbejtacr# tfa yamyca mn TMCADM sqppakdapad qk%omkdbtbmkjccr

tm tfa bdaj mn j oaktpjcbsad Aebpjta+

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB QYGPJDA_


37/54

J@DQC PJFEJK BBB QYGPJDA_FB_ _TJTQ_ NPME JEBP TM

OJCBYF

z Bk 202 OA J@DQC PJFEJK BBB# daocjpad fbesacn js

tfa OJCBYF MN TFA EQ_CBE WMPCD `jsad bk

_yjbk+

z TFPAA OJCBYF_ BK TFA EQ_CBE WMPCDTFPAA OJCBYF_ BK TFA EQ_CBE WMPCDTfapa wapa tfqs bk tfa Eqscbe Wmpcd TFPAATfapa wapa tfqs bk tfa Eqscbe Wmpcd TFPAA

OJCBYF_ jt tfa sjea tbea+OJCBYF_ jt tfa sjea tbea+ Tfa J``jsbds bkTfa J``jsbds bk

@jgfdjd#@jgfdjd#

Tfa Njtbebds bk Kmptf JnpbojTfa Njtbebds bk Kmptf Jnpboj jkdjkdTfa Qeejrjds bk _yjbkTfa Qeejrjds bk _yjbk



38/54


OJCBYF &0"

@JOHGPMQKD TM TFA _BTQJTBMK MN TFPAA

OJCBYF_

Wbtfbk :7 rajps mn jooassbmk tm tfa Aebpjtasfby mn

_yjbk# J`dqc Pjfejk BBB fjd omksmcbdjtad jcc tfa~jpbmqs Ypbkobyjcbtbas jkd Ypm~bkoas bktm j

Oaktpjcb|ad Aeybpa

Wfbcst Tfa Bscjebo Aeybpa bk _yjbk jkd tfa ymsbtbmk

mn J@DQC PJFEJK wjs gpmwbkg bk stpakgtf jkd `mtffjd `aomea pakmwkad jcc m~ap tfa wmpcd# tfa

ymsbtbmk jkd stpakgtf mn tfa J@@J_BD_ bk @jgfdjd

wjs gpmwbkg wajhap `r tfa Djr



39/54


OJCBYF &?"

_aksbkg tfa daocbka bk tfa ymwap mn tfa Ojcbyfjta

`jsad bk @jgfdjd# Tfa Njtbebds mn Kmptf Jnpboj

tfmqgft tfjt tfar omqcd pasoqa tfa sbtqjtbmk `r

daocjpbkg tfaesac~as js tfa OJCBYF_ mn tfa BscjeboAeybpa jt cjpga

@r tfbs tbea tfa Njea jkd Nmptqka mn tfa QEEJRJD_

qkdap J@DQCPJFEJK BBB fjd jozqbpad wmpd njea#

yapfjys fa fjd tfmqgft tfjt tfa Ojqsa mn tfa BscjeboAeybpa wmqcd à à àttap sap~ad `r j wmpcd ocjss

cajdap wbtf wmpcd ocjss jofba~aeakts bk tfa nbacds mn

Jpts# Oqctqpa# _obakoa jkd mtfap Wmpcd Pakmwkad

Jofba~aeakts+ Joompdbkgcr# J@DQC PJFEJK BBBdaocjpad fbesacn tfa OJCBYF


40/54


41/54


AJPCR


42/54

AJPCR

^BOTMPBA_ BK NPJKOAYPM^BKOA MN _AYTJEJKBJ

Bk 70: OA tfa Eqscbe Nmpoas Cbàpjtad tfa Ypm~bkoa mn _aytjejkbj

jkd bts Ojybtjc Kjp`mkka wjs dasbgkjtad js tfa Ojybtjc mn Bscjebo

_mqtfapk Npjkoa

TMQCM_A JYYPMJOFAD

Bk 70: OA tfa Eqscbe Nmpoas jyypmjofad TMQCMQ_A

`qt wapa faj~bcr mqtkqeàpad+OJPJOJ__MKA # KBEA_# PFMKA . _JMKKA

@r 701 OA Eqscbes fjd cbàpjtad tmwks cbha

Ojpjojssmka# Kbeas# Pfmka jkd _jmkka

AJPCR


43/54

AJPCR

^BOTMPBA_ BK NPJKOA&0"

CRMK_ # EJOMK # OFJCMK_%MK%TFA%PFMKA#

@AJQKA . JTQK

@MPDAJQV# @QPGQKDR# @A_JKOMK# _AK_ . JPCA_Qkdap tfa Gm~apkmpsfby mn J@DQP PJFEJK JC%GFJNAZB

tfa Eqscbes fjd jd~jkoad nqptfap jkd cb`apjtad tfa Obtbas

mn Jpcas# @asjkomk# @qpgqkdr# @mpdajqv jkd _aks

@r 7?9 OA qkdap tfa Gm~apkmpsfby mn FJB_FJE tfaEqscbes fjd yakatpjtad daay bktm NPJKOA pajofbkg

tmwks cbha CRMK_# EJOMK# OFJCMK_%MK%TFA

PFMKA# @AJQKA . JTQK

AJPCR


44/54

AJPCR

^BOTMPBA_ BK NPJKOA&?"

