Mudéjar 1

Mudéjar

Mudéjar Tower of El Salvador. Teruel [1]

Teruel Cathedral, one of ten Mudéjar monuments ofAragon that comprise the World Heritage Site

Mudéjar (Spanish: [muˈðexar], Portuguese: [muˈðɛʒaɾ], Catalan:Mudèjar [muˈðɛʒər], Arabic: مدجن trans. Mudajjan,"domesticated") is the name given to individual Moors or Muslimsof Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the ChristianReconquista but were not converted to Christianity, unlikeMoriscos who had converted. It also denotes a style of Iberianarchitecture and decoration, particularly of Aragon and Castile, ofthe 12th to 16th centuries, strongly influenced by Moorish tasteand workmanship.

Etymology

The word Mudéjar is a Medieval Spanish corruption of the Arabicword Mudajjan مدجن, meaning "domesticated", in a reference tothe Muslims who submitted to the rule of the Christian kings.

The Treaty of Granada (1491) protected religious and culturalfreedoms for Muslims and Jews in the imminent transition fromthe Emirate of Granada to a Province of Castile. After the fall inthe Battle of Granada in January 1492, Mudéjars, unlike the Jews'Alhambra Decree (1492) expulsion, kept the protected religiousstatus along with Catholic converso efforts. However, in themid-16th century, they were forced to convert to Christianity.From that time, because of suspicions that they were not trulyconverted, or crypto-Muslims, they were known as Moriscos. In1610 those who refused to convert to Christianity were expelled.The distinctive Mudéjar style is still evident in regionalarchitecture, as well as in the music, art, and crafts, especiallyHispano-Moresque ware, lustreware pottery which was widelyexported across Europe.

Mudéjar style

In erecting Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance buildings,builders used elements of Islamic art and often achieved strikingresults. Its influence survived into the 17th century.

The Mudéjar style, a symbiosis of techniques and ways ofunderstanding architecture resulting from Muslim and Christiancultures living side by side, emerged as an architectural style in the12th century on the Iberian peninsula. It is characterised by the useof brick as the main material. Mudéjar did not involve the creationof new shapes or structures (unlike Gothic or Romanesque), butthe reinterpretation of Western cultural styles through Islamic influences.

Mudéjar 2

Tower of the Santa María Church in Calatayud

Mudéjar Castle of La Mota in Medina del Campo,Valladolid

San Pedro Church, Cloister, Teruel.

The dominant geometrical character, distinctly Islamic, emergedconspicuously in the accessory crafts using less expensivematerials: elaborate tilework, brickwork, wood carving, plastercarving, and ornamental metals. To enliven the planar surfaces ofwall and floor, Mudéjar style developed complicated tilingpatterns that have never been surpassed in sophistication. Evenafter Muslims were no longer employed in architecture, many ofthe elements they had introduced continued to be incorporated intoSpanish architecture, thereby giving it a distinctive appearance.The term Mudejar style was first coined in 1859 by José Amadorde los Ríos, an Andalusian historian and archeologist.

Historians agree that the Mudéjar style developed in Sahagún,León [2], as an adaptation of architectural and ornamental motifs(especially through decoration with plasterwork and brick).Mudéjar extended to the rest of the Kingdom of León, Toledo,Ávila, Segovia, etc., giving rise to what has been called brickRomanesque style. Centers of Mudéjar art are found in other cities,such as Toro, Cuéllar, Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres.

It became most highly developed mainly in Aragon, especially inTeruel (although also in Zaragoza, Utebo, Tauste, Daroca,Calatayud, etc.) During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, manyimposing Mudéjar-style towers were built in the city of Teruel,changing the aspect of the city. This distinction has survived to thepresent day. Mudéjar led to a fusion between the incipient Gothicstyle and the Muslim influences that had been integrated with lateRomanesque. A particularly fine Mudéjar example is the Casa dePilatos, built in the early 16th century at Seville.