@JTTCA NMP YMBTBAP_

JPJGMK# KJ^JPPA # _T+ PAEB

@r 7?4 qkdap tfa Gm~apkmpsfby mn J`dqc Ejcbh `+

Hfjttjk# jkd Myapjtbkg mqt mn tfabp Npakof `jsa bk

KJP@MKKA# tfa Eqscbes Cb`apjtad JPJGMK#

KJ^JPPA . _T+ PAEB

Bk 7?0 Eqscbes jd~jkoad mk TMQP_ jkd Cb`apjtad bt

tfak tfar em~ad tmwjpds YMBTBAP_ jkd j nbapoa`jttca tmmh ycjoa nmp Ymbtbaps

AJPCR


45/54

AJPCR


_T+ YJQC_ # TPMB_ # OFJTAJQV # DMKB\APA #

^JCAKOA JKD KAW CRMK_

_OMPOFADAJPTF YMCBOR MN TFA NPAKOF

@r 7?> OA qkdap tfa Gm~apkmpsfby mn MZ@J tfaEqscbes Cb`apjtad _T+ YJQC# TPMB_# OFJTAJQV#

DMKB\APA# ^JCAKOA JKD KAW CRMK_

Js jkd wfak Eqscbes tmmh m~ap j obtr bk Npjkoa# tfar

wmphad fjpd jkd beycaeaktad ymcbobas wfbof tqpkad

tfmsa tmwks Nmptqkas jkd ejda tfae ypmsyapmqs

AJPCR


46/54

AJPCR


_OMPOFADAJPTF YMCBOR MN TFA NPAKOF

Fmwa~ap# js jkd wfak tfa Npakof pa%ymssassad

smea mn tfmsa tmwks tfar srstaejtbojccr dastpmradtfae jkd scjqgftapad tfabp Eqscbe bkfj`btjkts# sm

daay wjs tfabp fjtpad nmp tfa Eqscbes tfjt jcc tfa

ypmsyapbtr jkd da~acmyeakt `pmqgft j`mqt `r tfa

Eqscbes bk tfmsa cjkds wjs dastpmrad jkd `qpkt tmtfa gpmqkd+

Tfa _ompofad Ajptf Ymcbor mn tfa Npakof wjs smea

wfjt cbha tfae Oqttbkg tfabp Kmsa Lqst tm _ybta tfabp

Njoa

CJTAP ^BOTMPBA_ BK


47/54

CJTAP ^BOTMPBA_ BK

NPJKOA . Nmpjrs Bktm

_WBT\APCJKD . BTJCR_T+ TPMYA\ OMCMKR

Bk 629 j gpmqy mn Eqscbes cjkdad jt _t+ Tpmya| mk tfa

omjst mn Ypm~akoa jkd astj`cbsfad j omcmkr tfapa+Npme fapa tfar jd~jkoad jkd cbàpjtad ycjoas cbha

EJP_ABCCA_ bk mka dbpaotbmk# jkd tfak gmbkg m~ap

tfa Jcybka yjssas jkd cbàpjtad Djqyfbka# _j~mr#

_mea jpajs mn _wbt|apcjkd jkd Ybademkt bk tfa mtfapdbpaotbmk+ Tfar jcsm cbàpjtad Km~jcsaj# Jozqb jkd

a~ak Gakmj bk BTJCR+ Tfa Eqscbes jcsm cbàpjtad tfa

Jcybka Tmwk mn _t+ @apkjpd jkd tfa Omjstjc pagbmk

NPJVBKATQE


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KJYCA_ _AAH_ FACY MN


49/54

KJYCA_ _AAH_ FACY MN

EQ_CBE_ JGJBK_T ÂKBOA

Jntap tfa Eqscbes fjd da~acmyad tfa Bscjkd mn _bobcr

bktm j stpmkgfmcd mn tfabps# tfar nact omknbdakt j`mqt

cmmhbkg tmwjpds tfa Btjcbjk Ejbk Cjkd àojqsa wfjt

wjs tfak cant àtwaak tfae jkd tfa Btjcbjk EjbkCjkd wjs tfa Gqcn mn Eassbkj

Wbtf tfa Eqscbe Ypasakoa sm ocmsa tm tfa Btjcbjk

Ejbk Cjkd# jk bktapastbkg fbstmpbojc da~acmyeakt

tmmh ycjoa+ Tfbs wjs tfa pb~jcpr àtwaak Kjycas jkdâkboa# js j pasqct mn wfbof tfa Kjymcbtjks nact

tfpajtakad jkd tfar smqgft tfa facy mn tfa ocmsa `r

Eqscbe Nmpoas jkd bk~btad tfae tm Kjycas nmp

jssbstjkoa bk tfabp Ojeyjbgk jgjbkst âkboa

@J_A_ NPME WFBOF TFA


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@J_A_ NPME WFBOF TFA

BTJCBJK OJEYJBGK_ WAPA

CJQKOFADEmst mn tfa BTJCBJK Ojeyjbgks wapa cjqkofad npme

tfa Eqscbe _tpmkgfmcd mn _bobcr# fmwa~ap# smea

BTJCJBJK Ojeyjbgks wapa jcsm cjqkofad npme `jsas

bk Kmptf Jnpboj# Opata jkd _rpbj+

PMEA WJ_ JC_M TJPGATAD

Npme smea mn tfa ejkaq~aps ejda `r tfa Eqscbes bt

ojk `a omkocqdad tfjt jt mka tbea jpmqkd 64> OA tfaEqscbes fjd tjpgatad PMEA btsacn tfa Obtjdac mn

Ofpbstbjkbtr

PAGBJ OJCJ@PBJ


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PAGBJ# OJCJ@PBJ#

@J_BCBOJCJ#OJEYJKBJ .

YQGCBJEQ_CBE_ wakt tfpmqgf tfa Tmwk mn OJCJ@PBJ j

kqeàp mn tbeas js tfar jd~jkoad npme PAGBJ+

Pqbks mn j yqpymsa `qbct emszqa fj~a àak qkajptfad

bk PAGBJ a~bdakoa mn cmkg tape bktaktbmks mnEqscbes# bt omqcd jcsm à tfjt tfbs emszqa wjs `qbct

`r tfa kjtb~a Btjcbjks wfm fjd ae`pjoad B_CJE

EQ_CBE YPBKOBYJCBTBA_


52/54


BK BTJCR@JOHGPMQKD

Joompdbkg tm tfa Btjcbjk Ypmnassmp Npjkoasm Gj`pbaccb

&Jqtfmp mn tfa @mmh Emfjeejd jkd tfa Omkzqasts mn

Bscje" dqpbkg tfa 2tf jkd :9tf Oaktqpbas tfapa wapajt cajst TFPAA Eqscbe Ypbkobyjcbtbas bk Btjcr

@JPB &Ypbkobyjcbtr mn"

Tfa Eqscbe Ypbkobyjcbtr mn @JPB wjs mk tfa _mqtf

Ajstapk Omjst mn BTJCR njobkg tfa Jdpbjtbo+ Bt wjsnmqkdad bk 647 OA `r j @ap`ap ofban Hjcnqk+ Jntap

Hjcnqk# mtfap cajdaps mn tfbs drkjstr wapa Eqnjppjl

jkd _jwdjk+ Paejbks mn smea yqpymsa `qbct

emszqas fj~a `aak qkajptfad bk @JPB



53/54


BK BTJCR&0"

TJPJKTM &Ypbkobyjcbtr mn"

Bk 619 OA# tfpaa rajps jntap tfa nmpejtbmk mn tfa nbpst

Eqscbe Ypbkobyjcbtr bk BTJCR jt @JPB# j saomkd

Eqscbe Ypbkobyjcbtr wjs nmqkdad jt TJPJKTM mk tfa

_mqtf Wastapk Omjst mn BTJCR

GJPBGCAJKM &Ypbkobyjcbtr mn"

Jktfpmymcmgbsts# fj~a nmqkd a~bdakoa mn j TfbpdEqscbe Ypbkobyjcbtr bk BTJCR bk tfa tmwk mn

GJPBGCAJKM nmqkdad tmwjpds tfa akd mn tfa 2tf

Oaktqpr wfbof wjs pa%tjhak `r tfa BTJCBJK_ bk 2:1

EQ_CBE NAJTQPA_ BK


54/54

EQ_CBE NAJTQPA_ BK

BTJCR

_JPJOAK TMWAP_

Yfbcby H+ Fbttb bk fbs `mmh Fbstmpr mn tfa Jpj`s panaps

tm tfa kqeapmqs tmwap stpqotqpas `qbct `r tfa

_JPJOAK_ npme wfbof tfa Jyypmjof mn Jpj` Ncaats

npme _bobcr mp Kmptf Jnpboj wapa jkkmqkoad+ Tfasa#

stbcc dpjw opmwds mn tmqpbsts ~bsbtbkg tfa soakbo

`ajqtr mn tfa yaapcass omjstcbka mn _mqtf Kjycas+

NMPJR_ BKTM _WBT\APCJKD

Yfbcby H+ Fbttb nqptfap m`sap~as bk fbs `mmh Fbstmpr mn

tfa Jpj`s# tfjt j kqe`ap mn Ojstcas bk tfa Jcybkas mn

islamic history of europe

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