Seville includes many other examples of Mudéjar style. TheAlcázar of Seville is considered one of the greatest survivingexamples of the style. The Alcázar expresses Gothic andRenaissance styles, as well as Mudéjar. The Palace originallybegan as a Moorish fort. Pedro of Castile continued the Islamicarchitectural style when he had the palace expanded. The parishchurch of Santa Catalina (pictured) was built in the 14th centuryover an old mosque.

Portugal

Portugal also has examples of Mudéjar art and architecture,although the examples are fewer and the style simpler indecoration than in neighbouring Spain. Mudéjar brick architectureis only found in the apse of the Church of Castro de Avelãs [3], near Braganza, similar to the prototypical Church ofSahagún in León. A hybrid gothic-mudéjar style developed also in the Alentejo province in southern Portugal duringthe 15th–16th centuries, where it overlapped with the manueline style. The windows of the Royal Palace and the

Palace of the Counts of Basto in Évora are good examples of this style. Decorative arts of Mudéjar inspiration are also found in the tile patterns of churches and palaces, such as the 16th-century tiles, imported from Seville, that

Mudéjar 3

decorate the Royal Palace of Sintra. Mudéjar wooden roofs are found in churches in Sintra, Caminha, Funchal,Lisbon and some other places.

Latin AmericaLatin America also has examples of Mudéjar art and architecture, for example in Coro a World Heritage Site inVenezuela. Another example of the style in Latin America is the Monastery of San Francisco in Lima, Peru

Gallery

Tower of ElSalvador [4].

Teruel

Alcázar of Seville San Pedro deTeruel Interior,

Spain.

Mudejar architecture oftencombined its language withother styles, like Gothic: La

Seo, Zaragoza

La Seo – Wall of the Parroquieta La Seo Cathedralin Zaragoza

Royal Convent ofSanta Clara inTordesillas,

characteristicartesonado ceiling

Mudejar ofSegovia: San

Esteban, in Cuéllar

Mudéjar churches in Albarracín The MudéjarCloister of theMiracles, Santa

María deGuadalupe.

Church of SanMarcos,Seville

Tower ofSan Martín,

Teruel

Mudéjar 4

Church of SanAndrés, inCalatayud

Wooden mudéjar roof of thechapel of the Royal Palace of

Sintra (Portugal)

Mudéjar tower of the Chapel ofthe Immaculate Conception in

Cali, Colombia

Cathedral of Teruel

Church of La Asunción, LaAlmunia de Doña Godina

The Mudéjar "LeaningTower", built in 1512, was thesymbol of Zaragoza until its

demolition in 1892.

References• Boswell, John (1978). Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth

Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02090-2•• Harvey, L. P. (1992). "Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500". Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31960-1•• Harvey, L. P. (2005). "Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614." Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN

0-226-31963-6• Menocal, Maria Rosa (2002). "Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of

Tolerance in Medieval Spain". Little, Brown, & Co. ISBN 0-316-16871-8•• Rubenstein, Richard (2003). "Aristotle's Children: How Christians, Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient

Wisdom and Illuminated the Middle Ages." Harcourt Books. ISBN 0-15-603009-8

Mudéjar 5

External links• Tower of El Salvador, Teruel. UNESCO World Heritage [1]

• Mudéjar art in Spain and Portugal in the Museum with no Frontiers website [5]

• Arte Mudejar en Jerez de la Frontera [6]

• Casselman Archive of Islamic and Mudejar Architecture in Spain [7]

References[1] http:/ / www. teruelmudejar. com/[2] http:/ / www. arteguias. com/ mudejar. htm[3] http:/ / www. bragancanet. pt/ patrimonio/ avelas. htm[4] http:/ / www. teruelmudejar. com[5] http:/ / www. discoverislamicart. org/ exhibitions/ ISL/ mudejar_art/ ?lng=en[6] http:/ / www. pliegosdeopinion. net/ pdo8/ barandal8/ ensayo8/ mudejar. htm[7] http:/ / digital. library. wisc. edu/ 1711. dl/ Arts. CasselmanImage

Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and ContributorsMudéjar  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573268305  Contributors: 1dragon, A. Parrot, ACP, Adambro, Alanmaher, Alsandro, Anthony Appleyard, Asterion, Astynax,Beechgrove, BillC, Bkwillwm, Burgas00, Cantiorix, Ceyockey, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Cristiano Tomás, DanMS, Darkstar8799, Digitalcollections, Dina, Donfbreed, Draeco,DuncanHill, EagleFan, Eric Shalov, Error, Fconaway, Flauto Dolce, Freestylefrappe, Fsouza, Garcilaso, Gene Nygaard, Ghirlandajo, Gwalla, Heightwatcher, Hetar, Ian Pitchford, Jim10701,Johnbod, Jotamar, Khalid hassani, Klemen Kocjancic, Kmcdm, Leandrod, Lguipontes, Look2See1, Lotje, MGlosenger, MPF, Magister Mathematicae, Mailer diablo, Martin253, Mcgillionaire,MeltBanana, Mick Knapton, Misburg3014, Missmarple, Parkwells, Pascal.Tesson, Popotão, Prof saxx, R'n'B, Rgourley, S711, SchuminWeb, Sergio.solar, Sparkit, Srnec, Swansnic, Sympleko,Tagarino, Tamarkot, The Earwig, Tigeroo, Venerock, Vvven, Wetman, Woohookitty, 95 ,ماني anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Torre de El Salvador 08.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Torre_de_El_Salvador_08.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:TagarinoImage:TorreSanPedro.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TorreSanPedro.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader wasJorgenmar at nl.wikipediaImage:La colegiata de Santa María.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_colegiata_de_Santa_María.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Balbo, Ecelan,Martin253, Poco a poco, ZaratemanFile:CtloMota02 20-4-03.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CtloMota02_20-4-03.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: AnRo0002, Balbo, Pelayo2, Sir GawainImage:Claustro mudéjar de la Iglesia de San Pedro, Teruel, Aragón, España - 20090426.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Claustro_mudéjar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro,_Teruel,_Aragón,_España_-_20090426.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: José Luis Mieza from , Spain.File:Torre de El Salvador. Teruel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:TagarinoFile:Alcázar of Seville.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alcázar_of_Seville.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:RgourleyImage:Teruel - Iglesia de San Pedro, interiores 20.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Teruel_-_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro,_interiores_20.jpg  License: Creative CommonsZero  Contributors: ZaratemanImage:Zaragoza-La-Seo-1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zaragoza-La-Seo-1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Misburg3014Image:La Seo - Pared de la Parroquieta 04.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Seo_-_Pared_de_la_Parroquieta_04.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: ecelanFile:La Seo del Salvador.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Seo_del_Salvador.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: NäystinImage:Las Claras-Artesonado.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: José-Manuel BenitoImage:Cuellar sanesteban lou.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuellar_sanesteban_lou.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AnRo0002,Balbo, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Lourdes Cardenal, Zarateman, 1 anonymous editsFile:Vista de Albarracín.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vista_de_Albarracín.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: orvalrochefort fromBelgiumFile:Templete mudéjar del Claustro de los Milagros.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Templete_mudéjar_del_Claustro_de_los_Milagros.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: José Luis Filpo CabanaImage:Iglesia de San Marcos, Sevilla.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iglesia_de_San_Marcos,_Sevilla.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: User:AsterionFile:Torre de San Martín, Teruel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Torre_de_San_Martín,_Teruel.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: ToniRodrigoFile:Calatayud - San Andrés.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Calatayud_-_San_Andrés.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors:EcelanImage:SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: hotthollerImage:Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 2.0  Contributors: User:Deadstar, User:Flickr upload botImage:Teruel - Cimborrio de la catedral.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Teruel_-_Cimborrio_de_la_catedral.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: ecelanFile:La Almunia de Doña Godina - Iglesia de La Asuncion 4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Almunia_de_Doña_Godina_-_Iglesia_de_La_Asuncion_4.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: ZaratemanFile:Torre Nueva de Zaragoza (E. George).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Torre_Nueva_de_Zaragoza_(E._George).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Ernest George (pintor), Thomas Heawood (grabador)

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